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As can be appreciated from Figure 5, the emitted or incident energy in terms of an overall dose
insufficiently characterizes fs laser tissue interaction. However, there are few reports on femtosecond
laser processing RB-SiC composites. The fabrication resolution depends on their numerical aperture
(NA). References made in article may indicate usage of medical equipment or drugs at dosages, for
periods of time, and in combination not included in the current prescribing information. Beye LLC,
via its Editors and Publisher, accepts no responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or
property occasioned through the implementation of any ideas or use of any product described
herein. The last important characteristic of FSL to be mentioned here is the spatially selective
manner of tuning or altering the physical and chemical properties of a material. International Journal
of Translational Medicine (IJTM). The number of pulses n accumulated between them was calculated
as shown in Equation (2). Image courtesy of the University of Colorado and NSF. A 635 nm signal
coupled into the splitter via an optical fiber saw an output splitting ratio of 28:23:25:24; work is
ongoing with higher-repetition-rate lasers to make more circular waveguides. We actively cooperate
with the ELI-ALPS Szeged research facility is to train students in our laser physics cousres and
laboratories to master moder laser physics knowldege and it's practical aspects. Vogel A et al.
Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanosurgery of cells and tissues. American Journal of
Ophthalmology. 2009; 147 (2):189-197 e2 5. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
(TropicalMed). The huge potential of femtosecond laser processing in fields such as machinery,
electronics, biosensors and biomotors, physics, and chemistry requires more research. The IntraLase
Pulsion FSL was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for lamellar corneal
surgery in Jan. 2000, and the first commercial laser was introduced to the market in 2001 for the
creation of the corneal flap in refractive surgery, i.e. laser in situ keratomileuses (LASIK).
International Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018; 11 (5):807 22. When comparing Figure 12 a,c, the
thickness of the deposits on both sides of the microgroove increased with the number of passes. The
color gradings symbolize the strain levels in the tissue surrounding the induced bubbles; b) low pulse
energy, high pulse frequency (small spot separation, overlapping plasma interaction zones). The
average ablation depth D a of the microgroove changes with the F L. The lenticule created between
the anterior (blue) and posterior (yellow line) cut planes is extracted by the surgeon via an incision
(green line). In laser systems with an articulated arm, surgeons can use their manual abilities to
actively stabilize the laser handpiece. As the electron’s energy exceeds the conduction band
minimum (more than the band-gap energy), it can ionize another electron from the valence band,
which results in two excited electrons that can be heated by the laser field through free carrier
absorption. Advanced Optical Technologies. 2012; 1 (5):353-364 7. The coefficient k was obtained
by choosing four microgrooves corresponding to different scanning speeds. Sterile, single-use
components, referred to as “patient interfaces,” are used to actually make contact with the eye. Fs-
laser cuts can be used to produce “pockets” in the cornea, from which either material can be
extracted or implanted, in a variety of refractive surgeries ( Figure 8 ). Journal of Low Power
Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). Other theoretical models, based on simplified rate equations
or a kinetic approach to Boltzmann’s equations, have also been described. FS laser has also improved
the shaped corneal cuts with various patterns and angles of incisions, as well as different wound
configurations, such as “top-hat”, “mushroom”, “zigzag” and “Christmas tree”, which improve
wound healing and result in improved best spectacle-corrected visual acuity.
Femtosecond laser technology allows pre-cutting the nucleus in almost any imaginable shape and
reduces the ultrasound energy needed for conventional phaco-emulsification. This method can only
fabricate periodic structures. Integration of photonic crystals with all-optical and micro-
nanotechnology enables nanotechnology, quantum dot, fiber, and dirac cone. As a result, the cornea
is flattened (see Figure 12 ). Either the gantry has to move for docking, or the patient support device.
Conversely, in non-metallic materials, electrons are bound in the valance band. Therefore, the first
reason was that the laser fluence decreased due to the increased defocus, decreasing the depth
increment gradually during subsequent passes. A larger finite-length laser fluence resulted in an
immense average ablation depth. 4.2.2. Effects of the Number of Passes on Microgroove Depth The
focused femtosecond laser spot passing through the RB-SiC surface with multiple passes could
produce deeper microgrooves. A tunable attenuator is another component of the direct writing
system, which controls the power and ensures stable operation of laser parameters such as the pulse
width, pulse energy, and pointing direction. For multiple passes, the AR value decreased as the
number of passes increased and it finally stabilized. Figure 15 a illustrates the mapping relationship
of AR, which increased with the laser energy and scanning speed, where laser energy was the
critical factor. With the scarcity of donor material, a donor button can theoretically be divided
between two recipients. By Tatsuhiko Aizawa, Tadahiko Inohara, Yohei Suzuki a. 76 downloads
Chapter 5 Ablation of Materials Using Femtosecond Lasers and. By Mehra S. Sidhu and Nitish
Dhingra 97 downloads Home News Contact Careers Climate Change Hub About Our Authors and
Editors Scientific Advisors Team Events Advertising Memberships and Partnerships Publish About
Open Access How it Works OA Publishing Fees Open Access Funding Peer Review Editorial
Policies. Effect of microgroove depth on the laser fluence. ( a ) Schematic diagram of the depth
variation of the microgroove cross-section. ( b ) Variation in laser fluence with the depth of
microgroove. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 31 (3):1021-1030 25. This process repeats
as long as the laser field is present and intense enough, leading to an electronic avalanche. B is the
peak stage, where the laser spot at point p had the highest laser fluence. Despite various models and
explanations for laser-material interactions, the dynamics of specific phenomena are realized only
partially. Thereby more of the corneal nerves and Bowman layer remain untouched. Also, in the
SMILE procedure (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG), the intrastromal lenticule is sculpted for correction of
myopic or astigmatic refractive error; during this procedure, FSL is used for the anterior and
posterior dissection of both faces of the refractive lenticule in addition to the small incision in the
mid-periphery of the cornea for safe extraction of the intrastromal lenticule. The combination of the
two above-mentioned characteristics (heat-affected zones suppression and non-linear multiphoton
absorption) shapes the third advantage of ultrafast laser processing, i.e. a resolution far beyond the
diffraction limit. Effect of Femtosecond Laser Processing Parameters on the Ablation Microgrooves
of RB-SiC Composites. Materials. 2023; 16(6):2536. The advantages of FSL have made it
appropriate for the fabrication of various optical devices. The structure was written with a 1030nm,
500kHz, 450fs laser beam. When a dielectric material is subject to intense FSL, a large number of
excited electrons may be generated by laser pulses, which produce intrinsic defects that make FSL
an ideal tool for high-precision material processing. With the increase in laser energy and the
decrease in scanning speed, the ablative topography quality of the microgroove gradually
deteriorated, and large areas of deposits and crowns appeared. An objective lens with a larger NA
can reduce this difference, resulting in tight focusing and adjust the spatial distribution of pulse
intensity. The four light spots produced a 1 ? 4 splitter with the four output arms separated in a 3D
square pattern from the single input arm. The Gaussian distribution of the laser beam moves along
the scanning direction to form a Gaussian laser beam. This precision imposes strict requirements on
the temporal characteristics of laser pulses.
The multi-pass AR value decreased as the passes count increased and finally stabilized. Horizontal
direct writing is appropriate for the fabrication of ultra-slip surface porous network structures with
excellent performance in liquid repellency and cell proliferation resistance, hierarchical structures,
nano grooves, nanoholes, and 3D resonant optical cavities, widely used in applications such as
hydrophilic and hydrophobic treatments, optical communication and sensors and biomedicine. On
the other hand, in the low pulse energy group, spot separations smaller than the spot sizes are used
for spatially overlapping plasma interaction regions. The latest laser system concept is low pulse
energy and high pulse frequency: by using larger numerical aperture focusing optics, the pulse energy
required for optical breakdown decreases, and athermal tissue cutting with minimal side effects is
enabled. Every individual and their case is different, so the results of any of the treatments
mentioned on the website may vary. Inclusion of advertising materials on the website thereof, does
not constitute and representation or guarantee by Beye LLC of the quality of such products, or of
the claims made. Advanced Optical Technologies. 2012; 1 (5):353-364 7. After the development of
the early solid-state lasers, FSL was developed as a near-infrared laser with ultra-short pulse
duration, which enabled safety, precision, and predictability of ophthalmic surgeries and improved
the postoperative outcome of patients. The Fifth International Conference SOLITONS COLLAPSES
AND TURBULENCE. Before femtosecond laser scanning ablation, the RB-SiC was ground and
polished to a surface roughness of less than Sa 20 nm using diamond abrasive paper of different grain
sizes, and was then rinsed with ethanol in an ultrasonic cleaner for 10 min. His research interests
include laser-matter interaction, laser processing, ultrafast laser applications, ultrafast spectroscopy,
photonics, and nanotechnology. The first system, the most straightforward technique, is based on a
microlens array that splits the single focal spot into multiple foci, uniformly distributed in the focal
plane. As with the Femtoprint technique, the femtosecond laser induces local refractive-index
changes at multiple-beam-spot focused locations within the glass that act as waveguides for input
radiation. In addition, the quality of fabrication is also improved in FSL, due to the non-equilibrium
and non-thermal absorption phase transitions, resulting in reduced heat-affected zones, cracks, and
recast layers. Jessica Knowlton BS, Satavisha Dutta MS, Roni Shtein MD, Alan Sugar MD, Shahzad
Mian MD. Beye LLC, via its Editors and Publisher, accepts no responsibility for any injury or
damage to persons or property occasioned through the implementation of any ideas or use of any
product described herein. All these effects together are often referred to as “photodisruption” of
tissue. Effects of parameters on width. ( a ) The width varies with laser energy. ( b ) The width
varies with scanning speed. A well-fitting manhole is also enabled by the vertical side cuts of FSL.
The white and dark contrasted regions show areas of lanthanum enrichment and depletion,
respectively, featuring a clockwise rotation of the bright guiding region. Combined with a slit
illumination, it allows the simultaneous sharp imaging of a section of tissue at different depths of the
anterior segment of the eye, i.e. imaging of cornea and lens simultaneously. The information
contained on Beye.com, including text, graphics, images, and interactive activities, is for
informational purposes only, and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice.
In: EPJ Web of Conferences; EDP Sciences. 2018 16. Riau AK et al. Stromal keratophakia: Corneal
inlay implantation. It was found that when the optimized parameters were located between the
ablation thresholds of the two phases, the roughness was reduced from 35 nm to about 11 nm, while
maintaining a high polishing efficiency. The energy losses depend on the thickness of the scattering
material that the laser light is traveling through before reaching the focus. New steps toward
keratophakia are being taken as a result of advances in femtosecond technology. Scars from trauma
or infection commonly involve the anterior layers. The controllable spatiotemporal properties of FSL
make it applicable for the three-dimensional fabrication of transparent materials. Image courtesy of
the University of Colorado and NSF. Rajesh Fogla Femtosecond Laser Cataract Surgery- Magic or
Myth.
The color gradings symbolize the strain levels in the tissue surrounding the induced bubbles; b) low
pulse energy, high pulse frequency (small spot separation, overlapping plasma interaction zones). This
multiphoton effect causes the tissue to absorb energy as high as it results in optical breakdown. In
Figure 7 a, the width of the microgroove increased with the number of passes ( N from 1 to 20), but
the increase diminished. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal
that they believe will be particularly. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. FSL-
induced photoreduction of silver ions inside hydrogel can also be used for the fabrication of
shrinkable silver diffraction grating. JULIANA BENAVIDES GUERRERO Pott's Spine.
(Tuberculosis Spine) pptx Pott's Spine. (Tuberculosis Spine) pptx Shashi Prakash Report Back from
San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS) 2023: Spotlight. For starters, an intrastromal
pocket or stromal bed can now be prepared with better precision. Content Alerts Brief introduction
to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective How it Works
Manage preferences Contact Want to get in touch. FS pump-probe interferometry technique, with
100 fs temporal resolution, allows measuring the modification of refractive index induced by ultra-
short intense laser pulses. Posterior trephination cut prevents the intrastromal cavitation bubbles in
the lamellar interface with a shorter applanation lens assembly used to create LASIK flaps. The
bubbles disrupt the tissue at a larger radius than the plasma created at the laser focus ( Figure 4a ).
Fs-specific intrastromal keratotomies, on the other hand, reduce the risk of infection by avoiding
open wounds. 8.1.2 Additive procedure (keratophakia in the stroma) Since 1949, Barraquer has been
studying keratophakia as a technique of sculpting corneal curvature by adding tissue. The findings, as
well as the significance of this research, can be drawn as follows: 1. As the transparent layers of the
eye do not absorb electromagnetic radiation, light does not alter them, but the light energy is
absorbed by them, causing focal tissue disruption. The super-strong electromagnetic field generated
by FSL reduces the Coulomb potential barrier of valence-band electrons by the tunneling effect,
which results in the transfer of electrons into the conduction band and become free electrons. Edited
by Sulaiman Wadi Harun Terahertz, Ultrafast Lasers and Their Medical and Industrial Applications.
The United States Femtosecond Laser industry report further provides a complete SWOT analysis of
the key market players which will help the market participants to understand the changing
competitive landscape scenario. As can be appreciated from Figure 5, the emitted or incident energy
in terms of an overall dose insufficiently characterizes fs laser tissue interaction. For these surgeries,
fs laser technology has improved patient safety and clinical outcomes and enabled new surgical
approaches. In this part, the accumulation of a large number of free electrons inside the non-metallic
material and the lattice-electron interaction results in the exhibition of transient metallic
characteristics. Supported by unrestricted grants from Fight for Sight, Midwest Eye-Banks. The laser
beam then accelerates the electrons to very high energies and slams them back into the ions, releasing
electromagnetic radiation (in this instance, photons at EUV wavelengths). Effect of the number of
passes on the depth of the microgrooves. ( a ) Variation in the average depth of microgrooves with
the number of passes. ( b ) The depth increase rate in the microgroove varies depending on the
number of passes. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. The
modulations in the fiber are not visible in this picture. In order to further reduce pulse energies and
accompanying side effects at a given wavelength, two process parameters can be optimized. A set of
microgrooves with a sure v of different laser energies was chosen, and F th ( n ) could be found by
fitting the data. The first physical implementations of this innovative procedure were developed
independently and simultaneously by several groups of scientists in Germany and in the USA, and
demonstrated in laboratory experiments and animal studies in 1999 by T. We discuss mechanisms and
methods for femtosecond laser, including digital micromirror devices, different processes, and
interferences.
The above studies investigated the ablation mechanism, profile, and morphology of single-crystal
SiC. Various methods have been developed for efficient and flexible fabrication of complex
microstructures, including multi-focus parallel processing through optical modulation and diffraction,
structured light, photolithography based on a digital micromirror device (DMD), and a liquid crystal
spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). Different laser energies, scanning speeds, and number of passes in
ablation experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the variation patterns of the
microgroove width, average ablation depth, and AR. LensX was then integrated with Alcon, and
similar products were launched by multiple manufacturers. Schematic diagram of laser-ablated
microgroove and the spatial distribution of laser fluence. Research and development of even more
applications is still evolving. The huge potential of femtosecond laser processing in fields such as
machinery, electronics, biosensors and biomotors, physics, and chemistry requires more research. The
benefits and drawbacks of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery. If the spatial and temporal
aspects of laser pulses are simultaneously focused, the laser components will be separated spatially in
space before they enter the objective lens and then overlap at the spatial focal point focus of the
objective lens. FD-OCT enabled much higher scan speeds, making 2D- and even 3D-imaging
feasible in routine clinical use. Producing a beam in this region would allow the researchers to build a
small microscope for imaging living tissues on a desktop or for viewing objects at the nanoscale.
After docking the laser interface to the eye, most current cataract fs-lasers do three-dimensional
OCT scans. Tools available soon are fs laser-assisted primary posterior capsulotomy and lens capsule
marking for positioning of toric IOLs. In the experimental setup, an 800 nm Coherent (Santa Clara,
CA) Mira-Legend femtosecond laser with 120 fs pulse duration and 1 kHz repetition rate was input
to an 800 ? 600 pixel liquid-crystal-on-silicon SLM and focused into a silica glass substrate. The
white and dark contrasted regions show areas of lanthanum enrichment and depletion, respectively,
featuring a clockwise rotation of the bright guiding region. Due to this change if you are seeing this
message for the first time please make sure you reset your password using the Forgot your password
Link. Of course, the eye surgeons also monitor their patients during the procedure. The information
contained on Beye.com, including text, graphics, images, and interactive activities, is for
informational purposes only, and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice.
Therefore, the first reason was that the laser fluence decreased due to the increased defocus,
decreasing the depth increment gradually during subsequent passes. In this technique, an optical
diffraction element splits the incident beam into five diverging beamlets, which are collimated by a
lens. The accuracy, efficiency, and resolution of LC-SLM-based FSL processing have been improved
by achieving the desired patterned beam through holographic algorithm and fabrication approaches.
Scars from trauma or infection commonly involve the anterior layers. Integration of photonic crystals
with all-optical and micro-nanotechnology enables nanotechnology, quantum dot, fiber, and dirac
cone. Among them, the production of photonic and microfluidic components has been particularly
successful. 1 Direct laser writing of subsurface structures 2 is based on the use of an ultrafast laser
beam that is focused underneath the surface. Yang, Feng, Renke Kang, Hongbin Ma, Guangyi Ma,
Dongjiang Wu, and Zhigang Dong. Gamaly et al. also verified the ablation threshold value and
ablation velocity formula of the metal and dielectric material. Mapping of AR with the number of
passes and laser energy. As a general rule, only the fraction of energy within a laser pulse, absorbed
inside the tissue, is responsible for interactions with tissue. This precision imposes strict requirements
on the temporal characteristics of laser pulses. Eye surgeons watch their patients during the process
and might manually interrupt or pause it if difficulties arise.
Ionization involves photoionization (which includes tunnel ionization and multiphoton ionization)
and impacts ionization mechanisms. Photoionization is the main mechanism of seed-electron
generation. The report offers an in-depth insight into the key market status, current and future
market trends, business profile of key market players, market challenges along with the strategies
adopted by key market players to gain a stronghold in the market. For microgroove ablation width W
a (about 25 ?m), the laser energy is the main effect factor compared with the scan speed and the
number of passes. High repetition FSL direct writing enables super-wide-angle imaging, used in
completely enclosed cavity concave and convex micro ball lens arrays, embedded in transparent bulk
polymer, applicable for aligning with other optical devices. This flexible micro-patterning approach
was first introduced by researchers from Tokushima University and gained interest in recent years.
Schematic diagram of laser spot trajectory and energy accumulation. ( a ) The trajectory of the
pulsed laser spot. ( b ) Schematic of energy accumulation of multiple pulses. ( c ) Effect of the
number of pulses on the fluence accumulation and ablation threshold. Direct writing has two
methods, depending on scanning directions (geometries): horizontal (where the sample is moved
perpendicularly to the laser beam, commonly used to fabricate surface structures) and vertical (where
the sample is moved along the direction of laser beam irradiation; it can be performed from the upper
or lower surface). Within the cutting plane, micro-cavitation bubbles are formed discretely. Previous
Article in Journal Investigation of the Internal Structure of Hardened 3D-Printed Concrete by X-CT
Scanning and Its Influence on the Mechanical Performance. As the transparent layers of the eye do
not absorb electromagnetic radiation, light does not alter them, but the light energy is absorbed by
them, causing focal tissue disruption. Due to the flexible arm, the optics can be moved very close to
the eye ( Figure 6 ). Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD). The direct writing
processing method, the commonly used basic processing method, is a serial fabrication process, and
the increased numerical aperture results in achieving augmented resolution. Femtosecond Laser
Micromachining of BioMEMS. Comparison of Micromachining Processes. Only nonlinear absorbed
energy contributes to the tissue dissection process. Optionally, there is a second incision created to
help mobilize the lenticule. Corneal refractive surgery changes the shape of the cornea according to
the corrective lenses. In 1979, short-pulse lasers at near-infrared wavelengths were used in
ophthalmology for the treatment of posterior capsule opacification after surgery (by Aron-Rosa).
Work-role of Radiation Therapists in the Consequences of Adaptive Radiotherap. If you continue to
use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Ok. In the low pulse energy group, high
pulse frequencies are applied (MHz range), which helps achieve a cutting speed as effective as in the
high energy laser group. By moving the sample transversely with respect to the laser beam, it is
possible to generate light-guiding structures like the one shown as a cross section. The femtosecond
laser beam, shaped with a slit, is focused underneath the surface. His research interests include laser-
matter interaction, laser processing, ultrafast laser applications, ultrafast spectroscopy, photonics, and
nanotechnology. A sufficiently long working distance is required to allow the patient’s head to move
in and out. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high
impact in the field. A Feature. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). Also, in the
SMILE procedure (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG), the intrastromal lenticule is sculpted for correction of
myopic or astigmatic refractive error; during this procedure, FSL is used for the anterior and
posterior dissection of both faces of the refractive lenticule in addition to the small incision in the
mid-periphery of the cornea for safe extraction of the intrastromal lenticule. Similarly, in transparent
dielectric materials, the laser creates free carriers inside materials by non-linear absorption processes.
This was achieved using a microscope lens with a short focal length as focusing optics.
Implementation of multifocus TPP technique, based on individually-controlled phase modulation,
enabled rapid prototyping of symmetric and asymmetric complex 2D and 3D structures. Further new
areas of ophthalmic application are under development. As a result of inconsistencies in the quality
of the cuts and reactive wound healing at the borders of the cut, the procedure was often abandoned.
Stages A and C were symmetrical about stage B, which means that the laser fluence acting on point
p was the same at the start and end stages. In addition, the quality of fabrication is also improved in
FSL, due to the non-equilibrium and non-thermal absorption phase transitions, resulting in reduced
heat-affected zones, cracks, and recast layers. When shorter pulse ps (10 ?12 s) lasers became
available, their mechanical side-effects proved to be smaller, but still too large for delicate tasks as
required for many ophthalmic applications. The direct writing processing method, the commonly
used basic processing method, is a serial fabrication process, and the increased numerical aperture
results in achieving augmented resolution. Schematic diagram of laser-ablated microgroove and the
spatial distribution of laser fluence. After the microgrooves of the RB-SiC sample were processed,
their 3D topography was photographed using an optical microscope (Olympus, OLS4000). A larger
field of view and patterned area can also be obtained by an objective lens with moderate
magnification in applications where super-resolution is not required. Asshauer and C. Rathjen are
employees of Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG. Improvements of the laser focusing optics with
higher numerical apertures and higher pulse frequencies of the laser sources have further decreased
collateral damage while increasing precision. In both cases, the refractive power of the cornea
changes. The color gradings symbolize the strain levels in the tissue surrounding the induced bubbles;
b) low pulse energy, high pulse frequency (small spot separation, overlapping plasma interaction
zones). This multiphoton effect causes the tissue to absorb energy as high as it results in optical
breakdown. Yang, F.; Kang, R.; Ma, H.; Ma, G.; Wu, D.; Dong, Z. The number of pulses n
accumulated between them was calculated as shown in Equation (2). Image courtesy of the
University of Colorado and NSF. These advances include developments in diagnostic and
therapeutic strategies. A Balanced View Femtosecond Laser Cataract Surgery- Magic or Myth.
Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more
people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. We
welcome your input for improving our users Experience. Previous Article in Journal Investigation of
the Internal Structure of Hardened 3D-Printed Concrete by X-CT Scanning and Its Influence on the
Mechanical Performance. Several parameters play a role in the interaction between the laser and the
material, including chemical, thermal, and mechanical effects via free-electron generation. It consists
of facts followed by expert recommendation from prominent industry leaders related to the
technological advancements in the products that would fuel the market growth. The new cutting
system provides unrivalled edge quality for both metals and plastics, making it ideal for medical
device applications, including a wide range of diameter tubes and stents. Introduction 2. Historical
background for development of femtosecond laser systems in ophthalmology 3. In the first step,
multi-photon absorption leads to ionization of some tissue molecules, creating free electrons. The
thermal damage depends on the pulse width and intrinsic parameters of the material (like melting
point, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity coefficient, and tensile strength). After the
femtosecond laser scan, a microgroove with a width of about 25 ?m was produced on the RB-SiC
surface.