Basic

Concepts of
Statistics
 What is Statistics?
(in singular sense) A branch of science that deals with the
development of methods for a more effective way of
collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data
Statistics is an essential tool in education, government, office of
justice programs, business and economics, medicine,
experimental psychology, sociology, sports, actuarial work,
. criminology, employment figure, heredity, insurance, public
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opinion polling, census, and many other fields.
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Statistics aids in decision-making.
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 What are the two categories of Statistics?
Statistics
frequency
coefficient of variation significant difference
mean significant
percentage association
median
Descriptive fractiles Inferential
mode significant
variance Standard deviation significant effect
relationship

It is concerned with summarizing It is concerned with making generalizations

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and describing important features (inferences and predictions) about a large
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of data collected, using tabular and group of observations based on the data
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grap h i cal d i sp l ays, w i t h o u t collected from a smaller group; requires
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attempting to infer statistical techniques
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 Examples (Descriptive or Inferential?)
Mrs. Planas forecasted to pay PhP 2,000 next month for
her electricity bill based on her last year’s bill.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Lebron James wants to know his average score for the

. past 7 games.
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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 Basic Terminologies

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Population Sample
complete set of individuals, objects or a representative subset of a
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measurements under study population
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 Data
‐- Facts or information that are collected for reference and analysis
-‐ Can be numeric or non-numeric
Primary Data – data gathered are original
Ex. Recording the age of your classmates by asking them
Secondary Data – data that were previously gathered from an original
source
Ex. Getting the list of 4Ps benefeciaries in Butuan City from DSWD

. Variable
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- a characteristic that may take on different values
.

. Examples: Civil Status -‐ Single, Married, Divorced

. Weight (in kgs) – 45kgs, 50kgs, 60kgs, etc.
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 Let us determine the population under study and the
variable of interest.
a. A group of researchers is interested in determining the number of
children below 12 years old infected with COVID-19 in Caraga.
Population: Children below 12 years old in Caraga
Variable of Interest: Whether or not the child has ever been
infected with COVID-19.

b. A group of researchers is interested in determining the age of

. the patients infected with COVID-19 in MJ Santos Hospital.
.

. Population: Patients infected with COVID-19 in MJ Santos Hospital

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Variable of Interest: Age of the COVID-19 patients in MJ Santos
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.
Hospital
 Types of
Variables

Quantitative Variables Qualitative Variables

‐-variables that are measured on a ‐-assumes values that are names or labels,
numeric or quantitative scale thus can be categorized (categorical
variables)
-‐Categories may be identified by either
non-numericaldescriptions or by
numerical codes
-‐E.g. Civil status, religious affiliation, etc.
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Discrete variables Continuous variables
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. ‐-variables with a finite or countable number of
possible values (e.g. age (in years), No. of
. female enrollees in CSU for A.Y. 2022-2023,
. etc.)
.
‐-variables that assumes any value
in a given interval (e.g. height (in
meters), weight (in kg), etc.)
 Let us which type is the given variable.
1. Address Qualitative
2. House No. Qualitative
3. Weight (in kgs) Quantitative -‐
Continuous
4. Diaper Size Qualitative
5. Color of the Leaf Qualitative
6. Number of Units Enrolled Quantitative-
Discrete
7. SSS Number Qualitative
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. 8. Telephone Number Qualitative

. 9. Foot length (in cm) Quantitative –
. Continuous
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10. Brand of Cellphone Qualitative