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Summary Exactly which indicator is best to use depends on the purpose for which the data are being
used. One of Healthy People 2020 goals is to increase the proportion of infants who are breastfed.
Other medical conditions that can be reduced by breastfeeding are; allergies, asthma, sudden infant
death syndrome SIDS, and diabetes. Some studies have been conducted in animals to examine the
effects of pregnancy not followed by lactation on maternal body composition. Methods A descriptive
longitudinal, prospective study design was used in which 506 mother-infant pairs were included.
However, the scenario today is quite different and complex. The neonate and infant receive both
nutritive and non-nutritive signals from milk, according to evidence. To export the items, click on the
button corresponding with the preferred download format. Upload Read for free FAQ and support
Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel Carousel Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. There are at
least three known mechanisms by which breastfeeding contributes to infant health and survival. This
means that no other foods or drinks other than possibly vitamin D are typically given. The findings
also highlight the need for tailoring services to support diverse communities which acknowledge
different traditional and familial practices. The wide range of protection (odds ratios varied from 0.4
to 0.8) is probably due to nonreproductive risk factors related to breast cancer. Page 11 Common
Questions Can I breastfeed even if I am sick Find out the answer to this question and more. It has
been found to have a strong association with breast-feeding and feeding of colostrums. Educated
mothers start supplementary feeding to the children at the appropriate age reduces the chances of
malnutrition among children. Formula fed babies, as a whole developed overweight to a greater
extent as young children. Client will be able to make a knowledgeable decision of whether or not
tobreast feed. The article above was written by Kelly Wallace who was a CNN correspondent at the
time he wrote the article. From a nutritional standpoint, however, the stress on the mother is
substantial relative to the nutritional needs imposed by pregnancy (a condition that has attracted
much more attention). Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading
Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. However, there is evidence from animal studies that
calcium absorption rates may increase during lactation (Halloran and DeLuca, 1980). Clearly
prospective methods are likely to be more accurate but are too expensive to use in most large-scale
surveys. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our. It is more difficult, however, to
evaluate longer-term changes in body mass following lactation. It is a natural occurrence that
happens in response to pregnancy. Data from the late 1940s indicate that weight changes may be
similar 24 months post partum among women regardless of the duration of lactation (McKeown and
Record, 1957). One of the most difficult decisions for new mothers is to decide which diet to follow
with her babies. To increase the rates of breastfeeding, it is important to remove these barriers and
provide support for mothers who wish to breastfeed. This text is free, available online and used for
guidance and inspiration. Breast feeding can help mothers burn calories, shrink their uterus back to
its pre-pregnancy size and lower their risk of cancer, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
post partum depression and also may help decrease the risk uterine and ovarian cancer.
The effects of breastfeeding on maternal nutritional status are considered in Chapter 9. The breastfed
infant doubles its weight in the first 4 to 6 months after birth and has additional energy demands
beyond the gains in energy stores associated with growth. Internationally, most surveys use a point-
in-time or current status measurement (usually 24-hour recall) and report their findings using an
indicator established by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1991 that involves combining all
babies less than six months old in order to obtain a large enough sample size to result in stable
proportions that can be compared over time. Women responded differently when the same
information was presented as the risks of not breastfeeding. Is the difference small and unimportant
or substantial and important to consider when choosing among the options. Summary Exactly which
indicator is best to use depends on the purpose for which the data are being used. Data from a rat
model suggest that osteoclast and osteocyte responses during pregnancy result in significantly
greater bone mechanical strength (Currey, 1973). Free breastfeeding Essays and Papers - 123HelpMe
com. The pain has been attributed to poor vaginal lubrication resulting from low estrogen levels, a
loss of sexual interest related to low androgen levels, and. To browse Academia.edu and the wider
internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The wide
range of protection (odds ratios varied from 0.4 to 0.8) is probably due to nonreproductive risk
factors related to breast cancer. These nursing characteristics change as lactation progresses,
especially at the time solid foods are added to the infant's diet (Howie et al., 1981). There is a clear
global consensus that in any population, feeding with infant formula is not as good as breastfeeding
for infants' health and also for their mothers' health. Cancer and Steriod Hormone Study Group. J.
Clin. Epidemiol. 42:963-973. Levels of adenosine, a locally acting insulin-like effector, have been
reported to be lower in femoral than in abdominal adipocytes in lactating women; the lower levels
may promote greater lipid mobilization from the femoral site (Stoneham et al., 1988). In nonpregnant
and pregnant women, lipid assimilation appears to be favored in femoral sites over abdominal depots,
and during lactation, lipid mobilization is favored in femoral adipose tissue. If every child was
breastfed within an hour of birth, given only breast milk for their first six months of life, and
continued breastfeeding up to the age of two years, about 800,000 child lives would be saved every
year. The marked changes in fluid compartments in the early postpartum period most likely result in
an overestimation of the net energy deficit when based on early postpartum weights. The degree of
protection afforded by various durations of breastfeeding, however, was highly variable among
studies, even though analyses were adjusted for parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, age at
interview, and other potentially confounding or modifying variables. However, for surveys, the best
approach, rarely used, would be to report indicators based on both point-in-time and life-long data. It
can also help the mother to return to her pre-pregnancy weight more quickly and is a convenient and
cost-effective way to feed the baby. Many stopped earlier than recommended according to the 2018
Breastfeeding Report Card. Richardson (1952) retrospectively studied 40 women who became obese
either during or soon after pregnancy and 30 women who became obese several years after their last
pregnancy. The effect of maternal nutritional status on this delay is not understood. Breast feeding
can help mothers burn calories, shrink their uterus back to its pre-pregnancy size and lower their risk
of cancer, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, post partum depression and also may help
decrease the risk uterine and ovarian cancer. The total duration of breastfeeding for all children
showed significant inverse associations with breast cancer, but no consistent relationship was
detected when results were adjusted for parity. In conclusion, breastfeeding is the natural and
optimal way to feed and nourish infants, providing numerous physical, emotional, and developmental
benefits to both the mother and the child. As such, this study aimed to explore mothers' experiences
of breastfeeding and accessing breastfeeding services offered locally amongst a deprived and
culturally diverse community. Alder and Bancroft (1988) associated this delay with the more
frequent reports of painful intercourse among breastfeeding women, compared with those who bottle
fed their infants. Further research should include those elements as well as controls for nursing
intensity and evaluations of both endocrinologic responses and nonhormonal factors as determinants
of sexuality. We know that breast feeding may not be possible for all new mothers due to their own
comfort levels, different lifestyles and certain medical conditions.
The amount of items that will be exported is indicated in the bubble next to export format.
Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate about when feeding with infant formula might be
acceptable. The breastfed infant doubles its weight in the first 4 to 6 months after birth and has
additional energy demands beyond the gains in energy stores associated with growth. See Full PDF
Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers International Journal of Epidemiology
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These nursing characteristics change as lactation progresses, especially at the time solid foods are
added to the infant's diet (Howie et al., 1981). The focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed
and analysed thematically using Framework Analysis. For the mother, breastfeeding has been found
to reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, postpartum depression, and osteoporosis. Breast milk
is also easier for newborn babies to digest and carries all the vitamins and minerals that newborns
require other than vitamin D which is prescribed as a supplement to breastfed babies. Data from the
late 1940s indicate that weight changes may be similar 24 months post partum among women
regardless of the duration of lactation (McKeown and Record, 1957). It can also help the mother to
return to her pre-pregnancy weight more quickly and is a convenient and cost-effective way to feed
the baby. This is appropriate to do if for example data are being used to link infant feeding patterns
with vertical transmission of HIV or later patterns of infant allergy. The analyses were adjusted for
age, socioeconomic status, parity, maternal employment status, and smoking; however, only 18
women who breastfed for more than 2 months were studied, and no information was given
regarding the extent to which all groups ate until satisfied or the extent to which specific strategies
were used by the different groups to achieve weight changes. Client will be able to make a
knowledgeable decision of whether or not tobreast feed. The children under five are prone to
infections due to lack of awareness about feeding practices especially breastfeeding. These
differences could result in a lengthening of the duration of postpartum amenorrhea. No effect was
found when bone mineral content was measured by single- or dual-beam absorptiometry in women
aged 25 to 37 (Koetting and Wardlaw, 1988) and in older women (mean age, 49 years) (Johnell and
Nilsson, 1984). Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Sample of 420 participants was collected in Almadinah
City,In Saudi Arabia. In a subsequent comparison of 58 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis
and 58 age-matched normal women, osteoporotic women were found to have undergone an earlier
menopause (age 46 years versus 49 years, respectively), smoked cigarettes more (59 versus 30%,
respectively), and breastfed less (16 versus 35%, respectively), than controls (Aloia et al., 1985). As
such, this study aimed to explore mothers' experiences of breastfeeding and accessing breastfeeding
services offered locally amongst a deprived and culturally diverse community. To achieve the best
possible growth, development, and health, the World Health Organisation advises mothers to
exclusively breastfeed their infants for the first six months of their lives, then continue to do so
while supplementing with the right foods until they are two years old or older. The learner's positive
attitude directly suggests her high level of motivation to learn. Women responded differently when
the same information was presented as the risks of not breastfeeding. Disagreement among studies
may be due to different methods and designs (e.g., variations among methods used to ascertain
lactation duration, selection and characterization of controls, and retrospective compared with
prospective approaches), diverse lactation practices among distinct cohorts, differences in diets or
other nonreproductive factors among various populations, or any combination of these. In general,
anthropometric changes during lactation were minor. The effects of breastfeeding on maternal
nutritional status are considered in Chapter 9. This article stated that there was a study done in 2002
that found out that mothers who were advised about the benefits of breastfeeding viewed lactation
as a bonus and that it was not essential for infant health. Testing of this hypothesis requires a
demonstrated change in milk volume, composition, or both in response to food supplementation and
an appropriate assessment of the amenorrhea outcome. The pain has been attributed to poor vaginal
lubrication resulting from low estrogen levels, a loss of sexual interest related to low androgen levels,
and.

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