Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

WRE-451
Water Resources Engineering II
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Course Teacher
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-01
A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.200 m above datum at the
beginning of a certain month. In that month the lake received an average inflow
of 6.0 m3/s from surface runoff sources. In the same period the outflow from
the lake had an average values of 6.5 m3/s. Further, in that month, the lake
received a rainfall of 145 mm and the evaporation from the lake surface was
estimated as 6.0 cm. Write the water budget equation for the lake and calculate
the water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month. The average lake
surface area can be taken as 5000 ha. Assume that there is no contribution to or
from the ground water storage.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-01 Solution
In a time interval Δt the water budget equation for the lake,
Input volume - Output volume = Change in storage of the lake
I Δt + PA – Q Δt - EA = ΔS
I = average rate of inflow of water into the lake
Q = average rate of outflow from water into the lake
P = precipitation
E = evaporation
A = average lake surface area
ΔS = Change in storage of the lake
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-01 Solution (Continued)

Here,
Δt = 30 day*24 hr.*60 min* 60 sec = 2.592 X 106 sec

I Δt = 6.0 m3/s * 2.592 X 106 sec = 15.552 X 106 m3

Q Δt = 6.5 m3/s * 2.592 X 106 sec = 16.848 X 106 m3

PA = (145 mm/103) m * (5000 ha X 104) m2 = 7.25 X 106 m3

EA = (6.1 cm/102) m * (5000 ha X 104) m2 = 3.05 X 106 m3
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-01 Solution (Continued)

Now,
ΔS = I Δt + PA - Q Δt - EA
= 15.552 X 106 + 7.25 X 106 - 16.848 X 106 – 3.05 X 106
= 2.904 X 106 m3
Change in elevation, Δz = ΔS/A
= (2.904 X 106 m3)/ (5000 X 104 m2)
= +0.058 m
New elevation at the end of the month = 103.200 + 0.058 m above datum
= 103.258 m above datum
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-02
Estimate the constant rate of withdrawal from a 1375 ha
reservoir in a month of 30 days during which the reservoir
level dropped by 0.75 m in spite of an average inflow into the
reservoir of 0.5 Mm3/day. During the month the average
seepage loss from the reservoir was 2.5 cm, total precipitation
on the reservoir was 18.5 cm and the total evaporation was 9.5
cm.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-02 Solution
Here,
Δz = ΔS/A
or, -0.75 m = ΔS/(1375 ha*104) m2
or, ΔS = -0.75 m *(1375*104) m2
so, ΔS = -10.3125 X 106 m3
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-02 Solution (continued)

Now,
I Δt = (0.5 Mm3/day*106) m3/day* 30 days
= 15 X 106 m3
SeA = (2.5 cm/100) m* (1375 ha*104) m2
= 0.3438 X 106 m3
PA = (18.5 cm/100) m* (1375 ha*104) m2
= 2.5438 X106 m3
EA = (9.5 cm/100) m* (1375 ha*104) m2
= 1.3063 X 106 m3
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-02 Solution (continued)

So,
ΔS = I Δt + PA - Q Δt - SeA -EA
Q Δt = -ΔS + I Δt + PA - SeA - EA
Q Δt = - (-10.3125 X 106) + 15 X 106 + 2.5438 X106 - 0.3438 X 106 - 1.3063 X 106
Q Δt = 26.2062 X 106 m3
Q = (26.2062 X 106 m3)/(30 day*24 hr.* 60 min* 60 sec)
Q = 10.1104 m3/sec
So, the constant rate of withdrawal is 10.1104 m3/sec
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-03
A small catchment of area 150 ha received a rainfall of 10.5 cm in 90
minutes due to a storm. At the outlet of the catchment, the stream
draining the catchment was dry before the storm and experienced a
runoff lasting for 10 hours with an average discharge of 1.5 m3/s. The
stream was again dry after the runoff event.
(a) What is the amount of water which was not available to runoff
due to combined effect of infiltration evaporation and
transpiration?
(b) What is the ratio of runoff to precipitation (runoff coefficient)?
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-03 Solution
(a) Input due to precipitation, P = (10.5 cm/100) m*(150 ha*104) m2
= 157500 m3
Runoff volume, R = (1.5 m3/s)*(10 hr.*60 min*60 sec)
= 54000 m3
Hence, losses, L = P –R
= 157500-54000 m3
= 103500 m3
(b) Runoff coefficient, C = R/P
= 54000/157500
= 0.343
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-04
A catchment has 6 rain gauge stations. In a year, the annual rainfall
recorded by the gauges are as follows:
Station
A B C D E F
Rainfall
82.6 102.9 180.3 110.3 98.8 136.7
(cm)

For a 10% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall, calculate the
optimum number of stations in the catchment.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-04 Solution
For this data,
m=6
P = (82.6+102.9+180.3+110.3+98.8+136.7)/6
= 118.6
{(82.6-118.6)2+(102.9-118.6)2+(180.3-118.6)2+(110.3-118.6)2+(98.8-118.6)2+(136.7-118.6)2}
σm-1 =
6-1

= 35.04
ϵ = 10
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-04 Solution (continued)

Cv = (100*35.04)/118.6
= 29.54
N = (29.54/10)2
= 8.7

͌ 9 stations
The optimal number of stations for the catchment is 9.
Hence, 3 more additional stations are needed.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Hydrograph
Figure:
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-05
The normal annual rainfall at stations A, B, C and D in a
basin are 80.79, 67.59, 76.28 and 92.01 cm respectively.
In the year 1975, the station D was inoperative and the
stations A, B and C recorded annual precipitations of
91.11, 72.23 and 79.89 cm respectively. Estimate the
rainfall at station D in that year.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-05 Solution
Here, The variation between maximum and minimum value is,

92.01-67.59
X 100% = 26.54% > 10%
92.01

As the normal rainfall values vary more than 10%, the normal ratio method is
adopted.
92.01 91.11 72.23 79.89
So, PD = 3
X( + 67.59
+ 76.28
)
80.79
= 99.48 cm
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-06
The design storm of a watershed has the depths of
rainfall of 4.9 and 3.9 cm for the consecutive 1 hr
periods. The 1-hr UG can be approximated by a
triangle of base 6-hr with a peak of 50 cumec
occurring after 2-hr from the beginning. Compute the
flood hydrograph assuming an average loss rate of 9
mm/hr and constant base flow of 10 cumec. What is
the area of water shed and its coefficient of runoff?
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-06 Solution
(i) Computation of the design flood hydrograph:

50

40
Q (cumec)

30
50
20
37.5
25 25
10
12.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hr.)
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-06 Solution (continued)

(i)
Time UGO DRO due to rainfall excess (cumec) Total
BF TRO Remarks
(hr.) (cumec) 4.9-0.9 = 4 cm 3.9-0.9 = 3 cm (cumec)
1 0 0 - 0 10 10
2 25 100 0 100 10 110
3 50 200 75 275 10 285
Peak
4 37.5 150 150 300 10 310
Flood
5 25 100 112.5 212.5 10 222.5
6 12.5 50 75 125 10 135
7 0 0 37.5 37.5 10 47.5
8 - - 0 0 10 10
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-06 Solution (continued)

(ii) Let,
the area of water shed to produce 1 cm rain over the entire water shed = A km2
So, Volume of water over basin = Area of UG (triangle)
(A km2 X 106) m2 X (1cm/100) m = 0.5 X (6 hr.*60 min*60 sec) sec X 50 m3/s
A = 54 km2

(iii) Coefficient of runoff, C = R/P

= (4+3)/(4.9+3.9)
= 0.795
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-07
The following are the rates of rainfall
for successive 20 minutes period of 140
minutes storm 2.5, 2.5, 10, 7.5, 1.25,
1.25 and 5.0 cm/hr. Taking the value of
φindex as 3.2 cm/hr. Find the net runoff
in cm, total rainfall and the value of
Windex.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-07 Solution
Total Runoff, Q = (10+7.5+5 - 3.2*3) cm/hr. X (20 min/60) hr.
= 4.3 cm

Total Precipitation, P = (2.5+2.5+10+7.5+1.25+1.2+5) cm/hr. X (20 min/60) hr.

= 10 cm

Windex = (P-Q)/ tr
= (10-4.3)cm / (140min/60) hr.
= 2.44 cm/hr.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-08
A storm with 15.0 cm precipitation produced a
direct runoff of 8.7 cm. The time distribution of
the storm is as follows:
Time from start in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
hr
Incremental rainfall
0.6 1.35 2.25 3.45 2.7 2.4 1.5 0.75
in each hr in cm

Estimate the Øindex of the storm.

Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-08 Solution
Total Precipitation, P = 15.0 cm
Total Runoff, Q = 8.7 cm

Windex = (P-Q)/ tr
= (15-8.7)cm / 8hr.
= 0.7875 cm/hr.

Since Øindex has to be somewhat more than Windex, we can conclude

that Øindex would be a little more than 0.7875 cm/hr.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-08 Solution (continued)

Total infiltration during period of excess rainfall
Øindex =
Period of excess rainfall

= Total infiltration - Infiltration during period when no excess rain occurs

Period of excess rainfall

= (P-Q- Infiltration during period when no excess rain occurs)/ te

= (15.0 - 8.7 – 0.6 – 0.75) cm/ 6hr.
= 0.825 cm/hr.
As there is no other period, except 1st and 8th hr., during which excess rain does
not occur. Hence the above calculated value of Øindex must be correct.
Hence, Øindex = 0.825 cm/hr.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-09
A catchment area of 30 km2 has one recording gauge. During a storm, the
following mass curve of rainfall was recorded.
Time from
start of 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
storm (hr.)
Accumulated
0 6 17 57 70 81 87 90
rainfall (mm)

If the volume of the runoff due to the storm measured is 1.2X106 m3,
estimate the Øindex of the catchment.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-09 Solution
Total runoff volume= 1.2X106 m3
Catchment area = 30 km2

Total runoff depth, Q = Total runoff volume

Catchment area
= (1.2X106 m3)/(30 km2*106) m2
= 0.4 m
= 40 mm
Total rainfall, P = 90 mm
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-09 Solution (continued)

Windex = (P-Q)/ tr
= (90-40)mm / 14hr.
= 3.57 mm/hr.

Since Øindex has to be somewhat more than Windex,

we can conclude that Øindex would be a little more
than 3.57 mm/hr.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-09 Solution (continued)

Time from start

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
of storm (hr.)
Accumulated
0 6 17 57 70 81 87 90
rainfall (mm)
Incremental
rainfall per 2 hr. 6 11 40 13 11 6 3
(mm)
Incremental
rainfall per 1 hr. 3 5.5 20 6.5 5.5 3 1.5
(mm)
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-09 Solution (continued)

Total infiltration during period of excess rainfall
Øindex =
Period of excess rainfall

= Total infiltration - Infiltration during period when no excess rain occurs

Period of excess rainfall
= (P-Q- Infiltration during period when no excess rain occurs)/ te
= (90-40 -6 –6 – 3) mm/ 8hr.
= 4.375 mm/hr.
As there is no other period, except 1st , 6th and 7th hr., during which excess rain
does not occur. Hence the above calculated value of Øindex must be correct.
Hence, Øindex = 4.375 mm/hr.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-10
The ordinate of a 3-hr unit hydrograph are given below:
Time (hr.) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Ordinates
0 10 25 20 16 12 9 7 5 3 0
(m3/s)

Find the ordinates of a 6-hr unit hydrograph for the same

basin, analytically. Also sketch this unit hydrograph. What
is the peak value of discharge in this unit hydrograph?
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-10 Solution
(i) Time from start
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
(hr.)
3 hr. UG
0 10 25 20 16 12 9 7 5 3 0 -
Ordinates (m3/s)
3 hr. UG
Ordinates lagged - 0 10 25 20 16 12 9 7 5 3 0
by 3 hr. (m3/s)
Ordinates of 6
hr. surface
runoff
0 10 35 45 36 28 21 16 12 8 3 0
hydrograph
containing 2 cm
of runoff (m3/s)
Ordinates of 6
hr. unit
0 5 17.5 22.5 18 14 10.5 8 6 4 1.5 0
hydrograph
(m3/s)
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-10 Solution (continued)

(ii)

25
Discharge (cumec)

20

15

10

0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Time (hr.)
(iii) The peak discharge = 22.5 cumec
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-11
a) A reservoir with a surface area of 250 ha had the following average
values of climate parameters during a week: Water temperature = 20oC,
Relative Humidity = 40%, ew = 17.54 mm of Hg, ea = 7.02 mm of Hg,
Wind velocity at 1.0 m above ground surface = 16 kmph. Estimate the
average daily evaporation from the lake by using Meyer’s formula.
b) An ISI Standard evaporation pan at the site indicated a pan coefficient
of 0.80 on the basis of calibration of 72 mm in the week under question,
i. Estimate the accuracy if Meyer’s method relative to the pan
evaporation measurements.
ii. Also estimate the volume of water evaporated from the lake in
that week.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-11 Solution
a) Here,
ew = 17.54 mm of Hg
ea = 7.02 mm of Hg
KM = 0.36
u9 = u1 X (h)1/7 = 16 X (9)1/7 = 21.9 kmph
By Meyer’s Formula
EL = 0.36*(17.54-7.02)*[1+(21.9/16)]
EL = 8.97 mm/day
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-11 Solution (continued)

b) (i) Daily evaporation as per evaporimeter = Pan Evaporation*Cp
= (72mm/7days)*0.80
= 8.23 mm
Error by Meyer’s Formula = (8.23-8.97) = -0.74 mm
Hence, Meyer’s Method overestimates the evaporation relative to the pan.

(ii) Considering the Pan measurements as the basis,

Volume of water evaporated from the lake in 7 days = 7*(8.23/1000)*250*104
= 144025 m3
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-12
The infiltration capacity in a basin is represented by Horton’s
equation as
fp = 3.0 + e-2t
Where fp is in cm/hr and t is in hours. Assuming the infiltration to
take place at capacity rates in a storm of 60 minutes duration, estimate
the depth of infiltration in
i. The first 30 minutes of storm
ii. The second 30 minutes of storm
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-12 Solution
Here,
fp = 3.0 + e-2t
t t
Fp = ∫0 fpdt = ∫0 (3.0 + e-2t) dt
(i) In the first 0.5 hours
0.5
Fp1 = ∫0 (3.0 + e-2t)dt
= [ 3.0t – 0.5e-2t]0.5
0
= [(3.0*0.5)- 0.5e-2*0.5] - [(3.0*0)- 0.5e-2*0]
= (1.5-0.184) + 0.5
= 1.816 cm
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-12 Solution (continued)

(ii) In the second 0.5 hours
1
Fp2 = ∫ 0.5 (3.0 + e-2t)dt
1
= [ 3.0t – 0.5e-2t]
0.5
= [(3.0*1)- 0.5e-2*1] - [(3.0*0.5)- 0.5e-2*0.5]
= (3-0.0677) – (1.5- 0.184)
= 1.616 cm
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-13
The infiltration capacity of a soil in a small
watershed was found to be 6.0 cm/hr before a
rainfall event. It was found to be 1.2 cm/hr at the
end of 8 hours of storm. If the total infiltration
during the 8 hours period of storm was 15 cm,
estimate the value of the decay coefficient Kh in
Horton’s infiltration equation.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-13 Solution
Horton’s infiltration equation is,
fp = fc + (fo – fc) e-Kht
t
Fp = ∫0 fpdt
t t
= ∫0 fcdt + (fo – fc) ∫0 e-Kht dt
As t ∞, ∫0∞ e-Kht dt 1/Kh
Hence for large t values
Fp = fct + (fo – fc)/Kh
Here, Fp = 15.0 cm, fo = 6.0 cm, fc = 1.2 cm and t = 8 hours
15.0 = (1.2*8) + (6-1.2)/ Kh
Kh = 0.888 h-1
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-14
During a flood flow the depth of water in a 10 m
wide rectangular channel was found to be 3.0 m
and 2.9 m at two sections 200 m apart. The drop
in the water surface elevation was found to be
0.12 m. Assuming Manning’s coefficient to be
0.025, estimate the flood discharge through the
channel.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE
Problem-14 Solution
Here,
b = 10.0 m, n = 0.025
Section 1
y1 = 3.0 m
A1 = by1 = 30.0 m2
P1 = b+2y1 = 16.0 m
R1 = A1/P1 = 1.875 m
K1 = 1/n *A1R12/3
= (1/0.025)* 30*1.8752/3
= 1824.7
Section 2
y2 = 2.9 m
A2 = by2 = 29.0 m2
P2 = b+2y2 = 15.8 m
R2 = A2/P2 = 1.835 m
K2 = 1/n *A2R22/3
= (1/0.025)* 29*1.8352/3
= 1738.9
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-14 Solution (Continued)

Average K for the reach = K1K2 = 1781.3
To start with hf = fall = 0.12 m is assumed.
Eddy loss, he = 0
hf by Q = K Sf V12/2g V22/2g hf by Eq
Trial Sf = hf /L
trial (m) (m3/s) (m) (m) (m)
1 0.1200 6.000*10-4 43.63 0.1078 0.1154 0.1124
2 0.1124 5.622*10-4 42.24 0.1010 0.1081 0.1129
3 0.1129 5.646*10-4 42.32 0.1014 0.1081 0.1129
The discharge in the channel is 42.32 m3/s.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-15
The data pertaining to a stream-gauging operation at a gauging site
are given below.
The rating equation of the current meter is v=(0.51Ns+0.03)m/s where
Ns= revolution per second. Calculate the discharge in the stream.
Distance from left water
0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 12.0
edge (m)
Depth (m) 0 1.1 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.0 0
Revolutions of a current
0 39 58 112 90 45 30 0
meter kept at 0.6 depth
Duration of observation (s) 0 100 100 150 150 100 100 0
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-15 Solution
Calculation of discharge by mid-section method:
Width, w (m) 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
Dist. from left water edge (m) 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 12
Average width, W (m) 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
Depth, y (m) 0 1.1 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.0 0
N 0 39 58 112 90 45 30 0
Duration of observation (s) 0 100 100 150 150 100 100 0
Ns (rev/sec) 0 0.390 0.580 0.747 0.600 0.450 0.300 0
Velocity, V (m/s) 0.03 0.229 0.326 0.411 0.336 0.259 0.183 0.03
Discharge, ΔQ=WyV (m3/s) 0 0.504 1.303 2.055 1.344 0.882 0.366 0 6.4539

So, Discharge in the stream = 6.454 m3/s

Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-16
An auxiliary gauge was used downstream of a main gauge in a river
to provide correction to the gauge-discharge relationship due to
backwater effects. The following data were noted at a certain main
gauge reading.
Main gauge Auxiliary gauge Discharge
(m above datum) (m above datum) (m3/s)
86.00 85.50 275
86.00 84.80 600

If the main gauge reading is still 86.00 m and the auxiliary gauge
reads 85.30 m, estimate the discharge in the river.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-16 Solution
Fall (F) = main gauge reading - auxiliary gauge reading
When, F1 = 86.00-85.50 = 0.50 m Q1 = 275 m3/s
When, F2 = 86.00-84.80 = 1.20 m Q2 = 600 m3/s
We know,
Q1 F1 m
=( )
Q2 F2
Or, 275 = (0.50)m
600 1.20
So, m = 0.891
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-16 Solution Continued

When the auxiliary gauge reads 85.30 m, at a main gauge reading of
86.00 m,
Fall, 𝐹 = 86.00 -85.30 = 0.70 m
F
and Q = Q2*( )m
F2
0.70 0.893
= 600*( )
1.20
= 371.4 m3/s
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-17
Annual rainfall and runoff values (in cm) of a catchment spanning a period of 21 years
are given below. Analyze the data to (a) estimate the 75% and 50% dependable annual
yield of the catchment and (b) to develop a linear correlation equation to estimate
annual runoff volume for a given annual rainfall value.
Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Annual rainfall (cm) 118 98 112 97 84 91 138 89 104 80 97 75
Annual runoff (cm) 54 45 51 41 21 32 66 25 42 11 32 17

Year 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Annual rainfall (cm) 107 75 93 129 153 92 84 121 95
Annual runoff (cm) 32 15 28 48 76 27 18 52 26
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-17 Solution
Year P (cm) R (cm) P2 R2 PR Rank, m R (cm) Probability
1975 118 54 13924 2916 6372 1 76 0.045
1976 98 45 9604 2025 4410 2 66 0.091
1977 112 51 12544 2601 5712 3 54 0.136
1978 97 41 9409 1681 3977 4 52 0.182
1979 84 21 7056 441 1764 5 51 0.227
1980 91 32 8281 1024 2912 6 48 0.273
1981 138 66 19044 4356 9108 7 45 0.318
1982 89 25 7921 625 2225 8 42 0.364
1983 104 42 10816 1764 4368 9 41 0.409
1984 80 11 6400 121 880 10 32
1985 97 32 9409 1024 3104 11 32
1986 75 17 5625 289 1275 12 32 0.545
1987 107 32 11449 1024 3424 13 28 0.591
1988 75 15 5625 225 1125 14 27 0.636
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-17 Solution Continued

Year P (cm) R (cm) P2 R2 PR Rank, m R (cm) Probability
1989 93 28 8649 784 2604 15 26 0.682
1990 129 48 16641 2304 6192 16 25 0.727
1991 153 76 23409 5776 11628 17 21 0.773
1992 92 27 8464 729 2484 18 18 0.818
1993 84 18 7056 324 1512 19 17 0.864
1994 121 52 14641 2704 6292 20 15 0.909
1995 95 26 9025 676 2470 21 11 0.955
Sum 2132 759 224992 33413 83838

0.75 −0.727
(a) For 75%, dependable yield = [ X (25-21)]+25 = 23.0 cm
0.727 −0.773
0.50 −0.409
For 50%, dependable yield = [ X (41-32)]+41 = 34.0 cm
0.409 −0.545
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-17 Solution Continued

21∗83838 −(2132∗759)
(b) So, 𝑎 = = 0.7938
21∗224992− 2132 2
759 −0.7938∗2132
And, 𝑏 = = - 44.44
21

Hence, the rainfall-runoff correlation is, R = 0.7938P - 44.44

21∗83838 −2132∗759
Here, 𝑟 = 2
= 0.949
21∗224992 − 2132 ∗{(21∗33413 −( 759 2}

As the value of r is nearer to unity, the correlation is very good.

Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-18
An urban catchment has an area of 85 ha. The slope of the
catchment is 0.006 and the maximum length of travel of water
is 950 m. The maximum depth of rainfall with a 25 year return
period is as below:
Duration (min) 5 10 20 30 40 60
Depth of rainfall (mm) 17 26 40 50 57 62

If a culvert for drainage at the outlet of this area is to be

designed for a return period of 25 years, estimate the required
peak flow rate by assuming the runoff coefficient as 0.30.
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-18 Solution
The time of concentration is obtained by the Kirpich formula,
tc = 0.01947*L0.77*s-0.385
= 0.01947*(950)0.77*(0.006)-0.385
= 27.4 minutes
By interpolation,
27.4 −20
Maximum depth of rainfall for 27.4 minutes duration = [ X (40-50)] + 40
20 −30

= 47.4 mm
1
Peak discharge, Qp = ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝑖 (𝑡𝑐, 𝑝) ∗ 𝐴
3.6
1 47.4 85∗104 m2
= ∗0.3*( 27.4 mm/hr)*( 6 km2) m3/s
3.6
60
10
= 7.35 m3/s
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-19
If in the urban area of 85 ha, the land use of the area and the
corresponding runoff coefficient are as given below. Calculate
the equivalent runoff coefficient.
Land use Area (ha) Runoff coefficient
Roads 8 0.70
Lawn 17 0.10
Residential area 50 0.30
Industrial area 10 0.80
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

Problem-19 Solution
CiAi
Equivalent runoff coefficient, Ce =
A
[ 0.70∗8 + 0.10∗17 + 0.30∗50 +0.80∗10)]
=
85
= 0.36
Mohammad Ferdaush, Lecturer, CE

CE-345
Hydrology