introduction toDNA deoxy

ribonucleicacid is a biological moleculethatstoresgeneticinformation inthecell

deoxy on 5 Egg
peatingunitscallednucleotides
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2nucleotidesconnectw the3ʳᵈcarbonand 1 deoxysugarandthe5ᵗʰcarbonofanot
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arhk n ts whilethenitrogenous basespointinwards

DNAreplication
doublestrandedmoleculeconsistsof 2complementary singlestrandsthatcombine via hydrogenbonds
thestrandsmustunwindfirst proteinscalledhelicaseassistw theunwinding
to avoidthebondsreformation singlestrandedbinding SSB proteins stabalizethesinglestrands
afterunwinding itintroducespositivesupercoils stressesthemoleculeandincreasesenergy
tostabalizetheunwoundedDNAa protein DNAgyrase introducesnegativesupercoils
afterunwindingthebasesareexposed protffggggf.me RNApolymerase addsasetofnucleoti
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introductionto RNA

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ribonucleic acid pairsw adenine OH on unlikedeoxyribose it
nucleotidescontainribosesugar contains a hydroxylgroup
0thymine replacedw uracil uracil u arising onthesecondcarbonato
singlestranded canmoveeasilythrough
cellwallsintothecytoplasm
typesofRNA
11 IL acanbemodified intomRNA
in the cytoplasm themRNA istranslatedbyribosomes into proteins
ineukaryotes mRNAusuallycodesonlyoneprotein
in prokaryotes mRNA canproduce manydifferentproteins
ribosomal RNA rRNA
travels
formedinthe nucleolus ofthenucleus to cytoplasm
combines w proteinstoformribosomes ribosome cellorganelemade fromrRNA proteintoallowproteinsynthesis
transferRNA tRNA
mRNA containsregionsofnucleotides codons designatethenext aminoa thatshouldbeadded tothepolypeptide
tRNAcollectsthe a a andbring it tothe ribosome a a isattachedthere

RNAtranscription
initiation
inthepromoterregion aspecialsequenceofnucleotidessignaltheRNApolymerasetojointheproteincomplexandstart

IIe LindedDNAstrandshave 2names antisenseandsensecodingstrand

I sinfind
I thedissociationprocess
sequenceterminates
 DNAtranslation
DNA is brokenapartto an a a sequence
the mRNAleavesthenucleusandattachesto a ribosome
thetRNA inthecytoplasm pickupthe a a andbringittothemRNA
thetripletbaseson thetRNA anticodon linksup w thecomplimentary mRNAtriplet anticodon

genesandgeneticcode
thecentraldogmaofmoleculargeneticsstatesthattheflowofgeneticinformation is DNA RNA proteins
DNAcontains a specialsequenceof nucleotidescalledgenes
theycodefortheproductionof protein
theentiresequenceofDNA includinggenesandnoncodingregions iscalled agenome
overview ofgeneticmutations
insertionsanddeletions
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number nucleotidesthatisnotamultiple
of of 3 willcauseth
mutation
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insertiondeletion
pointmutation delete a equallingtothenumber
or a ofnew
codons non
shiftmutation
forme
nonframeshift frameshift silent missense

does changethe
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codon aa mutation
missense

cabulary
heredity passing oftraits characteristics fromparentstooffsprings
GregorMendel founderofgenetics mid1800
gene onesectionon a DNAmoleculethatdefines thesynthesisof asingleprotein
genome thewholeDNAsequenceof a species
ocuslocationof a geneonthechromosome
alleles alternativevariationsof a gene
wildtype thetraitthatismostcommonin nature
genotype geneticconstitutionof anindividualorganism
phenotype setofobservablecharacteristicson an individual resultingfromtheinteractionofitsgenotypew theenviounm
homozygous genotypeconsistingof 2 identicalalleles at a givenlotus

if S it ttIt9aE ofgweEnctu5 dietitia individual

a
ethality genotype thatcreatesnonviable phenotypes

dominantallele recessiveallele
AA dominanthomozygousorganism
Na dominantheterozygousorganism net
hetraitthatisseenin F1 inheterozygotes heterozygotes

endel'sexperiment
normal as round wrinkled square p parental F offspringgeneration crossing
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around somaticcell
parent 2 Parent a

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phenotype 100 roundpeas AaAaAaAa

fF genotype 100 heteronygous
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genotype 50 Aa heterozygous 25 AAdominanthomozygous 25 aarecessivehomozygous 2 11
regorMendel
Austrianteacher
firsttoshowthatinheritanceshows apredictablepattern
founderofthebasiclawsofgenetics
experiments
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usedmathematical statisticalmethodstoprovehispoint
1ˢᵗlaw lawofuniformity
inthe F1generation alloffspringfromthecrossofparents thataredifferenthomozygotesforonetraitwillbeidentical
bothin genotypeandinphenotype
2ⁿᵈlaw lawofsegregation
inthe phenotypicallyuniform generationtheparentaltraits havenot emersed.si
phenotype segregatesandbothparental traitsreappear inthe 72generation
terminations afffagffi t.gsgfffg
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color yellow dom or green f
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Lyon adifferentphenotypes

dlaw
lawofindependentassortment
differenttraits are inherited independently ofoneanother traitsare onseparate chromosomes
geneslocated on different chromosomes assortindependentlyduringmeiosis
stcrossbacuross
a homozygous dominant and heteronygousorganisms havethesamedominantphenotype
largebush smallbush
DDor Dd dd monogenicinheritance
completedominantrecessive
two
p ossibilities dominantallelecontrolsthesynthesis of aneffectiveproteindefin
d d d d thedominanttraitwhiletherecessivealleleresultsin a
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heteros B S
causedbythelackofpigments inshinhaireyes incompletedominance intermediate inheritance
recessivetrait appeanceof athirdphenotype
onlyhomozygous recessiveindividuals aa notall allelesof a gene are fullydominantor recessive
A normalcolor Aanormalcolor aa albino intermediate appereance in heterozygotes
 AA red A'A white

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codominance
bothallelesof aheterozyg are expressed equally 2domallelesequallyexp RHᵗ85 RH 15
e.ghumanbloodtype DD dominant Yelessive
dominant
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enotype blood
type genotype
fires t in
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enesmaybe onthesameordiff chromosomes
eachgenemayhave 2 ormorealleles
oneinteractionsalsooccuramongtheallelesofdiffdistinctgenes
epistatis onegenesupresses thephenotype appearance ofthe othergene
affaffffitions
it iE Eai
cessiveepistatis
rec alleleof a genesupresses theallele of theother
gene

pheno 9 3 4

complementary interaction
hedominant allele AAorAa of a complementarygenehastoappear w thedomalleleof anothergenetoresult
he dom phenotype
bothallelesof thecompl geneare recessive aa the rec phen will be expressed independently oftheother
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nkedinheritance
Sexlinkage
autosomes notchromosomes 22pairs
Sexchromosomes 23ʳᵈ in humans
pair
nonhomologous
size x
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Ehff genesdetermining thesomatictraitson chromosomesareinhaploidCondit
sexofoffspringisdeterminedby

linkedinheritance
Y linked
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I autosomalrecdiseaseautosomaldon
disease

it attend
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heritance
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it'slinkedto chromosome it ismorecommon infemaleoffsprings
canappearineverygeneration
probability is 50
inheritance
a
ofrecessivedisease
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birthto
aug 1ththyParfaitsgive
f it isconnectedto chromosome itismorelikelytoappear inmaleoffspring
Eating c
evolutiongenetics
allelefrequency howmanyindividualsfromthepopulationhave a givenallele
cancalculatefreq of geno phenotypes
population hasgenome sumof all possiblegene
adaption development thattakesplaceoverhereditarygenotypictraits inmanygenerations
acclimation temporaryadaptiontogradualchanges inthenaturalhabitat

rmationofnewalleles
bymutations sexual reproduction
migration randomseparationofchromosomes HardyWeinbergequilibrium allelegeno
dominant allelefrequency A afreq in a populationwillremainconstant
2 dominant homozygousgenotypefreq AA fromgen.togen intheabsenceofother
recessive allelefreq a p 2pq92 1 influence
2 recessivehomozygousgenotypefreq aa
heterozygousgenotype Aa
ptg 1 trueforidealp
ahip
g
ealpopulation theoretical
umberofindividualsshifttowards infinity
all individium reproduces w samechance
all genotypescreateviable offspring
migration
it 72allelefrequency
p in satin
geneCaudefrea chance
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