Nijamati Sewa Patrika

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lgikIftf
:jR5tf
lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf

CIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
;DkfbsLo
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/; ug]{
tyf ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;+j}wflgs
clwsf/ k|fKt nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] :jtGq, lgikIf / t6:y ?kdf cfˆgf]
sfo{;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfof]u :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Dd ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf]
cfzf / e/f];fsf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . oxL ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ;d]t yk u/]sf] 5 .
d'n's ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df ;Dk"0f{
lghfdtL sd{rf/L tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfzf / e/f];fsf]
s]Gb|ljGb'df /xL cfˆgf] cleefjsTj lgjf{x ug{ Pj+ :yfkgfsfn b]lvsf] ljZjf;
;d]tnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg cfof]u ;fd' r'gf}tL ylkPsf] 5 .
k|:t't c+sdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, lghfdtL k|zf;g tyf ljsf; k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt
n]vx? /x]sf 5g\ / o;af6 cg';Gwfgstf{, cWo]tf tyf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf
ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;a}nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; klqsfnfO{
cem pTs[i6 agfpg kf7sju{af6 ;'emfj tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf] ck]Iff ub{5f}+ .
klqsfsf] nflu n]v /rgf pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] ljåfg n]vsx?k|lt
s[t1tf k|s6 ub}{ cfufdL lbgx?df ;d]t o:t} ;xof]u k|fKt x'g]df ljZj:t 5f}+ .
;Dkfbs d08n
ljifo ;"rL
qm=;+= lzif{s n]vs k]h g+=
lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ljsf;qmddf Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u
!= (@))& b]lv @)$& ;Ddsf] Oltj[Q_ pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL !
@= g]kfndf cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] l:ylt / ;'wf/sf pkfox? 6+sdl0f zdf{ b+ufn !%

#= k|zf;lgs Jofj;flostfsf] IfoLs/0f M ;'wf/sf] cj;/ sfzL/fh bfxfn @@
$= g]kfndf ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo zf;g Joj:yf k|f=8f= eLdb]j e§ #!
/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfkg M
%= w/0fLw/ vltj8f $!
cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tLx?
^= cfljisf/d'vL ;/sf/ uf]kLgfy d}gfnL $&
&= sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgdf ;]jf, ;d"xsf] cj:yf lzj/fd Gof}kfg] %&
*= g]kfndf ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|j[lQ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/ emSsk|;fb cfrfo{ ^%
(= gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g M cjwf/0ff / cEof; 8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb /]UdL &^
blIf0f Pl;ofdf lghfdtL ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf] ljZn]if0f M
!)= 8f= g/]Gb|/fh kf}8]n *%
hgtfsf] e|d cyjf cIfdtfsf] cf/f]k <
!!= g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/sf] dxTj—;d:of tyf ;'emfj uDeL/axfb'/ xf8f ($
!@= g]kfndf cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o >f]t kl/rfng gLlt sdnk|;fb /]UdL !)@
;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg
!#= s[i0f kf}8]n !!^
Pjd\ d"NofÍg M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
!$= g]kfndf ko{6gsf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx? k|sfz zdf{ 9sfn !#)
!%= g]kfndf ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnL M ljBdfg cj:yf / ;d:ofx? ?b|k|;fb e§ !$!
!^= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf dL/f cfrfo{ !%@
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d"ndd{ M
!&= lgd{nfb]jL nfld5fg] -j:tL_ !%(
g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf / Joj;flostf
!*= nf]stGqsf] ;anLs/0f k|]dk|;fb pkfWofo !^^
!(= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / Joj;flostf b]jL/fd cfrfo{ !&#
@)= cfly{s s"6gLlt / g]kfnsf] cj:yf ?kgf/fo0f vltj8f !&(
@!= /fHo, gful/s / Gfful/stf e"k]Gb| kf08]o !*^
Nepal’s bilateral, regional and multilateral efforts,
@@= Madhu Raman Acharya !(!
commitments, expectations and obligations
@#= Managerial Capacity of Local Bodies in Nepal Dr. Hari Prasad Adhikari !((
Visit to Global Government Summit :
@$= Laxmi Bilas Koirala @!)
A Memoir of Casual Colloquies
lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf @)&$ kf}if
lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ljsf;qmddf Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u

(@))& b]lv @)$& ;Ddsf] Oltj[Q_
" pd]zk|;fb d}gfNfL
/f0ffsfNf;Dd g]kfNfdf jf:tljs cy{df lghfdtL k|zf;g g} lyPg . To;a]Nffsf] k|zf;g s]G›Ls[t
t lyof] g}, ;]gfsf] clwgdf /f0ff zf;ssf efO{x?af6 ;+rflNft / bf}8fxfåf/f lgolGqt lyof] .
k|zf;gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /f0ff zf;sx?sf] ;Qfsf] /Iff ug{], pgLx?sf :jfy{ k'/f ug{] / ;fdGtL
z}NfLdf ;dfhdf oyfl:yltdf /fVg] g} lyof] . /f0ffx?Nf] pbf/tf b]vfpg s]xL /fd|f sfd klg
gu/]sf xf]Ogg\, t/ oL sfd k"0f{tM x's'dL z}NfLdf x'g] ub{Yof] . /f0ff k|wfgdGqLsf k|yd tLg efO{Nf]
sdfl08Ë hg/Nfsf] ?kdf k|zf;g cfˆgf lgoGq0fdf ;+rfNfg ub{y] . rfs8L k|yfsf] cfwf/df
sd{rf/L egf{ ul/Gy] / …khgL’ k|yfaf6 vf];'jf, ;?jf / a9'jf x'g] ub{y] . ef/tsf] …d'uNf’
k|zf;g / hfkfgsf] …;f]u'g]6’ k|zf;g h:t} kl/jt{g /f]Sg] sfd o;sf] lyof] . …l;eldNf df]8]Nf’
sf] of] k|zf;gdf jf:tjdf gful/s jf lghfdtL k|zf;gsf u'0fx? g} lyPgg\ . of]Uotf, lgikIftf,
/fhgLlts t6:ytf, Joj;flostf, hgd'vL ;]jfefj h:tf cfw'lgs lghfdtL ;]jfsf s'g} klg
ljz]iftf To; a]Nffsf] k|zf;gdf lyPg .
lj=;+= @))& ;fNfdf hxflgofF /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf kZrft\ u7g ePsf]
;/sf/sf] 7"Nff] r'gf}tL g} /f0ffsfNfLg k|zf;gNffO{ vf/]h u/]/ cfw'lgs k|zf;gsf] hu a;fNg'
lyof] . g]kfNf ;/sf/ cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& hf/L ePkl5 l;+b/af/df s]G›Lo ;lrjfNfo
u7g, dGqfNfox?sf] u7g, k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw hf/L ug{] sfd eof] eg] /f0ffsfNfdf v8f ul/Psf
c8\8fx? v8\u LGZFG CeF XFLH, UF=:JFF D.FS, CeF LjlGtkq LG3F, SF]Z.F CeF CFLB
vf/]h ul/P . oL ;'wf/sf sbdx? ef/tLo cfO{=P=P:f\= clkm;/ Pg=Pd=a'r, >L gfu]z, a[h
gf/fo0f / d'8{]Zj/sf] l;kmfl/;df ul/Psf] lyof] . dGqfNfo u7g;Fu} ;lrjx?sf] lgo'lQm ug{ of]Uo
JolQmx?sf] 5gf}6 ug{' lyof] . !# dfu{, @))* sf] uh]6 cg';f/ !% hgf ;lrjx? lgo'lQm ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;df /f0ffsf] efudf k/]sf hlt dGqfNfodf ;]gfsf pRr clws[tx? / To;a]Nffsf gfdL
xflsdx?af6 lgo'lQm ul/of] eg] sf+u|];sf] efudf k/]sf dGqfNfox?df lzlIft o'jfx?NffO{ lgo'lQm
lbPsf] lyof] . kB'DgNffNf /fhe08f/L, ejgfy pkfWofo, k|]dg/l;+x k|wfg, s'Nfz]v/ zdf{, lxdfNfo
zdz]/ /f0ff, rG›axfb'/ yfkf, ltNfs zDz]/, zf}efUoh+u yfkf, ;/bf/ ?›/fh kf08], eLdaxfb'/
kf08], g/]G›dl0f cflb, ;'Aaf lg/ /fhe08f/L, cRo't/fh k+l8t ;lrjdf lgo'lQm ul/Psf lyP .
To;a]Nffsf] csf]{ /f]rs s'/f t s] lyof] eg] dGqL / ;lrj b'j}sf Nfflu gofF ;+/rgfdf sfd ug{]
cg'ej g} lyPg gt ef}lts k"jf{wf/ g} tof/ lyof] . jL=kL= sf]O/fNff;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{{df cfwfl/t
ef]Nff r6hL{sf] lstfadf Pp6f /f]rs k|;Fu pNNf]v ul/Psf] 5 . /f0ff–sf+u|]; ;+o'Qm ;/sf/df u[x
dGqL lgo'Qm ePkl5 sf]O/fNffNf] u[x dGqfNfo vf]Ng' kbf{sf cGof}Nf / cK7]/fNffO{ r6hL{;Fusf]

" cWoIf, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .
1
cGtjf{tf{{df eg]sf s'/faf6 To; a]Nff ljNfs'Nf z"Goaf6 lghfdtL k|zf;g ;'? ug{' k/]sf] :ki6
a'‰g ;lsG5 . To;df lj=kL= Nf] eg]sf 5g\ ls u[x dGqfNfo a'e]msf] / rNffPsf] JolQm ge]6]kl5
pgNf] df]xg zDz]/;Fu u[x;lrj x'g of]Uo JolQm sf]xL 5 ls elg ;f]Wbf aa/ zDz]/;Fu ;Dks{
/fVg eg]sf] / pgs} l;kmfl/;df Pd=P= kf; ug{] klxNff] g]kfNfL dWo]sf o'jsNffO{ u[x ;lrj
lgo'Qm u/]sf] pNNf]v u/]sf 5g\ . cGtjf{tf{df pgNf] eg]sf lyP–…u[x ;lrjNffO{ /fVg] sf]7f / s';L{
s]xL lyPg . ta d}Nf] d]/} cfjf;sf] tNNff] tNff ;kmf ug{ NfufP . clg Pp6f s';L{ NofO{ Nf o;df
a:gf];\ eg] . pgNf] cfk'mNffO{ u[x ;lrjsf] af/]df s]xL yfxf 5}g d of] s';L{df al:bg eGg yfNf] .
clg d}Nf] d klg t o; kbsf] Nfflu gofF dflg; xF' . ca xfdL b'O{ ldNfL s] sfd ug{] xf] lgsfn'Nff
eg]’ . jL=kL=sf] cGtjf{tf{{sf oL zAbx? To; a]Nffsf] k|zf;lgs l:ylt a'emfpg kof{Kt 5 .
cfjZostf eGbf j9L ;'ljwf lNfg vf]Hg] xfd|f clxNf]sf pRr k|zf;sx?Nf] o;af6 l;Sg cfjZos
5 . tTsfnLg cy{;lrj lxdfNfo zDz]/ h=a=/f=Nf] o; :tDesf/Nf] /fv]sf] lh1f;fdf cy{dGqLNf]
cfk'm Nfufot tLghgf Pd=P kf; u/]sf o'jfx?NffO{ s]xL lbg sfd NfufO{ /fd|f] sfdsf] cfwf/df
cfk'mNffO{ ;lrjdf 5fg]sf] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 of]Uo sd{rf/L 5fGg] To;a]Nff klg cfˆg}
vfNfsf] k|lqmof /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;lrjx?sf] lgo'lQm eP klg of]Uo / ;Ifd sd{rf/Lx?sf] cefj lyof] . /f0ffsfNfLg sd{rf/Lx?
rf/ kf; / P3f/ kf; u/L rfs8Laf6 egf{ ePsfNf] cfw'lgs z}NfLsf] k|zf;g pgLx?af6 ;Dej
b]lvPg\ . To;}Nf] @))( ;fNfsf] k|f/Delt/ k|wfgdGqL dflqsfk|;fb sf]O/fNffNf] ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL
hjfx/NffNf g]x¿NffO{ kq Nf]vL y'k|} clws[t / ;xfos sd{rf/Lx? k7fO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf
lyP . dft[sfk|;fbNf] cfkm} Nf]v]sf] lstfa …c /f]Nf Og l/Eof]No';g’ df pNNf]v ul/Psf] kqaf6 To;
avtsf] g]kfNfsf] k|zf;lgs cj:yf a'em\g ;lsG5 . To;df clkm;/, ;'kl/G6]]G8]G6 ckm k'lNf;b]lv
:6]gf]u|fkm/, cl;:6]G6, SNfs{, 6]lNfkmf]g ck/]6/;Dd v6fOlbg dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] hjfkmdf
g]x¿Nf] @# clk|Nf, !(%@ df kq Nf]Vb} ef/taf6 tTsfNfsf Nfflu $ b]lv % clkm;/x? v6fpg]
h;Nf] o; ljifodf g]kfNf ;/sf/;Fu 5NfkmNf ug{] s'/f pNNf]v u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f pQm lstfad}
;dfj]z ul/Psf] kqsf] k|ltlNflkaf6 1ft x'G5 . o; cg'?k g]kfNfsf] s]G›Lo / lhNNff k|zf;lgs
;+u7gsf] cWoog ug{ Ps cfof]u u7g eof] h;df Pg=Pd=a'rsf] g]t[Tjdf s]=kL=dy|fgL /
P;=s]=cfgGb ;b:o lyP . g]kfNfsf] tkm{af6 b'O{hgf /fVg] ;xdlt eP cg'?k cy{;lrj lxdfNfo
zDz]/ / sfg'g;lrj ltNfs zDz]/ o;df ;+nUg ePsf lyP . g]kfNfsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf]
OltxfF;df oxL …a'r sldzg’ klxNff] cEof; lyof] . g]kfNfdf gful/s k|zf;gsf] :yfkgf u/L
cfw'lgs sd{rf/LtGqsf] :yfkgf ug{df o; sldzgsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bg
cg'?k g} dGqfNfo, ljefux?sf] k'gu{7g, cy{ / Nf]vf ;DaGwL ljz]if ;+/rgf, k'lNf; / h]Nf
;+u7gsf, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
;/sf/L ;]jfdf of]Uotfsf cfwf/ afx]ssf cGo cfwf/x?df sd{rf/Lx? 5gf}6 ul/g' x'Gg eGg]
l;4fGtNffO{ c+lusf/ ub{} @))* ;fNf cfiff9 ! ut] …klANfs ;le{:f sldzg’ u7g ul/of] . g]kfNf
cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] efu % wf/f ^$ cg';f/ o; sldzgsf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/df g]kfNf ;/sf/sf ;a} hflu/bf/df egf{sf] Nfflu hfFr ug{' / lghfdtL bhf{ / gf]s/Ldf
2
egf{ ug{] tl/sf ;DaGwL ljifo, lghfdtL kbx?df lgo'lQm ug{], ;?jf, a9'jf ug{] l;4fGtsf
ljifodf ;NNffx lbg' cflb ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . o;sf] cltl/Qm g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL
hflu/bf/sf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwL ;a} ljifo / o; ;DaGwL :d[ltkq, lalGtkq, ph'/L jf lgj]bg kq
;d]t ;a} ljifodf / >L % af6 ;NNffx dfuL aS;]sf] h'g;'s} ljifodf ;NNffx lbg] sfd klANfs
;le{; sldzgsf] x'g]5, t/ >L % af6 o; ljifodf ;fwf/0f tj/;Fu jf ljz]iftM cd"s
kl/l:yltdf sldzg;Fu ;NNffx lNfg cfjZos 5}g egL lgodåf/f tf]lsaS;]df ;f]xL adf]lhd
x'g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] . o;/L Psftkm{ :jtGq ;+j}wflgs x}l;otsf] ;+:yfsf] Joj:yf
ePsf] b]vfpg] / csf]{tkm{ >L % Nf] lgod agfP/ o; ;+:yfNffO{ k+u' agfpg ;Sg] j}wflgs
Joj:yf /fVgfNf] sldzgNf] :jtGq ?kdf ;+j}wflgs e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Dej ePg . @))* b]lv
@)!( ;Ddsf] o; ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf vf; k|efjsf/L b]lvPg / cfˆgf]] ;+j}wflgs bfoLTj lgjf{x
ug{ o;Nf] cl:tTjsf] Nf8fOdf eg] Nfflu /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
lj=;+= @))* ;fNf cfiff9 ! ut] tTsfNfLg d'G;Lvfgfsf xflsd ;/bf/ gu]G›dfg l;+x k|wfg
k|]l;8]G6 tyf s]z/axfb'/ s]=;L= / b]jgfy k|;fb jdf{ b'O{ d]Da/ ;lxt tLg ;b:oLo klANfs
;le{; sldzg u7g ul/of] . sldzgNf] ef› !*, @))* df klxNff] k6s ^ kbsf] Nfflu lj1fkg
u/]/ cfˆgf]] sfd ;'? u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;Nf] @)!@ ;fNfdf …kf]i6 Uo|fh'P6\ clkm;/’ / …Uo|fh'P6
clkm;/’ sf] k/LIff ;+rfNfg u/]sf] lyof] . To; j]Nff k/LIffdf ;lDdlNft eP/ ;kmNf ePsf
;dfh;]jL e}/j l/;fNfNf] hfgsf/L lbP cg';f/ …kf]i6 Uo|fHo'P6\ clkm;/’ df kf; x'g]df ljZjgfy
pkfWofo, d+uNfs[i0f >]i7, aa/k|;fb l;+x, uf]ljGbk|;fb Nff]xgL, cgGtgfy kf}8]Nf ;lxt * hgf
lyP eg] …Uo|fh'P6 clkm;/’ tkm{ kf; x'g] ^ hgfdf e}/j l/;fNf / bftf/fd zdf{ Nfufot lyP .
To; avt kf; x'g] ljZjgfy pkfWofo rlr{t k|wfgGofofwLz x'g' eof], csf{ aa/k|;fb l;+x
;jf{]Rr cbfNftsf] GofofwLz x'g' eof], uf]ljGbk|;fb Nff]xgL of]hgf cfof]usf] ;b:o, cgGtgfy
kf}8]Nf -sljlz/f]d0fL Nf]vgfy kf}8\ofNfsf ;'k'q_ tTsfNfLg /fli6«o k~rfot ;lrjfNfosf ;lrj /
d+uNfs[i0f >]i7 g]kfNf ;/sf/sf gfdL ;lrj x'g' eof] . sldzgsf] sfddf ;a} ;/sf/L
hflu/bf/sf] egf{sf] Nfflu hfFr lNfg] eGg] k/]sf]Nf] o;Nf] ;]gf / g]kfNf k|x/Lsf] klg k/LIff lNfGYof] .
k"j{ k|x/L dxflg/LIfs v8\uhLt a/fNfNf] Ps cGtjf{tf{{df cfk'm Nff]s ;]jfaf6 k|x/L OG:k]S6/df
kf; ug{] klxNff] JolQm ePsf] eGg' ePaf6 o;sf] k'i6L x'g cfpFb5 . Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
:j0f{hoGtL :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt cfˆgf]] Nf]vdf cfof]usf k"j; { lrj e'jgdfg l;+x k|wfgNf]
@)!#÷)!$ b]lv k|x/L / ;]gfsf clws[tx?sf] l:qmlgªsf] sfd klg sldzgNf] ug{ yfNf]sf] /
ljb]zdf 5fqj[ltdf cWoog ug{ hfg]sf] 5gf}6 ;ldltsf] cWoIf klg sldzgs} Pshgf d]Da/Nf]
ug{ yfNf]sf] pNNf]v u/]sf 5g\ . @)!^ ;fNfdf g]kfNf k'lNf; kmf];{ lgodfjNfL hf/L ePkl5
k|x/Ltkm{sf] a9'jfdf klg Nff]s ;]jf cfof]us} cWoIftfdf a9'jf ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] .
/f0ffsfNfLg rfs/L k|yfsf] lj/f;tdf NofOPsf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf of]Uotf k|0ffNfLNffO{ :yflkt
u/fpg] sfd cfkm}df gf}Nff] t lyof] g} To; eGbf klg cK7]/f] kIf ;+qmd0fsfNfLg /fhgLlt b]lvof] .
/fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] Nfflu cj/f]w eg]s} :jtGq x}l;otdf of]Uo sd{rf/Lx?sf] 5gf}6 ug{] klANfs
;le{; sldzg x'g uof] . o;y{ o;NffO{ 5Ng] jf lgliqmo kfg{] k|of; To; a]Nff u7g ePsf ;a}
3
;/sf/Nf] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To; a]Nffsf ;/sf/ / /fhf ;a} g} of]Uotf k|0ffNfLNffO{ eTsfP/ k|zf;g
;+oGqdf cfˆgf] lk5NfUu'x? leq\ofpg Nffu]sf] b]lvG5 . klANfs ;le{; sldzg b]vfpgsf Nfflu
dfq u7g ul/Psf] efg x'G5 . /f0ff, sf+u|]; ;+o'Qm ;/sf/b]lv g]kfNfL sf+u|];sf] dft[sf ;/sf/,
s]z/ zDz]/sf] g]t[Tjsf] zfxL k/fdz{ ;/sf/, k'gM dft[sf ;/sf/ / zfxL k/fdz{ ;/sf/ u/L %
jif{df 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g x'g' cl3 % k6s ;/sf/ k]ml/P . x/]s kl/jt{g kl5
k|zf;lgs k'gu{7gsf] gfddf sd{rf/L vf];'jf, egf{ / hu]8fdf /fVg] qmd ;'? x'GYof] . lghfdtL
;]jfsf pRr kbx?df ;d]t sldzgsf] k/fdz{ j]u/ l;w} lgo'lQm lbOGYof] . NfId0fk|;fb l/dfNfNf]
cfˆgf]] lstfadf Nf]v]sf 5g …lj=;+=@)!@ ;fNfsf] c;f]h dlxgfdf a8fbz}+sf] gjdLsf] lbg gful/s
cfk"lt{ / s]G›Lo vl/b ljefu -H.FF/[ FFFSF.FDF LH', CeF ELG'9OF]_] sf] cl;i6]G6 8fO/]S6/
kbdf lgo'Qm eP . g dNffO{ JolQmut ?kdf ;"rgf lbOPsf] lyof], g /fhLla/fhL ;f]lwPsf] lyof] .
cfˆgf]] lgo'lQmsf] s'/f /]l8of] g]kfNfsf] /fli6«o ;dfrf/af6 yfxf eof]’ . oL ;a} sfddf Nff]s ;]jf
cfof]u d"sbz{s aGg' k/]sf] lyof] . o;f] x'g'df To;a]Nffsf] cl:y/ / ;+qmd0fsfNfLg /fhgLlt klg
k|d'v sf/0f xf] eg] ;/sf/df /xg] / /fhf :jod\ klg ;+j}wflgs c+usf] :jtGq e"ldsfNffO{
:jLsf/ u/]/ :jlgolGqt :j;+oldt x'g grfx]sf] :ki6 a'em\g ;lsG5 .
k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf hf] k|wfgdGqL 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{s} cWoIotfdf ag]sf] lyof], To;}sf]
l;kmfl/;df ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# hf/L ePsf] lyof] . ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ;'rf/ x'g ;s'g /
o;sf Nfflu ;/Nf k|lqmofdf zL3| lg0f{o x'g ;sf];\ eGg] kljq p2]ZoNf] of] P]g Nffu" eP klg
o;sf] d"Nf dd{ ljkl/t o;sf] cf8df cfˆgf] dflg;x? asf]{leqaf6 -ANofªs]l6ª Og_ l5/fpg]
l5› oxL P]gNf] lbPsf] b]lvG5 h'g clxNf];Dd klg ;/sf/Nf] uNft dg;foNf] k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 .
klxNf] ljsf;sf sd{rf/Lsf] gfddf Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff j]u/ egf{ ug{] / kl5 ljsf;sf
sd{rf/LNffO{ ;fwf/0fdf Nofpg] qmd ;'? eof] h'g, @)@* kl5dfq sd x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . oxL
P]gNffO{ 6]s]/ &% hgf …ANfs 8]ENfKd]G6 clkm;/’ egf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . /f0ffsfNfb]lvsf sd{rf/L
k"j{;lrj NfId0fk|;fb l/dfNf cfˆgf]] lstfa …lat]sf tL lbgx?df’ Nf]Vb5Gf\ -…&% ANfs 8]ENfKd]G6
clkm;/sf] b/aGbL ;fwf/0ftkm{ ;?jf u/L d"Nf wf/df ldNffg ul/of] . b/aGbL ldNffgdf kg{]x?df
lgs} k'mlt{Nff, of]Uo, lzlIft JolQmx? lyP hf] kl5 ;lrj tyf ;+j}wflgs c+usf k|d'v ;d]t eP .
h;dWo] jL/]G› v'h]NfL, lji0f'k|tfk zfx, eQm axfb'/ sf]O/fNff, Zofdk|;fb clwsf/L cflbsf] gfd
:d/0f 5’ . pgL :jo+ klg …l:qmlgª sldl6’ sf] 5gf}6af6 s]G›Lo vl/b ljefusf] ;xfos
lgb{]zsaf6 ;fwf/0ftkm{ ldNffg ePsf lyP . kl5 c+rNf k~rfot clws[tsf] ;d"xaf6 bfdf]b/
uf}td h:tf ;Ifd JolQmx? ;fwf/0ftkm{ NofO{P . oL ;Ifd JolQmx? hf] k|zf;lgs ;dfhdf
OHhtk"j{s lNfOg] gfd ag], o;sf] cfwf/df of] ljsf;] lgo'lQmNffO{ ;xL eGg ;ls+b}g . oxL P]gsf]
cfj/0fdf k~rfotsfNf / To;kl5 klg k|zf;gNffO{ …cw{Nf'6 k|0ffNfL’ df ?kfGt/0f ug{ /fhgLlts
g]t[Tj ;kmNf eof] . To;}Nf] xf]Nff ;+ljwfg s}ogk6s k]ml/bf klg, /fhgLltNf] 7"Nff] km8\sf] dfbf{ klg
g]tfx?NffO{ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, clt Kof/f] NffUof] / o;NffO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug{ pgLx?Nf]
cfjZos g} b]v]gg\ .
4
@)!# ;fNf ef›df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / @)!# ;fNf kf}ifdf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjNfL hf/L ePkl5
dfq lj:tf/} egf{ / k|df]zgdf klANfs ;le{; sldzgNffO{ ;l/s u/fpg yflNfPsf] b]lvG5 .
x]d gf/fo0f cu|jfNf lNflvt …b Pl8\dlg:6«]l6e l;:6d ckm g]kfNfM k|md 6«]l8zg 6" df]8lg{6L’ df
o; ;DaGwL s]xL /f]rs k|;Fux? pNNf]v ul/Psf 5Gf\ . 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] ;/sf/Nf] @)!# ;fNfdf
/f0ffsfNfLg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] …l:qmlgª 6]:6’ pRr txsf Nfflu cfkm\g} cWoIftfsf] ;ldltaf6 /
cGosf] Nfflu k//fi6« dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf sfo{ ug{ ;'? u/], t/ o;df klANfs ;le{; sldzgsf]
k/fdz{ cfjZos 7flgPg . pQm ;ldltNf] ha clGtd l/hN6 tof/ kfof{] ta cfrfo{ ;/sf/NffO{
avf{:t ul/of] . cem /f]rs s'/f t s] b]lvof] eg] c;kmNf x'g] sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ sfod dfq /flvPg
s]xLNffO{ a9'jf ;d]t ul/of] . s]=cfO{= l;+x k|wfgdGqL eP kl5 @# cS6f]j/, !(%& df u[x;lrj,
lzIff;lrjNffO{ lgNfDag u/]/ x6fpg vf]h] . pgsf] 8/Nf] d'Vo;lrj rG›axfb'/ yfkf ljbfdf a;] .
oL ;a} 36gfdf l;+xNf] klg sldzgNffO{ pk]Iff u/]sf h:tf rfvNffUbf ;Gbe{x? ;f] k':tsdf
pNNf]v ePsf 5g\ . of]Uotf k|0ffNfLNffO{ 5Ng] lgotNf] /fhgLlts lgo'lQm lbg] qmd klg a9\g
yfNof] . zfxL k/fdz{ ;ldltaf6 ;Gf\ !(%% sf] cu:6df j8f xflsd kbNffO{ lghfdtL kbaf6
cNfu ul/of] . @# cu:6, !(%% df !^ j8f xflsd avf{:t ul/P / zfx Pjd\ /f0ffx?af6 lgo'lQm
ul/of] . lj=;+= @)!% ;fNf a}zfv #! ut] sd{rf/L k'gu{7g ul/of] . o;df !# hgfsf] hflu/
vf]l;of] eg] !@ hgfNffO{ lgo'lQm ul/of] . o; 36gfdf klg klANfs ;le{; sldzgsf] k/fdz{
cfjZos 7flgPg . o; kl5 sfdrNffp ;/sf/sf cWoIf ;'j0f{ zdz]/Nf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwL
u/]sf] l;kmfl/; /fhfsf] clgR5fNf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g . oL ;Gbe{x?sf] ljZNf]if0f ubf{ To;
a]Nffsf ;/sf/ / /fhf ;a} g} of]Uotf k|0ffNfLNffO{ eTsfP/ k|zf;g ;+oGqdf cfˆgf] lk5NfUu'x?
leqfpg Nffu]sf] b]lvG5 . klANfs ;le{; sldzg b]vfpgsf Nfflu dfq u7g ul/Psf] efg x'G5 .
lj=;+= @)!%, kmfu'g ! df g]kfNf clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/of] . 3tNffUbf] s'/f t of] ;+ljwfg
lgjf{rgsf] Ps xKtf cl3 dfq hf/L ePsf] lyof] . o; ;+ljwfgdf klANfs ;le{; sldzgsf] ;§f
Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u / k|]l;8]06sf] ;§f cWoIf gfdfs/0f ul/of] . o; ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %( df …Ps
Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u /xg]5 h;df >L % af6 tf]lsaS;] adf]lhd ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ / tf]lsaS;]sf]
Ps ;b:o cWoIf x'g]5’ eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] . cfof]usf] sd;]sd Ps ltxfO{ ;b:o axfNf
x'g'eGbf % jif{ cl3;Dd ;/sf/L gf]s/Ldf g/x]sf] JolQm x'g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] .
;+;b ;b:o cfof]usf] ;b:o x'g gkfpg] t/ dxf;efsf] ;b:o eg] lgo'Qm x'g kfpg] k|fjwfg
/flvof] . oxL k|fjwfgNffO{ 6]s]/ ;fx]aHo" lza]G› ljqmd zfx -hf] g]kfNfL sf+u|];sf ;lqmo ;b:o
lyP_ NffO{ ;b:odf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . ;b:ox? % jif{ cfˆgf]] kbdf axfNf /xg ;Sg] Joj:yf
lyof] . Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm ;f] kbdf g/x]kl5 cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf Nfflu
u|fXo gx'g] Joj:yf lyof] . cfof]usf] k|d'v sfo{df ;/sf/L ;]jfsf Nfflu sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug{',
lghfdtL ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL ljifodf, lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm jf a9'jf ubf{ c+ufNg' kg{]
;fdfGo l;4fGtsf ljifodf, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ b08 lbg] ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg' cflb lyof] .
cfof]uNf] k|To]s jif{ jflif{s k|ltj]bg >L % df k]z ug{' kg{] Joj:yf ul/of] h'g klxNf]sf] ;+ljwfgdf
lyPg . o; cfof]usf] ul/df clt g} pRr /fVg vf]h]sf] tYo To; a]Nff ul/Psf] lgo'lQmNffO{ x]//]
5
a'em\g ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 cfof]usf tTsfNfLg ;efklt eujltk|;fb l;+xNf]
k|wfgGofofwLz kbdf lgo'lQm kfP eg] ;jf{]Rr cbfNftsf k|wfgGofofwLz clg?›k|;fb l;+xNf] Nff]s
;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIfdf ldlt @)!^ cfiff9 !^ ut] lgo'lQm kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt ;/sf/af6 ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] :jtGq e"ldsfsf] /Iff xf]Nff eGg] ;f]rfO{ /fVg'
:jefljs} lyof] t/, ;'?sf lbgx?df cfof]u / ;/sf/aLr s]xL c;dembf/Lsf] jftfj/0f aGg
k'Uof] . lgjf{lrt ;/sf/Nf] @& h'NffO{, !(%( df !! ;lrjx?sf] lgo'lQm u/]sf] lyof] . h;df
;f}efUoh+u yfkf Soflag]6 / /Iff, g/k|tfk zfx k//fi6«, s'Nfgfy Nff]xgL of]hgf / ljsf;,
/fdk|;fb hf]zL cy{, k|]dg/l;+x k|wfg u[x, of]uk|;fb pkfWofo lgd{f0f, ;+rf/ / l;+rfO{, ejgfy
zdf{ vfB, s[lif tyf jg, k|B'DgNffNf /fhe08f/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, tf/s axfb'/ zfx u|fld0f ljsf;,
ljZjz+s/ z'SNff pBf]]u jfl0fHo, z+e'k|;fb 1jfNfL sfg'g / ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfNfosf ;lrjdf
lgo'lQm ul/Psf] lyof] . hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/Nf] klg @)!^ >fj0f !) b]lv k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g ;'?
u/]sf] lyof] / o;df gftfjfb s[kfjfb xfjL ePsf] egL Jofks l6sf l6Kk0fL ePsf] lyof] .
k|zf;g ;]jf k'gu{7g ubf{ Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf gofF lgo'lQm, k|df]zg u/]sf] kfOPkl5
cfof]uNf] cfˆgf]] klxNff] k|ltj]bgdf cfklQ hgfpFb} eg]sf] lyof] -…pko'Qm hfFrsf] cfwf/df of]Uo
pDd]bjf/ 5fgjLg / ;+ljwfgdf tf]lsPsf s'/fdf k/fdz{ lbg' cfof]usf] sfo{If]q ;+ljwfgåf/f
lgw{fl/t ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf] k/fdz{ j]u/ s'g} sfd ug{' jf ;/sf/sf] ;]jf jf kbdf egf{sf]
lgldQ pDd]bjf/x?sf] 5fgjLg ug{' cfof]usf] sfo{If]qdf ;/sf/åf/f cltqmd0f xf] eGg] s'/f
;/sf/Nf] a'em\g' kg{] xf]’ -cfof]usf] klxNff] k|ltj]bg @)!^_ . kl5 ;/sf/ / cfof]uaLr ;xdlt eO{
cfof]uNffO{ k/LIff lNfg k7fOPsf]df klxNf] ;/sf/Nf] 5gf}6 u/]sf Uofh]6]6 låtLo >]0fLsf & df @ /
t[tLo >]0fLsf @% df !! dfq ;kmNf ePsf lyP -;f]xL k|ltj]bg_ . k|hftGqdf ljZjf; ug{]
lgjf{lrt ;/sf/Nf] sd;]sd ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ;Ddfg u/]sf] of] ;Gbe{ k|z+;gLo b]lvG5 .
@)!& ;fNf sf08 sfNff] khgL
hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/NffO{ ckb:y u/L tTsfNfLg /fhf dx]G›Nf] @)!& kf}if ! ut] ;}lgs …s"’ åf/f
zf;g cfˆgf]] xftdf lNfP . o; 36gfNffO{ Nff]stGqdf ljZjf; ug{]x?Nf] sfNff] lbgsf] ?kdf
;lDemg] ub{5g\ eg] k|zf;lgs Oltxf;sf] ;Gbe{df klg o; lbgNffO{ ;f]xL?kdf lNfg] ul/G5 .
dx]G›sf] klxNff] sfd g} cfk'm cg's"n sd{rf/L …khgL’ ug{' lyof] . o;sf Nfflu d'Vo cj/f]ws
eg]sf] Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u g} lyof] lsgls sd{rf/L egf{, cjsfz, a9'jf h:tf ljifo cfof]usf]
k/fdz{ j]u/ ug{ kfOGgYof] . o;NffO{ kG5\ofpg pgNf] klANfs ;le{:f sldzg sf/jfxL aGb]h
lgod, @)!& hf/L u/L @)!& df3 @% b]lv @)!* h]i7 d;fGt;Dd Nff]s ;]jf cfof]uNffO{
lgNfDag ul/lbP . Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u sf/jfxL aGb]h lgod, @)!& ;fNf df3 @% ut]sf] uh]6df
k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] h;df lgDg Joxf]/f pNNf]v lyof]M
…-@_ Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u;Fu k/fdz{ ug{' gkg{]M g]kfNf lghfdtL ;]jfNffO{ ljz'4 / ;'b[9 agfpg]
clek|foNf] x'g] h'g;'s} lgo'lQm, k|df]zg / avf{;Lsf] ;DaGwdf Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{
cfjZos kg{] 5}g . t/, of] pklgod @)!* ;fNf h]i7 d;fGtb]lv Nffu" x'g] 5}g’ .
6
tLg r/0fdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] khgL ul/Psf] lyof] h;NffO{ …sfNff] khgL’sf] ?kdf k|zf;lgs
Oltxf;df ;+lemg] ul/G5 . klxNf] s]G›Lo k|zf;g, bf];|f] ] r/0fdf lhNNff k|zf;g / clGtddf EofNfL
k|zf;gdf Jofks vf];'jf / x]/km]/ ul/Psf] lyof] . xl/axfb'/ yfkf / ls/0f e08f/L lNflvt
…/fhgLlts bfpk]rleq sd{rf/LtGq’ df pNNf]v eP adf]lhd -…k~rfotsfNfLg u[x;lrj
If]qljqmd /f0ffsf cg';f/ clws[tx?sf] khgLsf] lglDt dGqLx? t'Nf;L lu/L, ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf,
ljZjaGw' yfkf, clg?›k|;fb l;+x / Clifs]z zfx a;]/ s;NffO{ x6fpg] xf] lg0f{o ub{y] . u[xdf
vf];'jf k"hL{sf Nfflu ljj/0f k7fpFby] . b/af/af6 %–^ ah]lt/ %)–^) hgf vf]l;g]sf] gfd
cfpFbYof] . ef]NfLkN6 ljxfg pgLx?sf] xftdf k"hL{ k'Ug] u/L k"hL{ tof/ kf/L 7fpFm–7fpFmdf /ftL
kq a'emfpg k7fOGYof]’ .
o; 36gfsf k|ToIfbzL{ k"j{;lrj uf]/If axfb'/ Gx'If] k|wfgNf] …g]kfNf /fli6«o ;fKtflxs’ sf] )&#
kmfu'g #) sf] k|sfzgdf lbPsf] cGtjf{tf{{df dfld{s lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ . pgs} zAbdf …/fhf
dx]G›Nf] ;}lgs …s"’ åf/f lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ ckb:y u/]sf] em08} kfFr dlxgfkl5 sd{rf/L khgL
u/] . @)!* df Ps} k6s !# hgf ;lrj x6fOP . /fhkqf+lst / /fhkqcg+lst y'k|} k'/fgf
sd{rf/Lx? avf{:t u/] . o;sf] cf}lrTo ;fljt ug{ dx]G›Nf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ffdf eg]sf lyP
-…gLlt / bof eg]sf gbLsf b'O{ lsgf/f x'Gf, logLx? slxNo} h'6\g ;Sb}gGf\ . dNffO{ olQsf
sd{rf/Lx? x6fpg' k/]sf]df b'Mv Nffu]sf] 5, t/ Tof] s'g} gLlt cg';f/ ug{' k/]sf]Nf] To;df b'Mv
dgfpg' ePg’ . of] k'gu{7gdf vf]l;g] dWo] of]uk|;fb pkfWofo g]kfNfL sf+u|];sf g]tf tyf kl5
u[x dGqL eP . csf]{ vf]l;g]df sfg'g If]qdf Hofb} VoftLk|fKt tTsfNfLg sfg'g ;lrj s[i0fk|;fb
l3ld/] lyP . pgsf] ck|sflzt hLjgLdf pNn]v ePsf] egL k"j{;lrj dfwj k|;fb l3ld/]Nf] …/fhf
dx]G›Nf] ax'bNfLo Joj:yf ;dfKt kf/]kl5 w]/} ;lrjx? vf];'jfdf k/]kl5 pxfF+ klg vf];'jfdf k/]sf]
t/ sf/0f slxNo} yfxf gkfPsf] s'/f ;Demg' x'GYof]’ egL Ps Nf]vdf pNn]v u/]sf 5Gf\ . kl5
jL/]G›sf] zf;gsfNfdf pgL dxfGofoflwjQmfdf lgo'Qm ePsf lyP . csf{ e'Qmef]uL lxdfNfo
zdz]/Nf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf hg{Nf, @)&$ df lbPsf] Ps cGtjf{tf{{df eg]sf 5Gf -…/fhf dx]G›sf]
kfNffdf ;+;bsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dt k|fKt ;/sf/NffO{ x6fP/ …Those who are with me’ eg]/
ltgLx?NffO{ dfq lNfP/ zf;g rNffP c?NffO{ kTofO{Pg . To;kl5 k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k
;'? eof] . kl5 k~rfotdf o;Nf] lg/Gt/tf k|fKt u¥of] . ax'bNfdf o:t} eof] clxNf] t o;Nf]
k/fsfi6f g} gf3]sf] 5’ . pgL klg oxL khgLdf vf];'jfdf k/]sf lyP . khgLsf] sfd ;DkGg eO{
Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lgNfDag k'ms'jf eP kl5 klg k'gu{7gdf gfd glgl:sPsfx?sf] dsf{ ljrf/
ug{ egL x's'd k|df+uLaf6 ;f+s]lts ph'/L ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . dsf{sf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{] gfddf
ljleGg sf]ifaf6 tNfa vfg] u/L egf{ ul/Psfx?NffO{ :yfoL ;/sf/L ;]jfdf Nofpg] k|k~rul/of] .
o;k|lt Nff]s ;]jf cfof]uNf] c;xdlt hgfpFb} cfˆgf]] rt'y{ k|ltj]bgdf lgDg k|ltlqmof lbPsf]
lyof]M
…lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k'gu{7g ;dfKt ePkl5 ;]jfdf gfd glg:s]sfx?sf] kL/dsf{ ljrf/ ug{ u7g
ePsf] pQm ;ldltdf cfof]uNf] efu lNfg sfg'gL afwf k/]sf] Joxf]/f Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u h:tf]
;+j}wflgs tyf :jtGq ;+:yf lgNfDag /fvL ePsf] ;]jf u7g k'gu{7gNffO{ Nff]s ;]jf cfof]u
7
lgNfDag g/x]sf] avtdf Pp6f 5fglag ;ldltåf/f k'glj{rf/ -l/Eo"_ ug{'sf] cy{ k]m/L k'gu{7g u/]
em}+ x'g] dfq xf]Ogls cf/.6L=cf]= tyf o:t} ;+o'Qm sf]ifaf6 tNfa vfg] ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?NffO{
klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf lNfg' kg{] cj:yf cfpg] x'gfNf] s'g} xfNftdf klg pQm u7g k'gu{7gsf
sf/jfxLNffO{ lNfP/ 5fglag ;ldltaf6 ljrf/ ug{ gldNg]] ePsf]Nf] ;f]xL Joxf]/f bzf{O{ bf]xf]¥ofO{
hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f u/fO{ lNfg' x'g egL /fo k7fOof]’ .
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] efiff / cGt/lgxLt cfzoaf6 k'g{u7g / To;kl5sf] 5fglag ;ldltk|lt
c;Gt'i6 /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] To; a]Nffsf] lgb{]lzt Joj:yfdf klg cfˆgf]] c8fg lNfg ;Sg'df cWoIf
tf/saxfb'/ zfxsf] lgle{stf k|z+;gLo b]lvG5 .
oxL axfgfdf tTsfNfLg /fhf dx]G›Nf] cfk"m cg's"nsf sd{rf/L egf{ u/] . @* hgf t dlhi6«]6\ g}
gofF lgo'lQm u/]sf lyP . cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg] / hgtfsf] sfd l56f] 5l/tf] u/fpg] axfgfdf
pgNf] u[x, k//fi6«, lgd{f0f tyf oftfoft dGqfNfodf ;'/Iff k[i7e"ldsf JolQm k|j]z u/fP .
hg{]Nfåo If]q ljqmd /f0ff / kbd axfb'/ vqLNffO{ qmdzM u[x / k//fi6«sf] lhDd]jf/L lbP eg] k|x/L
k|d'v 8'08L/fh zdf{NffO{ lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfNfosf] sfo{ef/ lbP . To;} u/L ;}lgs / k|x/L
k"i7e"ldsf s]xL c?NffO{ ;x;lrj / pk;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf :yfgfGt/0f u/]sf lyP . @( d+l;/
@)!* df c~rNffwLzsf] Joj:yf ubf{ klg ;'/Iff If]qsf dflg; k/]sf lyP . o;af6 dx]G›sf]
gful/s jf lghfdtL k|zf;g eGbf ;}lgs / k|x/Lk|lt a9L g} cfzlQm /x]sf] a'lemG5 . o;}Nf] pgNf]
gful/s k|zf;gsf] cfj/0fdf ;}lgs / k|x/Lx? lghfdtL ;]jfdf leq\ofPsf lyP . dx]G›sf]
zf;gsfNf e/ o:t} 5ße]ifL lghfdtL ;]jf sfod /Xof] -afFs{f] leqaf6 l5/fOPsf ;}lgs, k|x/L
/ cfˆgf]] sbdsf] :jfut ug{] j]Odfg :jfyL{ /fhgLlts sfo{stf{sf] clwg:ysf] k|zf;g .
/fhgLlts lgo'lQmaf6 k|zf;gsf] cJoj;foLs/0f
dx]G›sf] zf;gsfNfe/L k|zf;g sl/a sl/a …HofS;gsf] :kf]oNf’ h:t} z}NfLdf rNof] . g]kfNfsf]
;+ljwfg, @)!( df Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsf pNn]v eP klg /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf]
cj:yfdf pgNf] o;NffO{ 5Ng gofF c:q k|of]u ug{ yfNf] . !$ c~rNfdf c~rNffwLzx? /fhgLlts
cfwf/df lgo'Qm ul/P . olQ dfqNf] gk'u]/ pgNf] e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L / ;xfos c~rNffwLz h:tf
kbx?df klg /fhgLlts lgo'lQm u/]sf lyP . oL JolQmx¿ /fhfsf k|ltlglw xf}+ eGb} k'mSsf ;fF9]
h:t} hgk|ltlglwx?sf] ;d]t lgu/fgL ub{y] . pgLx? cfˆgf]] sfo{sIfdf /fhf dx]G›sf dxfjf0fL
eGb} …glj/fpg" g8/fpg"’, …k|zf;g dfofNf] xf]Og GofoNf] rNg' kb{5’ h:tf 7"Nff ;fOhsf ;Gb]z
sfo{sIfdf /fVby] tfls o;sf] dgf]j}1flgs c;/ c?NffO{ k/f]:f\ . @)!( ;fNfsf] ;+ljwfgdf Nff]s
;]jf cfof]uNffO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf t /flvof], t/ /fhfNf] :jljj]sNf] lgo'lQm ug{] Joj:yfNf]
ubf{ /fhfk|lt dfq pQ/bfoL ;+:yf x'g uof] . cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/af6 ;}lgs / k|x/L ;]jfNffO{
cNfu ul/of] / o;NffO{ …lghfdtL ;]jf cfof]u’ df ;Lldt ul/of] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf Nfflu cfof]uNf]
l;kmfl/; ug{'cl3 k|x/L k|ltj]bg lNfg' kg{] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/of] . k"j{;lrj e'jgdfgsf] egfO{
cg';f/ k|ltj]bg yl/yl/sf cfpg yfNf], h:t} hf+8 vfO{ lx+8\g], 7uL lx8\g], u'08fub{L{ ug{] cflb .
o;Nf] ubf{ s:tfNffO{ l;kmfl/; gug{] xf] låljwf ePkl5 u[x dGqfNfosf k|ltlglw /flv 5NfkmNf x'Fbf
8
k~rfotL Joj:yf lj/f]wL xf] xf]Og dfq pNn]v u/L k|ltj]bg lbg] lgb{]zg lbOPsf] eGg] To;a]Nffsf]
cg'ej ;'gfPsf lyP . o;af6 To; a]Nffsf] k|zf;g k~rfotL Joj:yfk|lt k|lta4 ;+/lIft
sd{rf/LtGqaf6 rNf]sf] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . /fhfNf] sd{rf/Laf6 zf;g rNffpg vf]h]sf] / ;/sf/sf
dGqLx? gfddfqsf lyP eGg] To; a]Nffsf] s}og b[i6fGtaf6 a'em\g ;lsG5 .
lj=;+= @)@# ;fndf ;+ljwfgsf] klxNff] ;+zf]wg x'Fbf ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf]
sd{rf/L egf{sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOof] . oL ;+:yfx? k~r g]tfx? / b/af/sf kbflwsf/Lx?Nf] cfˆgf]
dflg;NffO{ etL{ ug{] 7fpFsf] ?kdf lNfOGYof] . cfof]uNf] k/LIff lNfFbf o;f] ug{ gkfOg] ePsf]Nf]
;+:yfgx? :jfoQ x'g'kb{5 eGg] axfgfdf bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)#@ df x'Fbf tL ;+:yfsf] sr{f/Lsf] ;]jf
zt{ ;DaGwL lgod / tL ;+:yfsf] ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ cjNfDag
ug{'kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg] sfddf cfof]uNffO{ ;Lldt ul/of] . of] clwsf/ klg
g]kfNf clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& Nf] x6fOlbof] / cfof]u lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] .
k~rfotL Joj:yfdf sd{rf/LtGq aflx/af6 x]bf{ hlt alNfof] / zlQmzfNfL NffUbYof], jf:tljstfdf
Tolt g} sdhf]/ lyof] . b/af/;Fu / Toxfsf ;lrjx?;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw x'g]x?Nf] dGqLx?NffO{ klg
6]/k'5f/ NfufpFb}gy] . pN6f] ;lrjNf] dGqL x6fOlbg] ;fdYo{ /fVby] . oL afx]ssf cGo sd{rf/Lx?
eg] /fhgLlts lgo'lQm / krf{ k|0ffNfLsf] bf]xf]/f] t/jf/sf] aLrdf sfd ug{' kb{Yof] . dxTjk"0f{
kbx?df /fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'GYof] jf ljsf;sf sd{rf/Lsf gfddf cfˆgf] dfG5] etL{ u/]/
;fwf/0ftkm{ Nff]s ;]jf cfof]uNf] ;fdfGo k|lqmof k'/f u/]/ :yfoL ul/Psfx?Nf] el/GYof] . j[lQ ljsf;
xf]Nff eg]/ lx;fa u/]/ a:g]x? rf]/af6f]af6 kbk"lt{ eOlbFbf lg/fz x'g k'Uby] . e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L,
;xfos c~rnfwLz h:tf kbdf /fhgLlts lgo'lQm kfOg]x? kl5 ;fwf/0ftkm{ NofO{Psfx?
k~rfotsf] pQ/f4{lt/ dxTjk"0f{ dGqfNfosf ;lrj eO{ g]kfNfsf] k|zf;g g} cfˆgf]] k|efjdf kfg{
;Sg] x}l;otdf k'u]sf lyP . ljsf;sf sd{rf/LNffO{ ;fwf/0ftkm{ Nofpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ugf{sf Nfflu
lglZrt ;dofjwL tf]lsPsf] lyof] . k|fljlwstkm{sf] Nfflu cGtjf{tf{{ / ck|fljlwsx?sf] Nfflu lNflvt
k/LIff lNfg] k|aGw ul/Psf] lyof] . of] sfo{ @)@& ;fNfdf ;'? u/L @)@( ;fNfdf ;DkGg ul/Psf]
lyof] . /dfONff] kIf t cGtjf{tf{ sfof{Nfox?d} ul/Psf] lyof] . csf{]tkm{ x's'dk|dfªuLaf6 k|df]zg ug{]
qmd klg qmdzM a9\b} uof] o;Nf] ubf{ k|df]zgsf] d'vdf k'u]sfx?NffO{ dxfcGofo x'GYof] . clxNf];Dd
klg k]G;g / kbf]Ggltsf Nfflu of] ljsf;] sd{rf/Lsf] gf]s/L hf]8\g] 5'§} k|fjwfg lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjNfLdf /fVg' k/]sf]Nf] o;sf] cjz]if k|zf;gdf cem klg 5 eGg ;lsG5 . sd{rf/L dfq xf]Og
;+j}wflgs c+ux? klg /fhfsf] sbdsf] u'0fufgdf NffUg afWo lyP . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f Nff]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] bzf}+ k|ltj]bg, @)@%÷@^ sf] of] x/km x]/] k'Ub5 -…@)!& kf}if ! sf] kl/jt{gNf] oyfzSo
cGofo, 3';vf]/L, e|i6frf/ tyf kIfkft /lxt k|zf;g l;h{gf ug{] p2]Zo lNfP/ @)!& df3 @% ut]
Nffu" ul/Psf] g]kfNf klANfs ;le{:f sldzg sf/jfO{ aGb]Hf lgod, @)!& d'tflas o; Nff]s ;]jf
cfof]uNffO{ @)!* h]7 d;fGt;Dd lgNfDag u/L ;f] cjwLleq lghfdtL ;]jfNffO{ ljz'4 / ;'b[9
agfO{Psf] lyof]’ . cfkm} lgNfDag k/]sf] cj:yfNffO{ k|z+;f ug{' To;a]Nffsf] /fhgLlts kl/j]zNf] afWo
kf/]sf] ;xh} a'em\g ;lsG5 .
9
eLdsf08 – @)#!÷#@
k~rfotsfNfdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf s}og /f]rs 36gfx? 36], t/ s]xL 36gfx? k|zf;lgs ;dfhdf
;w}+ rrf{ x'g] ub{5g\ . To; dWo]sf] Pp6f kl/36gf xf] – …eLdsf08Ú . Nff]s ;]jf cfof]uNf] cf=j=
@)#!–#@ sf] Nfflu zfvf clws[tsf] lj1fkg u/]sf] lyof] . pQm lj1fkgdf v'Nfftkm{ &) hgf /
a9'jftkm{ #% hgf u/L hDdf !)% hgfsf] dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cg';f/ lNflvt k/LIff eO{
glthf ;fj{hlgs eof] . kl5 cGtjf{tf{{df c;kmNf x'g]x?Nf] cToGt sd z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf
Nff]s ;]jf cfof]udf cWoIf 8Da/ axfb'/ l;+xsf lghL ;xfos eLdk|;fb af+;sf]6f ;kmNf ePsf]
kfPkl5 ;a} c;kmNf x'g]x?sf] of]Uotfsf k|df0fkqx? ;+sNfg u/L /fhf ;dIf ph'/L lbg] lg0f{o
u/]5g\ . ToxL ph'/L lbg] dWo]sf Ps dfwj Gof}kfg] / ToxL Jofrsf zfvf clws[tdf pQL0f{
ePsf ly/axfb'/ lh=;L= Nf] hfgsf/L lbP cg';f/ tTsfNfLg /fhf jL/]G› ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf
of]hgf cfof]udf ePsf] a]Nff pkfWoIf xs{ u'/ªsf lghL ;xfosdf sfo{/t uf}/Laxfb'/ sfs{L{
;d]tNf] jL/]G› ;dIf ljlGtkq lbP5g\ . ljGtLkqsf] Joxf]/fdf z}lIfs of]Uotf x'g' g} clezfk eof]
5fgjLg xf];\ ;/sf/ eGg] lyof] . 5fglagaf6 uNtL ePsf] b]lvPkl5 Ps 8]9 dlxgfkl5 yk lNfi6
lgsflNfof] h;df Gof}kfg] Nfufot y'k|} gfdx? lyP . eLdk|;fbsf] a9'jftkm{ of]Uotfqmd !@^cf}+ df
b]lvPsf]Nf] pgL eGbf dflysf ;a}sf] a9'jfdf gfd lgsfNbf a9'jfdf !@^ / To;sf] bf]Aa/
v'Nfftkm{ lgsfNbf @%@ hgfsf] gfd ;kmNf ;"rLdf lgsflNfof] . eLdk|;fbsf] gfd lgsfNbf uNtL
ePsf]Nf] To;NffO{ ;Rofpg pgL eGbf dflyNNff] of]Uotfqmdsf pDd]bjf/NffO{ kf; u/fpg' kbf{ olt
Nffdf] lNfi6 lgsfNg' k/]sf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . h] xf]; of] sf08 g]kfNfsf]
k|zf;lgs Oltxf;sf] b'3{6gfsf] ¿kdf ;b}j lNfOg]5 / Nff]s ;]jf cfof]uNf] klg o;NffO{ uNtLaf6
l;Sg]sf] ¿kdf lNfg'kb{5 .
6fOk sf08
of] 36gf @)## lt/sf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjNfL, @)@# ;fNfdf ;+zf]wg ubf{ k|zf;lgs
Oltxf;df g} sNf+ssf] ¿kdf lNfOg] …krf{ k|0ffNfL’af6 cjsfz lbg] Joj:yf yk ul/of] . o;
cg';f/ k]G;g kfs]sf] s'g} klg sd{rf/LNffO{ ;]jf cfjZos gePsf] egL krf{ v8f u/L x6fpg
;Sg] ul/of] . of] k|0ffNfLsf] k~rfotsfNf e/L / ax'bNfLo Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kgf kZrft\sf] klxNff]
lgjf{lrt ;/sf/Nf] klg Psk6s b'¿kof]u u¥of] . t/, t'Nf;L lu/L k|wfgdGqL x'Fbfsf] krf{af6
cjsfz lbg] gfdsf] lNfi6 6fOk ubf{ Osf/ / psf/df km/s kbf{ vf]l;g] JolQm ar]sf] / lgbf]{if
cs{} sd{rf/Lsf] hfu/L uPsf] lyof] . 6fOk ug{]Nf] lzj zdz]/ 6fOk ug{' kg{]df z'e zdz]/ 6fOk
ul/lbP5g\ . ;+of]ujz lzj zdz]/ / z'e zdz]/ b'j} lgb{]zs kbdf sfo{/t lyP . vf]l;g
vf]lhPsf] lzj zdz]/sf] hflu/ aRof] / z'e zdz]/sf] hflu/ uof] . o;NffO{ ;Rofpg /fhf ;dIf
k]m/L hfx]/ ug{] cf+6 k|wfgdGqLNf] u/]gg\ . ;tLNf] ;/fk]sf] b]z xf] eGg] k'gM rl/tfy{ eof] . krf{
k|yfaf6 vf]l;g]x?sf] g t st} ph'/L NffUbYof] g Nff]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ g} lNfg'kb{Yof] .
k]G;g kfs]sf hf];'s}NffO{ klg ;/sf/NffO{ ;]jf cfjZos gePsf] eGg] kq lbO{ x6fOGYof] . hf] uof]
uof] / hf] aRg ;Sof] ToxL aRof] . To;}Nf] k'/fgf k|zf;sx? cfkmGt / h'lgo/x?NffO{ ct{L{ lbg]
ub{y] æa9\g] xf]Og c8\g] sfd u/]Æ .
10
@)#& ;fNfsf] hgdt ;+u|x sf08
@)#^ sf] ljBfy{L{ cfGbf]Nfgsf] sf/0f /fhf jL/]G›Nf] hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . ;'wfl/Psf]
k~rfotL Joj:yf jf ax'bNfLo zf;g Joj:yf dWo] Ps 5fGg hgdt ;+u|xsf] cfJxfg ePsf]
lyof] . hgdt ;+u|xsf Nfflu sd{rf/Lx? v6fOPsf lyP . s]G›sf dGqfNfox?NffO{ s'g} Ps lhNNff
tf]lsPsf] lyof] . o; k+lQmsf/ cy{ dGqfNfosf] clws[t ePsf]Nf] / cy{ dGqfNfosf] efudf
sfe|]kNff~rf]s lhNNff k/]sf]Nf] dtbfg clws[tsf] ¿kdf d klg b]pk'/ ufpmFk~rfotdf vl6Psf]
lyPF . k|d'v lhNNff clwsf/Lb]lv k~r;DdNf] sd{rf/Lsf] lqmofsNffkNffO{ lgu/fgL ug{] / ax'bNftkm{
e'msfj b]lvof] eg] hflu/ vf]:g l;kmfl/; ug{] uf]Ko lgb{]zg lbOPsf] eGg] xNNff lyof] . k|wfgdGqL
/fhgLltsf rt'/ v]Nff8L ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf lyP . pgNf] /fli6«o 9's'6Laf6 hgdt k~rfotsf] kIfdf
kfg{ /sd lemSg eGbf gdfg]sf] eGb} tTsfNfLg cy{ ;lrj b]a]G›/fh kf08]NffO{ /fhLgfdf lbg
afWo kf/]sf] ;Gbe{Nf] sd{rf/Lx? dgf]j}1flgs¿kdf q:t lyP . hgdt ;+u|xsf] kl/0ffd kZrft\
y'k|} sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ ax'bNfNffO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] cf/f]kdf avf{:t ul/of] . l;/fxfsf] Pp6f dtbfg
s]G›df k~rfotNffO{ z"Go dt k/]sf]Nf] ToxfF vl6g] ;a}sf] hflu/ uof] . l;/fxfs} k|d'v lhNNff
clwsf/L ljZj/fh /]UdLNffO{ klg k~rfotsf] kIfdf gNffu]sf] 7fgL cjsfz lbOof] / kl5
/fhgLlts kl/jt{g ePk5L k'gj{xfNfL ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t} cGo s]xL dtbfg s]G›df klg b]lvof] .
o; k+lQmsf/sf lj?4 klg o:t} cf/f]k Nffu]sf] /x]5, t/ k|d'v lhNNff clwsf/L k'ikk|;fb Nf'O6{ ]Nf
pbf/ JolQm ePsf]Nf] hflu/ aRof] . pg} k'ikk|;fb Nf'O{6]NfNf] cfˆgf]] lstfa …g]kfNfL hgcfGbf]Nfgsf]
^ bzs’ df Nf]Vg'ePsf] 5, …Tof] ;dodf d sfe|]sf] l;l8of] lyPF . pd]z d}gfNfL;Fu d]/f] To;}avt
e]6 ePsf] lyof] / ax'bNfsf] kIfdf Nffu]sf] cf/f]kdf sf/jfxL ug{ vf]Hbf d}Nf] /f]s]sf] lyP’ .
To;a]Nffsf s§/ k~rx? h;Nf] d]/f] hflu/ vfg vf]h]sf lyP clxNf] 7"Nff] bNfsf] /fd|} x}l;otsf
g]tf ePsf] b]Vbf cfZro{ NffUb5 .
dl/rdfgsf] …8]8p8’ sf08
dl/rdfg l;+x >]i7 k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 e|i6 / cg'Tkfbs dflgPsf sd{rf/L krf{åf/f x6fpg] qmd
;'? u/] . dl/rdfgsf] 5jL t'NfgfTds ¿kdf :jR5 / xsL vfNfsf] ePsf]Nf] b/af/sf ;lrjx?
klg pgsf] lj?4 hfg xlRsg] ub{y] . To;}Nf] pgNf] To;a]Nffsf s]xL gfd rNf]sf k|zf;sx? ;lxt
em08} rf/ bh{g sd{rf/LNffO{ cjsfz lbOof] . s]xL lgbf]{if sd{rf/Lx? 3'g lk;fOdf k/]sf] egL
l6sfl6Kk0fL x'g yfNf]kl5 dl/rdfgNf] k|zf;gdf /x]sf …8]8p8’ x6fpg' k/]sf] k|ltlqmof lbPsf
lyP . To;}Nf] o; 36gfNffO{ …8]8p8Ú sf08sf] gfddf rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
sljtf/fd sf08
g]kfNfsf] k|zf;lgs 36gfx?df o;NffO{ a9L g} rrf{df NofOg] ul/Psf] 5 . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
pQ/fw{df /fhf jL/]G› eGbf /fgL P]Zjo{ zlQmzfNfL x'Fb} uPsf] ;j{q rrf{ a9\b} uPsf] lyof] .
To;}Nf] zlQms]G› wfpg]x?sf] k|fyldstfdf /fgL kb{} uPsf] cj:yf lyof] . @)$# ;fNfdf /fhf /
11
/fgLsf] If]qLo e|d0f lbkfoNfdf eof] . /fhfsf] e|d0f cjlwe/ pRr k|zf;sb]lv ;/sf/sf dGqLx?
/ k~rg]tfx?sf] le8Nf] Ps lsl;dsf] d]Nff h:t} NffUbYof] If]qLo ;b/d'sfdsf] b[Zo . o; e|d0fsf]
qmddf clxNf] g]kfNfL ;]gfsf] k[tgfsf] Aof/]s /x]sf] :yfgdf -/fhk'/ Aof/]s_ ;jf/L SofDk
agfOPsf] lyof] . /fhk'/ Aof/]ssf] jflif{sf]T;a dgfpg] sfo{qmddf eJo ef]hsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
/ /fhf /fgLb]lv ;fdfGo kLkf;Ddsf] Nfflu kfFr y/L vfgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ;jf/Ldf
vl6Psf To;a]Nff b/af/sf] hfFra'em s]G›df sfd ug{] >Lk|;fb kl08tNf] Nf]vsNffO{ Ps
s'/fsfgLsf ;Gbe{df lbPsf lyP . pgNf] eg] cg';f/ ;jf/L SofDkdf /fqLef]hsf] cfof]hgf
eO/xFbf s]xL sd{rf/Lx? sljtf jfrg ug{ yfNf] . o;/L jfrg ug{]df of]hgf cfof]usf tTsfNfLg
pk;lrj ljZjgfy ;fksf]6f Nfufot GofofwLz q}Nff]Sogfy cof{Nf, 8f= ;Rr]s'df/ kxf8L, v]d/fh
g]kfNf Nfufotsf lgs}hgf lyP . ljZjgfy ;fksf]6fNf] cfk'm k]G;g g} gkfsL cjsfz kfpg
Nffu]sf] / cof]Uo gx'Fbf klg cjsfz kfpg] s:tf] sfg'gL Joj:yf xf] eGg] sljtf jfrg u/]sf
lyP . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjNfLdf pk;lrjdf !) jif{sf] kbfjlw tf]Sg] u/L ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] / of]
Joj:yfNf] ubf{ pgL !^ jif{d} cjsfz x'g] cj:yf lyof] . kl08tNf] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ of]
s'/f /fhf jL/]G›NffO{ u8]kl5 tTsfNfLg k|wfgdGqL dl/rdfg l;+xNffO{ of] s] ePsf] egL k|Zg ubf{
cfk'm /fhwfgL kms{]kl5 hfx]/ ug{]5' eg]5g\ . dl/rdfg l;+xNf] ;+zf]wg kl5 u/f}Nff elg klxn]
cfˆgf] / of]Uo pk;lrjx?NffO{ x's'd k|df+uLaf6 a9'jf ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]5g\ . To;a]Nff e|d0f
;DkGg ePkl5 sd{rf/L, k~rx? y'k|}Nf] lje"if0f kfpg] / s]xL sd{rf/Lx?sf] hflu/ vf]l;g]
ub{Yof] . t/, o;k6s x's'dk|df+uLaf6 s]xL pk;lrjx?NffO{ k|df]zg ul/of] . o;/L k|df]zg
kfpg]df ljZjgfy ;fksf]6f, rfFbgL hf]zL, /fdlagf]b e§/fO{, eLdaxfb'/ clwsf/L Nfufotsf
lyP . /fhf /fgLsf] u'0fufgdf sljtf kf7 ug{]x? k|df]zg ul/Psf]Nf] o;NffO{ sd{rf/Lj[Qdf
…sljtf/fd sf08’ sf] gfddf rrf{ kl/rrf{ x'g yfNf]sf] xf] .
k~rfot Joj:yf hgtfsf k|ltlglwaf6 eGbf k|zf;lgs ;+oGqaf6 kl/rflNft b]lvGYof] . tTsfNfLg
/fhfx? dx]G› / jL/]G› b'j}Nf] cfˆgf] ljZjf; kfqx?NffO{ /fhgLlts lgo'lQm lbP/ / pgLx?NffO{
lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsfdf /fv]/ k"0f{¿kdf cfk'mk|lt pQ/bfoL ;+:yf agfPsf lyP . dGqfNfosf
;lrjx? b/af/sf ;lrjNffO{ l/emfpg] / ljefuLo dGqLx?NffO{ cf}krfl/stf dfq lgjf{x ub{y] .
s]G›Lo k|zf;g b/af/sf ;lrjx?af6 / :yfgLo k|zf;g c~rNffwLzx?af6 lgolGqt x'Gy] . c?
t c? ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug{] k|wfgdGqL ;d]t k|zf;gdf ;fdfGo k]m/jbNf ug{ ;Sb}gy] . k|d'v
lhNNff clwsf/Lx?sf] ;?jf ;d]t b/af/sf] :jLs[lt j]u/ ;/sf/Nf] ug{ ;Sb}gYof] . b]zdf å}w
zf;g (Diarchy) lyof] . o;k|lt c;Gt'i6L hgfpFb} k"j{k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfNf] g]kfNfdf å}w
zf;g ePsf] -Tof] Pp6f l;+b/af/af6 / csf{] gf/fo0flx6Laf6 rlNf/x]sf] 5_ eGbf h]Nf hfg' k/]sf]
Oltxf; 5 . b/af/sf] ljZjf; k|fKt 7flgPsf ;lrjx?;Fu dGqLx? g} ql;t x'g] ub{y] . a]Nff
a]Nffdf /fhfNf] ;lrjx? af]NffP/ dGqLsf] af/]df a'em\g] ub{y] / ;lrjNf] gsf/fTds s'/f ug{f;fy
dGqLx? x6fOGy] eg]/ To;a]Nffsf e'Qmef]uL k|zf;sx? atfpg] ub{5g\ . k~rfotL r'gfjdf tNNff]
txb]lv /fli6«o k~rfot;Dd ;/sf/L pDd]bjf/x? to ul/GYof] / pgLx?NffO{ lhtfpg c~rNffwLz
/ k|d'v lhNNff clwsf/Lx? dfkm{t ;fd bfd ;a} k|of]u ul/GYof] . k|zf;gsf] ;xof]udf lgjf{lrt
12
ePsfNf] /fli6«o k~rfotsf ;b:o / lhNNff ;efkltx? ;d]t k|zf;sx? l/emfpg NffUg] ub{y] .
oL k|zf;sx?sf] l/kf]6{df cfˆgf]] d"Nof+sg b/af/af6 x'g] ePsfNf] pgLx? k|zf;sx?sf uNft
sfdsf] klg lj/f]w ug{] lxDdt ub{}gy] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pQ/fw{df of] lj;+ultk"0f{ zf;g
Joj:yf pTsif{df k'u]sf] lyof] . g]kfNfsf] ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgNf] ufpFmkms{ /fli6«o
cleofgNffO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot lbP/ k~rx?sf] d"Nof+sg ug{] lhDd]jf/L lbPkl5 hgk|ltlglw xf}+
eGg]x?sf] :j/ / zlQm 36\b} uof] / k|zf;sx? a9L g} zlQmzfNfL x'g k'u] . log} b/af/sf ljZjf;
k|fKtx?sf] l;kmfl/;df cgf}7f lg0f{ox? x'g uPsf] pbfx?0fx? 5g\ . Pp6f pbfx/0f /fli6«o
k~rfotdf ufpmFkms{Nf] l6s6 ljt/0f ubf{sf] 5 . lj=;+=@)#@ ;fNfkl5 k~rfotsf s'g} klg txdf
lgjf{lrt x'g ufpmFkms{Nf] l6s6 lbg' kb{Yof] / k|foM PshgfNffO{ dfq l6s6 lbO{ ;j{;Ddt eGg]
ul/GYof] . oxL l6s6 afF8\g] qmddf sd{rf/Lx?sf] l;kmfl/;df h'DNff lhNNffsf t'Nff/fh ef/tLNffO{
sflNfsf]6sf] /fli6«o k~rfotsf] ;b:o agfOP5 . csf]{ lhNNffsf] x'g gkfpg] k|fjwfg ljkl/t
pgNffO{ agfPsf]df lj/f]w ePkl5 pgL sflNfsf]6 hfg g;sL h'DNffdf g} c~rNffwLzsxfF xflh/
ahfP/ lbg latfpg] ub{y] .
dfly @))& b]lv @)$& ;fNf;Ddsf k|zf;lgs 36gfx?sf ;fy} s]xL cgf}+7f / xf:of:kb
lg0f{ox?sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;Gbe{x?Nf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ofqf slt sl7g / b'?x lyof]
a'em\g ;lsG5 eg] of] psfNfL cf]/fNfLdf Nff]s ;]jf cfof]uNf] slt ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{
;Sof] To:sf] cfTdd"NofÍg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . s]xL ljifox?df sfg'gNf] g} cfof]usf]
e"ldsf gsf/]sf] lyof] . krf{åf/f sd{rf/L x6fpg' kbf{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{ g} cfjZos 7flgPg .
k]G;g kfSg] cj:yfsf] s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf >L % sf] ;/sf/NffO{ cfjZos gk/]df
lagf sf/0f x6fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf lyof] . cGo ljifodf klg b/af/Nf] rfx]sf] sfd ug{ cfof]u
lgliqmo ;fIfLsf] e"ldsfdf /xg' kg{] afWotf lyof] . o;Nf] ubf{ cfof]u lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
cleefjsLo e"ldsfdf lgs} sdhf]/ b]lvGYof] . cfof]usf k"j{;lrj e'jgdfg l;+xNf] Nff]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] :j0f{ hoGtL :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt cfˆgf]] :d/0fNf]vdf krf{åf/f x6fO;s]kl5 cfof]uNffO{
hfgsf/L x'g] u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ krf{ v8f u/]sf] kmfONf dfUof] eg] dfly
-b/af/_ af6 lgb{]zg eO;s]sf] / sfg'gL ljlw k'¥ofpg egL kqd} x:tfIf/ u/fOGYof] . sd{rf/Lx?
cfof]uNf] s] slt cfwf/df k/fdz{ lbof] egL s/fpg cfpFy] . sd{rf/Lsf] ;'/Iff / Gofosf] Nfflu
;+ljwfgNf] lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{] lgsfo cgle1 eP/ a:bYof] .
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]Nfgsf] xfjfx'/LNf] k~rfotL Joj:yfNffO{ ;bfsf] Nfflu p8fOlbof] /
ax'bNfLo ;+;bLo Joj:yf :yfkgf ul/of] . o; /fhgLlts kl/jt{gNf] gful/sx?Nf] k|z:t clwsf/
k|fKt u/L …/}tL’ af6 gful/ssf] x}l;otdf k'u] . t/, h;/L /fhgLltdf ;'wf/ eof], tbg'¿ksf]
;'wf/ k|zf;lgs If]qdf x'g ;s]g . la8Dagf g} eGg' kb{5 ls k|zf;gdf emg j9L /fhgLlts/0f
/ ljs[lt b]lvg yfNof] . sd{rf/Lx?Nf] Psxb;Ddsf] /fhgLlts :jtGqtf TofUg' kg{] /
/fhgLlt1x?Nf] xfo/ kmfo/sf] clwsf/ TofUg' kg{] …klANfs ;le{; afu{]g Yof]/L’ sf] cfwf/df
cfw'lgs …d]l/6 Ao"/f]q]m;L’ :yfkgf ePsf] dflgG5 . t/, ax'bNfLo Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf kZrft\
13
/fhgLlts e"ldsfdf ;d]t sd{rf/Lx?Nf] ¿rL /fVg yfNf]sf] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f
cfGbf]Nfgsf/L g]t[Tjju{Nf] sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ cfGbf]Nfgdf ptfg{' g} d'Vo xf] eGg ;lsG5 . o;s}
kmNf:j¿k @)$& ;fNfdf cGtl/d ;/sf/ aGgf;fy lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?Nf] cfGbf]Nfg ;'? u/] /
tTsfNfLg ;/sf/ / g]tfx?sf] ;'ema'emNf] gofF lgjf{lrt ;/sf/Nf] dfu ;+af]wgsf Nfflu kxNf ug{]
cfZjf;g lbP/ cfGbf]Nfgsf] cGTo ug{' k/]sf] lyof] . gofF lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ u7g x'gf;fy ;/sf/Nf]
sfd ;'? ug{ gkfpFb} sd{rf/L cfGbf]Nfg ;'? x'g' / ;/sf/ klg ;dembf/L lgdf{0f ug{ eGbf
bdgdf plqg'Nf] cGttM ;/sf/ / sd{rf/LaLr cljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'gk'Uof] . o;}sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k ;/sf/Nf] cfˆgf] kIfsf] 5'§} o'lgog u7g ug{ k'Uof] / clxNf] bNf} lkR5]sf cf–cfkm\g}
o'lgogx? v'Nf]sf 5g\ . o;af6 t6:y lj1 k/fdz{ lbg] / lgikIf ;]jf ljt/0f ug{]
sd{rf/LtGqsf] k/Dk/fb]lv :jLsfo{ e"ldsfdf k|Zg p7\g yfNf]sf] l:ylt 5 .
@)$& ;fNf kZrft\ sd{rf/LtGqNffO{ sdhf]/ kfg{], o; ;+:yfNffO{ /fhgLlts/0f ug{] / ;+:yfsf
k/Dk/fut e"ldsfdf ;NNffxsf/, lj1 cflb gfd lbP/ bNfsf …qmf]gL’ x?NffO{ oL e"ldsf lbg] qmd
a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;df /fhgLlts g]t[Tj hlt bf]ifL 5 Tolt g} bf]ifL /fhgLltdf a9L ?rL
/fVg] sd{rf/Lx? klg x'g\ . cfkm\g} ;+:yfNffO{ lgikIf e"ldsf v]Ng glbO{ cd"s bNfsf] cv8f
agfpg] eg]sf cfkm\g} 3/ eTsfpg]x? x'g\ . o:tf] k|j[lQNf] cGttf]uTjf s;}sf] lxt ub{}g . o:tf
uNft k|j[lQs} sf/0f /fhgLlt / k|zf;gaLrsf] ljZjf;sf] vf8Nf km/flsNff] x'Fb}5 eg]
gful/sx?df ;+:yfsf] e"ldsfdfly ljZjf; x6\g] jftfj/0f aGb}5 . cfk'mNffO{ Nff]stGqjfbL eGg]
g]tfx?Nf] ljZjsf a'l4hLjL / g]tfx?sf] e]NffNf] cd]l/sfsf] ANofS;ju{ eGg] :yfgdf u/]sf]
3f]if0ffNffO{ dgg ug{ cfjZos 5 .
…Nff]stGq Nff]s;Ddltdf rNb5 . Nff]s;Ddlt lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?df dfq k|ltlalDat x'Fb}g,
a? ;+ljwfgNf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf j}wflgs ;+:yf / kbx?df ;d]t b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
Joj:yf cGtu{tsf] ljlwåf/f :yflkt ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g o:t} Pp6f ;+:yf xf]’ .
-ANofS;au{ 3f]if0ffkq, !(*^_
pNn]lvt k|zf;lgs 36gfqmd ;d]tsf cfwf/df of] eGg ;lsG5 ls sd{rf/LtGqsf] clxNf]sf]
cj:yf hLjgsf] Nfflu ;+3if{/t 8fogf];/sf] h:tf] 5 . o;sf /f]usf] lgbfg rfF8f] u/]/ pkrf/
ug{ ;lsPg eg] o;sf] ljsNkdf …sfo{sf/L g]t[Tjsf] ljrf/wf/f (Executive leadership school of
thought) cfpg]5 / xfdLNf] caNfDag ub{} cfPsf] …t6:y lj1tfsf] ljrf/wf/fÚ (Neutral
competency school of thought) sf] cGTo x'g]5 . sfo{sf/L g]t[Tjsf] ljrf/wf/f cg';f/ lgjf{lrt
sfo{sf/LNffO{ …xfo/ kmfo/’ Nfufotsf] ;a} clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] s'/f hfgsf/L x'g cfjZos 5 .
14
g]kfndf cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] l:ylt / ;'wf/sf pkfox?
" 6+sdl0f zdf{, b+ufn
;f/f+z
;/sf/L lgsfosf] sf/f]jf/sf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf Joxf]/f jf a]?h'
km5\of}{6sf nflu dfluPsf] k|ltlqmof lbg] sfo{d} b]lvg] u/]sf] pbfl;gtf lgs} uDeL/ ljifo xf] .
lj=;+= @)@) ;fndf k|:t't ePsf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg / lj=;+= @)&# ;fnsf]
k|ltj]bgn] cf}+NofPsf ljifox?df ;f/e"t ?kdf cGt/ b]lvFb}g . pQm kfFr bzssf] cjlwdf x/]s
jif{ ;|]:tf tof/ gu/]sf], ;dodf lx;fj k]z gu/]sf], ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] lx;fa gldn]sf], a]?h'
km5\of}{6df lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf jxg gePsf h:tf ljifox? ;fnj;fnL ?kdf kb}{ hfg'
;sf/fTds ;+s]t xf]O{g . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx?df hjfkmb]lxtfsf] x|f; eO{ cfly{s cg'zf;g
sfod ug{ g;Sg' / a]?h'sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQm pk/ sf/jfxL gx'g] h:tf ;d:ofx? tTsfn
;Daf]wg x'g' h?/L 5 . ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] gofF ;+/rgfdf xfn;Ddsf ;d:of /
sdhf]/Ljf6 kf7 l;Sb} cfly{s cg'zf;g ;'lglZrt u/L ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf] dfu{ k|z:t ug]{
df}sfsf] ;b'kof]u ug'{ kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] cfly{s k|zf;gsf] sfg'gL / ;+u7gfTds kIf

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu !) df ;+3Lo cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL, efu !^ df k|b]z cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL
/ efu !( df :yfgLo cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL af/]df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
cg'?k cfly{s k|zf;gnfO{ yk Jojl:yt ug{ cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%%, cfly{s sfo{ljlw
lgodfjnL, @)^$ ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^#, ;fj{hlgs v/Lb lgodfjnL, @)^$ e|d0f vr{
lgodfjnL, @)^$ nufotsf Joj:yfx? ul/Psf 5g\ . :yfgLo txsf] cfly{s k|zf;g ;~rfng
ug]{ ;DaGwdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ sf] kl/R5]b ( / !) df ljleGg Joj:yfx?
ul/Psf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs >f]t ;fwgsf] lgod;Ët, ldtJooL, sfo{bIftfk"j{s tyf k|efjsf/L k|of]u eP gePsf]
:jtGq hfFr ug{ efu @@ df dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dxfn]vfk/LIfsn]
lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsf/Ltf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0f u/L
/fi6«klt ;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] rfx]df k|b]z k|d'v ;dIf ;d]t
k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, @)$* n] n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{

"
dxfn]vfk/LIfs
15
yk Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cy{ dGqfno, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no
/ dftxtsf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqssfof{nox? tyf ljleGg ljifout dGqfno, ljefu /
lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox? /x]sf 5g .
n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[t tyf lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] Joj:yf
cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% / cfly{s sfo{ljwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ n] cfˆgf] / dftxt
sfof{nosf] cfly{s k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{, jflif{s ah]6 tof/ ug]{ / ;f] ah]6 lgsf;f k|fKt u/L
vr{ ug]{ clwsf/ ;'Dkg], ah]6sf] n]vf /fVg]÷/fVg nufpg], n]vf ljj/0f tof/ ug]{÷u/fpg],
ljlgof]hg, /fh:j, w/f}6L / lhG;L ;d]tsf] cfGtl/s tyf clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg], a]?h'
lgoldt ug]{÷u/fpg], c;'n pk/ ug]{÷u/fpg] jf ldGxf ug]{÷u/fpg] st{Jo ePsf] dGqfno jf
lgsfosf] ;lrjnfO{ n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[t egL tf]s]sf] 5 .
To:t} n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[taf6 clVtof/L lbP adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{, lhDdf lng], vr{
ug]{, n]vf /fVg], cfGtl/s jf clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f u/fO{ a]?h' km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg], ;/sf/L gubL
lhG;L c;'n pk/ ug]{ u/fpg] tyf bflvnf ug]{ st{Jo ePsf] ;/sf/L JolQm tyf ;/sf/L sfdsf]
nflu ;/sf/L gubL jf lhG;L lnO{ jf glnO{ ;f] sfd km5\{ofpg] lhDdf lng] u}/ ;/sf/L JolQm
;d]tnfO{ lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] ?kdf tf]s]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] cfly{s k|zf;gdf :jR5tf sfod u/L
kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL 9+un] cfly{s k|zf;g ;Grfng ug{ o;/L tf]lsPsf n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[t
/ lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L x'G5 .
n]vfkfng / ljQLo ljj/0f tof/L tyf k|:t'lts/0f
cfly{s k|zf;gn] ug'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ dWo]sf] n]vfkfng / ljQLo ljj/0f tof/L tyf
k|:t'lts/0f xf] . n]vfkfngsf] sfo{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / dftxtsf sf]if tyf n]vf
lgoGqs sfof{no dfkm{t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|zf;g ;]jf, n]vf ;d'xsf sd{rf/Lx? dfkm{t x'Fb}
cfPsf]] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf n]vf ;d'xsf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . pgLx?n] vr{ ug{ clVtof/L kfPsf n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[t jf lhDd]jf/
JolQmn] ug{ vf]h]sf] sfo{sf] ;DjGwdf /fo lbg ;Sb5g\ . ljQLo ljj/0f tof/L / k|:t't ug]{
;DaGwdf cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, lgodfjnL / cGo Joj:yfx? adf]lhd ;dod} n]vf ljj/0fx?
tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . @)^^ efb| #) df g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]q n]vfdfg nfu"
ug]{ lg0f{o u/] kZrft\ ;a} lgsfox?n] ;f] adf]lhd ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
n]vfk/LIf0f tyf a]?h' km5of}{6
;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] lhDd]jf/L dxfn]vflgoGqssf] sfof{no / cGtu{tsf
sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox? Dffkm{t x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
sfof{no :yfkgf x'g' cl3 ;DalGwt dGqfno leqaf6} cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . sfo{ ;~rfng :t/sf sfof{nox?af6 s]Gb|df >]:tf ;+sng u/L cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f
/ dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no af6 clGtd n]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . xfn cfP/
16
cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox?af6 x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 , t/
sfof{nox?sf] sfo{af]em tyf sfdsf] hl6ntfsf sf/0f cf=n]=k= k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
o:fsf] nflu ljBdfg Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;j} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] sf/f]jf/sf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf
k/LIfsaf6 x'g] Joj:yf adf]lhd lgoldt ?kdf n]vfk/LIf0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;/L n]vfk/LIf0faf6
b]lvPsf Joxf]/f jf a]?h' km5\of}{6 ug{sf nflu sfg'g adf]lhd #% lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ k|ltlqmof
dflug] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ clwsf+z lgsfox?n] pNn]lvt ;dodf k|ltlqmof jf hjfkm lbPsf]
kfOb}g . o; ljifodf clt g} pbfl;gtf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;y{ rfn' jif{df n]vfk/LIf0f yfngL ug'{
cl3 g} ;j} n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[t / lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?nfO{ ;f] Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy kfngfsf
nflu dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 lgb]{zg ePsf] 5 .
cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] cj:yf
d'n'ssf] cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] cj:yf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] aflif{s k|ltj]bgaf6 hfgsf/L x'g] ePsfn]
dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k|yd k|ltj]bg / kl5Nnf k|ltj]bgsf s]xL c+z tn p4/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] k|of]u, To:fsf] n]vf / ljj/0f, lhDd]jf/L hjfkmb]lxtf :ki6 x'g]5 .
oL k|ltj]bgx?af6 ljut / xfnsf] cj:yf t'ngf ug{ klg ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
!= dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k|yd l/kf]6{ @)@) sf s]xL c+zx?
!=! cfly{s k|zf;gsf] l:ylt M ³jt{dfg cy{ Joj:yfdf ljlgof]hg P]gnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cfly{s
Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] tbg';f/ eP gePsf] x]g]{ bfloTj g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjx?df lglxt
ePsf]n] pxfFFx? d'Vo Psfpl06Ë clkm;/ dflgPsf] x'g'x'G5 . jxfFx?sf] tT;DaGwL st{Josf]
d'n;fwg cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gePsf]n] ;/sf/L ?k}ofF vr{ ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL adf]lhdsf >]:tfx? ;d]t tTsfn} k/LIf0f geO{ ePsf clgoldttf df}s}d}
kQf gnfuL cfjZos sf/jfxL geO{ / nfvf}+ ?k}ofFsf lhG;L dfn;fdfg -gubL ;/x_
lxkmfhft ;fy /flvPsf] 5}g . pko'Qm Joj:yf cg';f/ sfjfO{ gePsf] af6 sltko 7fpFdf
>]:tf -cfly{s Jojxf/sf]_ ;Dd klg g/fv]sf] cltl/Qm /fVg]n] klg cw'/f] lsl;daf6
/fv]sf]n] l/tk"j{ssf] >]:tf v8f ug{ nufpFbfsf] ;fy} b]vfPsf ;f/f >]:tf Ps Ps u/L
s]nfO{ k/LIf0f ug'{ kbf{ Ps} :yfgdf w]/} ;do nfUg uPsf] 5 .´
!=@ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f M ³cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f Joj:yfsf] cefjaf6 n]vfk/LIf0fdf c?
afwf klg pkl:yt ePsf 5g . sltko ljefux?n] k/LIf0f ug{ n]vg ljj/0f -cfly{s
Jojxf/sf_ g} lbg g;s]sf]df dlxgf}+ t/ tfs]tf ubf{ klg ;f] gk7fO{ n]vfk/LIf0f ug{
kfPs} 5}g . n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf]df klg e]l6Psf] 7f8f] afFsLsf] ;DaGwdf tTsfn} sf/afO{
ug{ cg'/f]w ubf{ / cGo clgoldttf :kli6s/0f dfUbf s;}n] lgrdf/L a:g], s;}n]
cwsNrf] hjfkm k7fpg], pko'Qm txaf6 n]lv cfpg' k5{ egL clk{t ubf{ s;} s;}n] of]
n]lv k7fpg' zf]egLo ePg egL n]lv k7fO{ / s;}n] pN6f] o; ljefusf] :ki6Ls/0f dfu
u/L sf/jfO{ 6'ª\Uofpg gx'g]cj:yf ;[hgf x'g uPsf] 5 .´
17
@= dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&# sf s]xL tYout c+zx?
@=! dxfn]vflgoGqssf] sfof{non] ;lGrtsf]ifsf] cfly{s ljj/0f g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt
@)^^÷%÷#) df :jLs[t u/]sf] gubdf cfwfl/t g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]q n]vfdfg adf]lhd
tof/ ug'{ kg]{df u/]sf] 5}g . dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgdf cfˆgf] /fodf ;lGrt sf]ifsf]
cfly{s ljj/0f g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]q n]vfdfg adf]lhd tof/ gu/]sf], ;lGrtsf]ifsf]
cfly{s ljj/0fsf] 9fFrf sfg'g adf]lhd :jLs[t gePsf], caf}{+ ?k}ofF a]?h' b]lvPsf],/fh:j
c;'nLdf km/s k/]sf], d"No clej[l4s/ ;lGrtsf]if lx;fadf ;dfj]z gu/]sf], C0ffTds
df}Hbft b]vfPsf] / km/s /sd lx;fa ldnfg ug'{ kg]{df gu/]sf h:tf s}lkmot pNn]v
ePsf 5g .
@=@ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] rf}jGgf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;Dd ?=# va,{ (^ ca{, @^ s/f]8 a]?h'
k'u]sf] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f cÍsf] t'ngfdf a]?h" lqkGgf}F k|ltj]bgdf $=^& k|ltzt /x]sf]df
rf}jGgf}F k|ltj]bgdf a9]/ ^=*^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L a]?h" km5\of}{6tk{m k|ltjif{
a]?h" a9]sf] t/ ;Dk/LIf0f sd ePsf] l:ylt 5 . Pp6} s}lkmot k6s k6s bf]xf]l/Fbf klg
;'wf/df Wofg ghfg] l:ylt 5 . lgodgsf/L lgsfox? klg k|efasf/L gx'g] / ;+;bLo
;ldltn] lbPsf lgb]{zg;d]t sfof{Gjog gePsf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ ;du|df ;fj{hlgs
hjfkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . of]hgf tyf ah]6, vr{ Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs vl/b,
cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg / ;+:yfg Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf sdhf]/L b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox?df cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 eg] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f /
pkof]u tyf /fh:j k|zf;g ;~rfngdf ck]lIft k|efjsfl/tf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g eGg]
h:tf Joxf]/fx? pNn]v 5g\ .
#= dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&@ sf s]xL c+zx?
#=! cfly{s k|zf;g M ³n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ;l~rt sf]ifn]] cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] oyfy{ l:ylt k|:t't
gu/]]sf], /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0fdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpg g;s]sf], /fli6«o uf}/jsf
cfof]hgfsf] k|ult Go"g ePsf]], ah]6sf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /xL j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng
u/]sf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ldtJooL Pjd\ bIftfk"0f{ pkof]u x'g g;s]sf]], vl/b Joj:yfkg
bIftfk"j{s x'g g;s]sf], k|fljlws / cGo ;xfotfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fPsf], ah]6
cg'zf;g sfod gePsf], ljleGg sf]ifx? p2]Zo cg'?k ;~rfng gePsf], ;fj{hlgs
nufgL Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ /x]sf] cflb Joxf]/f b]lvPsf 5g\ .Æ
#=@ a]?h"sf] l:yltM æljutsf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 cf}+NofOPsf Joxf]/fx?df ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sfn]]
k|foM k'g/fj[lQ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f a]?h"x?pk/ n]vfpQ/bfoL clws[t tyf
lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?n] ;dod} km5{\of}6 ug{÷u/fpg tyf a]?h" gu/fpg] tk{m kof{Kt Wofg
glbgfn]] a]?h" a9\b} uPsf] 5 . a]?h" ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 ePsf lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog gx'gfn] ;d]t ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 . o; ljifosf]
uDeL/tfpk/ n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] lgsfo tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}n] Wofg lbg'kg{] b]lvG5 .´
18
#=# cfGtl/s lgoGq0f Joj:yf M ³cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/sf] clwsf+z
tfn's dGqfno / ljefun] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL tof/ u/L nfu" gu/]sf], P]g, lgod
adf]lhd tfn's sfof{non] lg/LIf0f cg'udg gu/]sf] cj:yf 5 . sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
sfof{non] u/]sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f k|efjsf/L x'g;s]sf] 5}g . cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f
lgb]{lzsf, @)^* tof/ u/L nfu" u/]tfklg cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu hgzlQm kof{Kt
g/x]sf], n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;+nUg hgzlQmnfO{ tflndsf] cj;/ kof{Kt gePsf] / lgb]{lzsf
cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw cjnDag u/L n]vfk/LIf0f ;Dkfbg u/]sf] b]lvb}g . kmn:j?k ;du|
cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ b]lvG5 .´
cfly{s cg'zf;gdf sdL cfpgfsf sf/0fx¿
dfly k|:t't ul/Psf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf Joxf]/f ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf]
eg] @)@) ;fndf k|:t't ePsf] k|ltj]bg / @)&# ;fnsf] k|ltj]bgsf Joxf]/fx?df tflTjs cGt/
b]lvFb}g . n]vf >]:tf tof/ gu/]sf], ;dodf lx;fa k]z gu/]sf], ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] lx;fa gldn]sf],
clgoldttf / a]?h" ePsf]df km5\of{}6df tbf?stf gb]lvPsf], lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf axg
gePsf ljifox? pNn]v 5g\ . @)@) ;fnsf] klxnf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf cf=j=@)!*÷)!(
;Ddsf Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf lyP .
o; aLrdf g]kfnsf] ah]6 k|0ffnL / cfly{s k|zf;gdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . t/ klg
lhDd]jf/L af]w ug]{ / hjfkmb]lxtf axg ug]{ ljifox?df pT;fxhgs k|utL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm, ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] sdLn] cfly{s
cg'zf;g kfngfdf sdhf]/L ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ xfnsf] ;Gbe{ k"jf{wf/, hgzlQm /
;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] cefjn] xf]Og . xfn cfly{s cg'zf;g sdL cfpg'df d"n sf/0f lhDd]jf/
kbflwsf/Lx?df hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj xf] . cGo sf/0fx?df /fhgLlts, k|zf;sLo tyf
Joj:yfksLo / afXo Pjd\ ;fdflhs kl/j]z lhDd]jf/ 5g\ .
nfdf] cjlwsf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfn / ;/sf/sf] cl:y/tf, b08xLgtf, s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g
k|0ffnLsf] sdhf]/L, b'O{ bzsb]lv :yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglwsf] cefj, Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf
;+;bLo ;ldltx?sf lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gx'g', ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx?df lhDd]jf/L /
hjfkmb]lxtfsf] x|f;, ;/sf/L ;+oGqdf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf ePsf] j[l4;Fu} sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
k|fljlws / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] sdL, ;/sf/sf] hgzlQm kl/rfngsf] lkmtnf]kgf /
cg'zf;gsf] cefj, ;/sf/L sfd sf/jfxLdf :j:y sfo{jftfj/0f gePsf] h:tf sf/0fn] cfly{s
;'zf;g sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .
d'Vo ;d:ofx¿
d"n ;d:ofsf] ?kdf n]vf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ gePsf], n]vfkfng , n]vf bflvnf / k|ltj]bg ;dodf
gePsf], cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f k|efjsf/L gePsf], ;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fpg] tyf b]lvPsf]
a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug{ tbf?stf gb]vfpg] / To:tf kbflwsf/L pk/ sf/jfxL x'g] gu/]sf], k|0ffnLut
19
;'wf/ eGbf klg k6s] ?kdf nIo tf]sL /sdut a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{,cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod ug{
g;Sg] / a]?h'sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQm pk/ sf/jfxL gx'g] u/]sf] h:tf g} ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs vr{ tyf ljQLo pQ/bfoLTj d"NofÍg cg';f/ ;g\ @))& sf] t'ngfdf @)!$ df s]xL
;"rsx?df vf; u/L afXo cg'udg tyf k/LIf0f h:tf ljifosf ;"rssf] :t/ vl:sPsf] b]lvG5 .
tL ;"rsx? klg vf; u/L afXo k/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ;DaGwL /x]sf 5g\ . k'FhLut vr{ ug]{
Ifdtf 36\b} uPsf] 5 . ;f] dWo] klg sl/a cfwf cfwL vr{ cfiff9 dlxgfdf x'g] k|j[lQn] sfdsf]
u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ e} vr{sf] ;b'kof]u x'g g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . /fh:jtkm{ nIosf] glhs c;'nL
/x]sf] b]lvP tfklg s'n /fh:j ;DefJotfsf] cfFsng eO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ c;'nL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
j]nfotdf cfly{s cg'zf;g ;'b[9 ug{ rflnPsf sbd
;+o'Qm clw/fHo a]nfotdf ljQLo k|zf;gdf cg'zf;g ;'b[9 u/fpg ;g\ @)!! df gofF sbd
rfn]sf] lyof] . ljQLo cg'zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmdsf Effective leadership, driving
performance from the top, A cost conscious culture so that every decision is built on
informed financial assessment. Professionalism so that all public servants demonstrate
financial awareness, Expert central functions: ensuring a coherent approach to financial
management from the centre of the government h:tf d'Vo sfo{ /x]sf lyP .
g]kfnsf] cfly{s cg'zf;gdf ;'wf/sf pkfox?

• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg's"n x'g] u/L n]vf tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL P]g, lgod tyf sfo{ljlw
/ gLltut Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . ;fj{hlgs v/Lb ;DaGwL
gLltut tyf sfg'gL ;'wf/ ug]{ .
• ljBdfg n]vf 9fFrfsf] pko'Qmtf cWoog u/L kl/dfh{g ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] k|of]udf
Nofpg] ;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf cGo ;ˆ6j]o/x? :jLs[tL u/fP/ dfq k|of]udf Nofpg] .
• cGt/f{li6«o n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx?åf/f hf/L ul/Psf dfkb08 tyf c;n cEof;x? adf]lhd
cfGtl/s / clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ . cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+u7gsffTds ;+/rgf
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L / cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ e/kbf]{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
• clGtd n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ hg;/f]sf/ / ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ljifox?, /fh:j k|If]k0f tyf
;Íng k|0ffnL, lbuf] ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u, ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ;fj{hlgs vl/b, ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo, dxfdf/L tyf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, /
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx h:tf If]qx?df hf]lvdsf cfwf/df ljz]if Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug]{ .
dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no k|b]z tx;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] hjfkmb]lxtf olsg ug{ ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf sfg'g tof/
u/L nfu" ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;'b[9 agfpg] . n]vf
;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfly{s k|zf;gdf yk hfgsf/ / lhDd]jf/ agfpg] .
20
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / ;+:yfx?sf] n]vf Joj:yfkg / sfo{k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/fTds pkfox?
cjnDag u/L clgoldttf / a]?h" Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . ;se/ a]?h" x'g} gkfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
;dod} clgoldttf tyf a]?h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . n]vfpQ/bfoL clws[t tyf
lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?af6 ;doa¢ a]?h" km5\of}{6 sfo{of]hgf dfu u/L cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf
ug]{ . cTolws a]?h" x'g] lgsfo tyf JolQmx?nfO{ pRr hf]lvd ;d"xdf juL{s/0f u/L ljz]if
lgu/fgL tyf sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• tfn's lgsfo / vf; u/L n]vfpQ/bfoL clws[tx?n] cfˆgf] dftxtsf lgsfox?af6 x'g]
sfo{x?sf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L ljQLo cg'zf;g kfngfdf pbf;Lg kbflwsf/Lx?sf]
clen]v tof/ u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df b08 k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df sfo{/t kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut p2]Zo
k|flKtdf k/]sf] k|efj tyf c;/ olsg ug{ g]t[Tj k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;f] sf] cfwf/df
tL kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljz]if lhDd]jf/L lbg' kbf{ cfly{s cg'zf;g / ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf
kfngfsf] :t/ ;d]tsf] cfwf/ lng]] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
• Joj:yflksf ;+:fbsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt nufotsf ;ldltx? lqmofzLn /xg] / ;+;bLo
;ldltx?sf lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .
xfn d'n's ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f eO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg
eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ca /fHosf tLg} txdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{sf] nflu :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf /fhg}lts ;+qmd0f ;dfKt ePsf]n] casf] ;/sf/sf] / /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf]
lhDd]jf/L eg]sf] clgoldttf, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ub}{ cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod u/L cfly{s ljsf;
/ ;'zf;g g} xf] . o;tkm{ ;a} If]qsf kbflwsf/Lsf] Wofg hfg' kb{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg .
@= g]kfnsf] cfly{s k|zf;g, n]vfk/LIf0f tyf ;fj{hlgs v/Lb ;DaGwL P]g, lgodx? .
#= dxfn]vfk/lIfssf ljleGg jif{sf k|ltj]bgx? .
$= dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfo{of]hgf @)&$–@)*) .
%= ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] HM Treasury af6 @) hgj/L @)!! df k|sflzt k|]z lj1KtL .
^= ljQLo Joj:yfkg / cg'zf;g ;DaGwL ljleGg k':ts tyf ;fdu|Lx? .
&= ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf cg'zf;g tyf hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx? .
21
k|zf;lgs Jofj;flostfsf] IfoLs/0f M ;'wf/sf] cj;/
" sfzL/fh bfxfn
;f/f+z
sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/;Fu} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf klg a9]/ uPsf] 5 . sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;Ifd / lhDd]jf/ x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
Jofj;flostfsf] dfkb08 / ;bfrf/sf] ;+:s[lt cg'?k ;~rfng x'g'kb{5 . gLlt lgdf{0fsf
nflu k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ubf{ lgikIftf / bIftfsf cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] r':ttfsf lglDt clN5kg / JolQmut :jfyL{kgsf] cGTo u/L b]zsf] k|ultsf lglDt
sd{rf/Lx? bQlrQ eO{ nfUg' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf;sf] lglDt
ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx?sf] kIf /fi6« aGg'sf ;fy} /fli6«o ?kdf ;+/rgf, gLlt, sfg"g,
lgod, dfkb08 tyf sfo{ljlwx? ;d]t th"{df ePsf 5g\ . oBkL Jojxf/df sfg'gsf]
sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] ePsf]n] ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . Jofj;flostfsf]
d"No dfGotf leq /xL sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg'sf ;DaGwdf ;d:of /
r'gf}tLx? klxrfg ug'{ h?/L 5 . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgld{t gofF ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf]
l;4fGtx?sf] cfwf/df k|zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL P]g, sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogaf6 Jofj;flostfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ d'n'snfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5, o;sf]
;d'lrt k|of]u u/L /fd|f] cEof;sf] k|f/De ug'{ kb{5 .
ljifo–k|j]z
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;/sf/nfO{ hLjGt agfpg] cfwf/:tDe xf] . ;/sf/sf] gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{qmd,
of]hgf Pjd\ ljwflosf lgld{t sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] lqmofsnfk
/ e"ldsfdf g} lge{/ ub{5 . olb ;/sf/L gLlt / ljwflosL sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g pbfl;g x'g k'Uof] eg] ;/sf/sf] nlIft p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
dxTj / cfjZostf s'g} klg /fHo Joj:yfdf plQs} /xG5 . o;nfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg .
cfw'lgs /fHosf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ePsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf klg a9]/ uPsf] 5 .
hgtfsf] rfxgf / cfsf+IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ Pjd\ ljZjJofkL k|ltikwf{sf] o'udf ;fk]Iftfdf
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g v/f] ?kdf plqg ;f]xL cg'?ksf] Ifdtf b]vfpg' kg]{ ePsfn] To;df r'gf}tLx?
5g\ . sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{, ljsf;nfO{ ultlbg Pjd\ ;fdflhs GofonfO{ Jojxf/df
?kfGtl/t ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;Ifd / lhDd]jf/ x'g'kb{5 . o;sf lglDt ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
Jofj;flostfsf] dfkb08 / ;bfrf/sf] ;+:s[lt cg'?k ;~rfng x'g'kb{5 .
;+u7gsf] nlIft p2]Zon] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ To;df sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] 1fg, lzk, ;f]r,
Jojxf/ Pjd\ k|j[lt / cfr/0fdf lge{/ ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g :jod\ g} ;dfhsf k|j'4 ju{sf]

" cWoIf, clwsf/ ;DkGg ;+3Lo k|zf;lgs k'g/;+/rgf ;xhLs/0f sfof{Gjog ;ldlt .
22
k|ltlglwTj ePsf] ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf] ;]jf xf] . h;sf] cfwf/e"t d"NodfGotf eg]sf]
lgikIftf, :jR5tf / OdfGbfl/tf xf] . hf] of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . egf{ b]lv a9'jf;Dd
of]Uotf / Ifdtfdf lge{/ /xG5 . ;]jfdf egf{ jf lgo'lQm :jR5 v'nf k|ltikwf{sf] dfWodåf/f
of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg j]tg / kfl/>lds k|bfg ul/g] s'/f b]lv
;]jf zt{sf] ;'lglZrttf x'G5 . pRr Jofj;flos cfr/0f / ;fj{hlgs lxtdf s]lGb|t eO{ sfo{
ug'{kg]{ u/L lhDd]jf/L sfg'gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Jofj;flostfsf] d"NodfGotf leq /fHok|lt akmfbfl/tf, ;]jf k|jfxdf
lgikIftf, sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf, k|efjsfl/tf, s'zntf / OdfGbfl/tf Pjd\ ;]jf k|jfxdf
lz3|tf g} d'VotM kb{5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfd sf/jfxL hgd'vL, kl/0ffdd'vL / glthfd'vL
ePsf] cg'e"lt cfd hgtfn] ug{ ;s]df g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf] ljZjf; a9\g uO{ ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] clej[l4 x'g] xf] . nf]stGq / c;n zf;g k4ltsf] ljsf;sf lglDt
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . o;nfO{ ToxL cg'?k ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . cfh ljZjsf
ljleGg d'n'sx?df ;fj{hlgs zlQm k|of]u ug]{x?af6 7"nf 7"nf e|i6frf/sf 36gf ePsf
pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u, cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtf, Jofks e|i6frf/, cJofj;flostf
h:tf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf] ljZjf; a9fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To:tf d'n'sdf k|zf;lgs
Jofj;flostfdf IfoLs/0fsf] l:ylt 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf]
ljsf;åf/f hgljZjf; clej[l4 ug'{ ;'zf;gsf lglDt cfjZos 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf Jofj;flos ljz]iftfx? M–
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;/sf/L gLlt / sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fHosf] cfwf/ :tDe xf] . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf eg]s} hgtfk|lt r':t lz3| / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] Jofj;flos ljz]iftfx? / Jofj;flos bIftf clej[l4sf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf dfGotfx?
/x]sf 5g\M–
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx? cfkm} gLlt lgdf{tf geO{ gLlt
lgdf{tfnfO{ k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;xof]uL x'g\ . o:tf] k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ubf{
lgikIftf / bIftfsf cfwf/df ug'{ kb{5 . o;}u/L ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] gLltnfO{
;Ifdtfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug'{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] st{Jo xf] .
• /fi6«;]js / hg;]jssf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?n] ;f]xL cg'?k sfd
ug'[{kb{5 . JolQmut nfesf lglDt cfkm\gf] e"ldsf s]lGb|t gu/L ;fj{hlgs lxtdf cfkm"nfO{
s]lGb|t ug'{kb{5 . sfo{;Dkfbg kl/0ffdd'vL x'g'kb{5 .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Ln] ;w} pTs[i6 ;]jf k|jfx u/L ;]jfu|fxL / ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{
;Gt'li6 k|bfg ug'[{ kb{5 .
23
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ljljwtfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] ePsfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt
/ dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;fd'lxs ?kdf kl/0ffd lbg] lsl;daf6 tf]lsPsf] sfd tf]lsPsf]
JolQmn] lhDd]jf/ k"j{s lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . o;}sf cfwf/df ;DalGwt JolQmsf] j[lQ ljsf;,
a9'jf, b08 / ;hfo h:tf s'/f lge{/ x'G5 .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] r'[:ttf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] lglDt clN5kg / JolQmut :jfyL{kgsf] cGTo
u/L ljsf; / /fi6«sf] k|ultsf lglDt /fi6« ;]js sd{rf/Lx? lqmofzLn eO{/xg' kb{5 .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L l;4 ug{ Jofj;flos cfr/0fsf lgod adf]lhdsf]
Jojxf/ ug]{, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ldtJooL ?kdf k|of]u u/L a9L eGbf a9L kl/0ffd lbg], ljsf;k|lt
s]lGb|t x'g], lgikIf / ljgf cfu|x k"jf{u|x ;dGjlos tj/n] lz3| / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx ug]{,
;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{, hjfkmb]xL /
lhDd]jf/ eO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{, ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx'Frsf] dfWodåf/f sfd
sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Jofj;flostfsf]
dfGotf xf] .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostf clej[l4 ug{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLaf6 lgo'lQm x'g], lgo'lQm /
a9'jfsf] k4ltnfO{ cGo s'g} lsl;daf6 klg k|efljt gx'g] u/L ;+/If0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;}u/L
;]jfdf Jofj;flostfnfO{ k|jw{g ug{ lzk / bIftf clej[l4sf lglDt lgoldt tflnd
k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf; geP;Dd u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx x'g ;Sb}g
eGg] s'/fnfO{ x]Ssf /fvL sfd ug'{ kb{5 .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] clej[l4sf lglDt /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf] pRr dgf]jn
a9fpg ;f]xL cg'?ksf] ;'ljwf, ;]jf;t{sf] ;'/Iff / sfdk|lt k|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ ;f]xL cg'?ksf]
sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{
cfa4 u/L j[lQljsf; of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 .
• nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f clgjfo{ cfjZostf xf] . o; dfGotfsf] cfwf/df
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] clej[l4 ug{ dflyNnf] txdf zlQm s]lGb|s[t gu/L
tNnf txdf clwsf/ ljs]lGb|s[t / lgIf]lkt x'g'kb{5 . sfo{:yndf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{x?df
clwstd clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f x'g'kb{5 . sfdk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfO{ ;f]xL cg'?k k'/:sf/ /
b08nfO{ cfa4tf ug'{kb{5 .
• e|i6frf/ ;'zf;gsf] afws xf] . e|i6frf/sf sf/0f ljlwsf] zf;g sdhf]/ x'g] / ;]jfu|fxLx?n]
b'Mv kfpg], dfgj clwsf/df cltqmd0f x'g] h:tf l:yltx?n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
Jofj;flostf ;dfKt x'g] ePsfn] e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf lglDt ;f]xL cg'?ksf]
sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / To:tf] sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf, alnof] cg'udg k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf;, e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf / k|efjsfl/tf, ;bfrf/
gLltsf] cjnDag, :jfy{hGo sfd sf/jfxLsf] /f]syfd, gful/s lzIffsf] k|jw{g h:tf ljleGg
pkfox?sf] cjnDag u/L Jofj;flostfsf] :yfkgf / k|jw{g ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
24
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t Jofj;flos l;4fGt / dfGotfk|lt k|lta4 eO{ ;f]xL cg'?k
sfo{ u/]df nf]stGqsf] nfef+z hgtfn] k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . :j:Yo ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnL / ;f]xL cg'?ksf] cEof;sf] ljsf;af6 g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf]
clej[l4 x'g] xf] . o;sf lglDt ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{x?sf] lglDt :ki6 ?kdf sfd,
st{Jo, clwsf/, hjfkmb]xL / cfr/0fsf lgodx? lgwf{/0f sfg'gåf/f g} x'g'kb{5 .
Jofj;flostfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;af6 g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf] ljZjf; / ;fvdf clej[l4
x'g] xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flossf] clej[l4sf nflu olQs} c;n, ;Ifd / b'/b[li6
ePsf] ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj h?/L x'G5 . h'glsl;daf6 k|zf;lgs Jofj;flostfdf x|f; eO/x]sf]
5, To;nfO{ ;dod} ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]df ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
Jofj;flostfsf lglDt ePsf k|of;x¿ M
nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, lbuf] ljsf;, zflGt / ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf
Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf;sf lglDt ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;d]t Wofgfsif{0f eO{ ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf]
5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug{ Pjd\ ;bfrf/o'Qm Jojxf/sf lglDt
ljleGg k|:tfj, 3f]if0ff, dxf;lGwx? hf/L u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] sfo{ of]hgf /
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf, !((^, cGt/f{li6«o jfl0fHo sf/f]jf/df x'g]
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] 3f]if0ff, !((^, cGt/f{li6«o jfl0fHo sf/f]jf/df x'g] e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd /
lgoGq0fsf lglDt cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;DaGwL, !((* k|:tfj olQs} dxTjk"0f{ k|of;x? x'g\ .
o;}u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljleGg P]h]G;Lx?n] e|i6frf/ lj?4ssf] /0fgLlt / sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L
nfu" ug{ u/fpg ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x? pNn]vgLo 5g\ . Toltdfq geO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] dxf;lGw, @))# o; If]qsf] ;'wf/sf lglDt dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h xf] .
åGå kl5sf] cj:yfdf ;'zfgsf lglDt ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf lglDt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 / To; cGtu{tsf
Ph]G;Lx?af6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf sfod x'g'kg]{ Jofj;flostf / ;bfrf/sf] d"NodfGotf
Pjd\ dfkb08sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg sfdx? ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ePsf] /fhgLlts
kl/jt{g kZrft\ ljleGg d'n'sx?n] nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / To;sf] sfof{Gjog,
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/, gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg l;4fGtsf] cjnDag / ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] dfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f, ;bfrf/sf] gLlt th'{df / sfof{Gjog h:tf
ljleGg ;'wf/sf sfo{x? u/]sf 5g\ .
åGå kl5 nf]stGqnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf d'n'sx?df /fhgLlts :yfloTj sfod x'g g;Sbf
e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsPsf], lgjf{rg k|0ffnL dx+uf] x'Fb} uPsf], /fhgLltdf ck/fwLs/0f /
ck/fwdf /fhgLlts/0f a9\b} uPsf], hjfkmb]xLsf] ;+:s[lt eGbf b08xLgtfsf] l:ylt a9\b} uPsf]
sf/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g hgd'vL / glthfd'vL x'g g;Sbf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . o;df ;'wf/sf lglDt ljleGg kxn / k|of;x? eO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ klg l:ylt
pT;fxhgs 5}g . nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ /fhgLlts :yfloTj / d'n'[ssf] cy{tGqdf ;'wf/
geP;Dd ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ x'g] ePsfn] cfh ljZjsf] Wofg lbuf] zflGt, ljsf;,
;'zf;g / ;d[l4 tkm{ g} s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . ljlwsf] zf;g, ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf,
25
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, r':t ;]jf k|jfx h:tf Joj:yfåf/f /fHo Joj:yfk|ltsf] ljZjf; a9fpg
;f]xL cg'?ksf] sfg'g lgdf{0f, ;+u7g / ;+/rgfsf] ;[hgf / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg, Ifdtf
clej[l4 h:tf ljljw If]qdf ;'wf/sf] k|of;x? eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Jofj;flostfsf] Joj:yfkgåf/f g} hglxtdf lz3|, ;'ne, u'0f:t/Lo /
kl/0ffdd'vL sfd x'g ;Sb5 . o; dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] d"ntM gLlt
lgdf{0fdf lbg] ;Nnfxsf/L e"ldsfdf To;sf] k|of]u, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg / sfo{;Dkfbgdf To;
s'/fsf] k|ltljlDat\ x'g'kb{5 eGg] clek|fon] ;bfrf/ gLlt / dfkb08x? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
;dfhsf k|j'4 ju{x? ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf cfslif{t ug{ ;f]xL cg'?ksf] ljz]if Joj:yf, lzk
ljsf;sf lglDt ljz]if tflnd k|lzIf0fsf] k|aGw, ;+/rgfut 9fFrf, Joj:yfkg / cfr/0fut kIfdf
;'wf/sf lglDt ljleGg ;'wfg{sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/+b} cfPsf] cj:yf 5 .
;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv ;'wf/sf] ;"rLdf ;'zf;g 5 . h;cg';f/ d'n'ssf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf
lglDt c;n zf;gsf] cefjdf sfg'gL zf;g / k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostf ljgf ;'wf/ ;+ej 5}g
eGg] /x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf lglDt k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf r':t x'g'kb{5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;]jfd'vL /
hglxtdf s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf lglDt /fHosf] gLlt / /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogsf] cfwf/
:tDesf/ ?kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ;f]xL cg'?k Jofj;flostfsf]
ljsf;sf] ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf Jofj;flostf
g]kfndf lj=;+=, @))& ;fnkl5 cfw'lgsLs/0ftkm{ pGd'v eO{ ;f]xL cg'?k ;'wf/sf k|lqmofx?
ckgfOPsf] 5 . d'n'sn] /fhgLlts :yfloTj k|fKt ug{ g;Sbf ;w} ;+qmd0fsfn h:tf] ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ clek|fon] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg cfof]ux? u7g eO{ ;'emfjx?
k|:t't u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfof]usf sltko ;'emfjx?sf] k[i7e"lddf P]g sfg'gdf ;'wf/ /
;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ePsf 5g\ . ;'zf;gnfO{ k|jw{g ug{ e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ;DaGwL
sfg'g, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL ljz]if sfg'g / cfr/0fsf lgodx? klg hf/L ePsf
5g\ . o:t} e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug{ ;+j}wflgs cËsf] ?kdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cof]usf] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|
nufot ljleGg lgsfox? e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf lglDt :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . o:t}
;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g
nufotsf ljleGg P]g, sfg'gx? ;'zf;g k|jw{gsf lglDt hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
ljutsf] cj:yfsf] ;du| d"NofÍg ug]{ xf] eg] sfg'gt ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostf sfod
ug]{ clek|fon] ;f]xL cg'?ksf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] eP klg Jojxf/df sfg'gsf]
sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] ePsfn] ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg ug{ g;Sbf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf]
hgljZjf; a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] th'{df u/L
To;sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ljz]if ;+oGqx? lgdf{0f u/]sf] eP klg e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd /
lgoGq0fdf ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;du|df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g hgd'vL / kl/0ffdd'vL
26
aGg g;Sbf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs dfGg g;lsg] cj:yf 5 . ljutsf] /fhgLlts
Joj:yfsf] sf/0f ;'zf;g sfod x'g g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df clxn] d'n'sn] 7"nf] /fhgLlts
kl/jt{gsf] km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ;'zf;gsf]
cg'e"lt lbg ;s]df kl/jt{g ;fy{s x'g] xf] .
;+ljwfg;efn] @)&@ c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L u/]sf] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s
;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ b[9tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWodåf/f lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf]
cfsf+Iff k'/f ug]{ ;ÍNk u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs, Goflos, ;fdflhs nufot
;a} If]qsf] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf lgoGq0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ gLlt
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL /
;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt
u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ zf;g Joj:yf ;DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 . o; gLltn] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g Jofj;flostfsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd ;~rfng x'g] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . o;
l;4fGtnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
Joj:yf, lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if sfg'g agfO{ nfu" ug]{
ljz]if Joj:yfx? u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g'k"j{ klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg P]g, sfg'gdf
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf l;4fGtx?nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] eP klg sfof{Gjog kIf
sdhf]/ x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gleq ljs[lt / lj;+ultx? a9\g k'u] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn]
;'zf;gsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ eof] . ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsPg . ljsf;n] ult lnPg .
/fhgLlts/0fn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Jofj;flostfsf] d"No dfGotf adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
;~rfng ug{ ;s]g . lgikIf ?kdf /xg'kg]{ lgsfox? klg /fhgLlts/0f / bnLos/0fn] To:tf
lgsfox?k|lt klg hgljZjf; a9\g ;s]g . Jofks dfqfdf k|zf;lgs Jofj;flostfdf IfoLs/0f
x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o; k[i7e"lddf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ Jofj;flostfsf] d"No dfGotf cg'?k
;~rfng ug{ Jofks ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ;Fu;Fu} o; If]qdf ;'wf/
ug'{ h?/L 5 .
r'gf}tLx?
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljsf;sf] d'6' xf] . ljsf;sf lglDt k|efjsf/L ?kdf lqmofzLn ;/sf/L ;+oGq
cfjZos x'G5 . c;n k|zf;g k|0ffnL lagf ;/sf/ lqmofzLn x'g ;Sb}g . ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v
b'a} lsl;dsf d'n'sx?df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfxsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;+oGq xf] .
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf Jofks ul/aL, a9\bf] hg;+Vof, sd pTkfbsTj, k|ljlwsf] k5f}6]kg,
a]/f]huf/L, c;dfg cfo, u|fdL0f / zx/ aLr c;Gt'lnt l:ylt, gsf/fTds Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng h:tf
ljleGg ;d:ofsf sf/0f d'n's ;d:o} ;d:ofsf] rfËleq 8'a]sf] x'G5 . h;sf] ;dfwfg ;dod}
27
ug{ g;Sbf sltko d'n'sx? åGåsf] rk]6fdf k/L cfqmfGt ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L /fHo ;+oGqsf] ljsf; h?/L x'G5 . o;sf lglDt ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . c;Ifd, :jfyL{, bnLos/0f, e|i6frf/n]
u|:t / cJofj;flos ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] hgtfsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g . cfh
d'n'ssf] k|zf;sLo Jofj;flostfdf 7"nf] IfoLs/0f ePsf] 5 . Jofj;flostfsf] dfGotf adf]lhd
sfo{ gx'Fbf ;'zf;g sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df d"ntM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
Jofj;flostfsf] d"No dfGotf leq /xL sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg'sf ;DaGwdf
b]xfo adf]lhdsf ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? /x]sf 5g\ M–
• /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f /fhgLlts Joj:yfx? ablnO{ /xg] / k|zf;lgs 9fFrfx?
km]/abn eO/xg] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ultzLn eO{ hgtfsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
;lqmo gx'g],
• nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; eO g;s]sf] d'n'sdf bnLos/0fsf] k|efjn] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t d"NodfGotfnfO{ k|efljt agfO/fVg],
• ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/] klg e|i6frf/, clgoldttf, a]?h" h:tf sf/0f
;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg ug{ g;Sg],
• nf]stGq hLjGt x'g To;sf nfex? cfd gful/sdf ;dGoflos ?kn] ljt/0f ug{ ;f]xL
cg'?ksf] sfo{ x'g'[kg]{df ljsf;sf sfo{x?n] ultlng g;Sg], of]hgf kl/of]hgfx? ;dod}
k"/f gx'g], k"/f ePsf of]hgfx? klg lbuf] gx'g], cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ck|efjsfl/tfsf sf/0f
sdhf]/ lsl;dsf] ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fn] lbuf]kgf glbg], ;Lldt JolQmsf] ks8df
k|zf;g, of]hgf, ljsf; ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn] ;dod} u'0f:t/Lo sfo{ gx'g],
• lgjf{rg k|0ffnL dx+uf] x'g] ePsfn] c:jefljs lsl;dn] unt JolQm / v/fa ;d"x;Fusf]
/fhgLlts u7hf]8n] /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf To;sf] k|efj kg]{ / lgjf{rgsf ;dodf
To:tf ;d"x;Fu u/]sf] unt lsl;dsf jfrf / ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ afWotfn] :jR5
k|zf;g / ;'zf;g sfod gx'g] sf/0f ;]jf k|jfx r':t gx'g] / hglxtsf] sfd gx'g],
• alnof] /fHo / ;Eo ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf lglDt alnof] cy{tGq, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, ;Ifd
;+;b, pQ/bfoL ;/sf/, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, ;r]t gful/s ;dfh / sd{rf/LtGqdf
Jofj;flostf cfjZos x'G5 . t/ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf ;'zf;gsf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ ul/P klg sfof{Gjog kIf Hofb} sdhf]/ x'g]
ePsfn] To:tf l;4fGtx? ;hfj6 h:tf] dfq b]lvg] sf/0f :jR5 ;/sf/sf] cefjdf
k|zf;gn] r':t / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{ g;Sg],
• P]g, sfg'g / gLltx? k"0f{ sfof{Gjog g} geO{ lgxLt :jfy{sf lglDt km]/abn ul//xg],
/fi6«lxt / hglxtdf sfd ug]{ eGbf klg JolQmut gfkmf gf]S;fgsf cfwf/df /fHo zlQmsf]
k|of]u ug]{ k|j[lQn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Jofj;flostfsf] kfngf gx'g],
• gful/s lzIffsf] cefjn] st{Jod'vL ;dfheGbf clwsf/d'vL ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] sf/0f
/fi6«k|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tfdf 7"nf] IfoLs/0f eO{ /fli6«o Pstf g} sdhf]/ x'g], ;fdflhs
28
;b\efj vnalng], ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] Jofks ?kdf bf]xg ug]{, ;Qf / zlQmsf]
b'?kof]usf] sf/0f ljlwsf] zf;g / ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf sdhf]/ x'g],
• /fHosf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ hLjGt agfpg
;f]xL cg'?ksf] ;|f]t, ;fwg / Ifdtfsf] cefjn] df}lns xs / ;fdflhs Gofo ;DaGwL
Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ cfkm}df sl7g x'g k'Ug],
• nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g pQ/bfoL, gful/s d}qL, kf/bzL{, ;bfrf/o'Qm /
pTs[i6 ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ?kdf /xg'kg]{df Jofj;flostfsf] s;Ldf sfd ug]{
k|j[lQsf] ljsf; gx'Fbf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf] ljZjf;df clej[l4 gx'g],
• /fi6«lxt / hglxtdf sfd ug]{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf nflu gLlt lgdf{0fsf]
k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutf cfjZos kg]{, JolQm / ;DalGwt ljifoj:t';uF
j:t'ut, :jR5 / lgikIf ?kdf Jojxf/ / sfo{ ug'{kg]{, gful/sk|lt ;]jfefj x'g'kg]{,
k|zf;gdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{, sfd sf/jfxLdf OdfGbf/L x'g'kg]{
h:tf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf Jofj;flos dfGotfx? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf eP klg ;f] cg'?ksf]
Jojxf/ gx'Fbf /fHon] cg]sf}+ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ cflb .
lgisif{
d'n's ;+ljwfg;efaf6 hf/L ePsf] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf]] k|lqmofdf 5 . ljutdf b]lvPsf ljs[lt
/ lj;+ultnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{] cj;/ k|fKt 5 . o;sf lglDt ;+ljwfgjfbsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{
cfTd;ft\ u/L zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ ;s]df g} nf]stGq hLjGt x'g] xf] . /fHodf lbuf]
zflGt, ljsf;, ;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf lglDt alnof] /fHo cfjZos kb{5 . /fHo alnof] x'g /fHosf]
j}wflgs zlQmdf IfoLs/0f x'g gx'g], /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf vl:sg' gx'g], ljlwsf] zf;gsf]
k|efjsfl/tf x'g'kg]{, ;jn cy{tGq, hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+:s[lt h:tf s'/fx? cfjZos x'G5 . alnof]
/fHon] g} gful/ssf] rfxgf / cfsf+IffnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 . /fhgLltnfO{ lg0f{o ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] b]lv sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo bfloTj ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gs} lhDdfdf /x]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] jfxs klg xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] cfkm\gf] nIo k"/f ug{
/fhgLltdf g}ltstf / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostf x'g' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf
ljj]sk"0f{ lsl;dn] sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/LtGq ePdf g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf /xG5 . o;sf
lglDt d"ntM sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t l;4fGtsf] kfngf, Jofj;flostfsf] cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg /
ljj]sk"0f{ tl/sfn] sfg'gåf/f ;'lDkPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ h:tf dfGotfx?sf] kfngf clgjfo{
x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ;fj{hlgs st{Jo / bfloTj jxg ug'{kg],{ sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ ;fj{hlgs
lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ug'{kg]{, pRr cfbz{sf ;fy ;]jfefjn] hgtfsf] sfdk|lt ;dlk{t x'g'kg]{,
;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug'{kg]{, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug]{, ;"rgf cBfjlws
u/L hgtfdf k|jfx ug]{, st{Jok|lt k|lta4 eO{ sfdåf/f hgtfsf] ljZjf; clej[l4 ug]{, pRr
cfr/0f / ;bfrf/sf] Jojxf/ k|:t't ug]{, Jofj;flos pTs[i6tf sfod ug]{ h:tf ljifox?sf]
kfngfaf6} k|zf;lgs Jofj;flostf sfod x'g] xf] .
29
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5 / dof{lbt agfpg cd]l/sfn] lgS;g af6/u]6 sf08 kZrft\
;fj{hlgs kbdf a;]sf JolQmx?n] cfkm" / cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf ;Dkltsf]
;|f]t +;lxtsf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kbaf6 lgj[Q ePsf kbflwsf/Ln]
;/sf/sf lqmofsnfksf lj?4 bjfj lbg] jf s'g} klg :jfy{ut åGå >[hgf x'g] lsl;daf6 sfo{
ug'{ gx'g] u/L ljz]if sfg'g (Ethics in Government Act,1978) hf/L u/L nfu" u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;
Joj:yfsf] cg'udg ug{ l;g]6sf] :jLs[ltdf /fi6«kltn] 5'§} sfof{no v8f u/L cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfPsf] 5 . a]nfotdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jsn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0fsf lgodx? lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/– -!_ ;fj{hlgs lxtk|lts"n s'g} sfd ug'{ gx'g], cfkm" / cfkmGtnfO{
cfly{s kmfObf jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] kmfObf k'¥ofpg] u/L s'g} sfo{ ug{ gx'g], -@_ st{Jokfngdf
OdfGbfl/tf jxg ug'{kg]{, -#_ j:t'lgi6 eO{ sfo{ ug'{kg]{ -$_ cfkm\gf sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{ox?
hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'[kg]{ -%_ :jR5 Jojxf/af6 v'nf / kf/bzL{ ?kdf sfd ug'{kg]{ -^_
g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ h:tf ljifox? /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} ef/tdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jsn]
kfngf ug'{kg]]{ dfu{bz{gsf ?kdf ckgfOPsf l;4fGtx?df– -!_ ;+ljwfg / sfg'g, nf]stGq,
/fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf / d'n'ssf] ;'/Iffk|ltsf] lgi7f / elQm, -@_ /fhgLltaf6 d'Qm
eO{ sfd ug]{ -#_ j:t'lgi7, lgikIf, OdfGbf/, :jR5 / plrt Jojxf/k"j{s sfo{ ug]{, -$_ pRr
g}ltstf :yflkt u/L u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt, k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg, zL3| lg0f{o ug]{ / zL3|
sfof{Gjog ug]{, -%_ lg0f{ok|lt hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug]{, -^_ lgo'lQm, a9'jf / kb:yfkgdf
of]UotfnfO{ cfwf/ lng], -&_ ljljwtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ ToxL cg'?ksf] Jojxf/ ug,]{ -*_ /fhgLlts
sfo{sf/L0fLnfO{ OdfGbf/, lgikIf eO{ :ki6 ?kdf ;xL ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg], -(_ cfly{s
ldtJolotfsf ;fy vr{ ug]{ h:tf ljifox? b]lvG5g\ . o;}u/L g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg ;+ljwfg /
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g nufotsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodx?n] Jofj;flostfsf ;DaGwdf
ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;bfrf/ gLlt nufot k]zfut l;4fGt kfngf u/L sfo{ ug]{ k4ltsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;s]df g} k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] clej[l4 eO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;xh x'[g]
b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL P]g,
sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 Jofj;flostfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/
clxn] d'n'snfO{ ePsf]n] o;sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/L /fd|f] cEof;sf] k|f/De ug{ ;s]df ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gk|ltsf] hgljZjf;df clej[l4 eO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fHosf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/:tDesf]
?kdf ljsl;t x'g ;Sb5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL, @)%) sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
• ljleGg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt k|zf;g ;DaGwL n]vx? .
30
g]kfndf ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo zf;g Joj:yf
" k|f=8f= eLdb]j e§
;f/f+z
;+ljwfg;efaf6 lj=;+= @)&@ ;fndf hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg dfkm{t g]kfnsf] zf;sLo
k|0ffnL PsfTdsaf6 ;+3Lotf tkm{ ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . ;+3, & k|b]z, && lhNnf / &%#
:yfgLo txaf6 zf;sLo k|0ffnL ;~rfng x'g]u/L ;+ljwfgtM clwsf/sf] jfF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog c;fWo geP klg of] Tolt ;xh klg b]lvGg . o; qmddf
ljleGg ;f+u7lgs, cfly{s, k"jf{wf/hGo / hgzlQm;Da4 Pj+ jfXo r'gf}tLx? b]lvPsf 5g\ .
/fli6«o :jfy{nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ /fhgLlt1x? Ps} 7fpFdf pleFb} pQm r'gf}tLx? ;Daf]wg
ug{;s]df /fhgLlts :yfoLTj tkm{ dfu{ k|z:t ug{ ;xh x'g ;Sb5 .
k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv ljleGg lsl;dsf zf;g Joj:yf k/LIf0f ul/P . lj=;+= !*@% df
>L % a8fdxf/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] 5l/P/ /x]sf afO;]÷rf}aL;] /fHonfO{ PsLs[t u/L l;Ëf]
g]kfn /fi6« lgdf{0f u/] . To;sf] &* jif{ kl5 lj=;+= !()# df sf]tkj{ dRrfO{ hËaxfb'/ /f0ffn]
zlQm cfkm\gf] xftdf lnP . o; hxflgofF /f0ff zf;gdf b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yf s]Gb|Ls[t Pjd\
PsfTds 9+un] ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @))& df k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf kl5 dfq ljutsf]
zf;g Joj:yfdf s]xL ;'wf/sf nIf0fx? b]vfk/] . t/ klg lzlIft JolQmsf] Go"g pkl:ylt,
PstGqLo zf;gsf cjz]ifx? oyfjt\ /xg', oftfoft ;+rf/sf] ;Lldttf / ef}uf]lns sl7gfO{sf
sf/0f zf;g Joj:yfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfpg ;s]g .
lj=;+= @)!& df b]zdf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] csf{] k/LIf0f ul/of] . o; Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts
bnsf ultljwdf k"0f{ aGb]h nufOPsfn] hgtfn] kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPgg\ . clkt' lj=;+=
@)!* df ljutdf ;~rfng /x]sf #% k|zf;sLo PsfO{sf] ;§f g]kfnnfO{ !$ c~rn / &%
lhNnfdf ljeflht u/L c~rn / lhNnf sfof{no dfkm{t hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{] lg0f{o lnOof] .
o;} ;Gbe{df lj=;+= @)$^ df /fhgLlts bnx?df nfu]sf] k|ltaGw km's'jf ul/P tfklg s]Gb|df
/x]sf] clwsf/ tNnf] txdf k'¥ofpg vf;} kxn ul/Pg . hgtfnfO{ /fHo ;+rfngsf] ultljlwdf
;lDdlnt gu/fO{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/df cfd"n ;'wf/ Nofpg g;lsg] 7x/ u/L lj=;+= @)%@
df k|f/De ul/Psf] dfcf]jfbL åGån] bz jif{;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfO/Xof] . o; cjlwdf b]zn] w]/} Iflt
Joxf]g'{ k¥of] .

" k"j{ ;b:o, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .
31
lj=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ g]kfn ;/sf/ / åGå/t dfcf]jfbL kf6L{aLr zflGt
;Demf}tf ;DkGg eof] . o; ;Demf}tf cg'?k ;+ljwfg ;ef dfkm{t gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg] lg0f{o
lnOof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# lgdf{0f ubf{ pQm ;+ljwfgsf] efu ! wf/f $ pkwf/f -!_
df g]kfn Ps :jtGq cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{ lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL / k"0f{ nf]stflGqs
/fHo xf] egL kl/eflift ul/of] . pQm ;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgdf ljutdf n]lvPsf] k"0f{
nf]stflGqs /fHosf] ;6\6f æ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs /fHoÆ eGg] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;} l;nl;nfdf gofF
;+ljwfg n]Vg] sfo{sf nflu @)^$ / @)&) df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ul/of] / @)&@ ;fn
c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L u/L b]zdf ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{] lg0f{o
lnOof] .
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu % wf/f %^ b]lv ^) ;Dd /fHosf] ;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8af/]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f %^ df ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf -!_ ;+3 -@_
k|b]z / -#_ :yfgLo tx lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . o;} wf/fsf] pkwf/f -^_ df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txn] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jflwgtf, /fli6«o lxt, ;jf{lË0f
ljsf;, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, dfgj clwsf/
tyf df}lns xs sfg'gL /fHo, zlQm k[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ng, ax'ntf / ;Dd'gtdf
cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh, ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ug{]5 egL Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/P cg'?k ;ft k|b]z dfkm{t k|b]zsf] /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{] lg0f{o
lnPsf] 5 . tL ;ft k|b]zsf dftxtdf /xg] jt{dfg lhNnfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
k|b]z ! != tfKn]h'Ë @= kfFry/ #= Onfd, $= ;+v'jf;ef %= t]x|y'd ^= wgs'6f
&= ef]hk'/ *= vf]6fª (= ;f]n'v'Da, !)= cf]vn9'Ëf !!= pbok'/ !@= emfkf
!#= df]/ª !$= ;'g;/L
k|b]z @ != ;Kt/L @= l;/fxf #= wg'iff $= dxf]Q/L %= ;nf{xL ^= /f}tx6 &= af/f *= k;f{
k|b]z # != bf]nvf @= /fd]5fk #= l;Gw'nL $= sfe|]knf~rf]s %= l;Gw'kfNrf]s ^= /;'jf
&= g'jfsf]6 *= wflbª (= lrtjg !)= dsjfgk'/ !!= eQmk'/ !@= nlntk'/
!#= sf7df8f}F
k|b]z $ != uf]/vf @= ndh'ª #= tgxF, $= sf:sL %= dgfª ^= d':tfª &= kj{t
*= :ofªhf (= DofUbL !)= afUn'ª !!= gjnk/f;L -jb{3f6 ;':tfk"j{_
k|b]z % != gjnk/f;L -jb{3f6 ;':tf klZrd_ @= ?kGb]xL #= slknj:t' $= kfNkf
%= c3f{vfFrL ^= u'NdL &= ?s'd -k"jL{ efu_ *= /f]Nkf (= Ko'7fg !)= bfª,
!!= afFs] !@= alb{of
32
k|b]z ^ != ?s'd -klZrdL efu_ @= ;Nofg, #= 8f]Nkf $= h'Dnf %= d'u' ^= x'Dnf

&= sflnsf]6 *= hfh/sf]6 (= b}n]v !)= ;'v{]t
k|b]z & != afh'/f @= aemfª #= 8f]6L $= c5fd %= bfr'{nf ^= a}t8L &= 88]nw'/f
*= s~rgk'/ (= s}nfnL
;+ljwfgsf] efu *, wf/f *$ df ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] ljj/0f pNn]v 5 . k|ltlglw ;efsf]
u7gsf ;DaGwdf hg;+VofnfO{ d'Vo / e"uf]nnfO{ bf];|f] cfwf/ dfgL Ps ;o k};7\7L lgjf{rg If]q
sfod u/L k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Ps hgf k|ltlglw /xg] u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL adf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] !^% ;b:o / ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhgLlts
bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] !!) ;b:osf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
o;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *^-@_ df /fli6«o ;efsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;efdf hDdf %(
hgf ;b:o sfod ul/Psf 5g\ .
k|b]z Joj:yflksfsf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] efu !$ wf/f @(^ df pNn]v 5 . k|ltlglw ;efsf
;b:osf] lgjf{rg cfwf/ g} k|b]z ;efsf] nflu ;d]t to ul/Psf] 5 . t/ k|ltlglw ;efsf]
;+VofeGbf k|b]z ;efsf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s k|b]zaf6 k|ltlglw ;ef / k|b]z
;efdf lgjf{lrt x'g] / ;dfg'kflts tkm{af6 rog ul/g] ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof b]xfosf] tflnsfaf6
af]w ug{ ;lsG5 M
k|ltlglw ;ef Pjd\ k|b]z ;efsf ;f+;b ;+Vof

wf/f *$ cg'?k k|ltlglw ;efsf wf/f @(^ cg'?k k|b]z
;b:o ;+Vof ;efsf ;b:o ;+Vof
k|b]z hDdf
klxnf] x'g] klxnf] x'g]
;dfg'kflts ;dfg'kflts
lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]
! @* %^ #& (#
@ #@ ^$ $# !)&
# ## ^^ $$ !!)
$ !* !!) #^ @$ ^)
% @^ %@ #% *&
^ !@ @$ !^ $)
& !^ #@ @! %#
hDdf !^% !!) ##) @@) %%)
s'n hDdf @&% %%)
pko'{Qm tflnsfdf b;f{OP cg';f/ k|ltlglw ;eftkm{ hDdf @&%, /fli6«o ;efdf %( / k|bz
]
;eftkm{ %%) u/L hDdf ;f+;b ;+Vof **$ /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
33
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug{] ;Gbe{df ;j{k|yd ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& df Joj:yf ul/P cg'?k cbfnt
;DaGwL lg0f{o lnOof] . o; ;DaGwdf ljBdfg k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ pRr cbfnt gfdfs/0f
ul/of] . o; ;Gbe{df ;~rfngdf /x]sf !^ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf @ yk u/L !* pRr cbfnt
sfod u/L o;sf] d'sfd / Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf o; k|sf/ tf]lsof] M
pRr cbfnt Ohnf;
!= lj/f6gu/ Onfd, wgs'6f, cf]vn9'+uf
@= hgsk'/ /fhlj/fh, jL/u~h
#= kf6g x]6f}F8f
$= kf]v/f afUn'ª
%= t'N;Lk'/ -bfª_ a'6an, g]kfnu~h
^= ;'v{]t h'Dnf
&= lbkfon dx]Gb|gu/
;/sf/n] pk/f]Qm lg0f{o lnO{ @)&# c;f]h @ b]lv sfo{ k|f/De ug{ lgb{]z u¥of] . o; lg0f{o;Fu}
g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/fof] .
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogs} ;Gbe{df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] @@ kmfu'g @)&# sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ @)&# kmfu'g
@& df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ljutsf @!& gu/kflnsf, #!%& ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
/ (@& Onfsf sfof{no vf/]h eO{ :yfgLo tx 3f]if0ff ul/of] . o; lg0f{o cg';f/ :yfgLo txdf
^ dxfgu/kflnsf !! pkdxfgu/kflnsf @$^ gu/kflnsf / $() ufpFkflnsf u/L hDdf &%#
:yfgLo tx lgwf{/0f ul/P . o;sf ;fy} ;fljssf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?nfO{ lhNnf ;dGjo
;ldltdf ?kfGtl/t ul/of] .
;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP cg'?k @)&$ df3 & cufj} s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg
ul/;Sg' kg{] Joj:yf ePsfn] ;f] sfo{ k'/f e};s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/n] oyf ;dodf
cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|f/De ul/;s]sf] / s]Gb| tyf k|b]zsf lgjf{rgx? ;d]t ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . ;a}
txsf ;/sf/ u7g eO{ sfo{ k|f/De eP kZrft\ ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv ;~rfngdf /x]sf]
s]Gb|Ls[t Pjd\ PsfTds :j?ksf] ;/sf/df Jofks kl/jt{g cfO{ ;+3Lo zf;gsf] ;+rfng ;Fu}
hgtfsf] efjgf cg'?k æl;+b/af/sf] pkl:ylt hgtfsf] 3/ cfFugdfÆ eGg] plQmnfO{ an ldNg]5 .
s]Gb|Lo ;+u7g
ablnFbf] kl/l:yltdf s]Gb|n] ;Dkfbg ub{} cfPsf] a[xt sfo{ef/ k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;~rfng
ug{] ePsfn] ljBdfg s]Gb|sf] ;+u7g :j?kdf klg kl/jt{g u/L ;fgf] / 5l/tf] t'Nofpg' h?/L 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! -v_-$_ df /fHosf gLltx? klxrfg ug{] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
:jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/ d'Qm, pQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt
x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"t ug{] k|ltj4tf hfx]/
ul/Psfn] o;af/] lg0f{o lng' h?/L 5 .
34
jt{dfg ;dodf s]Gb|df #! dGqfno ;~rfngdf 5g\ . tL dGqfno ;~rfngsf nflu ^$ hgfsf]
eLdsfo dGqLd08n 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f &^-(_ df /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf]
l;kmfl/;df ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o dWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGt adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL ;lxt al9df
kRrL; hgf dGqL /x]sf] dlGqd08n u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psfn] klg kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df
s]Gb| l:yt dGqL / dGqfnosf] ;+Vof 36fpg cfjZos 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt, @)&) n] s]Gb|Lo :t/df !* j6f
dGqfno sfod ug{ ;'emfP klg ;+qmd0fsfnsf] gfddf ;f] ;'emfj sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g . clkt'
dGqfnox? lj:tf/ u/L dGqLx?sf] ;+Vof a9fpFb} nluof] .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfof{Gjog cg'udg k|ltj]bg, @)&# n] lbPsf] ;'emfj
cg';f/ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf /xg] dGqfnox?sf] ;+Vof !@ ;'emfOPsf] 5 . tL dGqfno o; k|sf/
5g\ M
-!_ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no -@_ /Iff dGqfno -#_ cy{ dGqfno -$_ sfg'g tyf
Gofo dGqfno -%_ k//fi6« dGqfno -^_ ;+3Lo dfldnf dGqfno -&_ u[x dGqfno -*_ dfgj
;+;fwg ljsf; dGqfno -(_ ko{6g, pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo dGqfno -!)_ hn>f]t tyf s[lif
dGqfno -!!_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno -!@_ /fli6«o k"jf{wf/ dGqfno .
k|:tfljt dGqfno s'g} nf}x lgod cGtu{t l;kmfl/; ul/Psf xf]Ogg\ . cfjZostf cg';f/ ltgsf]
gfd / ;+Vof x]¿km]/ x'g ;Sb5 . To;/L yk36 ul/Psf dGqfnosf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ul/g' k5{ .
pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltn] s]Gb|df ljefux? ;d]t g/fVg ;'emfPsf] 5 . dGqfno ;+Vof
Ps cfk;df ljlng u/fO{ sfd ug{] ;Gbe{df dGqfnon] ;Dkfbg ug{] sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/L ljleGg
dxfzfvf, zfvf lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;/L :yfkgf ul/g] gofF o'lg6sf] lhDd]jf/L pRr
:t/Lo k|zf;ssf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 . d'Vo s'/f ;'zf;gsf] dd{ cg'?k hgtfnfO{
k'¥ofOg] ;]jf l56f] 5l/tf] / sd vr{df ;Dkfbg ul/g] Joj:yf lgdf{0f ul/g' cfjZos 5 .
k|fb]lzs ;+u7g
k|:t't n]v tof/ kfbf{;Dd k|b]zsf] s]Gb| sxfF /xg], k|b]z k|d'v sf] x'g] eGg] af/]df ;d]t
;/sf/n] s'g} lg0f{o lnOPsf] 5}g . k|b]z ;efdf lgjf{lrt eP/ cfPsf ;f+;bx?n] k|b]z k|d'vl;t
;kyu|x0f ug'{kg{] sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5 . ctM of] sfo{ klg k|fyldstfdf ;DkGg ul/g' kb{5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @**-@_ df o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL ;DalGwt k|b]z ;efdf
tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o eP adf]lhd x'g]5 egL
n]lvPsfn] ;f] sfo{ gx'Fbf;Dd s]Gb|n] g} c:yfoL /fhwfgL tf]Sg'kg{] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] lj1 ;lDdlnt ;ldltn] k|b]zsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft, k|zf;sLo
;'udtf, ef}uf]lns s]Gb| P]ltxfl;s dxTj / ;'/Iffsf] b[li6nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL /fhwfgL /fVg
;'emfPsf] 5 .
35
k|b]z g+= k|:tfljt /fhwfgLsf] s]Gb|*
! lj/f6gu/, O6x/L, wgs'6f
@ hgsk'/
# ag]kf, w'lnv]n, sf7df8f}F, x]6f}F8f
$ kf]v/f
% t'N;Lk'/, bfª, a'6an
^ ;'v{]t
& wgu9L, lbkfon
* kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ ;/sf/n] ;x/L ljsf; dGqfnon] ;'emfP cg';f/ ;ft k|b]zsf] c:yfoL /fhwfgL qmdzM
lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, eQmk'/, kf]v/f, bfª, ;'v{]t / wgu9L tf]Sg] af/] ;j{bnLo ;xdlt h'6fpFb} 5 . t/ k|b]z g+= $ / ^
afx]s cGo k|b]zsf hgtfn] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o abNg' kg{] af/] ljleGg bjfj sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L /x]5g\ .
ljutdf ljsf; If]qsf] ;b/d'sfdnfO{ k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL tf]s]df wgs'6f, x]6f}F8f, kf]v/f, ;'v{]t /
lbkfon g} pko'Qm 7fpF b]lvG5 . If]qLo ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df tL 7fpFdf s]xL ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;d]t
lgdf{0f e};s]sfn] o;af/] lg0f{o lnFbf ;/sf/nfO{ yk cfly{s ef/ kg{] 5}g . k|b]z g+= @ / % sf
;DaGwdf gofF lg0f{o lng' kg{]5 . jt{dfg ;dodf s]Gb|n] c:yfoL /fhwfgL tf]Sbf ;DalGwt
k|b]zsf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwl;t ;d]t k/fdz{ u/L lg0f{o lnPdf ef]lnsf lbgdf ltg} 7fpFdf
:yfoL /fhwfgL ;~rfng ug{ ;xh x'g]5 . o; ljifonfO{ lnP/ lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?n] g}
leGbf leGb} dfu /fv]df lg0f{odf k'Ug ufx|f] x'g]5 .
gofF kl/j]zdf s]Gb|df h:t} k|b]zdf klg dGqfnox?sf] lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 . pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g
;'wf/ sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldlt @)&# n] ;'emfP cg';f/ k|b]zn] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg{] sfo{sf
cfwf/df b]xfosf bz dGqfno u7g ug'{ kg{] b]lvG5 M
-!_ d'VodGqLsf] sfof{no -@_ cy{ dGqfno -#_ u[x dGqfno -$_ sfg'g dGqfno -%_ lzIff tyf
:jf:Yo dGqfno -^_ e"ld Joj:yfkg dGqfno -&_ s[lif tyf kz' ljsf; dGqfno -*_ k"jf{wf/
ljsf; dGqfno -(_ jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / k|fs[lts >f]t dGqfno -!_ pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfno . o; ;'emfjsf afah'b ;/sf/n], k|f/lDes r/0fdf k|To]s k|b]zdf & dGqfno
/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^*-(_ df k|b]z k|d'vn] d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]z ;efsf ;b:odWo]af6
;dfj]zL l;4fGt adf]lhd d'VodGqL ;lxt k|b]z ;efsf s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] aL; k|ltzteGbf
al9 gx'g] u/L k|b]z dGqLkl/ifb\ u7g ug{] 5 egL Joj:yf u/] cg'?k pQm lg0f{o lnOPsf] x'g
;Sb5 .
:yfgLo ;+u7g
;+3 / k|b]z h:t} :yfgLo txdf klg :jfoQtf k|bfg u/L cfd hgtfsf b}lgs cfjZostf l;t
;DalGwt sfo{ / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;'lDkPsfn] ljutdf lhNnf:t/df ;+rfng
ul/Psf nfOg Ph]G;Lx? cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo txdf ;d]t :yfkgf ul/g' kb{5 . of] sfo{
Hofb} vlr{nf] / Joj:yfkg ldnfpg s]xL ;do nfUg] eP tfklg ;+3Lotfn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf]
36
æl;+b/af/sf] ;]jf hgtfsf] 3/ b}nf]dfÆ k'¥ofpg o;sf] ljsNk b]lvGg . pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/
sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldltn] :yfgLo txdf ;+rfng ul/g' kg{] sfof{nox? b]xfo cg';f/
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
-s_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt -v_ ufpF÷gu/ sfo{kflnsf -u_ ufpF÷gu/ e"ld Joj:yfkg tyf
;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;+/If0f sfof{no -3_ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfof{no -ª_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Joj:yfkg
sfof{no -r_ :yfgLo lzIff k|zf;g sfof{no -5_ :yfgLo cbfnt .
k|ltlglw;ef / k|b]z;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g' eGbf klxn] g} j}zfv #!, cfiff9 !$ / @ c;f]h @)&$
df tLg r/0f u/L :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ tL lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;d]t k|f/De
ul/;s]sfn] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f kZrft\ :yfgLo txsf] ;~rfngdf ;xhtf cfpg] cg'dfg
nufpg ;lsG5 .
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf r'gf}tL
;+3Lotfsf] k|of]u g]kfnsf nflu gf}nf] xf] . of] k4lt cg'z/0f ug{] /fi6«x? ljZjdf @( 5g\ . slt
/fi6«n] o;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjg u/]sf 5g\ eg] cGo slt /fi6« o; k4ltaf6 kms{]/ k'gM PsfTds
zf;g k|0ffnLd} kms{]sf klg 5g\ . o;/L k'/fg} zf;g k4ltdf kms{g] d'n'sdf ;f];lni6 l/klAns
ckm o'uf]:nfleof, Sofd?g, o'uf08f / r]sf]:nfeflsof 5g\ . o;}u/L Olyof]lkof, gfOh]l/of, blIf0f
;'8fgdf klg ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] Oltxf; k9\bf s] klg af]w ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ;+3Lotfsf]
sfof{Gjog ax'hflt, ax'efifL ePsf] b]zdf Tolt ;kmn ePsf] kfOGg . ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu d'n's cfly{s ?kn] klg ;Ifd x'g} kb{5 . /fHo afF8]/ dfq x'Fb}g, To;/L 5'l6\6Psf /fHon]
cfkm\gf] zf;g Joj:yf ;xh 9+un] ;+rfng ug{] Ifdtf klg /fVg' kb{5 . o; cy{df g]kfndf
;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog c;fWo geP klg of] Tolt ;xh klg b]lvGg . o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf
klxrfg ul/Psf s]xL r'gf}tL b]xfodf k|:t't 5g\ M
!= ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf
g]kfnsf] ;+3Lotfsf] ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ;a} lgsfo
:jtGq 5g\ . k|b]zsf] dftxtdf :yfgLo tx /flvPsf 5}gg\ . :yfgLo txnfO{ s;n] lgb{]z
ub{5 eGg] klg pNn]v 5}g . k|b]z kl5 ;f]em} :yfgLo txsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/Psfn] /
lhNnfsf] pkl:ylt cfjZos gb]lvPsfn] ef]lnsf lbgdf ;+u7g ;+rfngsf] b[li6n] cfb]zsf]
PsfTdstf (Unity of Command) / lgoGq0fsf] bfo/f (Span of Control) sfod /fVg
c;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . o; cy{df ;f+u7lgs b[li6n] x]bf{ ljBdfg ;+/rgf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
@= sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf
;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf l;nl;nfdf k|ltlglw ;ef tkm{ @&%, k|b]z ;efdf %%) / /fli6«o
;efdf %( u/L hDdf **$ ;f+;b /xg] Joj:yf 5 . cy{ dGqfnon] tof/ u/]sf] k"j{ cg'dfg
cg';f/ tTsfn ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu * b]lv !) va{ ?k}ofF cfjZos kg{] b]lvPsf] 5 .
37
k|b]z ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|lt jif{ ?= # va{ %) ca{ nfUg]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . jflif{s !%÷!^ va{sf] ah]6 tof/ ug{] /fi6«n] of] vr{ wfGg ;S5 ;Sb}g
egL s'g} u[x sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvGg . ;+3Lotf ;~rfngsf nflu vr{ h'6fpg ljZj a}Ín] cGo
bft[ /fi6«;Fu ;dGjo ul/lbg] ;dfrf/ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf 5g\ . o; ;dfrf/n]
;+3Lotfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog / /fi6«sf] :jtGqtfdf k|Zg v8f u/]sf] 5 .
;+3 / k|b]zdf /xg] ;f+;bsf cltl/Qm k|b]zdf k|b]z k|d'v, d'VodGqLsf] ;d]t Joj:yf
ul/Psfn] tL ;+u7gsf] ;~rfngsf nflu 7"nf] wg/fzLsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;ft
k|b]zsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ klg 7"nf] x'g]5 . rfn' cf=j= @)&$.)&% df k"jf{g'dfg u/] cg'?k
/fh:j p7g g;s] kl5 ;/sf/n] rsf{] Aofh lt/L ! va{ !) ca{ ?k}ofF cfGtl/s C0f
lnO;s]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf rfF8} ;'wf/ x'g] nIf0f klg b]lvGg . gofF :yfkgf ul/Psf k|b]z /
:yfgLo txnfO{ klg s]Gb| ;/sf/n] g} k'/} ah]6 lbg' kg{] cj:yfdf ltgsf] lg/Gt/tf s;/L /
slxn];Dd eGg] k|Zg p7fPsf] 5 .
#= hgzlQm Joj:yfkg
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ df Joj:yf ul/P cg'?k xfn s]Gb|Lo txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ug{] lg0f{o lnOPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL P]g th'{df ul/P tfklg lgod
kfl/t ul/Psf] 5}g . ckjfbdf s]xL sd{rf/L :j]R5fn] k|b]z, :yfgLo txdf uO{ ;]jf ug{
tTk/ b]lvP tfklg clwsf+z sd{rf/L :j:km"t{ 9+un] ;f] 7fpFdf uO{ ;]jf ug{ tTk/ b]lvGgg\ .
k|yd r/0f d} aL;f}F xhf/ sd{rf/Lx? k|b]z, :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ug{ Tolt ;xh klg
b]lvGg . oxL cj:yf af]w u/L sl/a !%,))) sf] ;+Vofdf :j]R5fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsf; lng
rfxg] sd{rf/Lsf nflu cg'dflgt ?= %) ca{ rflxg] af/]sf] ;'emfj ;/sf/nfO{ cy{dGqfnon]
lbO ;s]sf] 5 . o; lg0f{on] Psftkm{ cg'ejL sd{rf/L :j]lR5s cjsfz lnO{ 3/ kms{g] /
csf{]tkm{ cg'ej gePsf sd{rf/L ;]jfdf leq\ofpg' kg{] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
$= ef}lts k"jf{wf/
;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/] cg'?k ;ft k|b]zsf] ;~rfngsf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/ h'6fpg klg
7"nf] wg/fzL / ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf ;f+;b ejg, k|b]z k|d'v / d'Vo dGqLsf]
sfof{no lgdf{0f ug{ dfq klg caf{}+ ?lkofF vr{ x'g] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;+;bLo zf;g Joj:yf
k|f/De ePsf] ^) jif{ lalt;Sbf ;d]t s]Gb|df Pp6f ;+;b ejg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g /
of] sfo{ ef8fsf] 3/df ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] k[i7e"lddf k|b]zdf ;+;b ejg klg l56\6}
alg xfNg] sNkgf ug{ ufx|f] 5 .
k|b]zsf dftxtdf /xg] ljleGg dGqfno, sfof{nosf nflu ;d]t ejg, ;jf/L ;fwg / cGo
ef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] hf]xf] ug'{ kg{] b]lvG5 . o; kIfdf ljrf/ ubf{ xfdLn] cfly{s cj:yfn] wfGg}
g;Sg] ;+3Lotfsf] ef/L sfFwdf p7fO/x]sf 5f}F ls egL k|Zg ug{]sf] ;+Vof klg sd b]lvGg .
38
%= 3/]n' ljdtL
;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg n]Vg' eGbf k"j{ g} @)^# ;fn h]7 $ df >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;6\6f
g]kfn ;/sf/ / b]z wd{lg/k]If ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . o;}u/L @)^% h]7 !% ut] b]zdf
u0ftGq 3f]if0ff u/L @)^% h]7 @( df /fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ gf/fo0flx6L b/af/af6 alx{udg
ul/of] . b]zdf jt{dfg ;dodf klg ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq ;lxtsf] lxGb' /fi6« x'g' k5{ eGg]
hgdt ;d]t 7"nf] b]lvG5 t/ pgLx?sf] cfjfh ;'lgPsf] 5}g .
o; ljifosf ;fy} b]zdf ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog ;Dej 5}g, of] aflx/L bjfjdf NofOPsf]
eg]/ 7"nf /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx? g} 7fpF 7fpFdf cleJolQm lbO/x]5g\ . o; kIfnfO{ ;d]t
dgg ubf{ ;+3Lotfsf] eljio dfly g} k|Zg p7fOPsf] 5 .
^= k|b]z ;+Vofsf] ljjfb
;+ljwfgdf & k|b]zsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv Ps dw]z Ps k|b]zsf] dfu klg
;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5}g . ef]lnsf lbgdf hfltut cfwf/df gofF k|b]zsf] dfu gcfpnf eGg
;lsGg . jt{dfg ;dodf ^ gDa/ k|b]zaf6 afFs] alb{of lhNnf cnu /fv]sf] / @ gDa/
lhNnf–!, k|b]zdf s'g} kxf8L lhNnf ;dfj]z gul/Psf] af/] klg c;Gtf]if hf/L g} 5 . /fHosf]
/fhwfgL sxfF /fVg] eGg] ljifo ;d]t clgl0f{t 5 . o;}u/L sltko gu/kflnsf,
ufpFkflnsfsf] sfof{no sxfF /fVg] eGg] af/]df ljjfb oyfjt\ 5 .
&= k|ltef knfog
b]zdf cl:y/ /fhgLlt / a9\bf] a]/f]huf/Lsf sf/0f o'jfx? ljb]lzg] qmd a9\bf] 5 . lzlIft
o'jfx? cd]l/sf, ci6]«lnof / o'/f]kdf / sf]/f hgzlQm vf8L d'n'sdf sfdsf] vf]hLdf
wfO/x]5g\ . ljut bz÷kGw| jif{df dfq sfdsf] vf]hLdf %) nfv eGbf al9 g]kfnL o'jfx?
ljb]lzPsf] tYofÍ 5 .
>ldsx?sf] cefjdf b]z leq ;~rflnt ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . o'jfx?
ljb]lzPs} sf/0f df]km;nsf lhNnfsf s[lifsf] pTkfbg 36]/ uPsf] 5 . pBf]uwGbf ;~rfngdf
nufgL al9/x]sf] 5}g . o;n] ;d:t /fi6«sf] cy{tGqdf k|lts"n c;/ kfl//x]5 . cfd
gful/sn] o'jf lk9LnfO{ ljb]z k7fP/ ljsf; s;sf nflu eGg] kL8fbfos k|Zg /fhgLlt1x?
;dIf /fVbf To;sf] hjfkm pgLx?af6 kfOb}g . oyfy{df b]z ljsf;sf nflu ljb]lzg nfu]sf
o'jfx?nfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ >[hgf ug{] / knfog ePsf k|ltefx?nfO{ :jb]z
gkmsf{Osg b]zsf] ;d[l4 / ljsf; ;Dej b]lvGg . o; uxg k|Zgdf /fi6«n] ;Daf]wg ug}{
kb{5 .
*= aflx/L x:tIf]k
g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv aflx/L x:tIf]k /xFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o; qmdn]
eljiodf lg/Gt/tf k|fKt gunf{ egL ljZj:t x'g ;lsGg . g]kfnsf l5d]sL /fi6« dfq geO{
39
o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf /fi6«x?sf] ;d]t oxfF :jfy{ ufFl;Psf] b]lvG5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df gjul7t
k|b]z ;/sf/n] yk :jfoQtfsf ;fy cfkm\gf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{] ePsfn] of] jf Tof]
axfgfdf s'g} klg aflx/L /fi6«n] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ l;4 ug{ k|b]z ;/sf/ cyjf ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf]
;d]t pkof]u gunf{g\ eGg ;lsGg . o; ljifodf ;d]t rgfvf] /xg' kb{5 .
pk;+xf/
;+3Lotf ;a} /f]usf] cf}iflw xf]Og . g]kfndf o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;~rfng ug{ g;s] of]
Pp6f k|of]udf ;Lldt x'g ;Sb5 . ctM o;sf] ;kmn ;~rfngsf nflu b]zleqsf ;a}
/fhgLlt1x? Ps 7fpFdf pleg'sf] ljsNk b]lvGg . xfdL b]z leq} hlt ljeflht x'G5f}F, Tolt g}
aflx/L x:tIf]k xfjL x'g hfG5 . ctM ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] r'gf}tLx? ;Daf]wg
ug{]tkm{ ;DalGwt ;a}sf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos 5 . b]zdf k|To]s bz, aL; jif{df gofF k|zf;lgs
k4ltsf] k/LIf0f ug{] k|yfdf ;d]t k"0f{lj/fd nufpg h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
• eLdb]j e§, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, cf7f}F ;+:s/0f, @)&#
• eLdb]j e§, g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs Oltxf;, bf];|f] ;+:s/0f, @)&$
40
/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfkg M cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tLx?
" w/0fLw/ vltj8f
;f/f+z
/fHoleq a;f]jf; ug]{ ;a} dflg;sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg' /fHosf]
bfloTj xf] . PsfTds /fHo ;+/rgfaf6 ;+3fTds :j?kdf g]kfnn] km8\sf] df/]sf] ;Gbe{df
;'/Iff cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . /fli6«o ;Ldfsf] ;'/Iff / cGo
k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff r'gf}tLnfO{ dfq gx]/]/ vfB ;'/Iff, kof{j/0fLo ;'/Iff, ;fO{j/ ck/fw Pj+
k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd;Da4 r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;d]t b[li6uf]r/ ub}{ ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg ug'{
h?/L 5 . g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLntfsf] klxrfg / ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u
ug{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / k|zf;lgs / ;'/Iff ;+u7gsf] c;n k|zf;lgs sfo{z}nL /
;femf lhDd]jf/Laf]w cfjZos 5 .
ljifo k|j]zM
;'/Iff /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] ljifoleq ;Daf]wg ul/g'kg]{ d"n ljifo xf] . /fHoleq a;f]af; ug]{ ;a}
dflg;sf] hLjgsf] ;'/Iff Tof] /fHosf] bfloTjleq kg]{ ljifo xf] eg] hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'/Iff
zf;sLo bfloTj xf] . Pp6f :jfwLg /fi6«sf] zf;sLo bfloTj lng] hgtfsf k|ltlglw /
k|zf;sx?sf] ;femf lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljifo Pjd\ k|fyldstfsf] ljifo /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf] . /fi6«sf]
pTklQ / ToxfF a;f]af; ug]{ gful/sx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ b}lgsL;Fu ;'/Iffn] ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . To;}n]
/fli6«o ;'/Iff eGgfn] b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf ;fy} d'n'sleq
a;f]af; ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL ?kdf k"0f{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"tL ;d]t xf] .
;'/Iff dflg;sf] …afFRg kfpg]Ú dfq xf]Og …;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]Ú clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
of] ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkqn] cl3 ;f/]sf cfwf/e't clwsf/, cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo
k|lta4tf, cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw / ;Demf}tfx? ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] cg'df]bg u/]sf ;'/Iffsf wf/0ff
/ k|lt1fkqx? clg xfd|f] xfn;Dd arfO/fVg ;s]sf uf}/jk"0f{ k/Dk/f, e"uf]n, e"–/fhgLlt,
;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, eflifs, ax'ntf, ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg / ultzLn /fhgLlts kl/j]zl;t
;DalGwt 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] zflGt / k|ultsf] rfxgf;Fu cg]stfleq Pstf rfxg] pRr
cfWoflTds pb\jf]wg;Fu, j]b, pklgifb / uLtfh:tf cd"No u|Gyx?n] k|bfg u/]sf 1fgx?af6 xfd|f
jL/ k'vf{x?n] 5f]8]/ hfg'ePsf jL/tfk"0f{ sfo{x?af6 cg'k|fl0ft / l;+lrt ePsfn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljutsf] alnbfgk"0f{ Oltxf;, jt{dfg k':tfn] ef]lu/x]sf] g]kfnsf] jf:tljstf /
efjL k':tfsf nflu xfdLn] 5f8]/ hfg'kg]{ zfGt, ;d[4 / ;'Gb/ g]kfnsf] lqj]0fLl;t hf]8]/ ;dLIff
ug'{ a9L ;fGble{s x'G5 . To;}n] n]vsf] kl5Nnf] k|s/0fn] ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo
oyfy{nfO{ hf]8]/ ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ug]{5 .

" k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .
41
/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff
/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff ;DalGwt /fi6« clg ljZjkl/j]zdf 36]sf jf 36\g] dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts
36gf, zlQm /fi6«x?aLr b]vfkg]{ ;fdl/s zlQm ;Gt'ng, dxTjk"0f{ /fi6«x?aLr b]vfkg]{ cfly{s,
Jofkfl/s Pjd\ s'6gLlts ;DaGw, ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df b]vfkl//x]sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
/fhgLlts ;DaGwsf hl6ntfx?, ul/a / cNkljsl;t d'n'sx?n] ef]lu/x]sf k/Dk/fut /
ck/Dk/fut ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx?, ljZjJofkL ?kdf b]vf k/]sf xltof/sf] xf]8afhL, k|ljlw / ;"rgfsf]
If]qdf b]vf k/]sf] rdTsfl/s ljsf;, wgL / ul/a d'n'ssf hgtfaLrsf] hLjgsf] u'0ffTdstfdf
b]lvg] leGgtf / Pp6f /fi6«leq hghLjgdf b]vfkg{] ;fdflhs åGå / hl6ntfsf] ;fk]Iftfdf
x]g'{kg]]{ x'G5 . ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ z'Gotf jf lg/k]Iftfdf gx]/]/ ljZj kl/b[Zo / /fli6«o
kl/j]zdf ;+If]kdf /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
!= ljZj kl/j]z
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKtkl5 ;'? ePsf] zLt o'4sfn, ;f]leot ;+3sf] lj36g clg
tTkZrft\ ljZj /fhgLltdf b]vf k/]sf] kl/jt{g Pjd\ /fli6«o :jflwgtfsf
cfGbf]ngx?af6 k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff -/fli6«o cv08tf, :jfledfg /
;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ;+/If0f_ df gofF cfofd / kIfx? ylkg uP . k|lt:kwf{Tds cy{Joj:yf,
v'nf ahf/, pbf/Ls/0fn] Psflt/ k"FhL, >d / pTkfbg Pjd\ pkef]Qmfsf ;DaGwx?nfO{
gofF lbzf lbg] k|oTg ub}{ /fHosf] bfloTjsf k/Dk/fut ;Ldfx?df ;+s'rg k|bfg ub}{
zf;gsf gofF kfqx?sf] pkl:yltnfO{ a9fpFb} nUof] . To;}n] ;g\ !(^) sf] bzskl5
/fHosf] ;Ldf ;'/Iff, afXo cfqmd0faf6 ;'/Iff, cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf k/Dk/fut / zf:qLo
dfGotfx?sf] cltl/Qm /fHodf b]vf kg]{ jf b]vf kg{ ;Sg] cGo ;d:ofx?sf] ;Daf]wgsf
nflu ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffdf cfw'lgs ;f]r / cjwf/0ffaf/] clwsf+z /fi6« / ;/sf/sf] Wofg
s]lGb|t x'g k'Uof] .
d'n'sleq JofKt ;fk]If / lg/k]If ul/aL, cfosf] c;dfgtf, vfB c;'/Iff, ;fdflhs,
;fF:s[lts, hftLo, juL{o, wfld{s Pjd\ n}lus lje]b lx+;fTds åGådf k/]sf kLl8tx?n]
k|fKt ug'{kg]{ Gofo / Ifltk"lt{sf ljifo, dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw kIfx? -g};lu{s clwsf/,
/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, z}lIfs, cfly{s cflb_ sf] cjx]ngf, cfGtl/s lj:yfkg,
z/0ffyL{ ;d:of, cft+sjfb, ;fOa/ ck/fw, k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd, hnjfo' kl/jt{g
h:tf ljifo /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] rf;f] / sltko ljifo /fi6«sf] ;Ldf aflx/ k'u]/ ljZjJofkL
;'/Iff rf;f]sf ljifo aGg k'u] . o;/L x]bf{ ;'/Iff Pp6f ax'cfoflds, ax'kIfLo /fli6«o
k|fyldstfsf] ljifo aGg k'Uof] . of] ;TonfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf tTsfnLg dxf;lrj
sf]lkm cGgfgsf] g]t[Tjn] cToGt dxTjsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg'sf ;fy} ljZjsf cToGt
ljsl;t s]xL d'n'sn] ;g\ () sf] bzskl5 k|fyldstf Pjd\ pT;fxsf ;fy cl3
a9fPsf] ljZj kl/b[ZonfO{ cToGt ;+If]kdf lgDg k|s/0fdf pNn]v ug{ pko'Qm 7flgPsfn]
ToxL n]vsLo bfloTjsf] lgjf{x ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cu'jfO{df ;g\
!(*) df ljNnL j|fG6sf] cfof]un] gofF ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff k|:t'tLsf nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/
/ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ cfu|x u/]kl5 k|sflzt ;g\ !(*# sf] k|ltj]bgn] d"ntM cfly{s
42
ljifdtfn] c;'/Iffsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ a9fpF5 . To;}n] North South Program for Survival
dfkm{t\ ef]s / ul/aL lj?4 n8]/ ljifdtfsf] Go"gLs/0f ug'{ k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff cl3
;f/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;} qmddf …hgtf, /fHo / qf;Ú gfds j]/L j'hgsf] k':tsn] /fHon] hgtfdf s'g}klg
k|sf/sf] qf;df afFRg'kg]{ afWotfsf] cGTo ub}{ Pp6f ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] ?kdf
cfkm\gf ;+u7gx?nfO{ kl/rfng ub}{ zflGt ;'/Iff k|Tofe't ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjaf]wsf] z+vgfb
u/]kl5 ;'/Iffsf] gjLgtd cjwf/0ffn] qmdzM pkNnf] :t/sf] /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs
g]t[TjnfO{ rgfvf] agfPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . sf]kgx]ug ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;'/Iff
cjwf/0ff o;};Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] b]lvG5 .
csf]{tkm{ Sofg8fh:tf] ljsl;t d'n'sn] ;g\ !((^ df /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
eoaf6 d'lQm eGg] cfwf/df cl3 a9fof] . o;nfO{ k|foM ;a} /fi6«n] cf–cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf]
d"n sfg'g / To; cGtu{tsf gLlt Pjd\ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] u/L
Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ eg]/ :jLsf/ ub}{ ubf{ csf]{ ljsl;t d'n's hfkfgn] ;g\ !((( df
hgtfnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf] clgjfo{ cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug]{ / eoaf6 d'lQm lbg] eg]/
Sofg8fåf/f cl3 ;f/]sf] cjwf/0ffsf] lj:t[lts/0f u¥of] .
oxL qmddf ;g\ @))! df k]l/;df ;DkGg …towards a culture of peace Ú nfO{ d"n ljifo
agfOPsf] o'g]:sf] ;Dd]ng ;g\ @))$ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f k|sflzt /fi6«;+3Lo
;x>fAbL k|ltj]bg …cem ;'/lIft ljZj–xfd|f] ;fd'lxs bfloTjÚ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
cfXjfg / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf tTsfnLg dxf;lrj sf]lkm cGgfgsf] …a[xt :jtGqtfÚ
;DaGwL ;g\ @))% sf] k|ltj]bg /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] gjLgtd cjwf/0ffleq gful/ssf]
;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs Pjd\ cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdl/s b[li6sf]0fn] cnu–cnu
kl/j]zdf /x]sf /fi6«–/fi6«aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ljZj e|ft[Tj, k|]d, ;b\efj, efOrf/f,
;dfgtf, ;xcl:tTj, kf/:kl/s ljZjf;h:tf d"Nox?sf] k[i7kf]if0f ug'{kg]{ klxnf]
k|fyldstfsf] ljifo dfGb} ljZjzflGt clg To;leq /fli6«o zflGtsf dfWodaf6 ;d[l4sf]
cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 7DofO n]vssf] 5 . ;'/Iff lagf zflGt ;+ej 5}g . zflGt
lagf ;d[l4 cfpFb}g . ;d[l4sf] cefjdf /fli6«o v'zLofnL k|fKt x'Gg . To;}n] zflGtk|ltsf]
ToxL ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+lIfKt ?kdf
lgDg adf]lhd x]g{ pko'Qm xf]nf .
@= xfd|f] kl/j]z / ;Gbe{df cjwf/0ff
sl/a ^@ jif{ nfdf] of]hgfa4 cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|of;sf ?kdf cfPsf cfjlws
of]hgfx?df, @))& ;fnb]lv @)$& ;fn;Dd ePsf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g / ;+j}wflgs
ljsf;qmd, To;kl5 ePsf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng, a[xt zflGt ;Demf}tfkl5 ag]sf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;efaf6 hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ ;d]tnfO{ x]/]/
clxn]sf] kl/j]zdf ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffaf/] rrf{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lsgeg] ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff
ablnPsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;fF:s[lts kl/j]]z / ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf]
l5d]sL d'n'sl;tsf] s'6gLlts ;DaGw, s'6gLlts ;DaGwsf] cGt/f{li6«o If]q, ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3;Fusf] xfd|f] ;DaGw;Fusf] ;fk]Iftfdf cl3 a9\g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{
43
hgcfGbf]ngkl5 :yflkt x'g uPsf] u0ftGq / PsfTds /fHo ;+/rgfaf6 ;+3fTds
:j?kdf g]kfnn] km8\sf] df/]sf] l:yltn] ubf{ ;''/Iff cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . rf}wf}F of]hgfdf o; ljifonfO{ Hofb} v'\s'nf] / ;txL ?kdf k|j]z
u/fOPsf] b'Mv nfUbf] cj:yf x]bf{ of]hgfljb\x?df /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf
dxTjk"0f{ kIf / ljsf;l;t o;sf] cGt/;DaGwaf/]sf] c1fgtf ;d]t k|i6 x'G5 . ;'/Iff
;f]rdf cfPsf] lj:t[tLs/0fn] /fli6«o ;Ldfsf] ;'/Iff / cGo k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff r'gf}tL dfq
x]g]{ cjwf/0ffn] gofF r'gf}tLx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
o;/L x]bf{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffn] ef]s / cefjaf6 d'lQm, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;lxtsf]
;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f, hg;xeflutf / gful/s ;+nUgtfdf x'g] ljsf; / To;sf]
lbuf]kg, hn, hldg / h+unsf] ljj]szLn 9+usf] k|of]u ub}{ jftfj/0fLo Pjd\ kof{j/0fLo
;'/Iff, k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f / To;sf] k|efjaf6 kg{ ;Sg] k|lts'ntfdf
k|bfg ul/g] ;'/Iff, ck/Dk/fut ;'/Iff r'gf}tLsf] ;Daf]wg -;fOa/ ck/fw, nfu' cf}ifw
lgoGq0f, dfgj a]rlavg, ;fgf xftxltof/sf] cf];f/k;f/, lkm/f}tL, ckx/0f, cft+sjfb
cflb_ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, l5d]sL ldq /fi6« Pjd\ cGo /fi6«x?;Fusf] ;';DaGwåf/f
zflGtk|ltsf] xfd|f] c6n cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ hf]ufpg, k|a4{g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf /
;'/IffnfO{ ;du| ljsf; k|lqmof;Fu ;+of]hg ub}{ ;d[4 g]kfn agfpg'kg]{ /fli6«o lhDd]jf/L
;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg'k5{ . k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff k|aGw ;'/lIft hLjg afFRg kfpg] ;a}
g]kfnLsf] cfwf/e't clwsf/, lbuf] zflGt clg ljsf;sf] clgjfo{ k"j{zt{ xf] . o;/L x]bf{
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / k|d'v sfo{sf/L c+usf ?kdf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] gful/s ;jf]{Rrtfsf cfwf/df ljlwsf] zf;g cg'?k ;/f]sf/jfnf ;'/Iff
lgsfox?nfO{ pRrtd Jofj;flos Ifdtfdf sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f / sfo{ut :jtGqtf
g]kfn k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo k|zf;g P]gnufot g]kfn k|x/L, z;:q k|x/L an g]kfn,
/fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;'b[l9s/0fsf nflu / g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd cTofjZos ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf sfo{df ;/sf/n] kl/rfng
ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 . cfd;~rf/ dfWodx?, gful/s ;dfh, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] klg /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / To;sf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ x]/]/ ;'/Iff
;'b[l9s/0fnfO{ st{Josf] ?kdf lng'k5{ . ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] eg] To:tf]
bfloTjk|ltsf] af]wnfO{ gful/s st{Josf] ?kdf cg'zLng ub}{ lx+;fsf] dgf]lj1fgnfO{
hg:t/af6 k|lt/f]w ug]{ pRr gful/s r]tgf:t/ klg ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffsf] :yfgLo w/ftn
xf] .
pNn]lvt cjwf/0ffsf cfwf/df x]bf{ ;+j}wflgs sfg'gL, gLltut Pjd\ ;+:yfut k|aGwsf]
Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} klg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLx? lgDg ?kdf pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 .
!= /fhgLlts bnx?aLrsf] ltQmtfk"0f{ Jojxf/ / km/s sfo{z}nLsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] åGåsf]
Joj:yfkg,
@= ;+3Lo :j?ksf] /fHosf] /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k
lqmofzLn agfpFb} ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj vnalng glbO{ cfGtl/s /fli6«o
Pstf alnof] kfg'{kg]{,
44
#= a9\bf] ;+:yfut e|i6frf/, ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f / /fhgLltsf] ck/flws/0f /f]Sg
cfjZos kg]{ pRr g}lts w/ftnsf] /fhgLlts ;+:sf/, k|zf;lgs k|lta4tf Pjd\ ;'/Iff
;+u7gx?sf] Jofj;flos pTs[i6tf sfod ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL,
$= ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ ;a} tx / tKsfn] Jojxf/df :jLsf/ u/]/ nf]stflGqs
;+:yfx?n] :yfgLo:t/, k|fb]lzs:t/, s]Gb|:t/;Dd hgpQ/bfoL agfpg'kg]{ r'gf}tL,
%= ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;sf] s8f / g/d kIfsf] cWoog
eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf] ;';+rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] hu]gf{ /
lgod;+ut 9+un] ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng u/]/ k|b]z–k|b]zaLr, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr,
k|b]z / s]Gb|aLrsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ljQLo clwsf/sf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ r'gf}tL,
^= a9\bf] cfly{s k/lge{/tfsf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cy{tGqdf t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx?sf] ljsf;
ug]{ k|Zgdf /fli6«o P]Soa4tf sfod ub}{ ;dtf / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t g]kfnL ;dfh
sfod ug]{ dfu{lrqdf cGt/lj/f]w / j}dg:otf pTkGg x'g glbg] r'gf}tL,
&= ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'?k ;'/Iffsf ;a} cª\ux?sf] ;+/rgfut, k'gM;+/rgf u/]/ :ki6 9ª\un]
;'/Iff sfo{ lbUbz{g cg'?k ;+u7gnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ u[xsfo{ oy]i6 x'g g;s]sf]n]
cfGtl/s / afXo ;'/Iffsf ljifodf b]lvg] c:ki6tfn] Nofpg] r'gf}tL,
*= ck/Dk/fut ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx? -;fOa/ ck/fw, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, dfgj a]rlavg,
ckx/0f, lkm/f}tL, ;fgf xftxltof/sf] laulauL, 8'afg, vfB c;'/Iff tyf cGo ;+ul7t
ck/fwx? cflb_ l;t h'em\g ;Sg] ;+:yfut Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ r'gf}tL,
(= Hofb} k'/fgf] / zf:qLo 9ª\usf] ;"rgf ;+sng ub}{ cfpg] k/Dk/fdf c8]sf ;+:yfx?sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ r'gf}tL,
!)= ldq /fi6« ef/t;Fusf] sl/a !))) dfOn eGbf nfdf] ;Ldf ;'/Iffsf] k|efjsf/L
Joj:yfkg u/]/ ;Ldfdf a;f]af; ug]{ :jfledfgL / b]zeQm g]kfnL ;d]tnfO{ g]kfnsf]
zf;sLo ;Qfsf] ;fy} dft[e"ldk|ltsf] lgs6tfsf] cg'e'tL lbg'kg]{ /fli6«o r'gf}tL,
!!= /fli6«o ;'/Iffk|lt ;Qf / k|ltkIfsf] ljleGg bn / ;d'bfosf] Pp6} b[li6sf]0f sfod /fVg
/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] ljifo agfP/ /fli6«o
;'/Iff kl/ifb\, ;+;bsf] /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt, g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}
dGqfnox?sf] sfo{tTk/tfdf b]lvPsf] lzlyntf / ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgk|ltsf] ;txL
b[li6sf]0fn] v8f u/]sf] r'gf}tL,
cfGtl/s ;'/Iff r'gf}tLsf oL ljifox? g} clGtd eg] dfGg ;lsb}g lsgeg] ;'/Iff
;+j]bgzLntf ;do / kl/l:ylt cg'?k slxn] a9L r'gf}tLk"0f{ / slxn] sd klg x'g ;S5 .
t/ o;k|lt ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} ;w}F ;hu, ;ts{ / st{Joaf]wsf] efjgfn] sfo{/t /xg'kg]{
x'G5 .
afXo ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tLx?
cfGtl/s ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx?sf] cltl/Qm rLg / ef/th:tf lgs6td l5d]sL d'n'ssf] aLrdf /x]sf]
xfd|f] ckl/jt{gLo e"uf]n / e"/fhgLltn] afXo ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tLx?sf] af/]df ;hu x'g'kg]{
cfjZostfnfO{ ckl/xfo{ agfPs} 5 . rLg / ef/taLrsf] a9\bf] Jofkfl/s ;xsfo{ Psflt/ 5 eg]
obfsbf ;Ldfdf b]lvPsf] ljjfbn] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] s'6g}lts z}nLsf] kl/kSjtf x]g]{
cj:yf b]vf kb{5 . ef/t / klZrdf zlQm /fi6« ldq /fi6« cd]l/sf, hfkfg nufotsf d'n's;Fusf]
45
3lgi7tf / ldq /fi6« rLgsf] cfly{s / ;fdl/s If]qdf k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw clg xfd|} If]qleqsf]
a9\b} uO/x]sf] k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxtnfO{ ;Da4{g ub}{ ;d lgs6tfsf] ;DaGwåf/f
g]kfnsf] :jfledfg, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] /Iff ug]{ bfloTjn] klg /fhgLlts
g]t[Tjsf] s'zntfsf] ck]Iff u5{ . xfd|f] e"uf]nsf] jf:tljstf klZrdf zlQm /fi6«nfO{ a'emfP/ Ps
rLg gLltk|ltsf] xfd|f] k|lta4tf sfod /fVbf ldq /fi6« ef/t;Fusf] xfd|f] ;DaGwnfO{ klg plQs}
s'zntfk"j{s ;+rfng ug]{ lg8/tf, lgle{stf / cfr/0fdf :jR5tf b]vfpg] r'gf}tL klg 5 .
To;}n] ;dfgtf, ;xcl:tTj, kf/:kl/s ljZjf;, c;n l5d]sLkgsf cfwf/df xfd|f] zflGt / ljZj
eft[Tjk|ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3;Fusf xfd|f jfrfx?nfO{ k'/f
ub}{ cl3 a9\g clxn]sf] s'6gLlts ;+oGqsf] Hofb} sdhf]/ csf]{ r'gf}tL x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
lgisif{
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf s]xL k/Dk/fut wf/sf r'gf}tLx? 5g\ eg] cGo kIfaf6 yf]kl/Fb}
uPsf r'gf}tLx? klg 5g\ . Hofb} cl:y/ k|sf/sf] ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bnx?df b]lvg] cfTds]lGb|t
bnLo :jfy{sf] k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ ;+:sf/, k|zf;gsf ;a} cª\ux?df k|ToIf ?kdf b]lvg] /fhgLlts
x:tIf]kn] ubf{ c;n zf;sLo rl/qsf] cefj b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . ;+u7gfTds dof{bfdf To:tf
x:tIf]kn] lg/fzf, s'07f, xtfz / lxgtfaf]w dfq NofpFb}g cfb]zsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ >[v+nfsf] s8L
r'Fl8g] 8/ x'G5 . k]zf k|ltsf] OdfGbfl/tf x/fpF5 . To;}n] ;'/Iff r'gf}tLx?sf] rrf{ ubf{ /fhg}lts
txn] b]zelQmk"0f{ ;f]Fr /fv]/ d'n's / d'n'saf;LnfO{ eoaf6 d'Qm, cfwf/e"t cfjZostfaf6 d'Qm
Pp6f zfGt ;dfh lbg ;Sg] u/L ;'/Iff ;+u7gx?nfO{ kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ bfloTjnfO{ la;{g
ldNb}g . cGTodf g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLntf / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] xfd|f] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{
pkof]u ug{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf, k|zf;lgs / ;'/Iff ;+u7gsf] c;n k|zf;lgs
sfo{z}nL / ;femf lhDd]jf/Laf]w cfjZos 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf,
k|ltef, hfFu/ / OdfGbf/ ;+u7gleq x'Fbfx'Fb} klg To;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] v'aL ePsf] s'zn
/fhg]tf / :jR5 /fhgLlts g]t[Tj rflxG5 eGg] ljifo ;+;f/sf ;Eo / ljsl;t b]zsf
pbfx/0fx?n] klg k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf] ;dfwfg ug{ gLltut, ;+:yfut /
k|lqmofut k|of;x?sf] kmnbfoL ;'?jft\ x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{;fdu|Lx?M
• National security council Act, 1947 America
• Maintenance of internal security Act, 1874 India
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@*
• g]kfn k|x/L P]g, @)!@
• ;z:q k|x/L P]g, @)%*
• ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, lgodfjnL @)^(
• k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$*
• ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] @))! df ;DkGg o'g]:sf] ;Dd]ngsf] kfl/t k|ltj]bg .
46
cfljisf/d'vL ;/sf/
" uf]kLgfy d}gfnL
;f/f+z
cfh ef]ln ;/sf/x? gful/snfO{ s;/L l56f], 5l/tf] / :t/Lo ;]jf lbg] eGg] tgfjdf 5g\ .
o;sf nflu ;]jfu|fxL gful/s / ;/sf/ leq}af6 klg Jofks bjfj 5 . nf]stGqsf] lj:tf/,
a9\bf] gful/s r]tgf / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf;sf sf/0f ;/sf/ / p;sf ;+/rgf
gjLg zf;sLo cfljisf/ / gjk|jt{g ug{ afWo 5g\ . gofF gofF k|zf;sLo cjwf/0ffsf]
ljsf;n] klg zf;sLo k|0ffnLleq ;LdfGt ;'wf/ xf]Og, gjk|jt{g jf cfljisf/
-Innovation_ eGg yflnPsf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0f ;]jfu|fxL, u|fxs, pkef]Qmf, gful/s x'Fb}
sltko ;Gbe{df ;xpTkfbs ag]sf 5g\ . To;}n] /fhgLlt1x? /fHok|0ffnLdf gjk|jt{g ug]{ ;f]r
/ pRr Joj:yfksx? k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{df pBt 5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;kmntfsf] s;L klg
gjk|jt{g / d"No l;h{gf x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
cfljisf/d'vL ;/sf/sf] cy{

gjLg ljrf/sf] sfof{Gjog, h;n] d"No l;h{gf ub{5 -Implementing new ideas that creates
values_ Tof] g} cfljisf/ -gjk|jt{g_ xf] elg cd]l/sL cfljisf/ g]6js{n] u/]sf] 5 . pQm
g]6js{sf cg';f/ cfljisf/sf tLg ljz]iftf x'g] ub{5g\ . klxnf], o;n] k|ltkmn a9fpF5, bf];|f],
nfut 36fO ;]jfj:t' a9L sfo{s'zn ?kdf pTkfbg ug{ ;3fpF5 / t];|f], ;/sf/ / ;]jfu|fxL
b'a}nfO{ yk d"No l;h{gf ub{5 . cu|ufdL ;/sf/n]] hlxn] klg lgDg sf/0fn] gjk|jt{g
dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] af]w ub{5 M
• gjk|jt{gn] v]/hfg] j:t' / jftfj/0fLo Ifltdf sdL NofpF5 .
• j[l4, pTkfbsTj / cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .
• ;j{;fwf/0fn] dg k/fpg] ;]jf, j:t' sd nfut / pRr :t/df ;De t'Nofp5 .
• sd{rf/Ldf :jpT;fx / sfo{rfv a9fpF5 .
;fj{hlgs If]qdf cfljisf/ eg]sf] cfkm\gf u|fxsx?sf] ck]Iff cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug'{ xf], df}h'bf
Jojxf/af6 dfly p7L u|fxsnfO{ emg} ;Gt'i6 agfpg' xf] . gofF ljrf/ / k|ljlwsf] Jojl:yt k|of]u
dfkm{t j:t' / ;]jf pTkfbg ug'{ gjk|jt{g xf] . ;fj{hlgs sfo{ Joj:yfkgdf ljrf/ / k|ljlwn]
gofF ;|f]t -resource_ sf] ?kdf sfd u/]kl5 gjk|jt{g x'gk'U5 . of] Jofj;flostfsf] ljifo xf]
/ sfo{;+:s[lt / ;]jf pTkfbg k|lqmofdf lg/Gt/ d"No clej[l4 xf] . cfljisf/ jf

" ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .
47
gjk|jt{gn] ;]jfk|bftfsf] efjgfnfO{ dfq sb/ ub}{g, c?sf ljrf/x? jf PseGbf a9L
ljrf/sf] ;+of]hgn] df}h'bfeGbf pQd kl/0ffd lg:sG5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . u|fxsx?sf]
rfxgfsf] clwstd ?kdf d"No k|bfg u/L ;]jf pTkfbg Pjd\ ljt/0f ug]{ sfd g} ;fj{hlgs
If]qdf cfljisf/ jf gjk|jt{g sxnfpF5 . gjk|jt{gnfO{ l;h{gzLntf / Jofj;flostfsf] ;+o'Qm
kl/0ffdsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . (Innovation=Creativity+Commercialization) l;h{gzLntfsf]
cy{ s]xL gf}nf] sfo{dfkm{t d"Noclej[l4 ug'{ xf] . of] s'g} j}olQms k|f1 ge} Pp6f pT;fx xf]
(creativity is not a talent. Creativity is a drive) . ;+u7gnfO{ ultzLn agfpg] sfo{ xf], k'glj{rf/
xf] . df}h'bf l:yltk|lt r'gf}tL / tgfj l;h{gf xf] . gjk|jt{g gofF ljrf/, j:t', ;]jf / cEof; xf],
hf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 (Innovation is the introduction of new ideas, goods, service, and
practice which are intended to be useful) . Jojxf/sf] pkof]u ug{ g;lsg] s'/fnfO{ cfljisf/sf
cy{df lng ;lsb}g . ljsf; / ;Eotfdf cfljisf/ / k'gM cfljisf/ g} e]l6G5 . /fd|f] u5{' eGg]
pT;fx / phf{ g} gjk|jt{gsf] sf/s xf] . of] cfk\mg} sfo{Jojxf/ k|ltsf] r'gf}tLaf]w klg xf] .
;fy} Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos ?kdf ckgfpg ;lsg] s'/f dfq cfljisf/ xf] . ljåfgx?
o;nfO{ sfo{;DaGw / ljifofGt/sf] ;dli6df lng] ub{5g\ . ;/n cy{df a'em\bf M
o It is about ACTION (what you can not see)
o It is about CONNECTION (Connecting people and ideas)
o It is about DEVIATION (Forging new combination)
ljåfgx? o;nfO{ Ps k|ltzt ljrf/ / (( k|ltzt sfof{Gjogsf ?kdf lng] ub{5g\ . ;/sf/
jf ;f+u7lgs ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu g} cfljisf/ ul/G5, g ls :j]/sNkgfsf nflu . blIf0f sf]l/ofn]
p;sf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ Ps k|ltzt ljrf/, (( k|ltzt sfof{Gjog eGg] u/]xsf] 5 . of]
kl/:sf/ dfq xf]Og, cfljisf/n] kl/:sf/eGbf w]/} d"No clej[l4 ub{5 . cfljisf/ ;a}n]
ug{;S5\g, ;a} 7fpFdf ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ;d"x sfo{ klg xf] t/ ;'?jft\ g]t[Tjaf6 x'g'kb{5 .
jftfj/0f agfpg] / cfljisf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfd g]t[Tjsf] xf], d"NonfO{ cfbz{ dfGg] / gofF
b[l6sf]0f l;h{gf ug]{ g]t[Tj g} cfljisf/sf k[i7sf/s x'g\ . of] ;lhnf] gePklg c;Dej xf]Og .
cfljisf/sf r/0fx? x'G5g\ . ;;fgf ;kmntfn] 7"nf] ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ agfpF5 . ;j} 7"nf
cfljisf/ Ps}rf]6L ePsf xf]Ogg\ . cfljisf/jfbL ;/sf/ ;f]r, k|of;, ;+od, ljZjf; /
k|f]T;fxgdf hf]8 lbG5 . of] d"No;+:s[lt lgdf{0fsf] lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] .
Listen to ideas
Reward bravery
Innovation Relies on Trust
Embrace Risk
Learn from the failure
48
cfljisf/n] /fd|} u5{, ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . t/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;f]rfO{ eGbf of] cu|ufdL
x'g;S5 . h:tf] ls u'unn] u/]sf] cfljisf/ xfd|f nflu xf] eg]/ g;f]lrPsf] x'g;S5, h;/L clxn]
pkof]u e}/x]sf] 5 . u|fxs ;Fw} 7Ls gx'g ;S5g\ t/ cfljisf/sf] d'6'df u|fxs g} /x]sf x'G5g\ .
c;kmntfaf6 cflQP/ cfljisf/ x'Fb}g, of] w}o{tf / lg/Gt/ pT;fxsf] k|ltkmn xf] . elgG5, Fail
early, Fail fast, Fail inexpensively. yf]d; cNjf cfl8;gn] Ps k|;+udf eg]sf lyP, …d c;kmn
eP/ s] eof], lsg ;kmn eOg eGg] xhf/ s'/f a'em\g ;kmn ePÚ .
cfljisf/sf k|sf/
gjk|jt{g jf cfljisf/nfO{ ^ ju{df /fvL pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
• pTkfbg cGj]if0f -Product Innovation_ M j:t' / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, h;n] pTkflbt j:t'sf]
k|of]u, :jfb / :j?k abNg] sfd ub{5 .
• k|lqmof gjk|jt{g -Process Innovation_ M ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 tyf o;sf]
k|jfx ljlwnfO{ ;/n agfpg] sfd .
• ahf/ gjk|jt{g -Marketing innovation_ M pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ahf/ jf u|fxs
lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ .
• ;fË7lgs gjk|jt{g -Institutional innovation_ M ;+u7g ;~rfng, ;f+u7lgs Jojxf/,
cfGtl/s nf]stGq, ;xeflutf sfo{;+:s[ltsf] kl/jt{g dfkm{t ;+u7gnfO{ sfo{d"ns
agfpg] sfd .
• sfo{9fFrf gjk|jt{g -Business model Innovation_ M sfo{9fFrfsf] o:tf] kl/jt{g h;n]
d"No clej[l4 u/fpF5 .
• cjwf/0ffTds gjk|jt{g -Conceptual Innovation_ M zf;sLo ;+/rgf kl/jt{g tyf
gLlt lgdf{0fsf] 9fFrf kl/jt{g u/L gful/s ;xeflutf a9fpg] sfd, gful/s ah]6,
er'{Pn ;+u7g, sfo{;~hfnLs/0f h:tf kIfsf] kl/jt{g .
;fy} gjk|jt{gsf] dfqf cg';f/ ;LdfGt a[l4 -Incremental innovation_, dWod :t/Lo gjk|jt{g
-Semi-radical Innovation_ / pRr:t/sf] gjk|jt{g -Radical Innovation_ egL o;nfO{ juL{s/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGo a'emfO{df ;LdfGt clea[4LnfO{ gjk|jt{gsf] ?kdf Tolt lnOFb}g, lsgsL of]
Joj:yfkgleq w]/yf]/ hlxn] klg ePs} x'g;S5 .
gjk|jt{g / vf]h
sltko ;Gbe{df vf]h -Invention_ / gjk|jt{g -Innovation_ nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf a'em\g] klg ul/G5
t/ s] e'Ng' x'Gg eg] gjk|jt{g k"0f{?kdf vf]h jf j:t' pTkfbg -Invention_ xf]Og . Innovation /
Invention df km/s 5 . cfljisf/ jf vf]hn] lgtfGt gofFj:t' pTkfbg ub{5 -Creation of brand
new product or device_ t/ gjk|jt{g n] j:t' ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ljlw, k|ljlw / :j?k kl/jt{g
ub{5 -implentation of ideas or product_ . g]kfnLdf b'a} zAbnfO{ cfljisf/sf ?kdf a'em\g]
49
ul/Psf] 5 . Invention k"0f{tM j}1flgs ;Lksf] kl/0ffd xf] eg] Innovation /0fgLlts ;Lksf]
ljifo dfq . klxnf]n] gofF d"No l;h{gf u5{ eg] bf];|f]n] d"No clej[l4 dfq . ;fj{hlgs
Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf gofF vf]heGbf klg gjk|jt{gsf] k|of]u x'G5 / oxL cy{df lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
gjk|jt{g / ;'wf/
;'wf/ / gjk|jt{g Ps} x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ eGg] ljifodf låljwf kg{;S5 . ;'wf/ / cfljisf/ b'j}sf]
nIo k|0ffnL ;'wf/ xf], h;n] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] ljlw, ;+/rgf,
nfut, ;donfO{ kl/jt{g u/L u|fxsd'vL agfpFb5 . t/ oL b'O{ Ps} ljifo xf]Ogg\ eg] sltko
cj:yfdf Tolt ;DaGwdf klg /xFb}gg\ . xf6{n]sf cg';f/ oL b'j}sf] p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs
sfo{df ;fj{hlgs d"No -Public value_ a9fpg] ePtf klg oL b'O{df leGgtf klg
5 . ;'wf/ ;fdfGo kl/jt{g xf], gofF ;Lk k|ljlw / ljrf/ grflxg] cj:yf xf] . t/ gjk|jt{g gofF
ljrf/sf] kl/0ffd xf], ;'wf/eGbf 7"nf] s'/f xf] .
gjk|jt{gdf gofF :j?k, ;+u7g, pTkfbg, k|ltj4tf / k|lqmof b]lvPsf] x'G5 . ;'wf/ /
gjk|jt{gsf ;Gbe{ / cj:yf klg km/s x'g] ub{5g\ .
clt l:y/ jftfj/0fdf ;+u7g / o;sf] kof{j/0faLr ;fldKotf /xg] ePsfn] gjk|jt{g h?/L
gkg{ ;S5 . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt cj:yfdf gjk|jt{g cfjZos g} x'G5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf]
kl/j]zdf ;+u7g ;+/rgf hLjGt k|0ffnLsf ?kdf /xG5 . To;}n] gjk|jt{g cfjZos ePsf] xf] .
aGb /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/ g} sfkmL x'g;S5 .
;;fgf ultljlw ;'wf/n] klg sfnfGt/df pNn]Vo pknlAw lbg;S5 t/ o:tf] sfo{ Joj:yfkgsf]
lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . of] gjk|jt{g xf]Og .
;+u7gn] gofF s'/f g} pTkfbg ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 eg] ;'wf/sf] u'~hfo; /xFb}g, ToxfF cfljisf/ g}
rflxG5; gofF ljrf/sf] k|of]u -application of new idea_ g} ug{ kb{5, Tof] gjk|jt{g xf] .
t/ sltko ;Gbe{df ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof lj:tf/ ub}{ hfFbf klg gjk|jt{g e]l6g ;S5 .
sxfFb]lv ;'wf/ ;lsG5 / gjk|jt{g ;'? x'G5 jf oL b'O{aLrsf] ;DaGw 5'l6G5 eGg] ljifodf af}l4s
ljjfb ul//xg' cfjZos 5}g . cfljisf/d'vL /fHo hlxn] klg cfˆgf gful/s lxt lj:tf/df
cu|;/tf b]vfp5 . s'g} ;do Tof] ;'wf/ dfq xf]nf t s'g} ;do cfljisf/s} ?kdf b]lvPnf .
gjk|jt{gsf] k|lqmof
gjk|jt{g TolQs} k|fKt ug{ ;ls+b}g . of] l;n;n]jf/ k|of;sf] glthf xf] . o;nfO{ ljsf;, lgisif{,
pkof]u / kl/:s/0fsf ?kdf klg lng ;lsG5 . l;nl;n]jf/ lqmofsnfksf ?kdf o;nfO{ lgDg
rf/ r/0fdf pNn]v ug'{ ;/n x'G5 M
o ljrf/sf] l;h{gf -Idea generation_
o ljrf/ k/LIf0f -Idea screening_
o ljrf/sf] ;+DefJotf cEof; -Practical_
o ljrf/sf] sfof{Gjog -Implementation_
50
;fj{hlgs If]qdf gjk|jt{g
;/sf/sf] gjk|jt{g j cfljisf/ cGo If]qsf] h:tf] ljifo geO{ p;n] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lbg'kg]{ ;]jf
/ gLlt pTkfbg, To;sf nflu ;f+u7lgs ;'wf/ / ;|f]t;fdu|L pkof]usf] k'gaf]{w xf] .
cNj6L{ / a't'{;Lsf cg';f/ ;/sf/sf] gjk|jt{g tLg kIfdf s]Gb|Lt x'G5M -s_ ;xh
kx'Fr ;lxtsf] :t/Lo ;]jf, -v_ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtfsf] ;'b[9Ls0f / -u_ gful/s ;xefuLtfsf]
lj:tf/, o;y{ ;/sf/n] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] hNbfaNbf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ df}h'bf
sfo{k|0ffnL, sfo{9fFrf / Joj:yfkgsf] glthfd"ns kl/jt{g ;/sf/sf] gjk|jt{g xf],
h;sf ;+:yfut, ;fË7lgs, sfo{k|lqmof / cjwf/0ffut cfofdx? 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] wd{ s] xf] eg] of] x/ ;do gjk|jQ{g / cfljisf/df h'l6/x]sf] x'G5 .
k|zf;gleqsf] k]zfut ljlzi7tf / cflh{t :jfoQtfn] ;'wf/ / gjk|jt{gnfO{ cfGtl/s k|]/0ff lbg]
ub{5 . ;j{;fwf/0f;+usf] lgoldt ;Dks{dfkm{t pgLx?sf] cfsf+Iff / cfjZostf /fHok|0ffnLdf
k'Ug] ePsf]n] s] s;f] ubf{ gful/s cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af]w klg k|zf;gleq x'G5 .
oL sf/0fn] cfljisf/jfbL /fHo k|zf;lgs gjk|jt{g jfbs} csf]{ gfd xf] . gjk|jt{g sf kIfx?
w]/} ePklg dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;, Joj:yfkg ;'wf/, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf gofFgofF ljlw
cjnDag, ;/sf/L sfo{df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;]jf÷sfo{sf] ;xpTkfbg h:tf
sfo{n] /fHo cfljisf/sf kydf s]Gb|Lt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ gjk|jt{gd'vL
agfpFg ;/sf/sf txx? k|f]T;fxgdf h'6\g] u/]sf 5g\ .
s] n] gjk|t{g dfu ub{5 -What drives innovation_ M
• /fhg}lts k|lqmof -Election mandate & political pressure_
• g]t[Tjsf] rfxgf -Leadership change_
• ;Í6 ;fdgf -Crisis_
• cfGtl/s ;d:ofx? -Varities of internal problems_
• gofF cj;/sf] l;h{gf -New opportunities created by ICT/other factors_
/fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf b[li6sf]0fo'Qm ;f]rn] cfljisf/d'vL /fHonfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] kfOG5 .
;g\ !(&( df O6fnLsf] luofgLgL k|ltj]bgn] k|zf;gleq kfFr k|sf/sf ;'wf/ u/]/ gjk|jt{g
Nofpg] c7f]6 u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltj]bg cg';f/ sfo{df ;'wf/, ;+u7gdf ;'wf/, sd{rf/L
Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/, ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/, lgoGq0f ;+oGqdf ;'wf/ / sfo{k|lqmofdf
;'wf/ ;/sf/sf] gjk|jt{gsf /0fgLlt lyP . ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] sfo{nfO{ d"Noclej[l4 ug]{
/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf rfvnfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfd oL /0fgLltn] ;Dej u5{ g} . ;g\ ;Q/Lsf]
bzsdf g} cd]l/sL /fi6«klt /f]gfN8 /]ug / a]nfotL k|wfgdGqL dfu{/]6 y]r/n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] gofF
blIf0fkGyL cfGbf]ngn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / cy{tGqdf gjcfljisf/sf nflu dfu{ k|z:t u/]sf
lyP . lghLs/0f, g]S:6 :6]k Ph]G;L, gful/s a8fkq, sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/, ;xpTkfbg, Citizen as
partner cjwf/0ff tyf rf6{/ ljBfno oxL cleofgsf kl/0ffd x'g\ . /fi6«klt jLn lSnG6gn]
x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ;/sf/sf] 7"nf] cfsf/n] ug]{ xf]Og ls sltko cj:yfdf 7"nf] ;/sf/
51
g} ;d:ofsf] sf/0f aGb5 eGg] ;f]r /fVg k'u] . ;g\ !(() df lSnG6g k|zf;gn]
pk/fi6«klt cnuf]/nfO{ /fli6«o pknlAw ;dLIff -cfljisf/_ u/L ;/sf/sf] k'gaf]{wsf l;kmfl/;
ug{ lhDdf lbPsf] lyof] . uf]/ k|ltj]bgn] sd{rf/LtGqLo sfo{;+:s[ltnfO{ pknlAw ;+:s[ltdf
abNg ;'emfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(() df g} Sofgf8fdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g OlGi6Ro"6 -IPAC_ n]
Joj:yfkgleq gjk|jt{gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf u¥of] . o:tf] vfnsf] k'/:sf/
cd]l/sL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;dfh -ASPA_ n] klg :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n]
/fi6«;+3Lo k|0ffnLleq c;n cEof; ug]{ d'n'ssf k|zf;sx?nfO{ k'/:sf/ ug]{ k/Dk/f yfn]sf] 5 .
o;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gleq gjk|jt{g leq\ofpg of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/leq
gjk|jt{gsf ;xof]uL Pjd\ cj/f]ws tTjx? tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;xof]uL tTj cj/f]ws tTTj
o cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df nufgL o hf]lvd glng] / uNtLaf6 8/fpg] afgL
o sfo{:jfoQtf / ;zlQms/0f o kl/jt{gk|ltsf] g/fsfTds ;f+]r
o ;f]r / k|lta4tfo'Qm g]t[Tj o cg'ko'Qm gLlt ;+/rgf
o ;xeflutfTds jftfj/0f o sfo{:jfoQtfsf] cefj
o kx'Fr / ;~hfnLs/0f o Go"g Jofj;flostf
o cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ;xof]u o lgu/fgL lgsfosf] cgk]lIft ;lqmotf
o ;|f]t ;fwg o kb;f]kfg / sd{rfl/tGqLo k4lt
o Ifdtf ljsf; / k|bz{g o cfd;~rf/sf] gsf/fTds l/kf]l6{ª\
o k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL o ;/sf/÷k|zf;gk|lt gsf/fTds ;f]r
o glthf / sfo{;~rf/ o cg'lrt sfo{ / unt JolQmnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ljsf;sf] :t/ / Joj:yfkgleqsf] bIftfn] :jefljs ?kdf ;/sf/nfO{ cfljisf/d'vL x'g k|efj
kfb{5 . To;}n] xf]nf ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf cfljisf/d'vL ;/sf/sf] cEof;df t'ngfTds ?kdf cl3
5 . ;f7Lsf] bzsdf /fi6«klt h]= Pkm\= s]g]8Ln] gf;f k|zf;gsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbb}+ eg]sf
lyP– …casf] s]xL jif{leq cd]l/sfn] rGb|dfdf kfOnf 6]s]sf] x'g'k5{, o;sf nflu d}n] s]
ug'{k5{ u5'{ t/ ld;gdf s;/L k'Ug] tkfO{ j}1flgsx?sf] sfd xf]Ú . Tolta]nf ;fljs ;f]leot ;+3
/ cd]l/sfaLr cGtl/If k|lt:kwf{ -Moon Race_ rn]sf] lyof] . rGb|dfdf dfgj kfOnf s;n] 6]S5
eGg] s'/f b'O{ dxfzlQm /fi6«sf] k|lti7fsf] ljifo lyof] . Tof] k|lt:kwf{ pkof]lutf eGbf ;fdl/s
dxTjaf6 lgb]{lzt lyof] . s]g]8Lsf] s]xL ;dokl5 xTof eof], t/ j}1flgsx?sf] cys k|of;af6
lgwf{l/t ;doeGbf lgs} cl3 cd]l/sL ofg Pkf]nf] rGb| w/ftndf plqof] . o; j}1flgs cGj]if0fn]
cd]l/sL /fHok|0ffnLnfO{ cfljisf/d'vL x'g yk cfwf/ v8f ug{ k'Uof] .
cd]l/sL /fi6«klt jf/fs cf]jfdfn] cfkm\gf] sfo{sfndf ;/sf/leq gjk|jt{gdf lgs} k|oTg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . t/ cf]jfdf / s]g]8Lsf] k|oTg s]xL leGg lyof] . s]g]8L cfljisf/ dfkm{t ;fdl/s
k|lt/Iffsf] /0fgLlt lj:tf/df lyP, cf]jfdf ;fj{hlgs If]q gjk|jt{g dfkm{t gful/s pknlAw
lbgdf s]lGb|t lyP .
52
;g\ @))* df cf]jfdfn] XjfO6 xfp;sf k|d'v k|ljlw clws[t clg; rf]k/fnfO{ oL rf/ If]qdf
nufgL s]lGb|t u/L /fHok|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf lj:tf/ ug{ ;'emfj lbg clVtof/L lbP M
o cg';Gwfg / ljsf;
o dfgj k'FhL lgdf{0f
o lj1fg, k|ljlw, Ol~hlgol/Ë / ul0ft -STEM_ sf] ljsf;, /
o a|f]8 Jof08 kx'Fr lj:tf/
oL rf/ If]qdf nufgL s]lGb|t u/]/ cd]l/sfnfO{ cfljisf/d'vL agfpg] ;f]r /fi6«klt cf]jfdf
lyof] . ;fy} ;g\ @)!@ df clg; rf]k/fn] cd]l/sfnfO{ gjk|jt{gjfbL agfpFg oL dfWod cjnDag
ug{ XjfO6 xfp; k|zf;gnfO{ ;'emfj lbPsf lyP M
o v'nf ;"rgf -Open Data_ M ;"rgfsf] k|sfzg dfkm{t ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;zlQms/0f .
o lghL If]qsf] pkof]u -Impatient Convening_ M lghL If]qnfO{ cfsif{0f u/L k|lt:kwf{sf]
ljsf; .
o r'gf}tL k|f]T;xfg -Challenge Prize_ M ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg / pknlAwnfO{ k|f]T;fxg, g ls
Flashyproposal nfO{ .
o k|ltef cfsif{0f -Attracting talent_ M ljZj ljBfnosf lj1 k|ltefnfO{ ;/sf/df
leœofO{ ;'?sf lbgb]lv g} cled'vLs/0f / k|lzIf0f .
cd]l/sfn] ul0ft tyf k|ljlw lzIffnfO{ 1fg / cfljisf/sf] cfwf/ dfgL ljz]if k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5
/ o;}sf cfwf/df /fHox?sf] gjk|jt{g ;"rsfª\s lgwf{/0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . clxn]
klg :ffOsf]s]g]l;; -lbdfuL zlQmn] s'g} s'/f rnfpg ;Sg]_, 6]lnk]yL -gjf]nLsg} c?sf] dgsf]
s'/f a'em\g]_, KnfHdf ljG8f], d]6f d]6]l/on, xfOk/ :k]z 6«fen nufotsf ljifodf j}1flgs cGj]if0f
hf/L 5 . c;Dej dflgb}F cfPsf s'/fx? s;/L ;Dejug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf /] qm'hj]n h;/L
cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\, To;nfO{ dfgj ;'v;d[l4sf nflu pkof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ Onf]g
d:sh:tf j}1flgs cGj]if0fdf 5g\ . /fi6«klt 8f]gfN8 6«Dkn] log} d:snfO{ cfkm\gf] ;Nnfxsf/
d's// u/]sf 5g\ . of] Pp6f ;f+s[lts ;Gbe{dfq xf] . ;/sf/sf g]t[Tj / o;sf ;+oGq j}1flgs
vf]hcfljisf/nfO{ Jofj;flos agfO{ hLjg k|0ffnL ;'wf/ ug{ tlNng /xb}F cfPsf 5g\ .
k|zf;gleq klg /0fgLlts Joj:yfkg, ;f]r of]hgf, k|lt:kwf{Tdstf ljsf; h:tf kIfn]
gjk|jt{gnfO{ cfdGq0f ul//x]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sf, a]nfot, ci6«]lnof, gj]{ nufotsf d'n'sx?n] cf–cfkm\g} cfjZostf, :t/ / ;Gbe{df
;/sf/sf] gjk|jt{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . gjk|jt{g leq\ofpg] dfWod eg] k|f0fLleq l;h{gzLn tgfj
-Creative tension_ g} k|d'v ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cd]l/sfn] cjnDag u/]sf] Diversity Visa n]
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg dfkm{t sfo{;+:s[lt kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 . t/ sltko d'n's Psn ;+:s[ltdfkm{t
g} k|ult ul//x]sf 5g\ .
53
An"dju{ OG8]S; cg';f/ gjk|jt{gjfbL /fHosf ;"sx?
o cg';Gwfg / ljsf; -R&D density_
o pTkfbsTj -Productivity_
o pRr k|ljlw ;+:yfsf] 3gTj -High Tech company density_
o lj1fg, k|ljlw, Ol~hlgol/Ë / ul0ftsf] cj:yf -STEM concentration_
o lj1fg k|ljlwsf lj1sf] ;+Vof -Science and engineering degree holders_
o af}l4s ;DklQ -Patent activity_
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 cfˆgf ;b:o d'n'sx?nfO{ cfljisf/jfbL agfpg] k|d'v pTk|]/ssf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
/fi6«;+3Lo k|0ffnLn] ljleGg d~r tyf dfWodnfO{ pkof]u u/L c;n cEof;sf] ljlgdo ul//x]sf]
5 eg] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/sf nflu ljleGg ;+oGqdfkm{t ;xof]u klg ul//x]sf] 5 . h:tf] ls g]kfnn]
Poverty Environment Initiatives nflu u/]sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub}{ ;g\ @)!# df klxnf] k6s
International Leadership Award k|bfg u/L o; sfo{nfO{ c;n cEof;sf ?kdf ljZj ljsf;
d]nfdf cGo d'n'ssf lj1;fd' k|:t't ul/of] . /fi6«;+3n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k'/:sf/ k|bfg
ubf{ cjnDag ug]{ oL cfwf/nfO{ gjk|jt{g dfg]sf] b]lvG5 M
• PsLs[t ;]jf -Integrating Service_
• ljs]lGb|t ;]jf k|jfx -Decentralizing service delivery_
• ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjnDag -Utilizing Partnership_
• Gfful/s;+usf] ;xsfo{ -Engaging citizens_
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u -Taking advantage of ICT_
gjk|jt{gsf] Psdfq p2]Zo hLjg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' xf], csf]{ cy{df, ;'zf;g clej[l4
ug'{ xf] . t/ o;sf If]qut cfofdx? leGg x'g] ub{5g\ . WIPO sf dxflgb]{zs k|mflG;; u'/Lsf
cg';f/ gjk|jt{g g} cfly{s ljsf;sf] Ol~hg xf], h;n] 1fgdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f u/L
bL3{sfnLg cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej u/fpF5 . cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifsL dxflgb]{zs lqmli6gf n]uf8{ /
/fi6«;+3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgsfo -UNFCCC_ k|d'v lqml:6g] lkmu'/];n Good Ecology is Good
Economy eg]/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] 9fFrfnfO{ xl/t cy{tGqtkm{ df]8\g ;'emfPsf 5g\ . sf]kmL
cGgfgn] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/nfO{ ljsf;sf] gjcfljisf/sf ?kdf lnPsf lyP . cd]l/sL /fi6«klt
ljn lSnG6gn] cfkm"nfO{ …gfO{ eGg ;Sg]Ú k|zf;g rflxPsf] pNnv] u/]sf lyP, pgsf cg';f/ x'Gg
eg]/ k|lqmofsf] lj/f]w ug{;Sg] k|zf;s g} cfljisf/sf] cfwf/ xf] . t/ gjk|jt{gsf ;a} cfofddf
ljz]if1tf ljsf;, 1fg cfwf/ lgdf{0f Pjd\ pkof]u, k|f]T;fxg, ;+od / cflh{t :jfoQtf
cEof;sf] jftfj/0f ;dfg ?kdf cfjZos x'g cfpF5 . k|f]T;fxgd'vL / ;f]ro'Qm
g]t[Tj, ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xof]u, a]~rdfls{ª, ;an cg'udg ;+oGq, cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg /
glthf hjfkmb]lxtf ;fj{hlgs If]qleq gjk|jt{g ljsf;sf cfwf/ x'g\ .
54
gsf/fTds dgf]efjn] l;h{gfTdstfdf cj/f]w NofpF5 . To:tf] efjo'Qm s]xL egfO{x? tn pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
Nagative attitude that block creativity
o Oh no, a problem!
o It can't be done
o I can't do it
o But I'm not creative
o What will people think ?
o I might fail !
gjk|jt{g lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof xf] / o; k|lqmofdf ;fj{hlgs kfqx? g} gjk|jt{gsf] x}l;otdf

/xG5g\ . pgLx? gjk|jt{gsf ;+jfxs / ;h{s x'g\ . o;}sf nflu pgLx?dfly nufgL / k|f]T;fxg
klg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] gjk|jt{g ug'{ pgLx?sf] Jofj;flos wd{ / g}lts wd{ klg xf] .
o; ;Gbe{df ;xof]uL jftfj/0fsf ;fy} lgDg kIf gb]lvPdf p;af6 gjk|jt{g ;Dej 5}g .
• :ki6 lbzfaf]w ug{;Sg] / cleefjsTj lng] /fhg}lts g]t[Tj
• gjk|jt{gd'vL ;+u7g ;+:s[lt
• hLjgko{Gt l;Sg] afgL
• ljljwtf k|j4{g
• gjk|jt{g sf] sfof{Gjog
• ljrf/ ljlgdo / g]6jls{ª .
gjk|jt{gsf s]xL pbfx/0f

;fj{hlgs If]qdf gjk|jt{gsf] k|j[lQ lg/Gt/ 5 . of] k|j[lQ nf]stGq / pbf/jfbsf] cEof;kl5
emg} tLj|Q/ 5 . lsgsL gful/sx? zf;sLo k|lqmofsf ;lqmo kfq ag] . ljziftM ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
k|jfxsf If]qdf o;sf] kl/0ffd b]lvPsf] 5 . c;Lsf] bzsdf /fHo g} Psn ;]jf k|bftfsf ?kdf
pkl:yt lyof] t/ clxn] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf k|d'v sfo{df dfq ;Lldt x'+b} uPsf] 5 . lsgf/f
sfo{ hf] k/Dk/fut ?kdf /fHon] ;Dkfbg u/]klg /fHo aflx/sf kfqx?sf] ;fdYo{ / rfxgf
ePsf sfo{sf] ljt/0fdf cGo kfqx?sf] pkof]u / ;xsfo{ xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ;]jf ljt/0f
lgliqmo ?kdf gu/]/ eg] k|lqmofdf :jod\ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg yflnPsf] 5 .
55
o; If]qdf ;fdfGo ;'wf/ xf]Og ls gjk|jt{g g} ePsf] 5 . gjk|jt{gsf If]qdf ePsf pknlAw /
cEof;sf s]xL pbfx/0fx? lgDg 5g\ .
o gful/s;+u k|ToIf ;Dks{ o dlN6Rofgn ;le{; 8]lne/L
o k[i7kf]if0f / k|ltlglwTj o OG6«f]k]/fljln6L
o ld:6]/L ;lkª o l8lh6n jfO l8kmN6
o si6d/ OghL{ Doflkª\ o ;]jf j8fkq
o sfo{ljlw ;/nLs/0f o gful/s ah]6
o k|f];]; l/Ol~hlgol/Ë o ;xpTkfbg .
o jg :6k ;le{;
pk;+xf/
;fj{hlgs If]qdf cfljisf/ jf gjk|jt{gnfO{ w]/} k|fljlws / hl6n ?kdf a'em\g' cfjZos
5}g . ;j{;fwf/0fsf cfjZostf k"/f ug{, pgLx?n] kfpg] ;]jfsf nflu gjLg ;f]r,
Ifdtf, ;+:s[lt / sfo{d"nstf a[l4 ug'{ g} gjk|jt{g xf] . o;y{ gjk|jt{gsf nflu -s_ df}h'bf ;]jf
k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ / -v_ gofF ;]jf If]qsf] klxrfg u/L b'O{ /0fgLlt lng' kb{5, o;sf nflu jfXo
em8\sf eGbf cfGtl/s rfxgfn] ;fy lbg' kb{5; yf]kl/Psf] xf]Og, :jfefljs / :jtM :km"t{ x'g'k5{
k|ltlqmofk/s -Reactive_ xf]Og, cu|ufdL -Proactive_ x'g'k5{ . ;fy} k6s] eGbf lg/Gt/
/ ;LdfGtjfbL eGbf ?kfGt/0fjfbL x'g'k5{ . t/ cNkljsl;t d'n'sx?df k"j{tof/L /
sfo{ k|fyldsLs/0f lagf g} sfod ug]{ k|j[lQsf sf/0f gjk|t{gsf] sfo{ cNdlnPsf] 5 .
;Gbe{;fdu|L M–
!= Innovation in Governance and Public Administration: Replicating what works, UNDESA,
Newyork, 2006.
@= Science, Technology and Innovation in Europe, Europen Committee, 2006.
#= uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, ljsf; Joj:yfkg / Jofj;flostf, P]Zjo{ k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+, @)&$
56
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgdf ;]jf, ;d"xsf] cj:yf
" lzj/fd Gof}kfg]
;f/f+z M
d'n'ssf] zf;sLo :j?k Pjd\ k4ltdf hgtfn] cfkm"nfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] cg'e"lt u/fpg]
cfwf/sf ?kdf /x]sf] ;+3Lo zf;g k4ltsf nflu g]kfndf nfdf] hgo'4 ePsf] ;j{:jLsfo{ 5 .
;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon]
;+ljwfg;efaf6 ljZjs} nf]stflGqs Pj nf]slk|o ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;d]t ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
efjgf cg'?k s]Gb|df /x]sf] ;du| /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts clwsf/x? tNnf]
tx;Dd ljs]Gb|Lt ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/df ePsf ljsf;sf ;+efjgfx?nfO{
:yfgLo tx;Ddsf hgtf cfkm}n] klxrfg ug]{, xfSg], k'g;+/lrt ug]{ / pkof]u ug]{ sfo{df
pT;flxt ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg kZrft\sf] nfdf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{
6'+UofO{ d'n'ssf] zf;gnfO{ lbuf] lbzftkm{ pGd'v u/fpgsf nflu ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL
sfof{Gjogdf cfO{;s]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts :yfloTjsf cfwf/df ljsf;sf] ;du| cleofgnfO{
ultzLn u/fO{ hgtfnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg tof/ ePsf] ;+3Lo /fhgLlts ;+/rgf
cg'?ksf] zf;g k4ltnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ dha't cfwf/sf ?kdf
ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k zf;gsf tLg} txdf
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ ;Ifd, lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;lqmo u/fpg
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ :jR5, ljjfb /lxt, j}1flgs Pjd\ :jLsfo{ u/fpg'
cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
k[i7e"dL M
d'n'sleq ePsf] Ps bzs nfdf] /fhgLlts ;z:q åGåsf] kl/0ffd :j?k u7g ePsf]
;+ljwfg;efsf] nfdf] u[xsfo{af6 tof/ ul/Psf] ;+3Lo zf;g k4ltnfO{ /fHosf] zf;g k4ltsf]
d'Vo cfwf/sf ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo zf;g k4lt Pjd\ ;+/rgfaf6
:yfgLo:t/;Ddsf] ljsf; ;+efjgf Pjd\ pT;fxnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;lsPsf sf/0f
;+ljwfg;efaf6 nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsfnflu /fhgLlts Pjd\
sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . d"ntM ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s tyf ef}uf]lns
ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts P]Soj4tf,
;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfO{ ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|j4{g ub}{, juL{o hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, n}lËs
lje]b / ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo u/L cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo
;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dfgtfd"ns
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+sNksf ;fy cfPsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k s]Gb|df ePsf] >f]t, ;fwg,
clwsf/nfO{ :yfgLo :t/;Dd k'¥ofO{ ljsf;sf ;+efjgf Pjd\ cj;/x?nfO{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/
;'wf/ / ;du| ;Dj[l4sf nflu d'n'ssf] ;du| /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] k'g{;+/rgf

" ;x;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .
57
ug'{kg]{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] zf;sLo :j?k Pjd\ k4ltdf hgtfn] cfkm"nfO{ ;dflxt
u/]sf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] cfwf/sf ?kdf /x]sf] ;+3Lo zf;g k4ltsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f Pjd\ ;+:yfut
ljsf;sfnflu /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs k4lt Pjd\ ;+/rgf tof/ ub}{ hfg' h?/L ePsf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k ;fljs s]Gb|df /x]sf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts
clwsf/x? tNnf] tx;Dd ljs]Gb|Lt ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo:t/df ePsf ljsf;sf
;Defjgfx?nfO{ :yfgLotxsf hgtf cfkm}n] klxrfg ug]{, xfSg], k'g;+{/lrt ug]{ / pkof]u ug]{
sfo{df pT;flxt ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg kZrft\sf] nfdf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{
6'Ë\ofO{ d'n'ssf] zf;gnfO{ lbuf]lbzftkm{ pGd'v u/fpgsf nflu ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL cf}krfl/s
?kdf sfof{Gjogdf cfO{;s]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts :yfloTjsf cfwf/df ljsf;sf] cleofgnfO{
ultzLn u/fO{ hgtfnfO{ cg'e"t u/fpgsfnflu tof/ ePsf] ;+3Lo /fhgLlts ;+/rgf cg'?ksf]
zf;g k4ltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ dha't cfwf/sf ?kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{
ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k zf;gsf tLg} txdf sd{rf/LtGqnfO{
;Ifd, lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;lqmo u/fpg sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf]
sfo{nfO{ :jR5, ljjfb/lxt, j}1flgs Pjd\ :jLsfo{ u/fpg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjocl3sf] d''n'ssf] /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L ;+3Lo zf;g
k4ltsf] l;4fGt Pjd\ efjgf cg'?k zf;sLo :j?k / k4lt sfod ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . o;sf
nflu d"ntM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] bkmf %^ n] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/ b]zsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z /
:yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g] ;fy} /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ug]{ / ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf, /fli6«o
lxt, ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;, jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL,
dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns xs, sfg'gL /fHo, zlQm k[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ng, jx'ntf
/ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh, ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{
s]Gb|df /fv]/ zf;sLo k4lt cjnDag ug]{ :ki6 sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] 5 . o:tf ;+j}wflgs
cfwf/ adf]lhdsf] /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+efjgf Pjd\ pknlAw xfFl;n ug{sf nflu
d'n'ssf] k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fL ;+oGq sd{rf/LtGqsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
o; ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] / o;/L Joj:yf ubf{ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt
;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg'gadf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] Joj:yf eP cg';f/ sd{rf/L
;dfof]hg P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg klxnf]
r/0fd} ug'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{sf] ?kdf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg kb:yfkgf /x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L
;dfof]hg P]gn] ;dfof]hgsfnflu s]xL cfwf/x? tof/ u/]sf] ePtfklg o;sf nflu cfjZos
lj:t[t sfg'gL cfwf/x? sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg lgodfjnLaf6 ;'lglZrt ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/L
;dfof]hg lgodfjnLsf] lj:t[t cWoog Pjd\ 5nkmn u/L l56f] 5l/tf] ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;af6 sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] sfo{nfO{ l56f] 6'Ë\ofO{ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog
k|lqmofdf tbf?stf Nofpg ;lsg] x'G5 .
58
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf nflu ePsf] Joj:yfx? M
/fhgLlts ;f]r, gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, lg0f{o cg'?k ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu lg/Gt/ cfkm\gf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] sd{rf/LtGqn] d'n'ssf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg'?ksf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/Ldf
cu|;/ x'g'h?/L ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f @*% df ;/sf/n] b]zsf] k|zf;g
;+rfng ug{sf nflu ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf]
u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf eP cg';f/ d'n'ssf] ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt cg's"nsf] ;+3Lo k|zf;lgs
;+oGq tof/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf ;dodf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/
dftxtdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ /fHosf tLga6} txsf OsfOx?df ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL
Joj:yf adf]lhd ;f] sf nflu xfn lgDgfg';f/sf] sfg'gL Pjd\ ;+/rgfut cfwf/x? tof/ ePsf
5g\ M
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f #)@ df k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] ;fy} o; adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ubf{ ;+ljwfg k|f/De
x'Fbfsf avt ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg'gadf]lhd
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ;lsg] Joa:yf
ul/Psf] .
• ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL % df ;+3sf] clwsf/ ;"rL, cg';"rL ^ df k|b]zsf] clwsf/ ;"rL, cg';"rL
& df ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rL, cg';"rL * df :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;"rL /
cg';"rL ( df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf]] ;femf clwsf/sf ;"rL PsLg ul/Psf] / pQm
clwsf/ afF8kmfF8sf cfwf/df k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, ;|f]t ;fwg, ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf ePsf] .
• sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&$ n] sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf nflu cfwf/ k|z:t u/]sf] ;fy} pQm
P]gsf] bkmf % df sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ubf{ lnOg] cfwf/x? sfo{/t kbsf] Ho]i7tf, sd{rf/Ln]
/f]h]sf] ;+3, k|b]z jf :yfgLo tx / xfnsf] :yfoL a;f]af;sf] 7]ufgf / ;f] gv'n]df
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt 7]ufgfsf cfwf/x? tof/ u/]sf] . ;fy} bkmf ^ df ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf nflu sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL :jLs[t ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq sd{rf/L
;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] .
• sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg lgodfjnL, @)&$ df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg x'g]
tx, kb, ;]jf, ;d"x ;d]tsf] lj:t[t Joj:yf ;lxt ;dfof]hgsf nflu ;xh cfwf/ ;lxtsf]
d:of}+bf tof/ ePsf] .
• ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] cWoIftfdf d'Vo ;lrj nufot ;DalGwt lgsfosf ljlzi6
>]0fLsf ;lrjx? ;d]t /x]sf] Ps pRr:t/Lo ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf
lgb]{zg ;ldlt u7g ePsf] ;fy} pQm ;ldltdf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg nufotsf ;jfnx?df
5nkmn Pjd\ cfjZostf cg';f/ lgb]{zg x'g] u/]sf] .
59
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ;DalGwt lgsfosf ;lrjx? /x]sf] ;+3Lotf tyf
k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g eO{ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf nflu cfjZos
gLltut Pjd\ k|lqmofut cfwf/x? tof/ ub}{ uPsf] .
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t clwsf/ ;DkGg ;+3Lo k|zf;lgs k'g;+/{ rgf
;ldltn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] vfsf tof/ u/L
k|:tfljt ;dfof]hg ljw]ossf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ ;fy}
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLsf] clwsf/If]q leqsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;f]xL
cg'?k ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;+u ;DalGwt cfjZos sfg'g d:of}+bf tof/ u/L k]z ug]{ sfof{b]z
k|fKt u/]sf] .
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog Pjd\ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] cfjZos gLltut
Pjd\ k|lqmofut sfo{x? lgoldt ?kdf ub}{ cfPsf] .
• ljleGg dGqfno Pjd\ s]Gb|Lo lgsfox?df ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf cfjZos ;dGjo
;fy} ;xsfo{sf nflu kmf]sn k;{gx?sf] Joj:yf ePsf] .
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] sfo{sf nflu 5'6[} k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgf
Pjd\ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg o'lg6 u7g eO{ sfof{b]z ul/Psf] .
• k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'gM;/+rgfsf nflu cGtl/d
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf @)&$ :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] .
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgdf ;]jf, ;d"xsf] ;+efljt cj:yf M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf u/L ;+3Lo Joj:yfsf]
l;4fGt, efjgf Pjd\ p2]Zo cg'?k s]Gb|sf] >f]t, ;fwg, clwsf/ :yfgLotxdf k|Tofof]hg ug]{
Joj:yf u/] cg'?k :jfefljs ?kdf s]Gb|sf] sfo{qmd, ah]6 / sfo{lhDd]jf/Lx? :yfgLo txdf
t'ngfTds ?kdf a9\g hfg] x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf Joj:yf ePsf Psn Pjd\
;femf clwsf/x?, cg';"rLsf cfwf/df ePsf] sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{
ljefhg lgodfjnL ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;fljsdf /x]sf ;]jf ;d"x pk;d"xx? ;+3sf t'ngfdf
PsLs[t eO{ k|b]z Pjd\ :yfgLo txdf ;fgf] Pjd\ 5l/tf] cj:yfdf /xg ;Sg] x'G5g\ . ;+3df
;dfof]hg kb:yfkg k|of]hgsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( / ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx?,
Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx? / g]kfn :jf:Yo
;]jf P]g, @)%# / ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx? adf]lhdsf ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xx?s} b/aGbL
lgwf{/0f x'g ;Sg] x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|b]zdf sfod x'g ;Sg] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xx?sf]
cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sb5 M
k|b]zdf ;dfof]hg kb:yfkg k|of]hgsf] Nfflu k|b]z tYofÍ ;]jf, k|b]z Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, k|b]z
s[lif ;]jf, k|b]z Gofo ;]jf, k|b]z k|zf;g ;]jf, k|b]z jg ;]jf, k|b]z ljljw ;]jf, k|b]z lzIff
;]jf, k|b]z ;ef ;]jf, / k|b]z :jf:Yo ;]jf sfod x'g ;Sg] 5g\ .
60
o:tf ;]jf cGtu{t b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;d"x / pk;d"x /xg ;S5g\ M–
-s_ k|b]z Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t l;len ;d"x cGtu{t hg/Nf, xfOj], :oflg6/L, lalN8Ë
P08 cfls{6]S6, Ol/u]zg, xfO8«f]kfj/ xfO8«f]Nff]hL pk;d"x /xg ;S5g\ . To:t}
On]lS6«sn, d]sflgsn, dfOlgË, s]ldsn, d]6fnlh{sn, ;e]{, s]ldi6«L tyf Ol~hlgol/Ë
;d"x /xg ;S5g\ .
-v_ k|b]z s[lif ;]jf cGtu{t xl6{sNr/, lkm;l/h, nfOe:6s kf]N6«L P08 8]/L 8]enkd]06,
Pu|f]gf]dL, KnfG6 Kofyf]nf]hL, P06f]df]nf]hL, e]6]l/g/L, Pu[÷Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"x /xg
;Sb5g\ .
-u_ k|b]z k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{t ;fdfGo k|zf;g, n]vf / /fh:j ;d"x /xg ;Sb5g\ .
-3_ k|b]z jg ;]jf cGtu{t km/]i6«L / jf]6gL ;d"x /xg ;Sb5g\ .
-ª_ k|b]z lzIff ;]jf cGtu{t l6lrË, hg/n Ph's]zg -Ph's]zg P8ldlgi6«]zg, ;fOG;,
Dofy]d]l6S;, ;f]l;on :6l8h pk;d"x_, lk|lG6Ë -d'b|0f_, k|]; Ol~hlgol/Ë, k|];
Dofg]hd]06 -d'b|0f Joj:yfkg_, lkmlhsn Ph's]zg, k]lG6Ë P08 kmf]6f]u|fkmL -k]lG6Ë,
kmf]6f]u|fkmL_, ufO8]G; P08 sfplG;lnË, 6]i6 P08 Dofg]hd]G6 -Ph's]zg 6]i6 P08
d]h/d]G6, k;{gn 6]i6 P08 d]g]hd]G6_, nfOa]|/L ;fOG; ;d"x /xg ;Sb5g\ .
-r_ k|b]z :jf:Yo ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? g]kfNf :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# /
g]kfNf :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjNfL, @)%% df pNn]v eP adf]lhd g} sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .
;+ljwfgsf] cg'';"rLdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;"lrsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ :yfgLo
txdf ;]jf k|jfxsf] b[li6n] ;Lldt ;]jfx?dfq k|jfx ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsfn] ;]jfnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/L
;Lldt ;]jfx? dfkm{t g} ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
:yfgLo txdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;]jf, ;d"x sfod x'g ;Sg] x'G5 .
-s_ k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{t ;fdfGo k|zf;g / n]vf ;d"x /xg ;Sg]5g\ . o;/L ;d"x ljefhg
ubf{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lhG;L, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, /fh:j, Goflos
;ldlt Nfufot k|zf;lgs lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ u/L lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsg] . ;fy} Nf]vf
;d"xsf sd{rf/LNf] cfly{s k|zf;g, Nf]vf / cfGtl/s Nf]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L
axgug]{ u/L lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsG5 .
-v_ Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t l;len, On]S6«f] d]sflgsn / ;e]{ ;d"x /xg ;Sg]5g\ . o;/L
;d"x ljefhg ubf{ l;leNf Ol~hlgol/Ë ;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ uf]/]6f], 3f]8]6f], k'Nf, emfn'u+ ]
k'Nf, ejg, cfjf;, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{, l;+rfO, ljB't / cGo l;leNf Ol~hlgol/Ë
;DaGwL ;a} sfd ug{] u/L lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsg] . ;fy} ONf]S6«f]d]sflgsNf ;d"xsf
sd{rf/LNf] l;leNf Ol~hlgol/Ë afx]ssf d]lzg, cf}hf/, ;jf/L ;fwg, lgd{f0f pks/0f,
ONf]lS6«sNf cflbh:tf sfd ug{] lhDd]jf/L / ;e{] ;d"xsf sd{rf/LNf] hUuf gfkhfFr /
hUufsf] l;dfgf ;DaGwL sfd ug{]u/L hDd]jf/L lbg ;lsG5 .
-u_ s[lif ;]jf cGtu{t s[lif / kz'kG5L ;d"x /xg ;Sb5g\ . o;/L ;d"x ljefhg ubf{s[lif
;d"x cGtu{tsf sd{rf/LnfO{ xl6{sNr/, lkm;l/h, Pu|f]gf]dL, KNffG6Kofyf]Nff]hL,
PG6f]df]Nff]hL, :jfoNf ;fOG;, afNfL lj1fg, afNfL /f]u, ljpljhg / ls6lj1fg ;DaGwL
sfd ug{] lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsG5 . ;fy} kz'kG5L ;d"x cGtu{tsf sd{rf/LNf] NffOe:6s,
8]/L 8]enkd]G6 / e]6]l/g/L ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ kf]N6«L ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] lhDd]jf/L lbg
;lsG5 .
61
-3_ jg ;]jf cGtu{t ;d"x sfod gubf{ ;d]t sfo{;Dkfbgdf sl7gfO{ gcfpg] ePsfn] o;
;]jfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ hg/Nf km/]i6«L, :jfoNf P08 af6/ s~he{];g / af]6fgL ;DaGwL sfo{
ug{] lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsG5 .
-ª_ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf /xg] kb g]kfNf :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# / g]kfNf :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjNfL,
@)%% df pNf\Nf]v eP adf]lhd g} x'g ;Sg] x'G5 .
-r_ lzIff ;]jfleq ;d"x sfod gubf{ ;d]t sfo{;Dkfbgdf sl7gfO{ gcfpg] ePsfn] o;
;]jfsf] sd{rf/LNf] lzIff ;]jfleq cfpg] h'g;'s} sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;+nUg x'g ;Sg] x'G5g\ .
-5_ ljljw ;]jfleq ;d"x sfod gubf{ ;d]t sfo{;Dkfbgdf sl7gfO{ gcfpg] ePsfn]o;
;]jfsf] sd{rf/LNf] ljljw ;]jfleq cfpg] h'g;'s} sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;+nUg x'g ;Sg] x'G5g\ .
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgdf sfod x'g ;Sg] ;]jf ;d"xaf6 cfpg ;Sg] cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx? M
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf Pjd\ k4ltnfO{ ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{
cfjZos ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf ;dodf ;/sf/L
;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ :yfgLo tx;Dd ;dfof]hg kb:Yffkgf ul/g] / ;f] kZrft\ ;+3Lo
txsf ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joa:yfkg ug]{ ePsfn] sd{rf/Lsf] 7"nf] ;+Vof
:yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg x'g;Sg] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf b[li6n] clwsf+z ;|f]t, ;fwg,
clwsf/ :yfgLo txdf k|Tofof]hg x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ :jfefljs ?kdf lng'kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf
ljleGg cg';'rLx?df ls6fg ul/Psf tLg txsf ;/sf/sf clwsf/ ;'rLx?sf cfwf/df tLg
txsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ug]{, k|To]s txsf lghfdtL ;]jfsf cfwf/e"t d"NodfGotf, cfbz{,
ljz]iftf, Joj:yfkg ljlw / ;~rfng ljlw lgwf{/0f ug]{, tLg txsf lghfdtL ;]jfx?sf] jLrsf]
cGt/ ;DaGw kl/eflift ug]{, cGt/;DaGwsf] ljlw to ug]{, jt{dfg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] hgzlQm /
Ifdtfsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{, tLg} txsf lghfdtL ;]jfsf Go"gtd ;dfgtf sfod ug]{, tLg
txsf lghfdtL ;]jfx?aLrdf ;t{ ;lxtsf] pWj{ tyf t];f]{ rnfodfgtfsf] Joj:yf :ki6 ug]{,
/fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ cIf'0f /fVg tLg txsf PsLs[t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfwf/ to ug]{,
tLg txsf lghfdtL ;]jfx?sfjLrdf ;fem]bf/L, ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf If]qx? klxrfg ug]{, tLg}
txsf lghfdtL ;]jfx?df x'g] kbk"lt{nfO{ lgikIf, u'0f:t/Lo, ljZj;gLo / /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Qm
nufotsf ;jfnx? k|zf;lgs k'g{;+/rgfdf cfpg] ePsfn] sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf ;Gbe{df
sfod x'g] ;]jf, ;d"x / ;f] sf cfwf/df tof/ x'g] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf lj:t[t cWoog,
ljZn]if0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf l;h{gf x'g] s]xL ;sf/fTds k|efj tyf cfpg;Sg] k|d'v
r'gf}ltx? d"ntM lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
• z}lIfs of]Uotf, sfo{ cg'ej Pjd\ sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|s[lt ldNbf] ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf
aLrdf ePsf] j[lt ljsf;sf] c;dfg cj;/df ;dfgtf sfod eO{ sd{rf/L aLrsf]
a}dgiotfdf sdL cfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L x'g]
62
• j[lt ljsf;sf b[li6n] v'lDrP/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ cj:Yff /x]sf sd{rf/Ln] j[lt
ljsf;sf] j[xt If]q k|fKt ug{;Sg] ePsfn] ;]jf k|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L, pT;fx, ckgTjdf j[l4
x'g]
• ;]jf, ;d"xaLrsf] pFrf] / lgrf]sf] wf/0ff, /fd|f] elgg] u/]sf ;]jf ;d"xdf s]Gb|Lt x'gvf]Hg]
k|j[ltdf sdL cfO{ hgzlQm ljt/0fdf ;Gt'ngtf sfod x'g] ;fy} ;+u7gfTds Pstf
;'b[9 x'g]
• cfjZostfeGbf a9L ;]jf, ;d"xsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu x'g] u/sf] ;do, ;|f]t, ;fwgsf]
cg'lrt nufgLdf sdL cfO nufgLnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] j[xt/ lxt Pjd\ sNof0fdf nufgL
ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'g]
• z}lIfs of]Uotf, sfo{ cg'ej, sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ;d]tsf cfwf/df ufleg ;Sg] ;]jf, ;d"xsf
aLrdf hgzlQm jfF8kmfF8 jf ;dfof]hg kb:yfkg ubf{ ;+u7gfTds sfo{;Dkfbgdf
k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L ug'{kg]{
• ;fljssf] k|s[lt ldNbf] ;]jf, ;d"x Ps cfk;df PsLs[t x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] lhDd]jf/L
lgjf{xsf nflu cfjZos tflnd, cled'vLs/0f, cWoog nufotsf cj;/x? pknJw
u/fpg' kg]{
• pknAw hgzlQmnfO{ z}lIfs of]Uotf, sfo{ cg'ej, sfo{ tTk/tf Pjd\ pTk|]/0ff ;d]tsf
cfwf/df lhDd]jf/L k|fKt x'g] u/L ;dfof]hg kb:yfkgf ug'{kg]{
• pRr cWoog, tflnd nufotsf lhDd]jf/L lgjf{xsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t
j[lQljsf;sf cj;/x?nfO{ Gofof]lrt ?kdf ljt/0f ug'{kg]{
• ;fljssf] k|s[lt ldNbf] ;]jf, ;d"x Ps cfk;df PsLs[t x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] sd{rf/Ln]
cfkm\gf] j[lQljsf;sf] cj;/x? PsLs[t ;]jf ;d"x leq vf]hL ;+u7gsf] lhDd]jf/L
lgjf{xdf dfgl;s ?kdf tof/ x'g' kg]{
• ;+u7gleq cfpg;Sg] u'gf;f], ljjfb, åGånfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu ;Ifd, Jojl:yt
u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ;+oGq tof/ ug'{kg]{
• ;+3Lo OsfOsf tLg} txdf sfod x'g] ;]jf, ;d"xaLrsf] ;dGjo, tfbfTotf / sfo{
;Dkfbgsf] tfnd]nsf] Joa:yfkgsf cfwf/x? tof/ ug'{kg]{
• :yfgLotx ;Ddsf] ;/sf/n] ;]jf leqsf] ;]jf, ;d"xsf] ;dy{g, ;+/If0f, ljsf; / ;Dj4{g
ug]{ sfo{df lhDd]jf/L lng'kg]{
• ;a} ;]jf, ;d"xsf] ;dfg ljsf;sf nflu k|fKt x'g;Sg] cj;/sf nflu ug'{kg]{ kxn,
nufgL ;fy} ljt/0fsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{
• ;]jf, ;d"xdf ePsf] hgzlQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/, sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{k|ltsf] dgf]jn Pjd\
pT;fx nufotsf ;jfnx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg, cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L cj:yf
ljZn]if0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ ;+oGq tof/ ug'{kg]{ .
63
lgisif{
d'n'sdf nfdf] hgo'4 Pjd\ /fhgLlts ;+3if{af6 P]ltxfl;s zf;sLo ;'wf/sf ;+3Lo cfwf/x?
tof/ ePsf 5g\ . ;+3Lo zf;g k4ltsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf, dd{ / Joj:yf
adf]lhdsf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfx? tof/ x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . /fhgLlts ;+/rgf cg'?ksf] zf;sLo
k4ltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL Pjd\ k4ltut cfwf/x? tof/ ug]{ sfo{df /fhgLlts
;fy} k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj lg/Gt/ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] l;4fGt, p2]Zo,
efjgf cg'?k k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;du| cj;/tkm{ hgtfsf] dxTjfsf+Iff pRr /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts
g]t[Tj Pjd\ k|zf;lgs Joj:yfk|ltsf] hgtfsf] ljZjf; / ;dy{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ /fhgLlts
;f]r, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, sfo{of]hgf cg'?ksf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fO{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/
Pjd\ ;Dj[l4nfO{ pFrf] u/fpg' kg]{ h?/L ;d]t ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] kl/jlt{t ;f]rsf
;fy} hgtfsf] kl/jlt{t cfsf+Iff cg'?k ;/sf/sf] gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt / sfo{qmdnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{ cxd e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] sd{rf/LtGqsf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf ;+j]bgzLn /
lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt cg'?k /fHosf tLg} txdf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg
Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . /fHosf] clwsf+z >]ft, ;fwg, sfo{qmd :yfgLotx;Dd
k|Tofof]hg x'g] ;fy} tL ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng u/L :yfgLo:t/af6} hgtfsf] ljsf;
k|ltsf] dxTjsf+Iff xfl;n ug{ ljsf;sf] cfwf/x? dha't u/fpg' kg]{ ;Gbe{df :yfgLo:t/;Dd
of]Uo, cg'ejL, lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ dgf]jn ePsf sd{rf/L kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
:yfgLo:t/;Ddsf] ;/sf/n] ;dfof]hg kb:yfkgf eP/ hfg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] cg'ej, of]Uotf,
sfo{;Dkfbg IfdtfnfO{ pkof]u u/L ;Ifd, pTkfbgzLn, hjfkmb]xL zf;sLo cfwf/ tof/ ug{
;+j]bgzLn / xf];Lof/ x'g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;dfof]hg kb:yfkg eP/ cfpg] hgzlQmsf] pRrtd
pkof]u ug{sf nflu sfg'gtM sfod eP/ cfpg] ;]jf, ;d"xsf] ;+of]hg, Joj:yfkg, pkof]udf
/fhgLlts cg'zf;g / ;+odtf Pjd\ k|zf;lgs ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? M
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
@= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
#= lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
$= :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#, sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
%= :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%%, sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
^= Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
&= ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ljleGg k|ltj]bg Pjd\ d:of}+bf k|ltj]bgx? .
64
g]kfndf ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|j[lQ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/
"emSsk|;fb cfrfo{
;f/f+z
cltsd ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?sf] /fHo ;~rfng ug{, ljsf;sf ultljlwx?nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg tyf nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] x}l;otn] gful/ssf cfjZostf / ck]Iffx?
k"/f ug{ df}h'bf ;|f]t ;b}j Go"g x'G5 . cf}Bf]lus/0f, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, /f]hfuf/Lsf cj;/x?sf]
cefj / cy{tGqsf ;du| kl/;"rsx?df cfpg] ptf/r9fjn] ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{
lg/Gt/ / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg ;lsb}g . cfly{s ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf cfGtl/s ;|f]t dfq
kof{Kt gx'g] / pko'Qm j}b]lzs nufgLsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f gx'g] o:tf b]zx?df j}slNks
>f]tsf] ?kdf ljsf; ;xfotf ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; ;xfotfnfO{ pko'Qm If]qdf ljsf;
;fem]bf/af6 k|jfx x'g] / jf:tljs cfjZostf / dfudf s]lGb|t agfpg b]zsf] /fhgLlts
g]t[Tj, k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj / cfd gful/s tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf ju{sf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo
agfO{ k|fKt ;xfotfsf] dxQd pkof]u ub}{ o;sf] :j?k / k|j[lQnfO{ kl/is[t ub}{ n}hfg' h?/L
5 . cfoftdf cfwfl/t /fh:j x'g', ljb]zL nufgL ck]lIft cfslif{t x'g g;Sg' tyf nfdf]
;z:q åGå, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|f?k g} kl/jt{g ePsf] h:tf ljifd
kl/l:yltsf sf/0f ljsf; ;xfotfsf] tTsfn ljsNk 5}g . ljsf; ;femf]bf/x?sf], ;xfotf
kl/rfngsf ljlw / k4ltx?df Ps?ktf x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f ;g\ !(%! b]lv xfn;Dd lg/Gt/
;xfotf k|flKtsf jfjh'b o;sf] pkof]u / kl/rfng k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g g;s]sf]
ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . tyflk @)^@÷^# sf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng / To;kl5sf
zf;sLo If]qsf ptf/ r9fjsf] ;fy;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! hf/L
u/L ljsf; ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf;Fu cfa4 ub}{ ;xfotf kl/rfngsf] 9fFrf, ;xfotf
k|flKt, sfof{Gjog / ;dGjo ;+oGq, ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] lhDd]jf/Lx? :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . gofF
ljsf; ;xfotf gLltdf /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfkl5 ;xfotfsf] k|flKt, pkof]u / kl/rfngsf
;DefJo ljlwx? yk u/L gLltsf] ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g u/L ;xfotf kl/rfngdf cfufdL
g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf emg a9L lhDd]jf/ x'g] kl/b[Zo 5 . ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|flKt ;+j}wflgs
k|fjwfg adf]lhd ;+3 / k|b]zx?sf] e"ldsf / ljlw oyfzL3| ug{ cfjZos 5 .
ljsf; ;xfotf
;fdfGotof ljsl;t d'n's jf ;+:yfx?af6 sd ljsl;t jf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df cfly{s,
;fdflhs, dfgjLo tyf k|fljlws If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|jfx x'g] ;xof]u g} ljsf; ;xfotf xf] .
o:tf] ;xfotf k|fljlws, ljQLo, dfgjLo / j:t'ut ;a} vfnsf] x'g] / d'n'ssf cltl/Qm
ax'/fli6«o lgsfox? (WB, IMF, ADB) cflb af6 kl/rfng x'G5 . ljsf; ;xfotf x'gsf nflu
;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 :jLsf/ ul/g], cfly{s ljsf; clej[l4 / hgsNof0f s]lGb|t / ;/n ljQLo
zt{ ePsf] x'g'kg]{ ;}4flGts dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .

" ;x;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .
65
ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! hf/L ePkl5 j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ æljsf; ;xfotfÆ / bft[
lgsfonfO{ æljsf; ;fem]bf/Æ sf] ?kdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . pQm gLltn] ljsf; ;xfotfsf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ g]kfnnfO{ Ps ;d[4
nf]stflGqs d'n'sdf ?kfGtl/t ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] bL3{sflng ;f]+r /x]sf] 5 .
ljsf; ;xfotfsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd
ljsf; cleofgsf] ;xof]uL c:qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ;xfotfsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] . sd ljsl;t
/ ljsf;zLn /fi6«x?df cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{, /fli6«o Ifdtfsf] clwstd ljsf; u/L
nfe lng, ljsf; ;xfotf kl/rfng ul/Psf] b]z÷;+:yfx?af6 ;Lk, 1fg, k|ljlw k|fKt u/L
d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, jftfj/0fLo, dfgjLo / k|fljlws If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ låtLo
ljZjo'4kl5 o'/f]k]nL b]zx?sf] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] qmddf ljsf; ;xfotfsf] ;'?jft\ ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\
!(^)–&) sf] bzsdf of] klZrd o'/f]k, hfkfg, dWok"j{ Pl;ofsf / clk|msfsf u/La d'n'sx?sf
tTsflng cfly{s ;d:ofx?sf] ;Daf]wgsf] qmddf lj:tf/ x'Fb} uof] . ;g\ !(&) df ljsl;t
d'n'sx?n] cfˆgf] s"n /fli6«o cfosf] )=&Ü c+z k|To]s jif{ ljsf; ;xfotfsf] ?kdf sd
ljsl;t d'n'sx?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] k|ltj4tf hgfP . qmdzM o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ OECD n] klg
cfTd;ft\ u/L ljleGg :j?k / df]8fln6Ldf ;xfotfsf] k|jfx ;'? ul/of] . cd]l/sf / ?;aLrsf]
lzto'4kl5 ljsf; ;xfotfsf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g cfO{ d'n'sdf ljBdfg ;a} lsl;dsf æul/aL
lgjf/0fÆ nfO{ s]Gb|df /flv ;xfotf lbg] sfo{sf] ;'?jft eof] .
g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;'?jft\ cl3 g} ;g\ !(%! df Point Four Program cGtu{t
klxnf]k6s cd]l/sfn] ljsf; ;xfotf pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 ef/t / rLg b'j}n]
k|lt:kwf{Tds tj/df g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cleofg g} ;'? u/] . g]kfnn] ;+:yfut ?kdf ljsf;
;xfotf k|fKt u/]sf] plNnlvt cjlw eGbf klxn] ;g\ !&(# df k|mfG;l;t ;}Go ;xof]u /
/f0ffzf;g sfnd} ;g\ !(!! df kmlk{ª hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu j]nfotaf6 ;xof]u
k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ljb]zL C0fsf] ?kdf /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zf;gsfndf k|hftGqsf] ckx/0fkl5
d'n'sdf ljsf;sf] nx/ Nofpg lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] Development Loan
Fund n] g]kfnnfO{ g]kfnL ?k}ofFd} e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L $ nfv cd]l/sL 8n/sf] >d ;Demf}tf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?af6 ;+:yfut ?kdf klxnf] k6s ljZj a}Ísf] k|j]z ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljZj a}Ín] ;g\ !(^( df b'/;~rf/ kl/of]hgfdf !&=*) nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ C0f nufgL u/]sf]
xf] . To;kl5 ljZj a}Ín] k|fljlws ;xfotf, k/fdz{ / C0f ;xof]u, s[lif, l;+rfO{, b"/;~rf/,
/fhdfu{, ljB't, vfg]kfgL, lzIff tyf ;/;kmfO{df lbb} cfPsf] 5 . ljZj a}Ísf] ;xfotf, a}Í
;d"xaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf ljZj a}+s ;d"xaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L ;xfotf kl/rfng
ePsf] 5 . Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Í ;g\ !(^* df ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] p2]Zo lnP/ g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf]
xf] . ;'zf;gnfO{ cfˆgf] ;xfotfsf] nIo agfPsf] o; a}}+sn] g]kfndf ul/aL lgjf/0f, lbuf] cfly{s
j[l4, PsLs[t ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ k|d'v /0fgLltsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . o;/L låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo
tj/n] g]kfndf ;xfotf k|jfx ;'? ug]{ ;+:yfx? xfn;Dd sl/a !@) /x]sf] cy{ dGqfnosf] Aid
Management Platform sf] clen]vaf6 b]lvG5 .
66
ljsf; ;xfotfsf k|sf/x? (Types of Development Assistance Funding)
ljsl;t /fi6« jf lgsfo÷;+:yfx?af6 cltsdljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df k|jfx÷kl/rfng

x'g] ;xfotfx? lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ .
s_ cg'bfg ;xfotf (Grant)
k|fKt ug]{ b]zn] ljsf; ;fem]bf/ b]z jf ;+:yfnfO{ k|fKt cg'bfg jfktsf] kl/df0f k'gM e'QmfgL
ug]{ bfloTj gx'g] ;xfotf cg'bfg ;xfotf xf] . o:tf] ;xfotfsf] k|flKt gub, j:t' tyf ;]jf
h'g;'s} klg x'g ;S5 .
v_ C0f ;xfotf (Loan)
C0f ;xfotfdf k'gM e"QmfgLsf] bfloTj /x]sf] x'G5 . C0f e"QmfgLsf] ljlw / k|lqmof ;xfotf
k|flKtsf] ;dodf ul/g] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd x'G5 . C0f ;xfotfdf k|ToIf e"QmfgL, vr{ lkmtf{
lbg] / gubdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . C0f ;xfotf cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;+:yfaf6 x'G5 / o;df
slDtdf @%Ü cg'bfgsf] c+z /x]sf] x'G5 .
u_ k|fljlws ;xfotf (Technical Assistance)
ljsf; ;fem]bf/n] ;DalGwt b]zsf] JolQm tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws
;xfotf kl/rfng u5{ . o:tf ;xfotf tflnd, ;]ldgf/, k/fdz{ tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx?sf]
nfut vr{ Joxf]g]{ k4lt dfkm{t k|jfx x'G5 . ;fy} kl/of]hgfsf] tof/L vr{ / k"j{ nufgLsf
lqmofsnfkx?df ;d]t o:tf] ;xfotf k|bfg ul/G5 . k|fljlws ;xfotfn] cltsd ljsl;t
b]zx?sf] xsdf ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 .
ljsf; ;xfotf kl/rfngdf 9fFrfx? (Modalities of Development Assistance) ljsf;
;fem]bf/x? dfkm{t ;xfotf kl/rfngsf ljleGg 9fFrfx? x'G5g\ . g]kfndf ljsf; ;xfotf
sfof{Gjogsf k|d'v 9fFrfx? (Modalities) lgDg 5g\ M
s_ sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t (Program Support)
• ;xfotfsf] sfof{Gjog g]t[Tj ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ b]zn] u5{ .

• Psn a[xt sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] Joj:yf x'G5 .
• cf}krfl/s k|lqmofaf6 ljsf; ;fem]bf/;Fu ;dGjo / ;fd~h:otf tyf k|ltj]bg, jh]6,
ljQLo Joj:yfkg, vl/b sfo{ ug]{,
• sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog, ljQLo Joj:yfkg, cg'udg / d"NofÍgdf :yfgLo k|0ffnLsf]
k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] .
67
v_ kl/of]hgf ;xfotf (Project Support)
/fli6«o k|fyldstfsf of]hgfdf ;dfj]z x'g] vfnsf Psn kl/of]hgf k|0ffnL (Stand Alone
Project Approach) df kl/of]hgf ;xfotf 9fFrf cjnDag ul/G5 .
u_ If]qut 9fFrf (Sector-wise Approach)
s'g} lglZrt If]q ljz]ifnfO{ ;d]6g] u/L w]/} ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;xfotf kl/rfng
ul/G5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb If]qdf o; 9fFrfdf ljsf; ;xfotf kl/rfng ePsf] 5 .
3_ dfgjLo ;xfotf (Humanitarian Assistance)
z/0ffyL{, e"sDklkl8t, e"sDk kZrftsf] k'g{lgdf{0f nufotsf cj:yfdf dfgjLo hLjg, dfgjLo
dof{bf / :jfldTjsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu o:tf] ;xfotf k|jfx u5{ .
ª_ ah]6 ;xfotf (Budget Support)
of] ;/sf/sf] k|d'v k|fyldstfdf kg]{ ;xfotf 9fFrf xf] . o:tf] ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf;Fu
cfj4 u/fOG5 . ah]6 ;xfotf cGtu{t ljsf; ;fem]bf/af6 ;/sf/sf] sf]ifdf k|ToIf ?kdf
;xfotf x:tfGt/0f ul/G5 . ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf k|fyldstf / sfo{qmd cg';f/ ljlgof]hgsf]
;'ljwf /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf] nflu ePsf k|of;x?
ljsf; ;xfotfsf] pkof]u ug]{ /fi6«x?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, dfgjLo, ljsf;sf] If]qdf ck]lIft
pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;s]kl5 ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] ljifon] :yfg kfPsf] xf] . ljsf;
;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ug]{ /fi6«x?n] s'zn Pj+ bIf Jojxf/ut k|ltkmn a9fpg, nlIft ju{;Dd
ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn k'¥ofpg / qmdzM ljsf; ;xfotf k|ltsf] lge{/tf 36fpFb} cfTdlge{/
cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] k[i7e"lddf ;g\ @))# sf] km]j|'c/Ldf ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf]
g]t[Tjdf O6fnLdf ;DkGg pRr:t/Lo e]nfaf6 ;xfotf k|efjsfl/tfsf] If]qdf ljZj ;d'bfosf]
Wofg cfslif{t ePsf] kfOG5 . ;xfotf k|efjsfl/tfsf % j6f ;}4flGts vDjfx?sf] ?kdf ckgTj
(Ownership), cfj4tf (Alignment), ;fd~h:otf (Harmonization), ljsf;sf k|ltkmnx?sf
nflu Joj:yfkg (Managing for Development Results) / cfk;L hjfkmb]lxtf (Mutual
accountability) /x]sf 5g\ . ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf] If]qdf ePsf k|d'v
k|of;x? lgDg 5g\ .
• ;g\ @))# sf] /f]ddf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf]
;xeflutfdf ;xfotfsf] æxfdf]{gfOh]zgÆ ljifodf klxnf] pRr:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ;DkGg
eof] . o;n] klxnf] k6s ;xfotf k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu ckgTj (Ownership), cfj4tf
(Alignment), ;fd~h:otf (Harmonization) u/L # j6f d"n l;4fGtnfO{ Harmonization
sf cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ /f]d 3f]if0ff kq hf/L u¥of] .
68
• ;g\ @))$ sf] km]j|'c/L $ b]lv % df]/Ssf]sf] d/fs]zdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? IMF, UN
agencies, EU, International Organization / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?_ sf]
;xeflutfdf ljsf;sf k|ltkmn ljifos bf];|f] ;Dd]ng eof] . o; ;Dd]ngn] cg'udg
tyf d"Nof+sg k|lqmofnfO{ ;femf agfO{ Joj:yfkg vr{ 36fpg] / k|ltj]bg k|lqmofnfO{
;/n / ldtJooL agfpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOof] .
• ;g\ @))% df k|mfG;sf] k]l/;df ;xfotf k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL bf];|f] pRr:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] ;xfotf k|efjsfl/tfsf] ckgTj (Ownership), cfj4tf (Alignment), /
;fd~h:o (Harmonization) sf cltl/Qm ljsf;sf] kl/0ffdd'vL Joj:yfkg (Managing
for development results) / cfk;L hjfkmb]lxtf (Mutual accountability) sf l;4fGtnfO{
cfwf/e"t tTjx?sf] ;"rLdf yk ub}{ k]l/; 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u¥of] .
• ;g\ @))* sf] ;]K6]Dj/df 3fgfsf] cfqmfdf bft[ lgsfo, dfks /fi6«x? ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
lgsfox?/ cGt/f{li6«o låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ljQLo ;+:yfx? nufot sl/a !@))
k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ;DkGg t];|f] pRr:t/Lo k|efjsfl/tf ljifos ;Dd]ngn]
ljutsf k|of;x?sf] ;dLIff ub}{ ltgnfO{ cem k|hftflGqs, km/flsnf], qmda4, ;doj4 /
dfkgof]Uo agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Wofg s]lGb|t ul/g] k|ltj4tf ;lxt cfqmf sfo{of]hgf
hf/L u¥of] . pQm sfo{of]hgfn] M–
¾ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo j}b]lzs ;xfotf -# b]lv % jif{;Dd_;
¾ k|fkssf] cfˆg} df}lns ;+/rgf, k|0ffnL, of]hgf tyf k|fyldstfdf bftfkIf cfa4
x'g'kg]{ ;
¾ k/Dk/fut zt{x?nfO{ Jojxfl/s zt{df kl/0ft ug'{kg]{;
¾ gLltut eGbf k|lqmofut zt{x?nfO{ k|>o lbg'kg]{;
¾ ;xfotf /fzL k|fks /fi6«n] pko'Qm / ;:tf] b]lvsf] :yfgaf6 j:t' tyf ;]jf vl/b
ug{ kfpg'kg]{ nufotsf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] lyof] .
• ;g\ !(!! sf] gf]e]Da/df blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] a';fgdf ;DkGg ;Dd]ngn] ljutsf
k|ltj4tfx?nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpFb} blIf0f–blIf0f ;xof]u (South South Cooperation)Pjd\ ljsf;df
;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L(Public Private Partnership) nfO{ :yfgLo cg's"n k|of]udf NofO{
;xfotfk|ltsf] lge{/tf qmdzM 36fpFb} nlug] ljZjf; k|ltljlDjt u/]sf] 5 . ;xfotf
kl/rfngsf] cf}lrTo ljsf; kl/0ffdaf6 k'li6 x'G5 . cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ Ifdtf /
k|lt:kwf{Tds Jofkf/sf] IfdtfnfO{ a9fpg ;Sof] eg] ;xfotfk|ltsf] lge{/tf 36g] d'Vo
b:tfj]hsf] lgisif{ /x]sf] lyof] .
• ;g\ @)!$ d]lS;sf] df ;DkGg pRr:t/Lo a}7s ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu
sf];]9'+uf ;fljt ePsf] 5 . ;Dd]ngsf k|d'v pknlAwx?df ljsf;sf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f,
glthfdf hf]8, ljsf; ;fem]bf/ / k|fks b]z ba}sf] pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf h:tf ljifodf
/x]sf 5g\ .
69
• ;g\ @)!^ df clk|msg b]z s]Gofsf] g}/f]aLdf ePsf] Global Partnership for Effective
Development Coopeartion ljifos pRr:t/Lo ;]ldgf/n] klg ljsf; ;xfotfsf]
k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf] If]qdf lautsf l;4fGtx?sf] cg'z/0f ub}{ :jfldTj, glthf,
;dfj]lztf tyf pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tfdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]ifu/L ljZjAofkL
;fem]bf/L;Fusf] ;xsfo{ ug]{, ljsf; ;xfotfsf] pkfuddf yk kl/jt{g ug]{, /fhgLlts
g]t[TjnfO{ dxTj lbg], ;x>fAbL nIosf cw'/f nIox?nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg], ;+o'Qm tyf
PsLs[t?kdf nufgL ug]{, lj1fg, k|ljlw / gjk|jt{gsf] ljsf; ug]{, s;}nfO{ klg k5f8L
g5f]8]/ cuf8L a9\g], b]zsf] lxtdf s]lGb|t sfo{x? ug]{, ;a} JolQmsf] cfjfhnfO{ ;dfg :yfg
lbg], xfdLn] u/]sf x/]s lqmofsnfkx?sf] cg'udg lgoldt ?kdf ug]{, xfdLn] l;Sg]5f} /
cg'sng x'g]5f}+ cflb If]qdf ;]ldgf/ s]lGb|t /Xof] .
g]kfndf ljsf; ;xfotf k|flKt / pkof]usf] cj:yf
cy{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt Development Cooperation Report 2016-17 cg';f/ g]kfndf ljsf;
;xfotfsf] k|flKt / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] cj:yf b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo tyf ljifout dGqfnox?df k|ltj]bg cjlwdf s"n #&
j6f lgsfosf ljleGg kl/of]hgfx?sf] nflu s"n !,%^(,&(%,@^% cd]l/sL 8n/sf] k|ltj4tf
k|fKt ePsf]df !,#($,^)),*^* cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf] ;xfotf k|flKt ePsf] 5 .
• ;/sf/sf] jflif{s jh]6df ;dfj]z ePsf] ;xfotfsf] ?kdf @@ j6f dGqfnosf] ljleGg !*#
kl/of]hgfsf] nflu ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 .
• cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? dfkm{t lhNnfut kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;~rfngsf] nflu s"n
!*^,%#&,(## cd]l/sL 8n/ ;xfotf k|flKt ePsf] 5 . o;df ;a}eGbf a9L %^ j6f
kl/of]hgf l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf / ;a}eGbf sd ?s'ddf # kl/of]hgf j6f /x]sf 5g\ .
• k|ltj]bg cjlwdf ljleGg !# j6f låkIfLo tyf jx'kIfLo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?af6
e"sDkkl5sf] ljsf; / k'glg{df0fsf] nflu s"n #(),&@@,&@# cd]l/sL 8n/ ;xfotf k|fKt
ePsf] 5 .
• ;g\ @)!^–!& df ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf sl/a #)Ü j[l4 eO{ !#($=^ ldlnog cflwsfl/s
ljsf; ;xfotf -ODA) k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; ;xfotf /fzLdf cg'bfgsf] c+z $!=&^Ü, C0f
#(=#^Ü / k|fljlws ;xfotf !*=**Ü /x]sf] 5 .
• jx'kIfLo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? dWo] ;a}eGbf al9 ljZj a}Í ;d"xsf] 345.97 ldlnog
cd]l/sL 8n/ / To;kl5 qmdzM Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Ísf] 253.9 ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/,
UN Country Team sf] 120.73 ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/, / o'/f]k]nL o'lgog 83.89
ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 .
• låkIfLo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?df ;a}eGbf al9 of]ubfg USAID sf] USAID 134.06 ldlnog
cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 . To:t} j]nfot 128.31 ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/, hfkfgsf] 77.65
ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/, ef/tsf] 59.26 ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ / rLgsf] 41.24 ldlnog
cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 .
70
• k|fKt ;xfotfdf bz 7"nf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] of]ubfg sl/a () k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o k|0ffnLaf6 ut jif{sf] ;xfotf ^#Ü /x]sf]df k|ltj]bg cjlwdf &#Ü k'u]sf]
5.
• ljut & jif{sf] ljsf; ;xfotfsf] GDP ;Fusf] j[l4b/ a9]sf] 5 t/ ODA sf] c+z 36bf]
/x]sf] 5 .
• ;g\ @)!^–!& df ODA sf] c+zdWo] !%% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ ;xfotf /fli6«o jh]6
k|0ffnL dfkm{t k|fKt ePsf] 5 . k|fKt ;xfotf dWo] k|b]z g+= # df ;a}eGbf a9L #%$=&&
-ldlnog 8n/_ / k|b]z g+= ! df ;a}eGbf Go"g ^!=^* dfq /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
• ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?n] g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L !@&=@$ ldlnog cd]l/sL
8n/k|jfx u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] To;kl5 qmdzM :yfgLo ljsf;, cfjf;, vfg]kfgL, gLlt /
/0fgLlt If]qdf k|flKt ePsf] 5 .
• ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?af6 k|fKt ;xfotfsf] /fzL yf]/} / If]q w]/} u/L 5l/P/ (Fermentation)
k|fKt x'g] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;xfotf k|jfx ug]{ kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;+Vof ;g\ @)!^÷!& df
$#^ k'u]sf] 5 . Pp6f ljsf; ;fem]bf/n] cf}iftdf ( j6f ljifout dGqfno jf
lgsfox?nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 .
• cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;xfotfsf] /fzL ljut jif{x?df eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 .
k|ltj]bg cjlwdf o:tf lgsfoaf6 k|fKt /fzL !^*=#( ld= cd]l/sL 8n/ pT;fxhgs g}
/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;xfotf cy{ dGqfnosf] Aid Management Platform df ePsf]
clen]lvs/0f x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L INGOs sf] a9\bf] ;+Vof / e"sDkkl5sf] ;xfotf k|jfxdf
o:tf lgsfox?sf] ;xeflutfdf a9f]Q/L eP/ of] /fzL a9]sf] xf] .
• g]kfndf lj=;+= @)&@ sf] e"sDkkl5sf] k'glgdf{0fsf] nflu ;xfotf pknAw u/fPsf]
k|ltj4tf cTolws cfof] t/ tbg'?ksf] k|flKt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|ltj]bg cjlwdf
plNnlvt k|of]hgsf] nflu ljleGg ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] s"n ;xfotf $!=!
ljlnog USD sf] &% k|ltzt dfq jf:tljs k|ltj4tf k|fKt eof] .
;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ljsf; ;xfotf kl/rfng
lj=;+= @)&@ ;fndf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 g]kfnsf] df}h'bf zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf cfd"n
kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . sl/a !#% jif{;Dd PsfTds / s]lGb|s[t zf;g k|0ffnL ljBdfg /x]sf]df
jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ;lxtsf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 . ca
k|b]zx?n] k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ 5g\ . xfn ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txsf lgjf{rgx? ;DkGg eO{ afFsL Joj:yfksLo sfo{x? eO/x]sf 5g\ .
;+qmd0fsfndf ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] lgoldt sfo{;~rfngdf ljQLo, sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs / k|lqmofut
?kdf s]xL cK7of/fx? :jefljs ?kdf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L ljsf; ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng, Joj:yfkg
/ ;dGjogsf] lhDd]jf/L cy{ dGqfnosf] x'g] / ;f]sf] nflu dGqfno cfˆgf] u[xsfo{df 5 .
71
g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgsf] wf/f %(-^_ cg';f/ j}b]lzs ;xfotf / C0f lng] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/df
lgxLt /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;xfotf jf C0f lnFbf b]zsf] ;dli6ut cfly{s bfloTj x'g] u/L lng' kg]5
{
eGg] Joj:yf 5 . ;fy} ;+ljwfgdf ljsf; ;xfotf kl/rfng ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] dfq ug{
;Sg] tyf k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;xdltdf j}b]lzs cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
;+lawfgsf] wf/f ^) n] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf] ljifodf s/ nufpg
/ tL >f]tx?af6 /fh:j p7fpg ;Sg], ;femf ;"rLleqsf] ljifodf s'g} klg txsf] ;"rLdf gk/]sf
ljifodf s/ nufpg] / /fh:j p7fpg] Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng / k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4df b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;Daf]wgsf
pkfox?
g]kfn h:tf] cltsd ljsl;t, e"kl/j]li7t, cy{tGqsf cfwf/x? sdhf]/ /x]sf] Pj+, gjLgtd
1fg, ;Lk / k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] cefj ePsf] b]zsf] nflu ljsf; ;xfotf cem} klg ckl/xfo{ 5 .
ljsf; ;xfotf Necessary Evil xf], h;/L ;xfotf k|flKt ug]{ b]zsf] cfjZostf xf] To:t}
clwsf/ klg xf], ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj klg xf] . Beggars have no choice h:tf
k'/ftgjfbL cjwf/0ffx? ca ;fGble{s 5}gg\ .
k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffeGbf k[ys 9+un] ;f]Rg] qmddf g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf u/]sf ljljw
k|sf/sf k|ltj4tfx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf
clej[l4 ug]{ ;DaGwL k|ltj4tf / ;Demf}tfx? / ;dsflng ljZjsf ljleGg cGt{/fli6«o d'2fx?sf]
;Gbe{df cfˆgf] bx|f] pkl:ylt / cfjfh a'nGb ug{] xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L xf] . t;y{ cjsf] ;xfotf
k|flKtsf k|j[lQ, vr{sf] nflu /fli6«o k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u, ljsf; ;xfotf gLltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf
dfkb08 / If]qsf] clwgdf /xL ;xfotfsf] k|flKt;Fu} ljsf;sf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ub}{ hfg'
h?/L 5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;dodf ;xfotf k|flKtsf] If]qdf ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:of ;Daf]wgsf
pkfox? b]xfosf cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
• ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! nfO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"n agfO{ ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;xfotf
k|flKtsf If]q, ljlw / k4ltsf] j:t'ut dfkb08 to ug'{k5{ .
• ;xfotfsf] k|ltj4tf / k|flKt k|efjsf/L ?kdf pkof]u u/L ck]lIft glthf k|flKtdf
b]lvPsf] vf8nnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ul/g'k5{ .
• ljsf; ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6«o ah]6 k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt ug]{ ;Gbe{df cfjZos tof/L, 5nkmn,
;Demf}tf / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogdf /fHosf] :ki6 gLlt x'g'k5{ .
• sltko ;xfotfx?sf] ;f]wegf{ ;dodf gcfpgfn] /fli6«o ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;d:ofx?
cfPsf 5g\, ltgsf] lg/fs/0f ;dof]lrt ?kdf ul/g'k5{ .
72
• ;xfotfsf] k|flKt k"lt{ kIfaf6 lgb]{lzt geO{ dfukIfsf] dfusf] cfwf/df x'g'k5{ / ax'hg
lxtsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .
• ljsf; ;xfotf k|ltj]bgsf] tYof+ssf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;'ud / dfgj
ljsf;sf] b[li6n] /fd|f] k|b]z g+= # df a9L ;xfotf /fzLsf] k|jfx b]lvG5 . ;a} If]q, ju{ /
dfgj ljsf;sf] b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf] If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg' klg h?/L 5 .
• ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'?k k|b]zut ?kdf ;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;DefJotf /
cNksflng / bL3{sflng ?kdf ;du| cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L ;+3Lo
;/sf/n] k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{ ;xhLs/0f u/L k|b]zut ?kdf casf] ;xfotf k|flKtsf
dfkb08 to ul/g'k5{ .
• NGOS/ INGOS af6 k|fKt cg]s ;xfotfnfO{ Aid Management Platform df clgjfo{
?kdf k|ljli6 u/fpg'k5{ .
• ljsf; ;xfotf kl/rfng ug]{ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?nfO{ Pool Funding u/L ;xfotf
kl/rfng k|f]T;flxt ul/g'k5{ .
• ljsf; ;xfotf k|ltsf] k/lge{/tf 36fpg] / k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf] If]qdf ePsf
k|of;x?nfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg g]kfnn] cfjZostfg';f/ g]kfn ljsf; d~r (Nepal
Development Forum) sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ .
• ljsf; ;xfotf gLltdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] lhDd]jf/L :ki6 ul/Psf] 5, ltgsf]
;dLIffsf] nflu ;+oGq to ul/g'k5{ .
ljsf; ;xfotfsf ljsNkx?
ljsf; ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tf 36fpFb} hfg] lbzfdf cj g]kfnn] ;f]Rg} kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ;a}eGbf
ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ kIf eg]sf] j}b]lzs C0fsf] kl/rfngsf] kIfdf xf] . g]kfndf h'g 9+un] j}b]lzs C0f
lng] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 o;n] bL3{sfndf C0f e"QmfgLsf] Jooef/ a9\bf] 5 . ;g\ !(&$÷&% df
ltg{ afFsL s"n C0f #$=^) ca{ /x]sf]df ;g\ !(*&÷** df ?=@! ca{ k'Uof] . ut aif{sf]
cGt;Dd v'b ltg{ afFsL j}b]lzs C0f ?=$=!# s/f]8 / o; cf=j=sf] j}b]lzs C0f / cfGtl/s
C0f ;d]t u0fgf ubf{ s'n sl/a ^=(* s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L cfhsf] ldltdf k|To]s g]kfnLsf]
6fpsf]df @$ xhf/ % ;o C0fef/ 5 . ;g\ !(**÷*( df s"n C0fef/ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
! k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf]df xfn @& k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;g\ () sf] bzsdf lnOPsf]
clwsf+z C0fsf] e"QmfgL cjlw k"/f x'Fb} uPsf]n] cfGtl/s /fh:j kl/rfngaf6 C0fsf] ;fFjfFAofh
e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Lldt laQLo >f]t / vr{ ug'{kg]{ lgsfo / cfjZostf a9\bf] 5 . xfn s"n ah]6sf] Ps
ltxfO /x]sf] ljsf; ;xfotf dflysf] lge{/tf s]xL aif{leq $) b]lv %) k|ltzt gk'Unf eGg
;lsGg . lsgeg] ljZJofkL ?kdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?n] cg'bfgsf] c+z 36fpFb} nuL ;x'lnotk"0f{
C0fsf] c+z a9fpFb} nu]sf], C0fdf klg ljleGg pks/0fx? hf/L ug{ yfn]sf] / gofF gofF
nufgLsf ;+:yfx?sf] >[hgf eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] ;dodf g} ;fjwfgL ckgfpg ;s]g eg]
C0fsf] ef/ (Debt Trap) df kg]{ hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] ljsf; ;xfotf gLltdf
kl/dfh{g ug{ k|fKt cj;/nfO{ ;dod} pkof]u ug'{ a'l4dQf x'g]5 .
73
ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! df Joj:yf ePsf] tyf ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{
ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?n] ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df u/]sf k|lta4tf cg'?k o;sf] :j?k /
k|a[lQdf g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] /0fgLlt to ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ca ljsf; ;xfotfdflysf] k/lge{/tf
36fpg cjsf] ;xfotfsf] df]8fln6L blIf0f blIf0f ;xfotf -South South Cooperation_, lghL
If]q;+u ;fem]bf/L -Partnership with private sector_, Aofkf/sf] nflu ;xfotf -Aid for Trade_,
cg'bfg ;xfotf -Grants_ / ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f ;xfotf -Concessional Loan_ h:tf If]qdf s]lGb|t
x'g'k5{ .
How to Manage an Aid Exit Strategy: The Future of Development Aid gfds k':tsdf n]vs
Derek Fee n] The elements of aid exit strategy sf] ?kdf lgDg tTjx?nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{kg]{
;'emfj JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
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Institutional
Development
6HOI+HOS$LG *OREDO)XQG
plNnlvt Diagram cg';f/ ljsf; ;xfotfsf] ljsNksf] ?kdf cfGtl/s >f]t kl/rfng,
cy{tGqsf] ljljlws/0f, :jo+;]jf ;xof]u / ljZjJofkL sf]ifsf] pkof]u g} pko'Qm ljsNk x'g]
lgisif{ 5 .
lgisif{
g]kfn h:tf] cltsd ljsl;t, e"kl/j]li7t, nfdf] ;z:qåGå / ;+qmd0fsflng cjlwdf /x]sf]
b]zsf] nflu tTsfn ljsf; ;xfotfsf] ljsNk 5}g . b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu
tTsfn /x]sf] ;fwgsf] Go"gtf k"/f ug{, a9bf] Jofkf/3f6fsf] sf/0f cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efjx?nfO{
x6fpg Pj+ cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ?kn] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf cfwfl/t /x]/
5gf}6k"0f{ tl/sfn] ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k|flKt / pkof]usf] nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j kl/rfngdf
;xof]uL jftfj/0f agfpg'k5{ . cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] ;fy} ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd cltsd
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;"rLaf6 d'Qm x'g / ;g\ @)#) ;Dd dWod cfo ePsf] b]zsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g
xfd|f] cfjZostf, dfu / kl/j]z cg's"n ;xfotf k|flKt / pkof]u ub}{ qmdzM ;xfotf k|ltsf]
k/lge{/tf 36fpFb} cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f tkm{ cuf8L a9g'k5{ . b]z xfn ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf
kl/0ft eO;s]sf] kl/j]zdf casf] ;xfotfsf] cfjZostf, k|flKt / pkof]usf] j:t'ut ljlw /
k4lt ;lxt ;j{:jLsfo{ ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt th'{df u/L tbg'?k cuf8L a9g' xfd|f] / ljsf;
;fem]bf/x?sf] nflu >]o:s/ x'g]5 .
74
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
• FEE DEREK, How to Manage an Aid Exit Strategy: The future of Developement Aid, Zed books
London and Newyork. 2012 Cynthia street.
• Development Cooperation Report, 2016/17, Ministry of Finance , Nepal.
• Development Finance Assessment for Nepal, Final Report, November 2017, Ministry of Finance, Nepal
• 9sfn, gf/fo0f, ;xfotf Joj:yfkgsf] ;'wf/df bft[ ;fd~h:otfsf] of]ubfg, sfdfb, c+s !!, c;f]h,
@)^^
• yfkf, xl/ axfb'/, ljb]zL ;xfotfsf lj;+ult, g]zgn a's ;]G6/, sf7df8f}+ .
• rf}wf} of]hgf, cf=j=@)&#.&$ - @)&%.&^, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
• ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&!, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ , sf7df8f}+ .
• a'9fyf]sL, uh]Gb|, j}b]lzs ;xfotf dflysf] a9\bf] lge{/tf, sf/f]af/ /fli6o b}lgs, d+unaf/, !* kf}if,
@)%$
75
gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g M cjwf/0ff / cEof;
" 8f=gf/fo0fk|;fb /]UdL
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@! cf}F ztfAbLsf] ;'?jft;Fu} ;dfhzf:q ljwf vf;u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf gofF ;fj{hlgs
zf;gnfO{ ;d;fdlos ax;sf] s]Gb|df /flvPsf] kfOG5 . gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g zAbsf] k|of]u
af/Daf/ ePtf klg o;sf] cjwf/0ffTds JofVofdf k[ys cjwf/0ff /x]sf] b]lvG5 . a'emfO{df
k[ystf ePklg o;sf] d'Vo nIo eg]s} zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[l9s/0f xf] . zf;gdf ;xsfo{ /
;fem]bf/L dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf gful/s ;xsfo{ a9fpg] / ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] pkof]u dfkm{t ;/sf/ / gful/s cGt/lqmofsf] bfo/f lj:t[tLs/0f u/L ;/sf/sf]
;fdflhs ;DaGw k|uf9 agfpg' o;sf] d'Vo nIo xf] .
o; n]vdf gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffTds JofVof, o;sf ljleGg ljlwx? / d'Vo u/L
zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|j4{g / ;dfhsf] ultzLntf / ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df o;sf]
e"ldsfsf ljifodf k|sfz kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ‘zf;g’ eg]s} ;dfhsf] ljsf; / o;sf]
;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;fF:s[lts kIfsf] k|j4{g tyf ;fd"lxs nIo k|flKt ePsf]n] gofF ;fj{hlgs
zf;g Joj:yfn] zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] lbuf] ljsf;df k'¥ofpg] of]ubfg / To;sf] cEof;df of]
n]v s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .
zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff
zf;gnfO{ c+u|]hLdf Governance elgG5 . !$ cf}F ztfAbLdf Nofl6g efiffsf] 'Cybern' eGg] zAb
g} zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffTds ljsf;sf] cfwf/ dflgG5 h;n] 'Steering' -;+rfng_ nfO{ hgfpF5 .
zf;gnfO{ ;+rfng;Fu hf]8]/ JofVof ug]{ u/]sf sf/0f zf;g / ;/sf/nfO{ ;dfgfyL{ zAbsf]
¿kdf lnPsf] kfO{G5 . …zf;gÚ / …;/sf/Ú b'a}sf] pb\ud Pp6} ePtfklg oL b'a}sf] cy{ eg] km/s
5 . zf;g k|lqmofdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf x'G5 / ;DaGw klg x'G5 . P=Pd=hf/n] eg]sf 5g\— zf;g
eg]sf] ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ Ifdtf xf] h;n] ;dfhsf] g]t[Tjdf
ult k|bfg ub{5 . ctM …zf;gÚ n] ;/sf/ ;+rfng ug'{dfq geO{ ;fdflhs ultlzntfsf] k|j4{g
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hgfpF5 .
zf;gsf] JofVofdf k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs u/L b'O{j6f cjwf/0ff 5g\ . k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffn]
dflyaf6 tnsf] ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;/sf/ ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hgfpF5 . o; cjwf/0ffn]
;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf /fHosf] lgoGq0fnfO{ :jLsf5{ . zf;gsf] cfw'lgs
cjwf/0ffn] zf;gnfO{ ;dfh;Fusf] cGt/lqmof ug]{ sfo{sf ¿kdf JofVof u5{ . o;n] :jrflnt

" ;x;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no .
76
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;+ul7t ;fdflhs ;~hfnn] ;fdflhs gLltx¿sf]
lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf ;3fpF k'¥ofpF5g\ eGg] o; cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf] . oBkL
;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿n] ;/sf/sf] zf;g ug]{ Ifdtfdf cj/f]w ;[hgf ug{] / gsf/fTds k|efj
kfg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 . pgLx¿n] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xsfo{ dfkm{t bIftf a9fpg klg ;S5g\ . t;y{
zf;g ;+rfngsf] Ifdtfdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx?n] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a} k|efj kfg{]
;Defjgf /xG5 .
a[xt cy{df zf;g eGgfn] ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf] ultzLntfsf] ;+of]hgnfO{ a'lemG5 . h]=lko/]n]
-@)))_ eg]sf 5g\ — zf;gn] Psflt/ zf;g ;+rfngdf afXo jftfj/0fsf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t
k|of]unfO{ hgfpF5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf] ;dGjosf] ;}4flGts kIfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug'{ / pQm ;xeflutf km/flsnf] agfpg' zf;gsf] nIo xf] .
zf;sLo cEof;df o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;+u7gx?sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5 h;af6
gful/snfO{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿ k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{, lgikIf / pQ/bfoL tj/n] k|jfx
ug]{ cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'G5 .
ultzLn b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] zf;gdf ;dGjo / ;+rfng u/L b'O{j6f kIf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
oL b'O{ kIfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL ;dsflng b[li6sf]0faf6 zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ -s_ >]0fL÷;+/rgfut
-v_ ahf/ -u_ ;~hfn -3_ ;d'bfo u/L rf/j6f kIfaf6 JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+/rgfTds jf
>]0fLut b[li6sf]0fn] zf;gnfO{ zf;sLo cEof;df ;[hgf ePsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu u7g
ul/Psf ljleGg /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;+:yf÷;+u7gx¿nfO{ zf;gsf stf{sf ¿kdf :jLsf5{ .
o:tf ;+u7gx¿ PsLs[t / /]vLo k|sf/sf x'G5g, k|hftflGqs ;/sf/ / sd{rf/LtGqsf] cfb{zaf6
clek|]l/t x'G5g . a]j/Log sd{rf/LtGqsf] gd'gfaf6 a9L k|efljt o; b[li6sf]0fn] zf;sLo
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+/rgfTds, txut tyf g]t[Tj / lgoGq0fd'vL b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df JofVof ub{5 .
o;sf] 7Ls ljkl/t ahf/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] ahf/nfO{ ;d]t zf;gsf] stf{sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub{5 .
ahf/n] klg gful/ssf] ;zlQms/0f ug]{ s'/fdf ljZjf; /fV5 . ahf/n] >f]tsf] ljt/0fsf]
bIftfsf] d'NofÍg / …cfly{s stf{Ú (Economic Actor) sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . o; b[li6sf]0f
cg';f/ ahf/ dfkm{t zf;gsf] ;dGjo / ahf/sf] ;d]t ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{ g} zf;g xf] .
To;} u/L zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffTds JofVofsf] csf]{ b[li6sf]0f gLlt ;~hfn xf] . o; cjwf/0ffn]
zf;gnfO{ gLlt–;~hfnsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] kfO{G5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;~hfndf /fHosf ;+:yfx¿ /
gLlt If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+ul7t OR5f ePsf ;fdflhs ;+u7gx¿ cfj4 x'G5g\ . o:tf ;~hfnx¿n]
d'2fdf cfwfl/t ;xsfo{ ub{5g\ . gLlt ;~hfnx¿n] ;fj{hlgs / lghL OR5f tyf ;|f]tx¿sf]
bIftf clej[l4, gLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ub{5g\ . o:tf ;~hfn / /fHoaLrsf] ;DaGw cfk;L ;xdlt / lge{/tfdf cfwfl/t x'g] ub{5 .
;~hfnx¿n] gful/sx¿sf] O{R5f, cg'ej / lj1tfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;d]t ug]{ ePsf] x'Fbf gLlt
k|lqmofdf ;~hfnnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ tTjsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;/sf/af6 zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffTds
kl/jt{gdf o:t} k|sf/sf ;~hfnsf] pNn]Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] dflgG5 .
77
/fHosf] Go"g ;+nUgtfdf ;d]t ;d'bfo cfkm}n] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ Ifdtf /fVb5g\
eGg] dfGotf ;fd'bflos b[li6sf]0fn] /fVb5 . o;n] ;fd'bflos zf;gdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;fd'bflos
zf;gn] ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] ;sf/fTds ;xeflutf k|j4{g u5{ . /fHo / ;/sf/ eQf /
sd{rf/LtGqdf cfwfl/t x'G5g h;n] ;d'bfosf] d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
;fd'bflos zf;gn] ;/sf/lagf g} ;d'bfosf] ;+ul7t k|of;sf] dfWodaf6 w]/} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
ug{ ;S5 eGg] ;}4flGts dfGotfdf o; b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf b[li6sf]0fn] d'Vo u/L ;+/rgf / ;+:yfut b[li6sf]0faf6 zf;gnfO{ JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 . sltkon] zf;gnfO{ k|lqmofjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;
b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ zf;g ;fdflhs / /fhgLltsstf{sf] ultzLn kl/0ffd;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 .
o:tf] kl/0ffddf ;+/rgf / ;+:yfut bIftfklg dxTjk"0f{ 5, t/ kl/0ffd k|flKtsf nflu u/]sf]
e"ldsf emg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n] kl/0ffd / k|lqmofdf a9L hf]8 lbG5 . zf;g cf}krfl/s
;+/rgf eGbf klg k|lqmof / kl/0ffddf s]lGb|t x'g] ePsf]n] k|lqmofjfbL b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ zf;g
;+/rgf xf]Og, of] t ;+/rgfsf] cGt/lqmof xf] .
gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g (New Public Governance)
gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfsf] kl5Nnf] cjwf/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf]
;'wf/sf nflu ePsf lg/Gt/ ;}4flGts ax; / cEof;sf] k/LIf0fsf] kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
o;n]] ax';/f]sf/jfnfsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfdf zf;sLo cEof;df hf]8 lbG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
;x–pTkfbg / sNof0fsf/L ;]jfx¿df t];|f] kIfsf] ;+nUgtf o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotf x'g\ .
;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / zf;sLo cEof;nfO{ hgd'vL agfpg' o;sf d'Vo
p2]Zo x'g . /f]8]; -!((^_ n] o;nfO{ 'New Governance' gofF zf;g eg]sf 5g\ eg] Skelcher
(2005) n] …;fj{hlgs zf;gÚ eg]sf 5g\ . gfd k[ys ePtfklg ax'nafb, ;+u7gsf] cfGtl/s tyf
afXo ;DaGw / ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g o;sf cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts dfu{bz{g x'g\ .
;fj{hlgs zf;gsf] gofF cfofdsf ¿kdf :yflkt gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ;+u7gsf]
;dfhzf:q / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ;}4flGts w/ftndf ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . o;n];+u7gdf
ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;]jfsf] k|lqmof / kl/0ffddf tyf zf;g k|lqmofdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
ljZjf; cfh{g ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . (Stephen and Osborne, 2009)
gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g (NPG) n] zf;gsf k|lqmof / lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/sf] dfq ;+nUgtf geO{
;fj{hlgs If]qsf cGo ;fdflhs ;+:yf / stf{x¿ ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf x'g] ePsf]n] tLgsf]
e"ldsfnfO{ ;d]t dxTj lbG5 . o;n] zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg / k|j4{g dfkm{t
:ki6 hjfkmb]lxtf, Pjd\ Jojl:yt ;~hfnsf] Joj:yfkg / ltgsf] cGt/lqmofdf hf]8 lbG5 .
zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;+nUg stf{x¿n] cfk;L ;xof]u / ljZjf;df g} zf;gsf] u'0f:t/ lge{/ x'g]
ljZjf; lnOG5 .
78
gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf d'Vo ;}4flGts cfwf/nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= ;/sf/;Fu} ahf/ / ;dfhdf ljBdfg cGo ;+u7gx¿n] ;fdflhs dfldnfsf]
Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg ljifo / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] tyf ;fj{hlgs ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ /fVg] ePsf]n] ;/sf/;Fu} cGo ;fdflhs ;+u7gx?df
;d]t zlQmsf] km}nfj6 ul/g'kb{5 .
@= zf;g k|lqmofdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf ;+/Ifs geO{ ;dGjofTds x'g'kb{5 . ;fdflhs
rf;f]x?sf] PsLs/0f ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tx¿sf] PsLs[t kl/rfng ug]{, ;fdflhs
;+u7gx¿nfO{ ;+jfb ug]{ ynf]sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfd x'g'kb{5 .
#= ;dfhdf :yflkt ;a} ;b:o / ltgsf ;+u7gx¿sf] PsLs/0f dfkm{t hl6n ;fdflhs
;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] pTkfbg,
ltgsf] cfbfgk|bfg, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / pkef]udf ;fem]bf/ agfOg'kb{5 . k/:k/ ljZjf;
/ l:y/tfdf cfwfl/t ;Demf}tf dfkm{t ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿nfO{ kl/jt{gzLn, nlrnf],
ljlzi6 clg k|efjsf/L lgofds k|0ffnLo'Qm agfO{g'k5{ tfls gful/ssf k[ys / ljlzi6
cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsof];\ .
$= zf;gdf ;fdflhs ;+u7gsf] ;lqmo e"ldsfsf] pRr d"NofÍg x'g'kb{5 . ;fdflhs
;+u7gx¿n] ;fj{hlgs j:t' / ;]jfsf] pkof]u gfkmfsf nflu dfq geO{ ;fdflhs
;d:ofx¿sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu ug'{kb{5 .
tflnsf g+= !
k/Dk/fut k|zf;g / gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gaLr leGgtf
qm=;+= zf;gsf tTjx¿ k/Dk/fut k|zf;g gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g
!= ;}4flGts cfwf/ a}wtf, pQ/bfloTj, ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf,
cf}krfl/stfjfb, cf}lrTojfb / pQ/bfloTj, bIftf, ljlwsf]
k|zf;sLo sfg'g . lglZrttf, ;fd"lxstfjfb, k|hftGq /
bIftf .
@= d"No zf;g k|0ffnL / k|lqmof k|hftGq / bIftf
#= /fHosf] e"ldsf / -s_ zlQmzfnL, ;a} k|sf/sf -s_ ;xsfo{, ;x–lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf
If]q ;fdflhs ;d:of / d'2fx¿ ;fem]bf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf
-v_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k"0f{ -v_ ;fgf] If]q, ;fj{hlgs rf;f]df
/ Psn clwsf/, Jofks / lqmofzLn ;fdflhs ;+u7gsf]
a[xt ;dGjo
$= zf;sLo Jojxf/ sd{rf/LtGqdf cfwfl/t, clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f, ;xeflutfTds,
>]0fLut, :ki6 bfloTj ;dGjofTds
%= k|zf;g / /fhgLlt /fhgLlts dfldnfaf6 k[ys, u}/ xft]dfnf]df cfwfl/t
aLrsf] ;DaGw /fhgLlts
79
qm=;+= zf;gsf tTjx¿ k/Dk/fut k|zf;g gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g
^= sd{rf/Lsf] lj1tf, sfg'gljb\ ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] ;+/Ifsstf{,
e"ldsf lghL rfvsf] dWo:ystf{
&= gful/ssf] e"ldsf ljlwsf] ;Daf]wg, cg'kfngf ;lqmo gful/s, ;x–lg0f{ostf{
*= zf;gsf] ljlw / Goflos ljlw, k|lqmofd'vL, gful/s / clwsf/LaLrsf] ;+jfbdf
nIo JolQmdf cfwfl/t lg0f{odf cfwfl/t ljlw, ljlw / JolQmut OR5f
s]lGb|t, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f aLr ;Gt'ng
(= cg';Gwfg ljlw ;+:yfut ;fd'lxstfjfb
-s_ tLj| kl/jt{g / hl6n -s_ ;fdflhs pkk|0ffnLdf sfo{d"ns
;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf x'g g;Sg',
sfo{d"ns x'g g;Sg', -v_ ;femf j:t' / P]Soa4tf h:tf
!)= sdhf]/L -v_ k/Dk/fut ;+/rgfd'vL, ljifodf c:ki6 / ckl/kSj,
cfTds]lGb|t, -u_ ;lqmo ;fem]bf/ vf]Hg] t/
-u_ zlQmsf] ljefhgdf cfw'lgs k|hftflGqs lgoGq0fsf] j]jf:tf
ljlwsf] k|of]u gx'g'
Source: Kovac, P&G. Gayduschek, 2015
pNn]lvt ;}4flGts dfu{bz{g ljZn]if0f ubf{ gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gn] zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf /
Jojxf/d} kl/jt{gsf] jsfnt u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . /fHo / ;/sf/sf] abln+bf] e"ldsf, gful/ssf]
tLj| kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf, ljZjJoflks/0f / k|ljlwsf] b|'t ljsf;n] ;[hgf u/]sf r'gf}tLx¿sf]
;fdgf ;/sf/ PSn} / p;sf] ;Lldt ;|f]taf6 c;Dej k|fo ePsf]n] zf;g k|0ffnLdf …ax'stf{Ú
(Multiple Actors) sf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] h'g gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . /fHo /
;dfh ;+rfngsf nflu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf lqmofzLn cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf
;+ul7t ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] PsLs[t kl/rfngaf6 gful/s ;Gt'li6 clej[l4 ug'{ o;sf] nIo xf] .
gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;g (NPG) n] ;x–zf;g (Co-Governance) dfkm{t gful/ssf] ;lqmo
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx k|0ffnLnfO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm agfpg tyf gful/s /
/fHoaLrsf] cGt/lge{/tf / cGt/;DaGwsf] lj:tf/df s]lGb|t x'g] ub{5 .
;x–zf;g -Co-Governance_
;x–zf;g ;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkgsf] kl5Nnf] cjwf/0ff xf] h;n] lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf x/]s
;b:osf] ;dfg clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub{5 / lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|0ffnL ljs]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ dfGotf
/fVb5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgdf ;fd'bflos OsfOx¿n]
cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;dfg nfe ljt/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg] ljZjf;
lnOG5 . zf;sLo lg0f{o lgoGq0fdf ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xeflutfn] gful/s / ;/sf/sf] ;DaGwnfO{
cf}krfl/s / alnof] agfpg] ePsf]n] ;femf wf/0ffsf] lgdf{0f, ;femf pQ/bfloTj / ;xsfo{sf]
;'lglZrttf dfkm{t ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnLs} k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg' o;sf] d'Vo Wo]o xf] .
80
;x–zf;g ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jf u|x0fstf{aLrsf] ;DaGw ljsf;sf] gofF cfofd klg xf] . gLlt
k|0ffnLsf] cGt/lqmof dfkm{t lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf k|ToIf / k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{,
;fj{hlgs dfldnfsf ljifodf pkef]Qmf (Users Group) sf] cg'ej / 1fgsf] k|of]usf] cj;/
;[hgf ug]{, /fhgLlt1 / Joj;flos JolQmx¿nfO{ gful/s;Fu l;w} / bf]xf]/f] cGt/lqmof
(Interface) sf] ;'lglZrttf dfkm{t ;x–zf;g k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . (Bovaird, 2007) ;fj{hlgs
;]jf lbg] / lng] b'j}sf] ;+nUgtfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;Dk"0f{tfsf] ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj
kfb{5 eGg] dfGotfdf o; cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jf k|fKtstf{ x/]s
b[li6sf]0faf6 Ps csf]{df cGt/lge{/ x'g] ePsf]n] b'j}sf] ;xsfo{ h¿/L 5 / o;af6} k/:k/sf
OR5f, rf;f], nIo / ;d:ofsf] pko'Qm ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 .
zf;gdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;a}sf] a/fa/ e"ldsf, lhDd]jf/L, pQ/bfloTj / ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
u/fpg' lgs} r'g}tLk"0f{ / hl6n sfo{ xf]. zf;sLo Jojxf/df ;+nUg / o;sf ;fem]bf/x¿aLrsf]
;xsfo{ (Collaboration) dfkm{t ;x–zf;g k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5. t/, pQm ;xsfo{df klg ljleGg
tTjn] cj/f]w ;[hgf u/]sf x'G5g\. h:t}M ;a} ;fem]bf/sf] Pp6} d"NodfGotf gx'g', lhDd]jf/L /
hjfkmb]lxtfdf c:ki6tf, lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf / k|efjsf] :t/ cfbL. ;xsfo{ / ;xof]u,
;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L, ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; dfkm{t ;x–zf;gsf] k|j4{g ug{
;lsG5. o;sf cnfjf lgDglnlvt /0fgLlt dfkm{t ;x–zf;gsf] k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5.
!= zf;sLo Jojxf/df ;+nUg ;a} lgsfoaLr c;n ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
@= ;femf a'emfO{, ;d"x sfo{ / ;femf b[li6sf]0f dfkm{t ;xsfo{ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
#= ;a}sf] cg'ej / Ifdtfsf] pRrtd k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
$= pknlAw / ;d:ofk|lt pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
%= lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf :ki6 e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{ .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;x–lgdf{0f / ;x–pTkfbg
o; cjwf/0ffn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|0ffnL ;fem]bf/L x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;]jfsf] pTkfbgdf
x'g] ;fem]bf/Ln] gful/ssf] ;zlQms/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . pgLx¿sf] ;|f]t, Ifdtf / cg'ejsf]
pRrtd k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttf u5{ / ;]jf ljt/0fdf gful/s lgoGq0fsf] cj:yf ;[hgf ub{5 eGg]
ljZjf; lnOG5 . d"Nojfg kl/0ffdsf nflu gful/s / ;/sf/sf] ;+o'Qm k|of; / ;+nUgtf ckl/xfo{
5 eGg] cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf o; cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;x–pTkfbgsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf k|efj
kfg]{ afXo / ;fdflhs jftfj/0fsf] ;xhLs/0fsf ;fy} ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿sf] cfTdlge{/
;dfwfgsf nflu JolQm / ;d'bfosf] bIftf a9fpg] k|of]hgn] ljsf; ul/Psf x'g . bIf /
k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿n] tTsflng JolQmut / ;fdflhs cfjZostf / ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg
dfq ub}{gg\ oLgn] ;dfhsf] jt{dfg / efjL ;fdflhs ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t kIfdf lbuf] of]ubfg
81
k'¥ofpF5g\ . (Osborneet.al,2015) . ctM ;x–pTkfbg / ;x–lgdf{0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] lbuf]
ljsf;sf] s]Gb|Lo tTj x'g\ . o;n] kl/0ffddf ;'wf/, ;lqmo ;fem]bf/Lsf] lgdf{0f, gful/s
of]ubfgsf] ;'lglZrttf / ;]jfsf] d"No k|j4{gdf ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . h;sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]
k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/Ltf clej[l4df ;a}n] of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ . kf/:kl/s efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 /
;fdflhs ;DaGw ;d]t ;'b[9 x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;x–lgdf{0f / ;x–pTkfbgdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg pkef]Qmfsf] e"ldsf,
;x–pTkfbgdf ;+nUg Joj;flos / ;]jf k|of]ustf{ aLrsf] cGt/lqmof, ;x–pTkfbgdf ;xefuL
x'Fbf k|fKt x'g] nfe / xfgL, ;x–pTkfbgd}qL sfg'gL jftfj/0f / ;fj{hlgs vr{ / ;x–pTkfbg
aLrsf] ;DaGw h:tf ljifox¿sf] pko'Qm ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . gful/snfO{ ;|f]tdflysf] clwsf/
k|bfg ug]{, kf/:kl/s ;zlQms/0fdf Wofg lbg], pknlAwsf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg u/L ;dfg nfe
xfgLsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ / gful/ssf] of]ubfg clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]uL Jofj;flostf ljsf;sf]
dfWodaf6 ;x–pTkfbg / ;x–lgdf{0f k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
cEof;df gofF ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gn] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] If]qsf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df gofF b[li6sf]0f
:yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] ;'wf/ / zf;gsf] cEof;df ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg'{sf ;fy},
;fj{hlgs ;~hfnsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx
k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/sf] Psflwsf/sf] cGTo u/]sf] 5 / cGo lgsfox¿sf] ;+nUgtf a9fPsf] 5 . v'nf
;]jf ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf k|of]ufTds cEof;sf] :yfkgf u/]sf]
5.
g]kfnsf] k|0ffnLj4 ;fdflhs kl/jt{gn] ;[hgf u/]sf r'gf}tL ;Daf]wg ug'{ h¿/L 5 . zf;sLo
k|0ffnLsf] gofF 9fFrf / / ;fdflhs jftfj/0fsf] kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg ePsf hNbfaNbf ;+s6x¿
;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/sf] bIftf a9fpg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ;dfhsf km/s JolQm, ;+u7g /
;fem]bf/x¿sf] O{R5f / rfxgfx¿ ;+ul7t ug'{ / ltgsf] ;DaGw lgodg ug'{ k|d'v xfFssf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts Joj:yfk|lt gful/s ljZjf;a[l4 ug{ / k|0ffnLsf]
cg';/0fnfO{ Jofks / ;'b[9 t'Nofpg cfly{s–;fdflhs ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug'{
h¿/L 5 . oL ;a} ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf dfGotfnfO{ zf;sLo
Jojxf/df :yflkt ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
t/, gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf ;}4flGts dfGotfx¿nfO{ cEof; / Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{ eg] Tolt ;xh
b]lvFb}g . zf;sLo cEof;x¿ gful/s s]lGb|t agfpg gful/s / ;/sf/ b'j}sf] ;fd"lxs lqmofzLntf /
k|ltj4tf cfjZos kb{5 . To;}u/L zf;gsf] ;+/rgf, To;sf] k|0ffnL / pk–k|0ffnL gofF ;fj{hlgs
zf;gd}qL x'g' h¿/L 5 . o;sf ;fy} zf;gdf ;+nUg ax'stf{ (Multiple Actors) x¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f k|lqmof tyf ;fdflhs lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflutfTds k4ltsf] cjnDag
ug{ tTk/ / k|ltj4 agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
82
tyfkL, gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf] Jofjxfl/s cjnDagsf nflu cj;/ klg 5g\ . ;+3Lo zf;gsf
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0fsf] qmddf x'g', k|hftGqk|lt gful/ssf] ljZjf; / k|ltj4tf a9\9f]
qmddf x'g', ;xeflutfTds lg0f{ok|lt gLlt k|ltj4tf JoQm x'g' / /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0f;Fu}
zf;sLo Jojxf/ kl/jt{g x'g'kg]{ bjfjsf sf/0f gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf] cEof;df ;xhtf
b]lvG5 . zf;gsf] clGtd nIo gful/s ;Gt'li6 ePsf sf/0fn] klg gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf
dfGotfsf] cEof;af6 zf;sLo Jojxf/x¿ gful/s d}qL agfO{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ;sf/fTds /
pRrtd k|of]udfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx k|0ffnL ;'wfg'{ clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .
gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf dfGotfnfO{ cEof;df n}hfg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;~hfnnfO{ :ki6 e"ldsf
;lxt pQ/bfoL agfpg] r'gf}tL 5. ;fdflhs ;~hfnn] ax'ntfdf hf]8 lbg] ePsf]n] ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of 5. ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ klg
r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5. gful/s / ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf, bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L a/fa/L x'g] ls gx'g] tyf b'j}sf]
;dfgfGt/ e"ldsfnfO{ s;/L lgolGqt / Jojl:yt ug]{ eGg] ;d:of klg 5.
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k"0f{ k|hftGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; eO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf o;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{ sl7g 5. ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf] e"ldsf 36fpg / cGo lgsfosf] e"ldsf
k|j4{gdf ;xhLs/0f ug{] sfo{df s;/L tTk/ agfpg] eGg] ;jfn cxd\ 5. ljsf;sf] nflu
pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg / ;fdflhs ;+u7gx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ck]lIft x'g g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df
ljsf;df gful/s, ;fdflhs ;+u7g / ;/sf/sf] lqkIfLo cfj4tf a9fpg r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5.
d'n'ssf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] ¿kfGt/0f;Fu} :yfkgf ePsf zf;sLo ;+/rgfx¿sf] Jojxf/d} gofF
;fj{hlgs zf;gsf] dfGotf :yflkt ug{ a[xt ;fdflhs /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf / d"No dfGotfsf]
kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5.
lgisif{
gofF ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g (NPG) zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf] pkfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf]
b]lvG5. zf;g k|0ffnL / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] k/:k/ cGt/;DaGw / lge{/tf x'g] ePsf sf/0f oL
b'j}sf] ;xsfo{af6 kl/jt{g ;Dej 5 eGg] o;sf] dfGotf xf]. zf;g k|0ffnLdf gful/ssf] ;lqmo
;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L ;x–zf;gsf] k4lt :yfkgf ug]{, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L, ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkef]udf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf a9fO{ d"Nojfg kl/0ffd ;[hgf ug]{
/ bf]xf]/f] cGt/lqmofdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;/sf/sf] ;DaGw k|uf9 t'NofO{ ;Dk"0f{ zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{
g} k"0f{ k|hftflGqs agfpg] ljifo gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf rf;f] / cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf If]q
x'g. ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfkdf ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{ dfkm{t gful/s ;+nUgtf a9fpg], ;femf
;|f]tx¿sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx k|0ffnL ;'b[9 ug]{,
:jkl/rflnt ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf / tLgsf] ljsf; sfo{df cfj4tf a9fpg] h:tf /0fgLltsf]
cjnDag ubf{ gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gnfO{ Jojxfl/s k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf]
cEof;df ;+u7gsf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkg, ax'njfbL ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k"0f{ ljsf;, gful/ssf]
;lqmo ;xeflutf / ;sf/fTds of]ubfgsf] ;'lglZrttf, zf;gdf ;xsfo{ (Collaborative
Approach) ljlwsf] k|of]u cfbL h:tf kIfdf hl6ntf cfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5.
83
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
• Bovaird, T. (2007). Beyond Engagement and Participation: User and community co-production of
public services: Public Administration Review, 67 (5), P. 846.
• Pierre, J. (ed.), (200), Debating Governance: Authority, Steering and Democracy, Oxford University
Press: Oxford.
• Kovac, P& G. Gajduscheck, (2015) Contemporary Governance models and practices in central and
Eastern Europe, NISPACEE Press.
• Popescu, L.G. (2013). From a holistic approach of public policy to co-governance. Theoretic al and
Applied Economics. Vol XX, No 7(584) PP. 95-108.
• /]UdL, gf/fo0f k|;fb -@)&$_ zf;sLo k|aGw / ljsf;, u'8ljn k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+ .
84
blIf0f Pl;ofdf lghfdtL ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf] ljZn]if0fM hgtfsf] e|d cyjf
cIfdtfsf] cf/f]k <
" 8f= g/]Gb|/fh kf}8n
]
;f/f+z
g]kfn, a+unfb]z / >Ln+sfdf :ynut cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfdf blIf0f Pl;ofsf] lghfdtL
;]jf of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf eGbf k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/df g} cEo:t ePsf] kfOof] . cfkm\gf] dfG5]nfO{
;]jf k|jfxdf k|fyldstf lbg], ;dfg Jojxf/sf] cg'e"t gx'g], e|i6frf/df lnKt ePsf] ljBdfg
cj:yfsf] glthf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . cWoog ul/Psf b]zx? dWo] g]kfn / a+unfb]z eGbf
>Ln+sfsf] lghfdtL ;]jf s]xL xb;Dd /fd|f] /x]sf] kfOPsf]n] blIf0f Pl;ofdf of]Uotfdf
cfwfl/t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] af/]df cem} e|d /x]sf] b]lvof] . of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lgo'lQm,
;?jf, a9'jf, tflnd h:tf kIfx?df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLaf6
;~rflnt sfo{;+:s[lt 5 . o;n] nf]stflGqs k4tLdf n}hfg w]/} d]xgt ug{'kg]{ ;d]t b]lvG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] ;}lgs / u}/;}lgs kbx?nfO{ juL{s[t ug{
;a}eGbf klxnf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zAbfjnL k|of]udf NofPsf] lyof] . a]nfotn] ;g\ !*%$ df
lghfdtL ;]jf zJbfanL v'Nnf k|ltikwf{sf] nflu ;}lgs / GofofwLz jfx]ssf ;]jfdf k|of]udf
NofPkl5 of] kbfjnL ;+;f/e/ emg\ k|Voft eof] (International Encyclopedia of Social Science,
1972, 495) . tyfkL lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;j{JofkL 7f]; kl/efiff clxn];Dd to ePsf] 5}g . ;+o'St
/fi6«;+3n] ;g\ !(^^ df lbPsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ s]xL b]zx?df lzIfsnfO{lghfdtL ;]jf eg]sf]
kfOG5 . s]xL b]zx?df /]nsf rfns, kfOn6, g;{, k|x/Lx?nfO{ ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf]
?kdf lnOPsf] klg b]lvG5 . t/ GofofwLzx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sd{rf/L dfGg] / gdfGg] b'j}
cjwf/0ff sfod 5g\ . o;}u/L :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ slxF klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
?kdf lnOPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ sxLFsxLF lnPsf] kfOb}g (UN, 1966:6) . ;g\ !(&& df lkmg/n]
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] kl/efiffdf Joj;flos, :yfoL, tnjL tyf l;ko'St ;+u7gsf] ?kdf
JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;fdflhs lj1fgsf] cGt/f{li6«o OG;fOSnf]lkl8of -!(&@_ df lbPsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ lghfdtL
sd{rf/L eg]sf] u}/ ;}lgs ;]jf, sfg'gL cfwf/ ePsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g, sfdsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"tL
ePsf], sfg'g cg';f/ sd{rf/L 5gf}6b]lv cjsfz;Dd sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{, ;Ddflgt / /fhg}lts
?kdf t6:y x'g] ;]jfnfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L elgPsf] kfOG5 . pQ/cfw'lgs kl/efiffdf lghfdtL
;]jfnfO{ /fhgLlts ?kdf ;xsfo{ (Political Engagement) ePsf] elg JofVof u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .
o; cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jf ;}lgs rl/qaf6 leGg ;]jf xf] eGg]df Ps dt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

" k|fWofks, hgk|zf;g SofDk;, sf7df8f}+ .
85
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ lnlvt tyf clnlvt b'j} x'g;Sg] ts{ ul/Psf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf]
ldlrugdf /fHo:t/Lo ;+ljwfgdf o; ;]jfsf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] ef/tsf] ;Gbe{df
;+ljwfgdf g} lj:t[t ?kdf JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . hd{gLsf] xsdf P]gdf JofVof u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . a]nfotdf dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lgod÷sfg'g agfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ToxfF
lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfngsf] nflu Psn jf ax'lgsfo 5g\ . sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lStb]lv cjsfz;Ddsf]
sfd ug{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo 5g\ . klZrdf /fi6«df ;'?sf lbgx?df sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm s]Gb|Lo
lgsfoaf6 ul/b}+ cfP tf klg cfh ef]nL ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6} lgo'lSt ul/G5 . t/ cGo d'n'sx?
Hf:t} blIf0f Pl;ofdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L egf{sf] l;kmfl/; ug]{ / dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfno
dfkm{t a9'jf, ;?jf tyf cjsfzsf] sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df ;]jfsf]
;'/Iff ePdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg a9\5 . /fhgLlts ?kdf k'jf{u|fxL lghfdtL
sd{rf/Ln] t6:y ?kdf ;j}nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g . u}/Jo;flos sd{rf/Ln] k|efjsf/L ?kdf
;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] dfGotfx? ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] / ;f]xL cg'?k lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .
j]a]l/og tyf l/UhLog cjwf/0ff / lghfdtL ;]jf
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ ;aeGbf klxn] ljx+ud tl/sfaf6 df]8nsf] k|:t'tL DofS; j]j/n] aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf]
;'?jftL ;dodf x'g\ . pgn] sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ kl/eflift t u/]gg\ t/ pgn] Ps df]8n k|:t't
u/]sf 5g\ . h; cg';f/ sd{rf/LtGq cf}lrTo ePsf] sfg'gsf] cfwf/df lgo'St ePsf clwsf/
;DkGg sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+:yf xf] elg lrgfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . pgn] sd{rf/LtGqdf sfdsf]
ljefhg, kb;f]kfg, lnlvt sfg'g, sd{rf/LaLrdf k|lt:kwf{, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t / JolStut ;|f]tsf]
ljefhg, df}lvs tyf cGo lg0f{ox?sf] lnlvt b:tfj]h agfpg] h:tf ljz]iftfx? x'g'k5{ eg]sf
5g\ .
a]j/sf] df]8nn] lbPsf ljz]iftfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf sfo{ ljefhgn] ljz]if1tf cfpg], kb;f]kfgn]
ubf{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf kl/kSjtf Nofpg], lnlvt sfg'gsf] cfwf/df Jojxf/ ubf{ ;a}nfO{ ;dfg
Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsg], lnlvt b:tfj]hsf] sf/0fn] ljutdf ePsf sfo{x?sf] ljj]rgf tyf
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsg], JolStut ;|f]t / ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] ljefhgsf] sf/0fn] e|i6frf/df sdL
cfpg] h:tf kmfObfx? b]lvG5 . t/ sfo{ ljefhgn] al9 ljefux? aGg ;Sg], al9 kb;f]kfgsf]
sf/0fn] lg0f{o k|lqmof l9nf] x'g;Sg], sfg'gnfO{ dfq} cfwf/ agfpg sfg'gL emd]nf tyf hl6ntf
cfpg ;Sg], ;a} df}lvs tyf cdf}lvs lg0f{ox?nfO{ lnlvt b:tfj]h Nofpg g;lsg] nufot
cJojxfl/s hl6ntf Nofpg] elg o;sf] cfnf]rgf ePsf] kfOG5 . tyfkL o;sf] ljsNk
clxn];Dd klg cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . pgsf cg';f/ ;/sf/L ;]jf, wfld{s ;+u7g, /fhgLlts ;+u7g
tyf lghLIf]q hxfF klg sd{rf/LtGq /xG5 / hxfFtxL+ sd{rf/LtGq /x]sf] klg 5 .
o;} df]8nsf] cfwf/df clxn];Dd ;/sf/L If]qdf lghfdtL ;]jf cfwf/:tDesf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
of] df]8nnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ klZrdf d'n'sx?n] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;fj{hlgs ;|ft] sf] ldtJolotf,
k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{s'zntf / ;dfgtf Nofpg ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df
tb\cg'?k nIox? xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
86
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] sd{rf/LtGq k|efjsf/L gePsf] cj:yfdf l/U;n] ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf
'lk|Hdfl6s ;fnf' df]8nsf] ljsf; u/] . of] df]8nn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ljz]iftf
JofVof u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] sd{rf/LtGq cf}krfl/stf (Formalism),
ljljwtf (Heterogeneity), sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf (Overlapping) h:tf ljz]iftfx? /x]sf x'G5g\ egL
JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . l/U;sf cg';f/ ;j} sfo{x?nfO{ cf}krfl/stf lbg] x'gfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf]
sd{rf/LtGq e|i6frf/df k|]l/t /xg] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . lgod sfg'gx? lgdf{0f ubf{ ljsl;t b]zsf]
h:t} sfg'gx? agfPsf x'G5g\ . t/ sfof{Gjogdf NofpFbf k/Dk/fut cfwf/df g} lg0f{o lnOg]
ul/G5, h;sf] sf/0fn] of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t geO{ cfkm\gf] dfG5], eg;'g, gftfjfb h:tf kIfsf
cfwf/df lg0f{o lnOg] ul/G5 .
j]a/ / l/U;n] lbPsf df]8nsf] t'ngfTds k|:t'lt b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf g+ ! M sd{rf/LtGq / ;fnf df]8nsf] t'ngf
sd{rf/LtGq ;fnf df]8n
Kfb;f]kfgsf] cfwf/df sfof{no ;~rfng x'G5 . ljljwtfdf sfo{no ;~rfng x'G5 .
Kf|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf kl/eflift ul/G5 . sfdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf /xG5 .
Kf|fKt glthfnfO{ 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ agfO{G5 . 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, eg;'g
cflbnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{G5 .
lgod cg';f/ sfof{no ;~rfng ul/G5 . cf}krfl/stfdf cfwfl/t /xG5 .
cJo}olSts lgodx? sfof{Gjogdf NofO{G5 . JolSt ljz]ifsf cfwf/df lgod sfo{Gjogdf
NofO{G5 .
;fj{hlgs / JolStsf] ;|f]t km/s /x]sf] x'G5 . Ef|i6frf/ df}nfPsf] x'G5 .
Source: R.K.Arora, 1990, 129
blIf0f Pl;ofdf lghfdtL ;]jf

blIf0f Pl;ofsf ljleGg d'n'sx?df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kl/efiff km/s km/s 5 . g]kfn / e'6fgsf]
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ u/]sf] kl/efiffdf ;dfgtf kfOG5 . oL b'j} b]zsf] kl/efiffdf ;}lgs / k|x/LnfO{
;d]6]sf] 5}g . a+unfb]z, ef/t, kfls:tfg tyf dflNbE;n] u}/;}lgs ;]jfnufot k|x/LnfO{ ;d]t
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . ckmuflg:tfgsf] xsdf /fi6«kltaf6 lgo'St x'g] ;a}nfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
blIf0f Pl;ofdf sl/a !% ldlnog sd{rf/Lx? lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t 5g\ . pgLx?n] sl/a !=&
ljlnog hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;/b/df Ps sd{rf/Ln] !!% hgf hgtfnfO{ ;]jf
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . tyflk of] ;+Vof b]zx? aLrdf km/s km/s 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofdf ef/t
hg;+Vof, If]qkmn tyf lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofsf] cfsf/df ;a}eGbf 7'nf] 5 hxfF
lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/L / hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft !@* 5 . To:f}u/L bf];|f] 7'nf] b]z kfls:tfg xf] .
h;sf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L / hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft !M%^ 5 .
87
tflnsf g+ @ M blIf0f Pl;ofdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/L / hg;+Vof cg'kft
b]zsf] gfd sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof Hfg;+Vof -ldlnog_ cg'kft
-;g\ @)!%_
ckmuflg:tfg 75000 32 1M427
a+unfb]z 1,200,000 159=9 1M134
Ef'6fg 26000 0=779 1M30
ef/t 10,000,000 1276=2 1M128
dflNbE; 25000 0=38 1M16
Gf]kfn 80,000 28=4 1M355
Kffls:tfg 3,400,000 190=4 1M56
>Ln+sf 98,000 21=7 1M222
hDdf 14904000 1709=76 1M115
o;}u/L ckmuflg:tfgsf] !M$@&, a+unfb]zsf] !M!#$, e'6fgsf] !M#), dflNbE;, !M!^, g]kfn !M#%%
/ >Ln+sf sf] !M@@@ /x]sf] 5 . ;aeGbf sd hg;+Vof cg'kft If]qkmndf / hg;+Vof ;fgf ePsf
d'n'sx? Hf:t} e'6fg / dflNbE;df /x]sf 5g\ . o; lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/L / hg;+Vofsf]
cg'kftnfO{ ljin]if0f ubf{ slt lghfdtL sd{rf/L slt hg;+Vofsf] nflu pko'St x'g] x'g eGg]
lgSof}{n 5}g . cem ljsl;t d'n'ssf] t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] blIf0f Pl;ofdf yf]/} lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]
w]/} hg;+VofnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljsl;t d'n'sdf Ps lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] sl/a
!) hgf gful/snfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] tYof+s 5 .
blIf0f Pl;ofsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgf
e'6fg afx]s blIf0f PlzofnL ;a} b]zx?df ¥ofÍ÷/]ª\s÷>]0fLdf cfwfl/t lghfdtL ;]jf 5 .
e'6fgdf kf]lhzgdf cfwfl/t rf/ ;]jfdf juL{s[t lghfdtL ;]jf 5 . a+unfb]zdf @( j6f Sof8/
;]jf 5g\ eg] g]kfndf !$ j6f ;]jf 5g\ . ef/tdf klg @( j6f ;]jfx? h;nfO P, lj, l; / l8
df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L kfls:tfgdf @@ j6f ;]jf 5g\. dflNbE;df :yfoL / c:yfoL
u/L b'O{ ;]jfdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 (Faizal, 2013) . ckmuflg:tfgsf] xsdf To:tf] juL{s/0f
u/]sf] kfOb}g . >Ln+sfdf ( j6f ;]jfx? juL{s/0f u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .
blIf0f Pl;ofdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lSt
ckmuflg:tfg afx]s blIf0f Pl;ofsf ;a} b]zx?df ;+j}wflgs lgsfo -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_ n] dfq
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ub{5 . e'6fgdf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm l;kmfl/;sf
nflu zfxL lghfdtL ;]jf cfof]u 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] pko'Qmtf hfFr ug{sf] nflu cGtjf{tf{
-%) k|ltzt_, z}lIfs tyf tflnd -@% k|ltzt_, lnlvt tyf k|of]ufTds -@% k|ltzt_ k/LIff
;~rfng ul/G5 . a+unfb]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf wf/f !#! b]lv !$! ;Dd nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL
Joj:yf 5 . o;n] sd{rf/L lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ub{5 . sd{rf/Lsf] hfFrsf] nflu hDdf
!#)) c+ssf] k/LIff ;~rfng ub{5 . h;df k|f/lDes @)), lnlvt k/LIff ()) / cGtjf{tf{
@)) c+sef/ 5 . ef/tdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #!% df s]Gb|Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf;lxt
k|b]z :t/Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . ef/tdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] hDdf
88
@@&% c+sef/sf] k/LIff ;+rfng ub{5 . h;dWo] $)) c+sef/sf] k|f/lDes k/LIff, !)))
c+sef/sf] d'Vo k/LIff, ^)) c+sef/sf] P]lR5s ljifosf] k/LIff / cGTodf @&% c+sef/sf]
cGtjf{tf{ lnOG5 . o;}u/L g]kfndf klg zfvf clws[tsf] nflu %^) c+sef/sf] k/LIff nf]s ;]jf
cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ ub{5 . kfls:tfgdf klg ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs nf]s ;]jf cfof]u 5g\ . ;+3Lo
nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] !!)) c+sef/sf] k|f/lDes, d'Vo tyf cGtjf{tf{ ;+rfng ub{5 (IIPA, 2012) .
o:t} >Ln+sf / dflNbE;n] klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]u dfkm{t k/LIff ;~rfng u/L pko{'St sd{rf/Lsf]
5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/; ub{5 (Faizal, 2013) .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] d'VotM b'O{ lsl;dsf sfd u5{g\ . klxnf] sd{rf/Lx?sf] of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t eO{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6, bf];|f] a9'jf, ;hfo, ;?jf, kbf]GgtLdf ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ub{5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df s] ;jfn p7fpg ;lsG5 eg] lnlvt k/LIffn] dfq jhf/df ePsf
of]Uo eGbf of]Uo pDd]bjf/ ;dfj]z u/]/ 5gf}6 ug{ ;Dej 5 jf 5}g < lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pko'Qm
x'g] cfr/0f ePsf, dfgl;s ?kn] tof/ ePsf / of]Uotd sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 lnlvt k/LIffn]
ub{5 of ub}{g <
blIf0f Pl;ofsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9'jf k|0ffnL
j9'jf Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf blIf0f Pl;ofsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf km/s km/s k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
e'6fgdf v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd,
sfo{;Dkfbg, cg'ej / ;Defjgfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . a+unfb]zdf lglZrt ;dodf cfwfl/t
a9'jf k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] 5 . ef/tdf ;jeGbf klxnf l/Qm l;6 ;+Vof tof/ ul/G5 / h]i7tf,
lgi7fjfg sd{rf/L / s'g} bf]if/lxt sd{rf/LnfO{ a9'jf ul/G5 . kfls:tfgsf] xsdf ;]jf cjlw,
tflnd, ljefuLo k/LIff h:tf ;"rsx?sf] cfwf/df a9'jf ul/G5 (Mishra, 1997) . g]kfndf
sfo{;Dkfbg d'Nofª\sg, z}lIfs of]Uotf, h]i7tf, tflnd tyf juL{s[t If]qdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf]
cfwf/df a9'jf ul/G5 . t/ o:tf a9'jf Joj:yfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx? s'g} klg b]zdf
;Gt'i6 /x]sf] b]lvb}g . h:t} v'Nnf k|ltikwf{ ePklg ljleGg axfgfdf e'6fgdf a9'jf x'g ;d:of
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts sf/0fn] a+unfb]zdf klg a9'jf x'g ;lhnf] 5}g . kfls:tfgdf
;}lgsx?;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw gePsf] sd{rf/L ;lhn} a9'jf x'Fb}g (Crisis Group, 2010) . ef/tdf
a9'jfsf] nflu sfo{;Dkfbg d'Nofª\sg tyf lgi7fjfg sd{rf/Lsf] d'Nofª\sg ubf{ al9 ;do
nfUgfn] ;dodf a9'jf x'g ;Sb}g (Kapur, 2012) . g]kfndf klg a9'jf k|0ffnL cg'dfg of]Uo x'g
;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
blIf0f Pl;ofsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd
k|To]s blIf0f Pl;ofnL b]zx?n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\.
ckmuflg:tfgsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf …sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg u/L l;k / bIftf clej[l4 ug]{
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .Ú t/ :ki6 vfsf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5}g . a+unfb]zdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
tflndsf] nflu a+unfb]z ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 h;n] lghfdtL
;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfwf/e"t tflnd, dWod / pRr txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ a9'jf x'g'k"j{ tflnd
k|bfg ub{5 . (Rabbi & As-Saber, 2012) . e'6fgsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] ;]jf
k|j]zk"j{sf] tflnd / 5f]6f] ;dosf] tflnd elg JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ef/tdf ;]jf cg';f/ tflnd
s]Gb|x? ;~rfng u/L /fli6«o tflnd gLlt @)!@ cg';f/ tflndsf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .
aNeefO{÷nfnaxfb'/ zf:qL tflnd s]Gb|n] ef/tLo k|zf;g ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbG5 .
89
o;}u/L ;/bf/ efO{ k6]n k|x/L k|lti7fgn] ef/tLo k|x/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ub{5 .
j}b]lzs ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ j}b]lzs ;]jf k|lti7fgn] tflnd k|bfg ub{5 (Mishra, 1997) .
dflNbE;df sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf tflnd k|lti7fgn] tflnd k|bfg ub{5 . g]kfndf k|zf;lgs
k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgn] clws[t txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg u5{ . kfls:tfgdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt
k|lti7fgn] pRr txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ub{5 eg] /fli6«o Joj:yfkg sn]hn] ;]jfk"j{sf]
cfwf/e"t tflnd k|bfg ub{5 . >Ln+sfdf k|zf;g tyf ljsf; k|lti7fgn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ub{5 .
blIf0f Pl;ofsf k|foM ;a} b]zx?n] tflndnfO{ clgjfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;a}n] ;]jfk"j{sf] cfwf/e"t
tflnd, dWod tyf pRr txsf]nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . a+unfb]z, ef/t, kfls:tfg /
g]kfndf a9'jf x'g'k"j{ clgjfo{ tflnd lngkg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ To;/L lbOg] tflndx?
sd{rf/Lsf] sfd;Fu k|ToIf d]n vfg] b]lv+b}g . oL tflndx? a9L ;}4flGts 1fgdf dfq cfwfl/t
/x]sf] l6Kk0fL x'g]u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lj1x?n] tflnd k|bfg ubf{ cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t geO{
lstfaL v'/fs lbg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
cg';Gwfg ljlw
blIf0f Pl;ofdf lghfdtL ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf gj]{lhog ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u lgsfo
(NORHED) af6 Ps cWoog sfo{qmd g} ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sfo{df g]kfnaf6 lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno, a+unfb]zaf6 gy{ ;fpy ljZjljBfno / >Ln+sfaf6 k]/]l8lgof ljZjljBfnox?n]
;DalGwt b]zdf ;g\ @)!$ -g]kfn_, ;g\ @)!%÷!^ -a+unfb]z_ / @)!& ->Ln+sf_ df ;j]{If0f
u/]sf lyP . oL tLgj6} b]zx? blIf0f Pl;ofdf /x]tf klg wd{sf] cfwf/df oL b]zx?df leGg
tl:j/ b]vfkb{5 . g]kfndf lxGb", a+unfb]zdf d'n;dfg / >Ln+sfdf af}4dfuL{sf] afx'No 5 . o;/L
wd{df km/s km/s ljz]iftf /x]sf d'n'ssf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] rl/q ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
pQ/bftf 5gf}6 ubf{ k|To]s b]zsf] ef]6/ lni6 -dtbftf ;"rL_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;Defjgfo'St
gd'gf 5gf}6 (Systematic Random Sampling) ljlwsf cfwf/df g]kfndf @$)$, j+unfb]zdf
@&$* tyf >Ln+sfdf !#(* pQ/bftf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfndf @$)$ hgf pQ/bftfdWo]
%)=& k|ltzt k'?if, $(=# k|ltzt dlxnf, a+unfb]zdf @&$* hgf pQ/bftfdWo] %)=@ k|ltzt
k'?if, $(=* k|ltzt dlxnf / >Ln+sfdf !#(* hgf pQ/bftfdWo] $*=^ k|ltzt k'?if tyf %!=$
k|ltzt dlxnfx? /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf #$ lhNnfsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ ;d]l6g] u/L $* j6f
lgjf{rg If]q ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L a+unfb]zsf @@ lhNnfsf ^) j6f lgjf{rg If]qx? /
>Ln+sfsf ( j6f k|b]zsf !@ j6f lhNnfx? cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . wd{sf] cfwf/df
g]kfndf lxGb"x? () k|ltzt, af}4dfuL{ ^ k|ltzt, d';ndfg @ k|ltzt, lqmlZrog ! k|ltzt tyf
cGo ! k|ltzt cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf lyP . aunfb]zsf] xsdf d';ndfg *( k|ltzt, lxGb"
* k|ltzt, af}4dfuL{ @ k|ltzt / lqmlirog ! k|ltzt pQ/bftf ;d]l6Psf lyP eg] >Ln+sfdf
af}4dfuL{ ^( k|ltzt, tfldn lxGb" @) k|ltzt, d';ndfg !) k|ltzt / cGo ! k|ltzt pQ/bftf
/x]sf lyP .
glthf
cg';Gwfgsf] nflu j]l/og tyf l/U;n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf sd{rf/LtGqsf df]8]n / ljz]iftfx? ;lxt
lghfdtL sd{rf/L / sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf ;d;fdlos k|Zgx? ;f]lwPsf lyP . h;
cGt{ut lghfdtL sd{rf/L s] slt l56f]5l/tf] tyf sfo{s'zn /x]sf 5g\ < sd{rf/L e|i6frf/L
90
5g\ of 5}gg\ < sd{rf/Ln] hgtfsf] rfxgfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5g\ of lbb}gg\ < sd{rf/Lx?
hgpQ/bfoL 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < sd{rf/Lx?n] ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ub{5g\ of ub}{gg\ < sd{rf/L;Fu
hgtfsf] kx'Fr 5 of 5}g < sd{rf/Lx? e/kbf{ tyf ljZjf; of]Uo 5g\ of 5}gg\ < pgLx?sf]
;dfg Jojxf/ / cfkm'n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{df hfgsf/ 5g\ of 5}gg\ < gftfjfb lqmkfjfbn] sfo{
;Dkfbgdf sltsf] c;/ u/]sf] 5 < lgodfg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ub{5g\ ls ub}{gg\ < nufotsf k|Zg
;f]lwPsf lyP .
tflnsf g+ # M blIf0f Pl;ofsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ljz]iftfx?
j+unfb]zL >Ln+sfnL
g]kfnL sd{rf/L
sd{rf/L sd{rf/L
sd{rf/Lsf ljif]ztfx?
c;xdt ;xdt c;xdt ;xdt c;xdt ;xdt
k|ltzt k|ltzt k|ltzt k|ltzt k|ltzt k|ltzt
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg l56f]5l/tf] tyf sfo{s'zn 5 < 58 42 35 65 61 39
sd{rf/Lx? e|i6rf/L 5 < 31 69 22 78 59 41
sd{rf/Ln] hgtfsf] rfxgf eGbf cfkm\gf] rfxgf kl/k'lt{ 23 77 19 81 46 54
ub{5g\ <
sd{rf/Lx? ;xof]uL tyf pQ/bfoL 5g\ < 60 40 47 53 60 40
sd{rf/Lx? hgpQ/bfoL 5}gg\ < 40 60 54 46 === ===
sd{rf/Lx? ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ub{5g\ < 57 43 45 55 63 37
sd{rf/L;Fu kx'Fr c;xh 5 < 35 65 26 74 73 27
sd{rf/Lx? e/kbf{ / ljZjf;of]Uo 5g\ < 66 34 53 47 57 43
sd{rf/Ln] ;j}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ub{5g\ < 72 28 73 27 65 35
sd{rf/Lx? pgLx?n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ lhDd]jf/Lk|lt hfgsf/ 41 59 39 61 78 22
5}gg\ <
sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] dfG5]nfO{ dfq ;]jf k|bfg ub{5g\ < 25 75 17 83 74 26
sd{rf/Lx?n] lgod sfg'g cg';f/ ;]jf k|bfg ub{5g\ < 57 43 44 56 51 49
sd{rf/Lx?n] kf/bzL{ tl/sfaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub{5g\ < 66 34 68 32 81 19
sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbg s;/L ug]{ eGg] tl/sf hfg]sf 54 46 32 68 57 43
5g\ <
sd{rf/Lx? OdfGbf/ / ;Fw} ;To af]Nb5g\ < 70 30 55 45 77 23
hDdf ;+Vof 2404 2748 1398
;|f]t M :ynut ;j]{If0f, @)!$ -g]kfn_, @)!%÷!^ -a+unfb]z_ /, @)!& ->Ln+sf_
g]kfnL pQ/bftfsf] ljrf/df $@ k|ltzt g]kfnL lghfdtLsf sd{rf/Lx?, a+unfb]zL pQ/bftfsf]

ljrf/df ^% k|ltzt, a+ufnL sd{rf/L / >Ln+sfnL pQ/bftfx?sf] ljrf/df #( k|ltzt
sd{rf/Lx? dfq l56f] 5l/tf] tyf sfo{s'zn /x]sf] kfOof] . ;a}eGbf sfo{s'zn sd{rf/L oL tLg
b]zsf] t'ngfdf a+ufnL lghfdtL sd{rf/L /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;}u/L ^( k|ltzt g]kfnLsf] ljrf/df,
&* k|ltzt a+ufnLsf] ljrf/df / $! Kf|ltzt >Ln+sfnLsf] ljrf/df ;DalGwt b]zsf sd{rf/L
e|i6rf/L /x]sf] kfOof] . oL dWo] a+ufnL sd{rf/L ;aeGbf e|i6 / >Ln+sg sd{rf/L sd e|i6 /x]sf]
b]lvof] . && k|ltzt g]kfnL, *! Kf|ltzt a+ufnL / %$ k|ltzt >Ln+sgsf] ljrf/df sd{rf/Lx?n]
hgtfsf] rfxgf eGbf cfkm\gf] rfxgfnfO{ kl/k"tL{ tkm{ lqmofzLn /xg] u/]sf] tkm{ kfOof] .
91
$) k|ltzt g]kfnL, %# k|ltzt a+ufnL tyf $) k|ltzt >Ln+sfnLsf] ljrf/df sd{rf/Lx?
;xof]uL tyf pQ/bfoL ePsf] klg kfOof] . o;}u/L ^) k|ltzt g]kfnL tyf $^ k|ltzt a+ufnLn]
lghfdtL sd{rf/L pQ/bfoL 5}gg\ eGg] ljrf/ k|s6 u/]sf] kfOof] .
blIf0f Pl;ofsf oL d'n'sdf sd{rf/Lx?n] hgtfnfO{ ldqjt Jojxf/ ub}gg\ eGg] ljrf/ klg k|s6
ePsf] kfOof] . o:tf] ljrf/ k|s6 ug]{x?df $# k|ltzt g]kfnL, %% k|ltzt a+ufnL tyf
#& k|ltzt >Ln+sfnL /x]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/L;Fusf] kx'Frdf g]kfnL ^% k|ltzt / a+ufnL
&$ k|ltztn] c;xh /x]sf] k|s6 u/] eg] hDdf #& k|ltzt >Ln+sfnLn] ;f] ljrf/ JoSt u/] .
oL tLg b]zsf] t'ngfdf >Ln+sfdf t'ngfTds ?kdf sd{rf/L;Fu kx'Fr ePsf] kfOof] .
sd{rf/Lx? s] slt e/kbf{ / ljZjf;of]Uo 5g\ eGg] ;jfndf #$ k|ltzt g]kfnL $& k|ltzt
a+ufnL tyf $# k|ltzt >Ln+sgn] e/kbf{ / ljZjf;of]Uo /x]sf] jtfP . pSt k|ltztnfO{ ljrf/
ubf{ krf; k|ltzt eGbf sd sd{rf/L hgtfsf] gh/df ljZjf;of]Uo / e/kbf{ ePsf] kfOof] .
sd{rf/Laf6 ;dfg Jojxf/sf] ck]Iffdf tLg} b]zdf ;f] Jojxf/ gkfpg] hgtfsf] dt /x]sf] ;d]t
kfOof] .
lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf] xsdf pgLx? hfgsf/ 5g\ of 5}gg\ eGg] k|Zgsf]
;jfndf g]kfnL / a+ufnL sd{rf/L >Ln+sg eGbf cuf8L /x]sf] kfOof] . g]kfnL / a+ufnL
sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] dfG5]nfO{ al9 ;]jf lbg] u/]sf] hgtfsf] ljrf/ k|s6 ePsf] kfOof] eg] >Ln+sg
sd{rf/L o:tf] sfo{ t'ngfTds ?kdf sd ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . sd{rf/Ln] lgod cg';f/sfo{
;Dkfbg ug]{ ;Gbe{df klg sl/a %) k|ltztn] dfq ug]{ u/]sf] cGon] gug]{ u/]sf] tLg} b]zsf
hgtfsf] cledt /x]sf] kfOof] . kf/blz{tfsf] ;Gbe{df tLg} b]zsf sd{rf/Lx? ckf/bzL{ /x]sf] dt
k|s6 ePsf] b]lvof] . ;fy} sddfq sd{rf/Lx? ;To af]Ng] ub{5g\ eGg] ljrf/ k|s6 ePsf] kfOof] .
%) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf dfq sd{rf/Lx?n] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ tl/sfsf] hfgsf/ /x]sf 5g\ eGg]
tLg} b]zsf hgtfsf] ljrf/ /x]sf] kfOof] .
o;/L hgtfåf/f k|s6 u/LPsf] cledtnfO{ Corruption Perception Index ;g\ @)!% ;Fu t'ngf
ubf{ !** /fi6«x?sf] ;"rLdf >Ln+sf *# cf+} :yfgdf, g]kfn !#) cf}+ :yfgdf / a+unfb]z !#( cf+}
:yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L ljZja}Ísf] ;g\ @)!% sf] ;'zf;g ;"rsnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf oL tLg
b]zsf] t'ngfdf >Ln+sf lgs} dfly, g]kfn dWod tyf a+unfb]z tn /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
lgisif{
blIf0f Pl;ofsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu oL b]zx?df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lghfdtL
;]jfsf] nflu v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf dfkm{t of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t /x]/ sd{rf/L lgo'lStsf nflu
l;kmfl/; ul/+b+} cfPsf] 5 . :d/0f /xf];\ of]Uotf k|0ffnL lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfwf/:tDe xf] . tyfkL
o;/L of]Uo /x]sf sd{rf/Lx? pgLx?n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{df hgtfsf] d'Nofª\sgdf cAan x'g
;s]sf] kfOPg . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf, a9'jf, tflnd j:t'k/s gePsf] x'Fbf
lghfdtL ;+u7g dfly g} k|Zg lrGx b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf sfo{x? of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df ul/G5
92
of ul/+b}g lgSof}{n ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . j]j/n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ s'zntf, hgtfk|lt
pQ/bfoL, ;]jf efjn] k|]l/t x'g], e|i6frf/ gug]{, sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|ltikwL{ x'g], ;a}nfO{ ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug]{ h:tf ljz]iftfx? blIf0f Pl;ofsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? d'ntM g]kfn, a+unfb]z /
>Ln+sfsf lghfdtL ;]jfdf kfOof] . oL tLg b]zsf lghfdtL ;]jfsf oL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ ;'Id?kdf
ljZn]if0f ubf{ >Ln+sfsf] lghfdtL ;]jf s]xL xb;Dd /fd|f] / g]kfn tyf a+unfb]zsf] lghfdtL
;]jf pNn]Vo /fd|f] x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L l/U;n] lbPsf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] ljz]iftfx? h:t} cf}krfl/stf, cfkm\gf] dfG5], s[kfjfb nufotsf kIfn] e|i6frf/
h:tf ljz]iftf cf}+NofPsf] cj:yfdf blIf0f Pl;ofsf lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx? To;af6 cem}
klg d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] kfOPg . ;'zf;gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ubf{ cem}klg sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmof
kf/bzL{ x'g g;s]sf], lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? hgpQ/bfoL gePsf] h:tf kIfx? ljBdfg /x]sf]
kfOof] . o:tf glthfx?sf] kl/k|]Iodf blIf0f Pl;ofsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf, tflndh:tf kIfx?df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ gePsf] / k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t sfo{ ;+:s[lt sfod 5 . h;n] ubf{ nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf hgtfnfO{ k|Tofe"t ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g .
;Gbe{;fdu|Lx?
• Bajracharya, P.& Grace, C. (2014) The Nepal Civil Service and Re-structuring of the State,
Kathmandu: Ministry of General Administration and UNDP.
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93
g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/sf] dxTj—;d:of tyf ;'emfj
" uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f
;f/f+z
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gåf/f ljZjsf ;j} dflg;x?sf nflu l;h{gf ul/Psf /fhgLlts, cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ gful/s clwsf/sf] ;d"xnfO{ dfgj clwsf/ elgG5 . g]kfn xfn
/fhtGqaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq tkm{sf] P]ltxfl;s ;+qmd0f sfndf u'lh|/x]sf] 5 .
ck/fwaf6 ;'/lIft dx;'; u/fpg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{sf] ;fy} kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL,
clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ Gofo k|0ffnL / ;'/Iff jGbf]j:t ug{ ;lsPdf dfq ;j{;fwf/0fdf v'zL
clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnn] dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df u/]sf k|ltj4tf
Pj+ /fli6«o gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfg"g nufotsf b:tfj]hjf6 l;lh{t bfoLTjx?nfO{ sfo{?k lbO{
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g ug{ ljnDa ug'{ x'Fb}g .
kl/ro
dfgj zAbn] ljZj ;d'bfosf k|To]s ;b:onfO{ hgfpg] xF'bf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|ToIf ;DaGw
dfgj hflt;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 . cfw'lgs ;dodf ljZjel/sf dflg;x? ljleGg /fi6«sf /fli6«o
l;dfgfleq /xL ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] gful/ssf] ?kdf /x]sfn] ljZjsf s'g} klg /fi6«n] ljZjel/sf
dflg;x?sf nflu dfgj clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb}g . o;/L x]bf{ dfgj clwsf/sf] l;h{gf
/fli6«o sfg'gåf/f ;Dej xF'b}g . lsgsL /fli6«o sfg'gn] cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf gful/sx?nfO{ dfq
clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb5 . o;/L ljZjsf ;a} dflg;x?sf nflu P]g, sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug{
;Sg] Ifdtf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf dfq lgxLt /x]sfn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gåf/f ljZjsf ;a}
dflg;x?sf] nflu l;h{gf ul/Psf] clwsf/sf] ;d"xnfO{ dfgj clwsf/ elgG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf
l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt b:tfj]hx? x]bf{ oL clwsf/nfO{ # ju{df afF8\g ;lsG5 . klxnf] ju{df
/fhgLlts tyf b]jfgL clwsf/x? kb{5g\ eg] bf];|f] ju{df cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/x? kb{5g\ . t];|f] ju{df ;fd'bflos clwsf/x? kb{5g\ . o:tf clwsf/x?sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ljleGg ;+oGq klg lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 dfgj clwsf/ pRr cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no / ljleGg
dxTjk"0f{ dxf;lGwcGtu{t aGg] pQm ;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf x]g]{ ljz]if ;ldlt nufotsf
;GoGqx? o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ . To:t} If]qLo :t/ klg ljleGg ;+oGqx? v8f ePsf 5g\, h;df
o'/f]k, cd]l/sf / clk|msL If]qdf v8f ePsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+:yf ;+oGqx? kb{5g\ .
o:tf ;+oGqx?n] /fHox?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] dfWodaf6 /fli6«o:t/df g} dfgj clwsf/
;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ pTk|]l/t ub{5g\ .

" ;x–k|fWofks, eQmk'/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .
94
dfgj clwsf/sf] Oltxf; x]bf{ k|frLg u|Ls / /f]dg bfz{lgsx? ;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 . Kn]6f], l;;]/f],
Pl/:6f]6nx?n] dfgj clwsf/nfO{ k|fs[lts clwsf/sf] ?kdf lng] ub{y], h'g /fHosf] kx'Fr eGbf
aflx/sf] clwsf/, OZj/n] klg vf]:g g;Sg], s;}sf] thlahn] sfF65fF6 ug{ g;Sg] ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/ eGg] ub{y] . t/ klg bf;k|yf h:tf kIfx?nfO{ Tolta]nfsf] ;dfhn] j}Btf lbPsfn]
jf:tljs dfgj clwsf/ gePsf] k'li6 x'g hfG5 . dfgjnfO{ jf:tljs dfgjsf] ?kdf k|lt:yflkt
ug{ ;g\ !*!% sf] DofUgfsf6f{sf] pNn]Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5, h;n] P]g agfpg] clwsf/ ;+;bnfO{
dfq x'g], sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf x'g], :jtGq Gofo Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ sfg'g
adf]lhd afx]s y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg] cflb Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{
;DaGwdf a]nfotsf] aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f P]g, !^$) / !^$( klg dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h xf], h;n]
j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ckx/0f ul/Psfdf gful/sn] cbfntL pkrf/ kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u¥of] .
To;}u/L ljn ckm /fO6 (Bill of Right, 1648) klg dxTjk"0f{ lnvt lyof], h;n] sfg'gsf cuf8L
;dfgtf, sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ qm'/ / lgb{lotfk"j{s oftgf lbg gx'g], ;DklQ
;DaGwL :jtGqtf h:tf Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff kq, !&&^ /
dfgj clwsf/sf] k|mfG;]nL 3f]if0ffkq, !(*( o; lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|yd ljZj o'4
kZrft u7g ul/Psf] lnu ckm g];g (League of Nation) n] dfgj clwsf/nfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf
;xof]u gk'¥ofP tfklg dfgjsf ;femf ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] o'4nfO{ /f]Sg] cGt/f{li6«o k|of;sf]
yfngL eg] u/]sf] lyof] . lnu ckm g];g (League of Nation) sf sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/L
o'4 rln/x]s} ;dodf o'4nfO{ ;dfKt u/L ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ Pp6f ;zQm Pjd\
k|efjsf/L cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; u/L ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf]
;jf]{Qd lxt / sNof0f kf/:kl/s ;b\efj tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf ;fy} o'4nfO{ s'g}
klg ?kdf cj}w 3f]if0ff ub}{ Pp6f ;zQm ;+u7gsf] ?kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf eof] . o;sf]
:yfkgf kZrft\ dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;Dj4{gdf cgk]lIft ?kdf k|ltkmn
k|fKt ePsf] 5 . xfn ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+oGq jf k|0ffnLaf6 dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL ;+/If0f
/ k|a4{gdf 6]jf k'lu/x]sf] 5 . bof, dfof / s[kfåf/f geO{ :jtM l;4 ljZjJofkL ?kdf dfgjnfO{
k|fKt x'g] Pjd\ dfgjnfO{ dfgjLo dof{bfdf a:g cfjZos Go"gtd clwsf/x?sf] ;dli6ut
?knfO{ dfgj clwsf/ elgG5, h'g ;j{dfGo, hGdl;4, g};lu{s, cljefHo, cx/0fLo tyf
ckl/xfo{ x'G5g\ . aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] rlr{t zAbsf] ?kdf /x]sf] dfgj clwsf/nfO{ cf}krfl/stf,
cfjZostf Pjd\ clgjfo{tfsf] cfwf/df ;j{JofkL ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] eP tfklg o;sf]
;j{dfGo Pjd\ k"0f{ kl/efiff ug{ sl7g g} 5 lsgsL of] d"t{ eGbf a9L cd"t{ ljifosf] ?kdf
/xg'sf ;fy} k|fs[lts sfg'g;Fu klg o;sf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 .
dfgj clwsf/ s;}sf] bof, dfof / s[kfn] geO{ dfgj ePsf gftfn] :jtM l;4 dflg;nfO{ k|fKt
x'g] clwsf/ x'G5 . dflg;nfO{ dfgjLo bhf{ k|bfg ug{ tyf dfgjLo ulNtnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df
dfgj k|s[lt s} pkhsf ?kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/ dfgj
hflt;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] / dfgj eGgfn] ljZj ;d'bfosf k|To]s ;b:onfO{ hgfpFg] x'Fbf dfgj
clwsf/sf] k|ToIf ;DaGw dfgj hflt;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 . cfw'lgs ;dodf ljZje/Lsf dflg;x?
ljleGg /fi6«sf] /fli6«o l;dfgfleq /xL ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] gful/ssf] ?kdf /x]sf]n] ljZjsf s'g}
klg /fi6«n] ljZje/Lsf dflg;sf nflu dfgj clwsf/sf] ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb}g . o;/L x]bf{ dfgj
95
clwsf/sf] l;h{gf /fli6«o sfg'gåf/f ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;/L ljZjsf ;a} dflg;x?sf nflu
P]g,sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf dfq lgxLt /x]sf]n] cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'gåf/f ljZjsf ;a} dflg;x?sf] nflu ul/Psf clwsf/sf] ;d"xnfO{ dfgj clwsf/ elgG5 .
dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf a[xt g]kfnL zAbsf]ifn] eg]sf] 5 ls …ljZjsf dfgj dfqn] kfpg]
cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs, cfly{s / gful/s xs tyf :jtGqtf dfgj clwsf/ x'g\ .Ú
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo a8fkq
dfgjn] dfgj eP/ afFRg kfpg'kb{5 eGg] ljZjJofkL wf/0ff dfq xf]Og of] cfhsf] ckl/xfo{
cfjZostf xf] . dfgj clwsf/ dfgj hflt;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] / dfgj eGgfn] ljZj dfgj
;d'bfosf] k|To]s ;b:onfO{ hgfpg] x'gfn] dfgj clwsf/sf] k|ToIf ;DaGw ljZj dfgj hflt;Fu
/x]sf] 5 t;y{ dfgj hfltsf] pTyfgsf nflu ljZj ;d'bfosf] ;+:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo
j8fkqdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . a8fkqleq 5l/P/ /x]sf
dfgj clwsf/x? ;DaGwL Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
!= a8fkqsf] k|:tfjgf M df}lns dfgj clwsf/x?df, dfgjLo JolQmsf] dof{bf / d"Nodf 7"nf /
;fgf /fi6«x?df Pjd\ g/gf/Lsf] ;dfg xsdf ljZjf; k'gM b[9 u/fpg] .
@= a8fkqsf] p2]Zo M cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts cyjf nf]slxtsf cGt/f{li6«o ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{df tyf hflt, lnË, efiff / wd{df e]befj g/flv ;a}sf] lgldQ df}lns xs
Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/x?k|lt ;Ddfgsf] efj k|f]T;fxg / ljsl;t ug{df cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u
k|fKt ug'{ .
#= dxf;efsf] p2]Zo wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f ! -v_ adf]lhd M cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts,
z}lIfs / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u a9fpg] tyf hflt, lnË, efiff jf wd{df
e]befj gu/Lsg ;a}nfO{ dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtf k|fKt u/fpg ;xfotf ug]{ .
$= cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;xof]u zLif{ssf] wf/f %% sf] -u_ adf]lhd M hflt, lnË,
efiff jf wd{df e]befj gu/L ;a}sf lgldQ dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf nflu
ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg tyf ltgsf] kfngf .
%= cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\sf] sfd / clwsf/ wf/f ^@ sf] pkwf/f @ df Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd M o;n] ;a}sf lgldQ dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg / kfngfdf
clej[l4 ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 .
^= cGt/f{li6«o lhDdf hdfgL k|0ffnL wf/f &^ sf] -u_ cg';f/ M hflt, lnË, efiff / wd{df
e]befj g/fvL ;a}sf nflu dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{
tyf ;+;f/sf hgtfx?aLr cfk;L lge{/tfnfO{ cËLsf/ ug{+ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . To;/L g} wf/f
%^ / &# df klg dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjsf ;a} b]zx?df dfgj clwsf/sf] axfnLsf k|of;x? eO/x]sf 5g\ .
o;nfO{ Ps /fhgLlts ;jfn dfq geP/ lzIffsf] cleGg cª\usf ?kdf lng'kg]{ wf/0ffn] dxTj
kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfnodf tyf ljBfno lzIf0fdf o;nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ dfGotf cuf8L
96
cfO/x]sf] 5 . sltko b]zx?df dfgj clwsf/ lzIffnfO{ ljBfno kf7\oqmdf ;dfj]z klg ug{
yflnPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg ljBfno lzIffdf dfgj clwsf/sf cjwf/0ffx? ;dfj]z ug{
cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f dfgj clwsf/jfbL lrGts tyf lzIfsn] dx;'; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
dfgj clwsf/ dfgjdfqsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . ;g\ !($( sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
3f]if0ffkq ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;do ;dodf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?
Hff/L x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . oL dWo] clfy{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|lt1fkq,
!(^^, gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|lt1fkq, !(^^, ;a} lsldsf hftLo e]befj
pGd"ngug]{ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08
;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*$, dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw,
!(&( afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( h:tf b:tfj]hx?n] dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw
kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf nflu If]qLo:t/df klg ;lGw,
dxf;lGw / 3f]if0ffkqx? Hff/L ePsf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Ps lhDd]jf/
;b:osf] ?kdf g]kfn ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox?, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g / ;fs{ If]qsf
cle;lGwx? nufot @) eGbf a9L dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?sf] kIf aGg'sf
;fy} /fli6«o sfg'g tyf gLltx? dfkm{t ltgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ k|oTgzLn /x]sf] 5 . oL
k|lta4tfx?af6 ;[lht bfloTjx?sf] lgjf{x / dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L b]zsf ;a}
hfthflt, If]q, ju{ Ps ;Dk|bfosf dlxnf÷k'?if tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t
dfgjLo u/Ldfo'Qm hLjg ofkgsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{tkm{ of] of]hgf s]lGb|t
/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$÷%(_ df dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL 5'§} gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;dfj]z
geP tfklg dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . gjf}+ / b;f}+ of]hgfdf dlxnf,
afnaflnsf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, tyf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;fy;fy}
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL 5'6\6} gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . of]hgfdf
;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns clwsf/ tyf g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ Jojxf/df ;'lglZrt ug]{, dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6«o
ljsf; sfo{qmd;+u cfa4 ub}{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], dfgj clwsf/
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{, Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf ;fy} dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL /fli6«o
sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf] lyof] . tbg'?k dfgj clwsf/
/fli6«o sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ If]qut of]hgfx?;Fu
cfa4 u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of; ul/of] . ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Jofks ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df lzIff,
:jf:Yo, dlxnf z;QmLs/0f, dfgj a]rlavg, afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;, ckfËtf tyf
h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL If]qut /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgfx?sf] th'{df e} sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy},
/fli6«o blnt cfof]u, dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u / cflbjf;L÷hghflt k|lti7fg
dfkm{t klg kLl8t / ;LdfGtLs[t gful/sx?sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;r]tgf lj:tf/sf nflu
sfdx? eP . tfklg dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf /fHon] u/]sf] k|lta4tfnfO{ k|rngdf NofO{ b]zsf
;a} ju{, hfthflt, If]qsf dlxnf, k'?if tyf afnaflnsfx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ k|a4{gsf nflu cem
w]/} k|of; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . dfgj clwsf/ / u|fdL0f ljsf; Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ . s'g} klg
97
u|fdL0f /fhg}lts ;dfhsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] s'/f ugf{;fy ToxfFsf gufl/sx?sf] ;j{kIfLo
ljsf;sf] s'/f cfpF5, h'g dfgj clwsf/ xgg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g . o;} u/L
ljsf;sf] ultdf k5f8L k/]sf] d'n'sdf afl;Gbfx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ klg :jtM ;+s'lrt ePsf]
kfOG5 . To;}n] dfgj clwsf/, ljsf; / nf]stGqnfO{ k[ys ug{ ldNb}g . x'gt b]zn] l56f]
ljsf;sf] km8\sf] dfg{ Ps xb;Dd tfgfzfxL Joj:yf cg's"n x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 .
dflg;nfO{ p;sf clwsf/af6 jl~rt u/fP/ eo / zlQmsf] cfwf/df s]xL ef}lts ljsf; ug{
;Dej eP klg o;nfO{ jf:tljs ljsf;sf] ;+1f lbg ldNb}g . of] t ef}lts pknlAw dfq xf] .
jf:tljs ljsf; To; If]qsf hgtfsf] ;j{kIfLo ljsf;df k|ltlalDat x'g'kb{5 . ;fWonfO{ a]jf:tf
ul/Psf] ljsf;n] gful/sx?sf] hLjge/ jfl~5t k|efj kfg{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] u|fdL0f ljsf; /
dfgj clwsf/ Ps csf{;Fu kl/k"/s jf kl/kf]ifs x'G5g\ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3gdf
b08xLgtf JofKt /xg' tyf kL8sx?nfO{ sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg c;kmn x'g' åGå/t b'j} kIfsf]
;femf ljz]iftf ag]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ lg0ff{os tj/n] ;Daf]wg gul/g] xf] eg] eljiodf åGå emg\
rs{g] / lx+;fsf] >[ª\vnf sfod /xg] tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g cljlR5Gg ?kdf hf/L /xg
hfg] x'G5 . lbuf] zflGt lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fsf] Ps cleGg cËsf] ?kdf ;/sf/ tyf Joj:yflksfn]
eljiodf b08xLgtfsf] lgjf/0fsf nflu sfg'g, gLlt / Jojxf/df cfjZos ;'wf/ dfkm{t\ Gofo
;'lglZrt ug]{, ;To :yfkgf ug]{ / kl/k"/0f k|bfg ug'{kg]{ bf]xf]/f] r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
t;y{, ;'/Iff sfg'gdf ul/g] ;'wf/ cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g / dfkb08sf] cg's"n ;fy}
eljiodf b08xLgtf / dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gnfO{ /f]Sg] lx;fan] ul/g'kb{5 .
g]kfn xfn /fhtGqaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqtk{msf] P]ltxfl;s ;+qmd0fsfndf u'lh|/x]sf] 5 .
Ps bzs nfdf] lx+;fTds åGåkl5 d'n'sdf lj:t[t zflGt k|lqmof hf/L /x]sf] 5 . sfg'gsf]
sfof{Gjog ug]{ / Gofo k|bfg ug]{ ;Ifd ;+oGqsf] cefjdf lx+;f / u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfksf] ;lhn}
k'g/fj[lQ x'g ;Sb5 . ck/fwaf6 ;'/lIft dx;'; ug{ g;s]s]f v08df zflGt k|lqmofk|lt hgtfsf]
ljZjf; u'Dg ;Sb5 . o; k|sf/sf] åGåkl5 kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL, k|efjsf/L / clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg
ug]{ Gofo k|0ffnL / ;'/Iff lgsfox? zflGt lgdf{0f ug]{ / sfg'gL zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug]{ s'/fsf
nflu k|d'v cjoj dflgG5g\ . Gofok|0ffnL / ;'/Iff If]qdf ;'wf/sf] sbd rfNg g;Sbf
hyfefjLkg h:tf] u}/Goflos pkfosf] cjnDagdf kmls{g] ;Defjgf /xG5 / lx+;fTds åGåsf]
k'g/fj[lQsf] vt/f a9\g hfg] x'G5 . zflGt k|lqmofsf] lbuf]kgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;'–
;~rfngo'Qm ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . of] vf;u/L eljiodf x'g] pNnª\3g /f]Sg
tyf ljutdf ePsf pNnª\3gx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
nf]stflGqs hjfkmb]xLtf / kf/bzL{tfsf] ;'b[l9s/0fsf nflu ;]gf, k|x/L, Gofok|0ffnL /
b08k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf ;fy} Goflos / Joj:yfksLo lgu/fgLsf] ;d]t ;'b[l9s/0f cfjZos x'G5 .
;fy;fy}, sfg'gL l/Qmtf k'/f ug{ / ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[l9s/0fsf nflu gjLg k|of;x? ;d]t
cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 .
;g\ !(%) sf] bzs kZrft\ dfgj clwsf/sf] lrGtgdf gofF ;f]r cuf8L cfof] . o; cg';f/
klZrdL b]z tyf ;f]leot ;ª\3n] PSnf PSn} u/]sf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL JofVof k"0f{ 5}g . o;
lrGtg cg';f/ dfgj clwsf/ klZrdL /fi6«n] eg]h:tf] JolQmut :jtGqtfdf cfwfl/t, gful/s,
98
/fhgLlts clwsf/x? dfq xf]Ogg\ . To:t} ;dfhjfbL d'n'sx?n] eg]h:t} /fHoåf/f k|bQ cfly{s,
;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/x? dfq klg xf]Ogg\ . JolQmut :jtGqtf / ;fd"lxs clwsf/x?
b'j} Ps csf{sf k"/ssf ?kdf /x]sf clwsf/x? g} dfgj clwsf/ x'g\ eGg] JofVof t];|f] ljZjsf
d'n'sdf /x\of] . t];|f] ljZjsf] of] ;f]rn] klZrdL b]z / ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] JofVof u/fOdf /x]sf]
ljjfb ;dfwfg x'gfsf ;fy;fy} dfgj clwsf/ cljefHo / cGof]Gofl>t /xG5g\ eGg] efjgfn]
dfGotf kfof] .
dfgj clwsf/sf] :yfkgfy{ ljleGg b]zdf ljleGg lsl;dn] cfGbf]ng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . a]nfot,
k|mfG;, cd]l/sfh:tf b]zdf dfgj clwsf/ jxfnLsf nflu y'k|} k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ . DofUgfsf6f{,
lan ckm /fO6\;, k|m]Gr clwsf/ ;DaGwL b:tfj]h, cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff cflbn]
dfgjd"Nosf] :yfkgfdf 7"nf] dxTj /fv]sf 5g\ .
Dffgj clwsf/sf] l;4fGt
!= ljZj Jofkstf / cx:tfGt/0fLo
@= ;dfgtf / clje]b
#= ;xeflutf / ;dfj]zLkg
$= hjfkmb]xLtf
%= cljefHotf
^= cGt/lge{/tf / cGt/;DalGwt
&= sfg'gsf] zf;g
dfgj clwsf/sf ljz]iftfx?
!= cljefHoM dfgj clwsf/ dfgj ePs} sf/0fn] k|fKt xF'bf o;nfO{ ljefhg ug{ ;lsb}g\
@= ;dfg ljt/0f M dfgj clwsf/ ;a}nfO{ ;dfg?kdf k|fKt xG5 . s;}nfO{ sdL a9L xb}g\
#= g};lu{s M dfgj clwsf/ dfgj eP/ hlGdPs} sf/0fn] k|fKt clwsf/ xf] .
$= ;dfg dxTj M dfgj clwsf/ s'g} dxTjk"0f{ / s'g} sd dxTjk"0f{ x'Fb}g, ;a} dfgj
clwsf/ pQLs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f !^ b]lv wf/f $& ;DDd df}lns xssf] Jofj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx?sf] cg'z/0f ub}{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 o;nfO{ d"ttf{
lbg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^ b]lv $& ;Dd df}lns xsx?sf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @% df /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;af6 g]kfnL gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf :ki6
lbzfaf]w ;d]t ePsf] 5 .
o:t} u/L åGåsfnLg jf åGåf]Q/ h:tf];'s} cj:yfsf] ePklg dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g / b'?kof]u
;DaGwL 36gfsf ljifodf sfg'g adf]lhd hfx]/L lng / k"0f{ kmf}hbf/L cg';Gwfg ug{ k|x/LnfO{
:ki6 lgb]{zg hf/L ul/g'kb{5 . ;'/Iff;Fu ;Da4 5l/P/ /x]sf sfg'gdf ePsf sl7g / lj:t[t
99
kl/efiffsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L sfg'gL cfwf/sf] l;4fGt / cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg's"n ;+lIfKt,
k|i6 / :ki6 zAbfjnLn] kl/eflift ul/g'kb{5 . k|rlnt ;'/Iff sfg'gsf ljleGg k|fjwfg cGtu{t
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L -k|=lh=c=_ nfO{ k|fKt lj:t[t thlahL k|zf;lso clwsf/ k|efjsf/L
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo aGg ;Sg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ sfg'gL ;+zf]wg cf/De ul/g'kb{5 .
:yflgo k|zf;g P]g tyf ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g cGtu{t k|=lh=c= nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] Goflos
clwsf/ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt, cfO{;L;Llkcf/sf] wf/f !$-!_ tyf Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf
;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt adf]lhd ;a} Goflos clwsf/ Goflos lgsfodf dfq lgxLt /x]sf]
x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;f]xL adf]lhd ;+zf]wg ul/g'kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g adf]lhd
y'gfdf /flvPsf] JolQmnfO{ lgjf/s y'gfsf] cfb]z pk/ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL cy{k"0f{
clwsf/ k|fKt x'g] tyf Gofodf kx'Fr / k|efjsf/L pkrf/ kfpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu
aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ clwsf/ k'g/fj]bg tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cltl/Qm lhNnf
cbfnt;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 .
zlQm / xltof/sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx?nfO{ sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lsf nflu
zlQm / xltof/sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cfwf/e"t l;4fGt nufotsf] cGt/f{li6«o
dfkb08 cg's"n agfOg'kb{5 .
rf}wf}+ of]hgfdf dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf pNn]lvt nIo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] Joj:yfaf6
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg'gx¿ k'g/fjnf]sg eO{ gofF sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g], dfgj
clwsf/ ;DaGwL /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿ ;'b[9 ePsf x'g], dfgj clwsf/sf ljifox¿ /fli6«o gLltx¿df
;+/rgfTds / sfof{Tds ¿kdf ;dflxt ePsf x'g] / dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{g ePsf] x'g]
pknAwL ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] 3f]if0ffkq, dxf;lGw tyf cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf]
kIf agL cGt/f{li6«o If]qaf6 ePsf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf k|of;x¿df g]kfnn]
k|lta4tf hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . oL k|lta4tf cg'¿k /fli6«o:t/df ;+:yfut, gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL
;+/rgf tof/ ul/Psf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] df}lns xssf] ¿kdf yk
clwsf/x¿sf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . gful/sx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ p2]Zon]]
lqjifL{o dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf cltl/Qm dlxnf, blnt tyf
afnaflnsfx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu y'k|} gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ klg
ul/Psf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, blnt cfof]u, hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o
k|lti7fgsf cltl/Qm k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, ljleGg dGqfno / cGt/f{li6«o tyf
/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;d]t dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gdf ;+nUg 5g\ .
lgisif{ M
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 dfgj clwsf/sf] :yfkgf, ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gdf
cGt/f{li6«o k|of;sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . dfgj clwsf/nfO{ zflGt / ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/sf ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] dxf;efn] !) l8;]Da/ !($* df dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
100
3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] lyof], h;df klxnf] k6s dfgjsf hGdl;4 Pjd\ g};lu{s clwsf/x¿nfO{
dfgj clwsf/sf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] a8fkq / dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3åf/f dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿ kfl/t x'Fb} cfPsf
5g\ . rfn" of]hgf cjlwdf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g tyf Hofbltsf lj¿4 cg';Gwfg u/L
kL8snfO{ sf/jfxL / kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf], ;LdfGts[t
;d'bfosf nflu OG6g{;Lk sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf], dfjg clwsf/ ;DaGwdf cled'vLs/0f
tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf], ljBfnosf lzIfssf nflu dfgj clwsf/ >f]t k'l:tsf, @)&) tof/
ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg, sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf cg'¿k ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut tyf kof{Kt
;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf u/L cfd gful/snfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{
sfo{ /xLcfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf If]qut sfo{qmdx¿df dfgj clwsf/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg',
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL hgr]tgf a9\g', g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL d'Vo b:tfj]hx¿ / gf} d'Vo
dxf;lGwx¿dWo] ;ft;d]t u/L dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL @@ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿sf] kIf /fi6«
aGg', dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{gsf] nflu g]kfnn] hgfPsf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfx¿ /
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf gful/ssf ljleGg df}lns xsx¿ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
tyf ;+a4{gsf lglDt cj;/ x'g\ . ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df
:yflkt / dfGotfk|fKt dfgj clwsf/x¿sf]] ;xh ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ / cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u
ubf{ csf{sf] clwsf/ xgg gx'g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ sfo{ k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, pkof]u, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; u/L b]zsf ;a} hft, hflt,
efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, j0f{, ;Dk|bfo, lnË, ju{ / If]qsf gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f
/ ;Dj4{g ub}{ ;dfgtf / Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{;fdu|L
• kf7s, ?b|k|;fb, dfgj cflwsf/ M cflv/ ljZjn] s] kfof] <, d+l;/ @$, @)&$, dfgj clwsf/ /fli6o
;Dd]ng ljz]iffÍ, @)&$, g]kfn jf/ P;f]l;o;g, sf7df8f}+ .
• cffly{s ;j]{If0f -@)&#÷@)&$_, cy{ dGqfno .
• Rff}wf+} of]hgf -@)&#÷@)&$–@)&%÷@)&^ _, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+ .
• g]kfn hg;+Vof k|ltj]bg @)^*, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, @)^( c;f/ .
• g]kfnsf] ljsf;—…b[li6sf]0f / k|of;x?, /fli6«o cfly{s tyf ljsf; cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, gf/]s g]kfn,
j}zfv @)^! .
• ;x/sf] cfjfh Voice of the city, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3, sf7df8f}+ .
• ef]h/fh cf]emf, ;dsfnLg ljsf; cy{zf:q Pjd\ g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yf (Contemporary Development
Economics and Nepalese), tn]h' k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+ .
• ;'/]z clwsf/L, /fli6«o gLlt – gLltut Joj:yf sfof{Gjog, ;d:of / ;'emfjx? .
• Nepal in figures 2006, NPC Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu.
• A Nepalese journal of patticepatory development Year 18,No. 17 August, 2016 Nepal
Participatory Action Network (NEPAN), Kathmandu, Nepal.
101
g]kfndf cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o >f]t kl/rfng gLlt
" sdnk|;fb /]UdL
;f/f+z
;/sf/n] cfly{s gLlt dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ljQsf] kl/rfng u/L cy{tGqnfO{ ;w}+ rnfodfg
agfO{ /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs >f]t kl/rfngsf pks/0fx? -cfo, Joo tyf C0f_ sf] dfWodaf6
cfly{s j[l4, cfly{s :yfloTj Pjd\ k"0f{ /f]huf/L ;[hgf h:tf nf]s sNof0fsf/L sfo{ ub}{
b]znfO{ ;d[l4tk{m c3L a9fpg d2t k'Ub5 . ljlQo ;+3Lotfdf >f]t kl/rfngsf]
cjlzi6 -concurrent_ clwsf/ sxfF /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfndf ljlQo
;+3Lotf dfkm{t ljlQo ;Gt'ng sfod u/L b]znfO{ /fhg}lts ;+3Lotf;+u} ljlQo Joj:yfkgaf6
cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{ eGg] ljifo r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf vr{sf] cg'kftdf
/fh:jsf] j[l4af6 ljlQo ;Gt'ng x'g ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / /fli6«o
k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg tyf ljlQo cfof]u P]g, @)&$ /fh:j k/fdz{ ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)&$
Pjd\ ;+3Lotfsf] cEof; u/L /x]sf cGo ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x?sf] ;}4flGts Pjd\
Jojxfl/s cg'ejnfO{ dWogh/ u/L cNksfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotf tkm{ k]l/;, cfqmf, a';fg /
d]lS;sf] 3f]if0ffsf l;4fGt tyf dfu{bz{gnfO{ kfngf ub{} ljsf; ;xof]unfO{ k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf
clwstd kl/rfng ug]{, dWosfndf cfGtl/s C0f / /fh:jaf6 ;fjlhs vr{ wfGg of]Uo
agfpg] ;fy} bL3{sfndf s/bftfd}qL, ;'rgfd}qL s/ k|0ffnL dfkm{t s/sf] bfo/f j[l4 u/L
:jb]zL ljlQo >f]t kl/rfngdf cfTdlge{/ agfpFb} cGt/f{li6««o ;xfotfsf] k/ lge{/tfnfO{
qmdzM sd ug{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfosf ;/sf/, ;;+b, /fhg}lts bn, sd{rf/L,
s/bftf, lj1, k|f1, ldl8of, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;fd'lxs k|of;af6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ ;a}sf]
dxTjk'0f{ e"ldsf h?/L /xG5 .
!= k[i7e"ld
/fHo ;+rfngsf nfuL cfjZos >f]tsf] cfk"lt{ Pjd\ To;sf] pkof]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifo g}
>f]t kl/rfng gLlt xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ /fHodf /fh:j jf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ s;/L,
s'g–s'g >f]taf6 k|fKt ug]{ / To;sf] clwstd kl/rfng s'g–s'g If]q Pjd\ lgsfodf s;/L u/L
nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo ;+rfng ug]{ eGg] ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL cfwf/nfO{ g} >f]t kl/rfng gLltsf
?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df cGo ;+3Lotf
nfu' ePsf d'n'sx?sf] ljQLo gLlt s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] ljifonfO{ ;d]t cWoog u/L :jb]zL
;fwg >f]tsf] cj:yfnfO{ dgg ub}{ ;f]xL cg';f/ cufl8 a9\g ;Sbf k|efjsf/L x'g hfG5 . tL
d'n'ssf] ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] cEof;nfO{ lgofNbf /fHodf >f]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{ cjlzi6 clwsf/
-Concurrent_ ;+3sf] If]qflwsf/df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . laz]iftM cd]l/sf / ef/tdf ljQLo ;Gt'ng
sfod ug{ ;+3nfO{ ljQLo clwsf/ pknAw u/fO{Psf] 5 o;} u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ljQLo
clwsf/ ;+3df g} ;'/IfLt u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;f]xL l;4fGt / dfGotf adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/L
xfdL sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf 5f}+ .

" lgb]{zs, aLdf ;ldlt .
102
@= >f]t kl/rfng
@=!= cfGtl/s >f]t kl/rfng
@=!=!= /fh:j / u}/ /fh:j
/fHo ;+rfngsf] nfuL b]z leqaf6 pknAw k"lt{ u/L s'n ;fj{hlgs vr{ ul/g] sfo{nfO{ g} cfGtl/s
>f]t -/fh:j / u}/ /fh:j_ sf] kl/rfng elgG5 . /fh:jsf >f]tnfO{ ;d]t b'O{ efudf jlu{s/0f u/L
;+sng ug]{ ul/G5 h; dWo] Pp6f s/ /fh:j xf] eg] csf]{ u}/ s/ /fh:j xf] . s/nfO{ klg clen]v
/fVg / ;+sng ug{ ;xh xf];\ eGg] p4]Zon] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf u/L b'O{ efudf afFl8Psf] 5 . cfos/,
3/hUuf s/ / ;jf/L ;fwg s/, k|ToIf s/sf k|d'v >f]t x'g\ eg] d'No clej[l4 s/ -Eof6_, e+;f/
cGtM z'Ns, xjfO{ / :jf:Yo s/x? ck|ToIf s/sf >f]tx? x'g\ . jflif{s ?kdf nIo gtf]lsPsf s/nfO{
;fdfGotofM u}/ s/ elg JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 . h;df b08 hl/jfgf, b:t'/, nfef+;, Aofh, ;fFjf lkmtf{
cflb kb{5g\ .
@=!=@= cfGtl/s C0f -a}+lsª / u}/ a}+lsª_
nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo ;+rfng ug{ ;/sf/n] cfDbfgL eGbf vr{ al9 ePsf] ah]6 -3f6f ah]6_
;+rfng ug]{ ub{5 . 3f6f ah]6 k"lt{ ug{ lnOg] :jb]zL >f]t dWo] Ps cfGtl/s C0f xf] .
cfGtl/s C0f tLg k|sf/af6 ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] s]Gb|Lo a}Í -/fi6« a}Í_ af6 ;/sf/n]
C0f lng] ub{5 eg] bf];|f] a}+saf6 -jfl0fHo, ljsf; a}Íx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf C0f kq art
kq ljqmL u/]/_ lnOG5 . To;} u/L t]>f] u}/ a}+lsª af6 -lghL JolQmn] C0fkq, artkq vl/b
u/]/_ ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s k|fKt ug]{ ub{5 .
@=@= afx\o >f]t kl/rfng -låkIfLo÷ax'kIfLo C0f / cg'bfg_
3f6f ah]6 k"lt{ ug]{ qmddf cfGtl/s C0fn] gk'u ePsf] cj:yfdf afx\o /fi6« jf ;+:yf
-ljZj a}Í, cfO{=Pd=Pkm=, PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í_ af6 lnOg] C0f jf k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg g} afx\o
>f]t kl/rfng xf] . afx\o cg'bfg / C0fnfO{ b'O{ -låklIfo / ax'klIfo_ lsl;dn] :jLsf/ u/L
/fHon] pkof]u ug]{ ub{5 . /fi6«, /fi6« aLr lnOg] ;xfotfnfO{ låklIfo elgG5 eg] /fi6« / bft[
;+:yfaLr lnOg] ;xfotfnfO{ ax'klIfo elgG5 . g]kfndf ;g\ !(%! b]lv afx\o >f]t lnP/ 3f6f
ah]6 k'lt{ u/L k"jf{wf/ tyf cGo ljsf;fTds sfo{x? xfn;Dd ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .
afx\o >f]taf6 g]kfnn] lnPsf] xfn;Dd ltg{ afFsL /sd s'n u|fx:ysf] nueu @& k|ltzt;Dd
/x]sf]n] afx\o >f]tsf] pkof]usf] lx:;f 7'nf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L jflif{s ah]6 dfkm{t\ /sdsf]
k|flKt / To;sf] pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf g} >f]t kl/rfng gLlt xf] . o:tf] gLltnfO{ ;+j}wfgLs
x}l;ot ;d]t k|bfg ug{ /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltdf dfu{ bz{gsf ?kdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] xG5 . o:tf] ;+j}wfgLs Joj:yfnfO{ ljZjsf w]/} b]zdf ah]6/L P]g g} hf/L u/L ;f]xL
cfwf/df >f]tsf k|flKt / pkof]u ug]{ cEof; ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . l5d]sL b]z ef/tdf ah]6/L PS6,
@))% ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .
103
#= >f]t kl/rfnsf] ;}4flGts kIf / cGt/f{li6«o cEof;
#=!= k|yd ljZjo'4 cl3
d"ntM ;/sf/n] lgjf{x ug]{ e"ldsfsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ljQ kl/rfngsf] If]q / bfo/f lgwf{/0f
x'g] ub{5 . aL;f} ztfAbLsf] k"jf4{;Dd ljZjdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf sd Pjd\ lghL If]qsf]
of]ubfgnfO{{ hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . Adam Smith, J.B. Say, J.S. Mill nufotsf zf:qLo
cy{zf:qLx?n] “Laissez Faire Economy” df k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . To; ;dodf ;/sf/n]
sd eGbf sd s/ ;+sng ug]{, ;fj{hlgs vr{df ldtJolotf ckgfpg], lghL If]qnfO{ ;Dk"0f{
sfo{df ;lqmo agfO{ ;/sf/ dfq nf]s sNof0fsf/L sfo{df ;Lldt x'g' kg]{ dfGotf / cEof;
ul/b} cfPsf] lyof] .
#=@= k|yd / bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5
ljZjdf ;g\ !(#) df 7'nf] cfly{s dGbLsf] ;fdgf ug{ lghL If]qsf] of]ubfg dfq sfkmL g/x]sf]
dx;'; u/L ;/sf/L If]qn] Aofkf/ tyf cGo lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuLtf ub}{ uof] . ;g\ !(#^ df
cy{zf:qL John MaynardKeynes sf] “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and
Money” k':ts k|sfzg eof] . o;n] ;/sf/L nufgLnfO{ a9fpg] ljifodf hf]8 lbg yfNof] .
;j{k|yd ;f]leot ;+3af6 ;g\ !(@* df of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 cy{tGqdf /fHosf]
e"ldsfdf j[l4 x'Fb} uof] . /fHo -;/sf/_ ;+u ;Lldt ;fwg, >f]t /x]sf] t/ c;Lldt cfjZostfsf]
k"lt{ u/L hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug{ kg]{ afWotfn] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljQ kl/rfngdf cfGtl/s C0f
tyf afx\o C0f lng] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; eof] . låtLo ljZjo'4 kl5 ljZjJofkL ?kdf k'g{lg{df{0f
ug{ / ljsf;zLn / pklgj]zaf6 :jtGq ePsf /fi6«df of]hgfj4 ljsf; -Plan Devlpoment_ /
ljsf; k|zf;g -Development Administration_ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fj{hlgs
ljQdf afx\o >f]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{ cEof; rNg yfNof] cfh;Dd ljZjdf of] k|rng ljsl;t
/fi6«df ;d]t /lx /x]sf] 5 .
#=#= pbf/Ls/0f New Public Management ( NPM)
cy{tGqdf pbf/Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(*) sf] pQ/f4{lt/ ljZjJofkL ?kdf k}mlnb+} uof] . o;n]
;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf s]xL sld xf] ls h:tf] dx;'; u/fPsf] lyof] . t/ k'jf{wf/sf 7"nf
kl/of]hgfsf nfuL afx\o >f]t kl/rfng cd]l/sf, rLg h:tf ljsl;t /fi6«n] ;d]t u/L /x]s}
5g\ . pQm ;dodf lghL If]q ;lqmo eP klg /fHo ;+rfngsf] Go"gtd bfloTj ;/sf/df g} /xg]
ePsf]n] /fh:jsf] cnfjf cGo afx\o >f]tsf] ;d]t pkof]u u/L ;/sf/sf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng
ul/b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
#=$= New Public Service - NPS_
;g\ @))* df ePsf] cd]/Lsfsf] cfly{s dlGb kl5 laz]iftM ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf j[l4 eP;+u}
cfGtl/s tyf afx\o >f]tsf] yk cfjZos ePsf] x"Fbf cfGtl/s >f]taf6 ck'u >f]tsf ?kdf
afx\o >f]tsf] pkof]u u/L /fHo ;+rfng / ;/sf/sf bfloTj k'/f ul/b}+ cfPsf] 5 . ;+3Lotf
104
sfo{fGojg ePsf ljZjsf nueu @& b]zdf >f]t kl/rfngsf] ljifodf k|lqmof / ljlw km/s eP
klg ;f/df /fli6«o:t/sf] s/ h:t} k|ToIf s/ -cfos/, 3/ axfn s/ / ;jf/L ;fwg s/_,
ck|ToIfdf s/, d'Noclej[l4 s/, cGtM z'Ns_ / s]xL u}/ s/ -b08 hl/jfgf, nfef+; cflb_ ;+3sf]
clwsf/ If]q leq /flv ;dfg jf cg'kftn] u7g x'g] s]Gb|Lo ljQLo cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df
afF8kmfF8 u/L ;a} k|b]z jf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;dfg ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg] sfg'gL
Pjd\ Jojxfl/s cEof; /lx cfPsf]] kfO{G5 .
$= ljQLo ;+3Lotfdf >f]t kl/rfngsf] ;}4flGts tyf cGt/f{li6«o cEof;
$=!= ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff
‘Fiscal federalism is concerned with understanding which functions and instruments of best
centralized and which is best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government.’
(Oates 1999) /fhg}lts ;+3Lotfdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} k|bfg
ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] ljQLo ;+3Lotfdf cfly{s clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;f]xL adf]lhd ;+ljwfgn]
g} Joj:yf u/] cg';f/ x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] ljQLo ;+3Lotf eGgfn] cy{tGqsf] ;+3Lotf xf] elg
a'em\g ;lsG5 . ljQLo ;+3Lotfdf clwsf/sf] ljifo tyf cfGtl/s clwsf/ sxfF /xG5 eGg]kIf
dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . pQm clwsf/ ;+3df lgxLt /x]sf] 5 jf k|b]z :t/df eGg]af6 sltsf] ljQLo
;+3Lotf 5 elg d'Nof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljQLo kIfdf ;+j}wflgs ;+s6 pTkGg ePdf ljQLo
cfof]u dfkm{t ;'Nemfpg] k|of; ul/g] ul/G5 . o;af6 ;dfwfg geP cGtdf ;+j}wflgs
cbfnt;Dd k'Ug' kg]{ x'G5 .
$=@= ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] cEof;
ljZjdf ;+3Lotf nfu' ePsf clwsf+z d'n'sx?sf]] ;+j}wfgLs Joj:yf cg';f/ ;+3df g} ljQLo
-cfGtl/s tyf afx\o >f]t kl/rfng_ clwsf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo ?kdf x]bf{, cd]l/sfdf
;'/Iff, jfl0fHo / ;f];+u ;DalGwt ljifo ;+3df / afFsL ;a} k|b]zsf] clwsf/If]qdf /x]sf] b]lvP
tfklg k|foM ;a} ljifo ;'/Iff / jfl0fHo;Fu ck|ToIf ?kdf hf]l8g] x'Fbf pQm clwsf/ ;+3df
/x]sf]n] ;+3 g} zlQmzfnL /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o'/f]k]nL, :sfG8]leog d'n'sx?, ci6«]nLof,
Pjd\ PlzofnL /fi6« / ef/t, kfls:tfg cflb ;a} b]zdf ljQLo clwsf/ ;+3sf] If]qflwsf/df
/x]sf x'Fbf ljQLo kIfdf ;+3 g} zlQmzfnL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= g]kfnsf] ljQLo >f]tsf] kl/rfngsf] P]ltxfl;s / xfnsf] cj:yf
%=!= k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf kl5
lj=;+= @))& ;fn cl3 aGb /fhgLlts cy{ Joj:yfn] ubf{ ljQLo kl/rfngsf] ljifo k|;+uof]Uo
g/x]sf] b]lvG5 . /f0ff zf;gdf hDdf ghf]8\g' sRrf g5f]8\g' eGg] cf;o /x]sfn] ah]6/L
k|0ffnLaf6 sfo{ gePsf] o;} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . @))& ;fndf k|hftGq k|fKtL eP kZrft\
@))* ;fndf g]kfndf k|yd ah]6 NofOPsf] lyof] . To; ;dodf cfDbgL eGbf vr{ al9 ePsf]
3f6f ah]6 ;+rfngdf /x]sfn] cfGtl/s / afx\o >f]tsf] kl/rfng ePsf] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 .
105
%=@= k~rjifL{o of]hgf -Periodic Plan_
g]kfndf lj=;+=@)!# ;fndf k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -Periodic Plan_ sf] yfngL ul/of] . To;
;dodf /fHosf] /fh:jsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] elg ;w} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df
klg a}+lsª If]q / afx\o bftfx?sf] ;xof]u cjZo g} /x]sf] k"jf{g'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . s'n
of]hgfsf] nueu () k|ltzt;Dd j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] c+z /x]sf] clen]vaf6 b]lvG5 . o;}
qmddf qmdzM ;ftf}+ of]hgf;Dddf /fHonfO{ PlzofnL :t/sf] dfkb08df k'¥ofpg] k|of; :j?k
sfo{qmdx? ;dfj]z ePsf lyP, h;df ljsf; vr{df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] c+z t'ngfTds ?kdf
pRr g} /x]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] cfwf/df Tof] ;dodf afx\o >f]t kl/rfng lg/Gt/ ?kdf ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
%=#= k|hftGqsf] k'gM :yfkgf kl5
@)$^ ;fndf k|hftGqsf] k'g{:yfkgf / pbfl/s/0fn] cf}krfl/s ?kdf k|j]z kfPkl5 hgtfsf
OR5f, cfsf+Iff a9\bf ;f]sf] k"lt{ ug{ 7"nf] dfqfdf cfGtl/s tyf afx\o >f]tsf] kl/rfng cfjZos
ePsf]n] cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv bzf}+ of]hgf;Ddsf ljsf;sf sfo{x? cfGtl/s tyf afx\o >]ftaf6
;DkGg x'Fb} uP . To; ;dodf pbfl/s/0fsf cg]sf}+ cfof]hgfb]lv g]kfn a}Í, jfl0fHo a}Í / g]kfn
/fi6« a}Ísf] ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx? j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 ;+rfng eP . hnljB'tb]lv l;+rfO, ;8s,
vfg]kfgL, lzIff, :jf:Yosf sfo{qmdx? bft[ lgsfosf] ;xfotfaf6 ;Dkfbg ePsf]n] Tof] ;dodf
afx\o >f]tsf] kl/rfng /fd|} cj:yfdf lyof] eGg ;lsG5 .
%=$= nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf kl5
lj=;+=@)^@÷^# ;fn kl5 ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] cfofdnfO{ ljsf;df k|fyldstf lbg]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] afx\o >f]tsf ;fy} cfGtl/s >f]tdf laz]if hf]8 lb+b} P3f/f}+b]lv t]x«f}+
of]hgf;Dd ;DkGg eP . pQm ;dodf ;+ljwfg ;efsf b'O{ j6f lgjf{rg nufot ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf P]ltxfl;s sfo{df cflGtl/s >f]tsf] cnfjf 7"nf] afx\o >f]tsf] kl/rfng ePsf] 5g\ .
To; ;dodf zflGt k|lqmofb]lv, ;]gf ;dfof]hg, ;ef;b\nfO{ sDKo'6/ tflndb]lv c+u|]hL efiff;Dd
afx\o >f]t -j}b]lzs ;xfotf_ af6 ePsf] ljleGg clen]vaf6 k|i6 x'G5 .
%=%= @)&@ df hf/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ hf/L kl5 ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotf sfo{Gjog;+u} ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] k"jf{wf/
tof/ Pjd\ kfngsf nfuL -;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfo_ sf] ;du| k"jf{wf/ tyf rfn' vr{sf]
lx:;f ljutsf] t'ngfdf c:jfefljs ?kdf j[l4 eO{ /fHon] vr{ wfGg} sl7g x'g] cj:yfdf
cfGtl/s tyf afx\o ;xof]usf] dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg /xg] b]lvG5 . xfn s'n u|fx:y pTkfbg
-GDP_ sf] nueu @@ k|ltzt;Dd /fh:j 5 eg] @& k|ltzt eGbf al9 ;fj{hlgs vr{ /x]sf]n]
jflif{s ah]6df >f]t h'6fpg cfGtl/s tyf afx\o >f]tsf] yk h?/L /xg]] tYof+sn] k|i6fPsf] 5 .
106
%=^= rf}wf}+ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf Joj:yfx?
rf}+wf} of]hgf gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L kZrft\ @)&# b]lv @)&^ ;Ddsf nfu' x'g] ePsfn] ljQLo
;+3Lotf sfof{GjognfO{ ;xh / ;/n xg] lsl;dsf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf
5g\ . ;+3Lo ljQ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] d'n cfwf/ agfpg] klxnf] /0fgLltsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] s/sf
bfo/f lj:tf/, k|lt:kwL{ / ;dGoflos agfpg] tyf /fh:jsf If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ cGo
/0fg}lts sfo{qmdx? o; of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . /fHosf] vr{ /fh:j / cfGtl/s
C0faf6 wfGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf lnO{ nufgL, k"jf{wf/sf sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ ;f]r
/x]sf] 5 . /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ s]xL sfo{gLltx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs vr{ /
C0fnfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf] cfwf/ agfpFb}, o; sfo{df kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf /
pknlAwd"ns agfpg] kIfdf /0fgLltx?n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;f/df eGg' kbf{ cfGtl/s >f]taf6
ljQLo :yfloTj / ;jlns/0f ug]{ / j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] xsdf ljsf; ;xfotfnfO{ qmdzM 36fpFb}
hfg] gLlt of]hgfn] lnPsf] kfO{G5 . o;/L of]hgfdf ;d]t ljQLo ;+3Lotf sfo{Gjogdf vfsf
k|:t't eO ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . s'n vr{ nueu ?= #,@#) ca{ dWo] /fh:jaf6 nueu ? !,&^$
ca{ -@@=* k|ltzt_ Aoxf]l/g] 5 eg] ? #@# ca{ j}b]lzs cg'bfgaf6 / nueu ? ^%^ ca{
j}b]lzs C0f af6 Aoxf]/Lg] 5 . afFsL nueu ? $!( ca{ cfGtl/s C0faf6 Aoxf]l/g] u/L vr{sf]
Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .
^= ljQLo ;+3Lotfdf >f]t kl/rfngsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf gLltut Joj:yf
^=!= ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
^=!=!= /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLlt
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu $ -/fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt_ sf] wf/f %)-#_ df ;/sf/L, lghL
/ ;xsf/L If]q dfkm{t pknAw >f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfng u/L tLa| cfly{s j[l4 ug]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 eg] wf/f %! -3_ sf] !, @ / !! df cfGtl/s tyf /fli6«o cfjZostf / k|fyldstfnfO{
cfwf/ dflg j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|fKtL ug]{ Joj:yf pNn]v 5 . oxL efjgf adf]lhd P]g, lgodfjnL
/ dfu{ bz{g aGg] x'gfn] ljQLo ;+3Lotfdf afx\o >f]tsf] kl/rfngdf ;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf /x]sf]
kfO{G5 .
^=!=@ ;+3Lo cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL
efu !) ;+3Lo cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL wf/f !!%-@_ æ;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/n]
s'g} C0f lng] / hdfgt lbg] 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f !!( df /fh:j / Joosf]
cg'dfg -ah]6_ lzif{sdf cfGtl/s >f]t ;+sng -/fh:j / C0f_ tyf afx\o >f]t -j}bzLs C0f,
cg'bfg_ sf] k|fKtL -ck|ToIf ?kdf_ ug]{ ljifo pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pQm >f]t ;DaGwL sfo{x? hg
k|ltlglw -;+;b_ af6 ah]6sf] :jLs[lt lnP/ dfq >f]t p7fpg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfos/,
d'Noclej[l4 s/ -d"=c=s_, eG;f/ s/ ;+3sf] If]qflwsf/df /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zn] j}b]lzs ;xfotf
lng' kbf{ ;+3sf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ Joj:yf cg';"lr %-(_ df ;'/lIft /x]sf]n] g]kfnsf] ljQLo
;+3Lotf ;+3df lgxLt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 cfjZos >f]t kl/rfngsf] nfuL k|b]zdf s]xL
clwsf/ /x]sf] / ;+3sf] :jLs[ltdf kl/rfng ug]{ u/L gLlt to ePsf] 5 .
107
^=!=#= k|b]z cfly{s k|0ffnL
To;} u/L ;+ljwfgsf] efu !^ k|b]z cfly{s k|0ffnL wf/f @)# -@_ df æ;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd
afx]s k|b]z ;/sf/n] s'g} C0f lng] / hdfgt lbg] 5}g .Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zn]
j}b]lzs C0f, ;xotf lng' k/]df ;+3sf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ s'/f cg';"rL ^ df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
o;af6 g]kfnsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|b]z:t/df ;d]t afx\o ;xof]usf] dx;'; ul/Psf] k|i6 xG5 . o;}
kl/lwleq /xL k|b]zn] ;f]sf] kl/rfng ug]{ 5 .
^=!=$= :yfgLo cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL
/fHo ;+rfngsf] tNnf] ;/sf/sf] ?kdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . efu !( :yfgLo cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL wf/f @@* -!_ æsfg'g adf]lhd afx]s :yfgLo txdf
s'g} s/ nufpg, p7fpg / C0f lng] kfOg] 5}g .Æ eGg] Joj:yfaf6 s/ tyf C0f ;DaGwL
clwsf/ ;+3df /x]sf] / ;f] ;+3n] tof/ u/]sf] sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ dfq s/, C0f lng kfpg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 cfjZos cj:yfdf ;+3n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ >f]t kl/rfngsf] nfuL
dfu{ bz{g tof/ u/L lbg] / ;f]xL cg';f/ >f]t kl/rfng x'g] gLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
^=!=%= ;+ljwfgsf cg';"rL
;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL % df e+;f/, cfos/, d"Noclej[l4 s/ -d"=c=s=_ ;+3sf] If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"rL ^ df k|b]zn] s]xL kIfdf >f]t kl/rfng -s/ p7fpg] s'/f_ ug{
;Sg] / s]Gb|sf] ;xdltdf j}b]lzs cg'bfg / ;xof]u lng ;Sg] clwsf/ ;'/IfLt u/]sf] 5 .
To:t} cg';'lr * df :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ s]xL >f]t kl/rfng -s/ p7fpg]_ clwsf/ ;'DkLPsf] 5 .
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/df ;d]t s]xL >f]t kl/rfngsf] sfo{ cfk;df ;xsfo{
ug]{ s'/f cg';"rL ( df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3sf] :jLs[ltdf k|b]zn] hgtfsf] ljsf; /
;d[l4sf nfuL cfGtl/s tyf afx\o >f]t kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs gLlt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
^=!=^= /fli6«o k|fs[lts tyf ljQLo cfof]u
;+3Lo ;+lrt sf]ifaf6 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8, u/L k|b]z / :yfgLo
;/sf/nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @^ wf/f @%) df
æ/fli6«o k|fs[lts tyf ljQLo cfof]uÆ u7g eO{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . xfn} æ/fli6«o k|fs[lts
tyf ljQLo cfof]uÆ P]g @)&$ hf/L eO{ sfo{ yfngL /xsf]n] ;f]xL cfwf/df lj:tf/} ;/sf/af6
lgodfjnL hf/L ug]{ Pjd\ sfo{ ;/nLs/0f ug{ dGqnfo ljefu, sfo{noaf6 lgb]{lzsfx? hf/L
u/L ljQLo ;+3Lotf gLltnfO{ Aojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ xF'b} hfg] 5g\ . o;} ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/
cfjZos /fHosf] cfGtl/s >f]t / afx\o >f]tsf] clwstd\ kl/rfng ub}{ ljQLo ;+3LotfnfO{
qmdzM ;+:yfut ub}{ nlug]5 .
pQm P]g cg';f/ ;dfgLs/0fb]lv -;dfg ?kdf_ tyf ;zt{ cg'bfg -zt{sf] cfwf/df_ ;+3, k|b]z
/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] vr{ lhDd]jf/L tyf cfGtl/s C0f h:tf kIfdf ;'emfj k]z ug{
108
æ/fli6«o k|fs[lts tyf ljQLo cfof]uÆ u7g ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n /fh:jsf]
nueu (% k|ltzt lx:;f ;+3sf] If]qflwsf/n] cf]u6]sf] cj:yfdf ;a} k|b]znfO{ ;dfgLs/0f /
cg'kftdf >f]t kl/rfng ug{ ;+3n]] g} d'Vo e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ / j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;DaGwdf k"0f{
clwsf/ k|b]zdf dfq lb+bf k|fljlws ?kdf /fHodf s"g} ;dodf ljQLo ;+s6 ;d]t cfpg ;Sg]
ePsf]n] ;+3n] ;Gt'ng ug{ h?/L /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs sfg'g tyf cfly{s If]qsf hfgsf/x?
atfpF5g\ .
^=@= sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf
^=@=! cfly{s sfo{ ljlw P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL, @)^$
cfly{s sfo{ ljlw P]g, @)%% df ah]6 Pjd\ >f]t kl/rfngsf] af/]df s]xL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg]
cfly{s sfo{ ljlw lgodfjnLdf cfGtl/s >f]t kl/rfng -ah]6df /fh:j_ / j}b]lzs ;xfotf
lnO{ jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 agfpg] u/L sfg'gL cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf]5 . pQm P]g,
lgodfjnLnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf]] sfo{fGjogdf ljz]iftM ljQLo ;+3Lotf;+u tfbfDotf
x'g] lsl;daf6 cfGtl/s tyf afx\o >f]tsf] kl/rfng ;DaGwdf ;+zf]wgaf6 pNn]lvt ljifo yk
;dfj]z ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
^=@=@= k|fs[lts tyf ljQLo cfof]u P]g, @)&$
g]kfnsf] ;+ljlwfg @)&@ sf] sfo{fGjog;+u} ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] qmddf cfGtl/s >f]t -/fh:j_ sf]
afF8kmfF8 ubf{ s] s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf !% -!_ df g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z / :yfgLo
;/sf/aLr s'g cfwf/df afF8kmfF8 ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ xf] ;f] tf]lsPsf] 5 . h; dWo] hg;+Vof,
dfgj ;'rsf+s, vr{sf] cfjZostf, k'jf{wf/ ljsf;, /fh:j ;+sng ug{ u/]sf] k|of; / laz]if
cj:yfsf cfwf/df ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL cfwf/x? kfFr jif{;Dd nfu' /xg] / To;
kl5 k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} bkmf !%-@_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|b]znfO{
ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg pknAw u/fpFbf lnOg] cfwf/sf] af/]df v'nfO{Psf] 5 . P]gdf ePsf]
Joj:yf cg';f/ ;f/f+zdf eGbf dfgj ;"rsf+s, hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jf, ;Gt'lnt ljsf; / /fh:jsf]
/ p7fpg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dflgg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;sf cfwf/df ljQ kl/rfng
k|fljlws kIf /x]sf]n] ljifo lj1sf] /fo k/fdz{af6 ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 / kl/rfng ug]{ Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . o:tf] afF8kmfF8sf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg jflif{s k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfleq /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf]] 5 .
^=@=#= /fi6« C0f P]g, @)%(
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df cfGtl/s >f]tnfO{ df}lb|s gLlt;+u s;/L tfbfDotf u/L cfGtl/s >f]t
kl/rfng ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf o; P]gdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] clwgdf /xL ;/sf/n] xfn
s'n u|fx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] al9df kfFr k|ltzt;Dd / cl3Nnf] jif{sf] jflif{s ah]6sf] b'O{
k|ltzt;Dd cfGtl/s C0f lnO{ 3f6f ah]6nfO{ k"lt{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
^=@=$= j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt @)&!
g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;'?jft ;g\ !(%! df ePtf klg o; ;DaGwL k|yd 5'6\} lnlvt gLlt
109
lj=;+=@)%( ;fndf cy{ dGqfnoaf6 tof/ eO{ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 hf/L ePsf] / pQm gLltnfO{
@)^& ;fn yk kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] lyof] . ljz]iftM pQm gLltdf ljsf; ;xfotfnfO{ pTkfbgd'lv
/ lbuf] ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{ If]qdf nufgL u/L eljiodf :jb]zL k'FhL, >f]taf6 cfTdlge{/ x'Fb}
hfg] kIfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] k]l/; 3f]if0fkq
;g\ @))%, cfqmf 3f]if0fkq @))*, a';fg 3f]if0ff @)!! / d]lS;sf] 3f]if0ffsf] kl/sNkgf adf]hLd
;xfotf lbg]n] /fli6«o ah]6 dfkm{t vr{ ug]{ / :jLsf/ ug]{n] cfjZostfsf] If]qdf nufgL ug]{
d'Vo laz]iftf / p2]Zox? /x]sf 5g\ . ;a} gLltsf] ;f/f+zdf >f]t kl/rfngsf] ;DaGwdf ljsf;
;xfotfnfO{ qmdzM 36fpFb} cfGtl/s >f]t kl/rfngnfO{ a9fjf lbg] gLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
^=@=%= rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#—&^_
xfnsf] rf}+wf} of]hgf gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L kZrft\ @)&# b]lv @)&^ ;Ddsf nfu' x'g] ePsfn]
ljQLo ;+3Lotf sfof{GjognfO{ ;xh / ;/n x'g] lsl;dsf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx? ;dfj]z
ul/Psf 5g\ . /fli6«o lxtdf ljsf; ;xfotfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;
;xfotfsf] k/ lge{/tfnfO{ qmdzM sd ub}{ cfGtl/s >f]t kl/rfngdf k|fyldstf lbb} hfg] gLlt
of]hgfn] lnPsf] t/ xfn yk >f]tsf] h?/L ePsf]n] afx\o >f]tnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ u/L >f]tsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
^=@=^= /fh:j k/fdz{ ;'emfj ;ldlt @)&$ sf] k|ltj]bg -ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] ;'emfj_
cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] jflif{s ah]6 tof/L ug]{ qmddf :yfoL ;+oGqsf] ?kdf /x]sf] /fh:j k/fdz{
;'emfj ;ldlt @)&$ sf] k|ltj]bgdf b]z ;+3Lotf sfo{Gjog;+u} ljQLo ;+3LotfnfO{ ;+:yfut
?kdf :yflkt ub}{ hfg] ;DaGwdf ;'emfjx? ;lxt b]zdf tLg txsf ;/sf/sf] vr{ ;+rfng Pjd\
;ft k|b]z tyf &%# :yfgLo lgsfosf] k"jf{wf/sf ;fy} e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'gl{ gdf{0f / gj
lgdf{0f h:tf] sfo{df 7"nf] /sdsf] vfFrf] /x]sf]n] ljQLo kl/rfngdf cfGtl/s tyf j}b]lzs C0f
tyf cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ h?/L ePsf] ljifo pNn]v 5 .
^=@=^=!= Unf]an 6\ofS; ;e]{ @)!^
Unf]an 6\ofS; ;e]{ @)!^ sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;d]t cWoog u/L tof/ u/]sf] pQm k|ltj]bgdf
ljZjdf ePsf] s/ ;DaGwdf ePsf gljgtd\ ;f]r / cEof;nfO{ ;d]t cWoog laZn]if0f u/L
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjsf] cfFs8f x]bf{ k|ToIf s/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] ePsf] h;df JolQmut
cfos/sf] k|ltzt pRr -s]xL b]zdf %& k|ltzt;Dd_ /x]sf] tYof+ssf] cfwf/ g]kfndf xfn
cfos/sf] c+z s'n /fh:jdf nueu @) k|ltzt;Dd dfq /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljQLo ;+3Lotfdf
hfFbf x'g] Go"g >f]tsf] k"lt{ Pjd\ kl/rfng ug{ k|ToIf -cfos/, 3/ axfns/ / ;jf/L ;fwg_
s/nfO{ pNn]Vo ?kdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . o;sf] nfuL s/sf] bfo/f j[l4 ug]{, ;'rgf
k|ljlwd}qL s/ k|0ffnL Pjd\ nufgLd}qL s/sf] Joj:yf, lgoldt cg'udg ug{ h?/L /xG5 .
^=@=^=@= /fh:j k/fdz{ af]8{
/fh:j ;+sng Joj:yfnfO{ Aoj;foLs -Professional_ / dof{lbt agfpg 5\6\6} /fh:j k/fdz{
af]8{sf] kl/sNkgfsf] u/L ;+:yfut Pjd\ sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ ;'emfj k]z u/]sf] 5 .
110
^=@=^=#= g]kfnsf k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf s/sf] cj:yf
g]kfndf ck|ToIf s/df Eof6 -d"=c=s=_ sf] c+z s'n /fh:jdf nueu #) k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf]
s/sf] b/ !# k|ltzt /x]sf] t/ l5d]sL tyf cGo b]zdf Eof6 -d"=c=s=_ sf] b/ al9 Pjd\ bfo/f
km/flsnf] ePsf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ ;dofg's'n k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ Pjd\ bfo/fdf km/flsnf] u/L b]zsf]
cfGtl/s >f]tnfO{ dha't agfpg h?/L ePsf] dx;'; ;a} tL/af6 eO /x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf
clwsf+; b]zdf cfGtl/s >f]tnfO{ dha't agfpg d"=c=s/ / cfos/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL
cfGtl/s >f]taf6 /fHonfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4 agfPsf] pbfx/0fx? pQm k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
cfwf/df xfdLn] To;sf] kfngfaf6 yk cfGtl/s >f]t kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg] blvG5 .
^=@=^=$= j}b]lzs ;xfotf
g]kfndf nueu ^) aif{ eGbf cl3b]lv j}b]lzs ;xfotf -afx\o >f]t_ ln+b} cfPsf] t/ o:t}
;xfotf /sd lng] cGo b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf g]kfndf cfzfltt ?kdf cfly{s Pjd\ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljutdf g]kfn eGbf w]/} g} cfly{s x}l;ot sdhf]/ ePsf /fi6« h:t}
sf]l/of, yfO{Nof08, l;+ufk'/, dn]l;of cflb b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf cNnksfndf ljsf; ;xfotfsf]
dfWodaf6 bL3{sfndf l/;Lk]G6 -Receipent_ af6 8f]g/ -Donour_ df kl/0ft eO ;s]sf 5g\ .
o;sf] cfwf/ eg]sf] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f, s/sf] bfo/f, s/ d}qL aftf/0f, ;'rgfd}qL s/ k|0fnL,
k|ToIf -cfos/_ / ck|ToIf -d"=c=s=_ nfO{ >f]t kl/rfngsf] d'n cfwf/ agfO{ b]z ljsf;df
cfGtl/s >f]taf6 cfTdlge{/ x'b} uO{ ;du| b]zsf] ljsf; u/L cGo b]znfO{ ;d]t cfly{s ;xof]u
ug]{ x}l;ot agfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . xfdL klg o;} tkm{ qmdzM pGd'v x'g'sf] ljsNk /x]sf] 5}g\ .
^=#= cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] jflif{s ah]6
^=#=!= ljQLo ;+3Lotf
;du| cfly{s :yfoLTj sfod ug]{ k|d'v sfo{qmd ;lxt ljQLo ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] lbzfdf
cuf8L a9\g] u/L cf=j= @)&$.&% sf] aflif{s ah]6 ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd clu|d -Early_
?kdf k]z ePsf] 5 . ah]6df ;+3Lo ljQLos/0f ;'b[l9s/0f lzif{sdf ;+3Lo /fh:j gLlt th'{df
ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . eg] k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ ljQLo >f]tsf] lglZrt lx:;fnfO{
cfTdlge{/ 9+un] :j+od lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd t'NofOg] 5 elg >f]tsf] Joj:yfkgdf cfTd
lge{/ agfpg] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} /fh:j r'xfj6, s/sf] bfo/f, s/ lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] / ;du|
s/sf] ;+/rgfut, k|lqmofut / Jojxf/ut kIfdf ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmdx? k|:tfj ul/Psf]n] qmdzM
g]kfnLs} >f]taf6 g]kfnsf] ljQLo ;+3Lotf dfkm{t b]zdf ;d[l4sf] 9f]sf v'Ng]df ;a} g]kfnLn]
ljZjf; lnPsf 5g\ .
^=#=@= ah]6df >f]tsf] kl/rfng
cf=j= )&$÷&% sf] ah]6df s'n ah]6 nueu ? !,@(( ca{ /x]sf]df /fh:jsf] >]ftaf6 ? &#!
ca{ Aoxfl]/g] 5 eg] ;fFjf lkmtf{ / cg'bfgaf6 *& ca{ Joxf]g]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . afFsL nueu %
ca{ Go'g ah]6 /x]sf]df nueu ? !$% ca{ cfGtl/s C0faf6 Aoxfl/g]] 5 eg] ?= @!$ ca{
j}b]lzs C0faf6 Aoxf]l/g] u/L k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . afFsL /x]sf] ? !)# ca{ rfn' jif{df kF'lhut
vr{ xg g;ls art ePsf] df}Hoftaf6 lng] u/L >f]t kl/rfng ug{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
111
^=#=#= j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] cj:yf
o; ah]6df nueu ? &@ ca{ cg'bfg / nueu ?= @!$ ca{ j}b]lzs C0faf6 >f]t lnP/ cuf8L
a9\g] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ljutsf] cEof;nfO{ x]bf{ s'n ;/sf/L vr{sf] nueu @% b]lv #) k|ltzt;Dd / ljsf;
vr{sf] nueu &) k|ltzt;Dd afx\o >f]taf6 kl/rfng u/L /x]sf] ;Gbe{df cem s]xL jif{ xfdL
ljQLo c;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfdf /xg] lglZrt g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ldlt @)&$.(.% df sf/f]af/ b}lgs
klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ cg';f/ cy{ ;lrjn] casf s]xL jif{;Dd ah]6sf] c+z k|To]s jif{
jflif{s ? ! va{n] a[l4 x'g] hfgsf/L lbg' ePsf] 5 . To:t} pQm ;dfrf/ adf]lhd k"j{ cy{
;lrjx? / k"j{ ueg{/x?n] ;d]t o;} ljifonfO{ kIfkf]if0f u/]sf]n] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf vr{sf]
rfk a9\g]df s;}sf] b'O{ dt 5}g . o; cj:yfdf qmdzM j}b]lzs ;xfotf / C0f sd ub}{
/fh:jsf] If]qdf cfw'lglss/0f / j}1flgstf, s/sf] bfo/f cflb kIfdf hf]8 lbP/ :jb]zL >f]taf6
ljQLo ;+3LotfnfO{ df}nfpg] cj;/ lbP/ cfly{s ;d[l4 ub}{ hfg' xfd|f] a'l4dtf x'g]5 .
&= g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ljQ kl/rfngsf] P]ltxfl;s tyf ljBdfg l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f
g]kfndf cf=j=@))* b]lv ;+rfngdf cfPsf] 3f6f ah]6 cfhsf lbg;Dd 3f6f s} ?kdf /xsf]
5 . ;/sf/L vr{nfO{ s'n ufx:y pTkfbg;+u t'ngf u/]/ ljZn]if0f ubf{, cf=j=@)#).#! ;fndf
/fh:j s'n ufx{:Yosf] nueu ^ k|ltzt /x]sf] / cf=j=@)$&.$* ;fndf ;f] k|ltzt a9]/
*=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof] eg] cf=j=@)&#.&$ df nueu @@ k|ltzt k'UgnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf
lng ;lsPtf klg cf}iftdf s'n ;/sf/L vr{ -ah]6_ sf] t'ngfdf /fh:jsf] j[l4b/ Go'g g} /xsf]
kfO{G5 . cf=j=@)&@.&# sf] tngfdf cf=j=@)&#.&$ df s'n ;fj{hlgs vr{ nueu
%% k|ltzt;Ddn] j[l4 ePsf] t/ /fh:jsf] j[l4b/ nueu !* k|ltztn] dfq ePsf]
cf=j=@)&#.&$ sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
To:t} s'n ;/sf/L vr{ s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] nueu @& k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] t/ /fh:j eg]
dfly elgP em} nueu @@ k|ltzt;Dd dfq /x]sf] x'Fbf k|To]s jif{ cf}iftdf $ k|ltzt;Dd ah]6
3f6f x'g] u/]]sf] tYof+sn] k'i6\ofO{+ u/]sf] 5 . 3f6f ah]6 k"lt{ ug]{ qmddf cf=j=@)&#.&$ ;Dddf
g]kfnn] s'n ltg{ afFsL C0f s'n u|fx{:Yosf] nueu @* k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf]5 . h;df :jb]zL a}Í
ljQLo ;+:yf tyf JolQm -u}/ a}lsË_ nfO{ ltg{ afFsL cfGtl/s C0f s'n u|fx:y{ pTkfbgsf]
!! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] j}blzs ltg{ afFsL C0fsf] c+z !& k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf]] 5 . pQm c+z
;fdfGo ?kdf al9 g} b]lvP tfklg blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6«sf] t'ngfdf sd} /x]sf] elg cfly{s
;j{]If0fdf elgPsf] cfwf/df s] a'em\g ;lsG5 eg] ;a} b]zn] /fHosf] k"jf{wf/ nufot cGo
pTkfbsTj al[4sf k|of]hgfy{ 3f6f ah]6nfO{ cjnDag ug]{ u/]sf] / To;sf] k"lt{sf nfuL cfGtl/s
tyf jfx\o >f]tnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ ub{5g\ .
g]kfnLx?n] cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf art ug]{ afgL Pjd\ ;/sf/L art kqdf nufgL ug]{ cEof;sf]
sldsf sf/0fn] u}/ a}+lsË tkm{sf] >f]t kl/rfng -cfGtl/s C0f_ sf] c+z sd /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
112
cf=j= @)&#.&$ sf] ;j]{If0f adf]lhd s'n pTkfbgsf] nueu () k|ltzt;Dd pkef]u x'g] /
nueu !) k|ltztsf xf/fxf/Ldf dfq art x'g] u/]sf] tYof+sn] b]vfpFb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf a}+lsË
C0f al9 x'g] / /fh:jsf] >f]t kl/rfngaf6 /fHosf] cfGtl/s >f]t k'lt{ ug'{sf] ljsNk g/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 .
;a} lgsfo -;+3,k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_ /fh:j ;+sng ubf{ s/sf ;fdfGo l;4fGt -nfut,
ldtJooLtf cflb_ sf] cfwf/df ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf cnfjf s/ ;+sngnfO{ ;/n, ;xh / ;kmn
agfpg Equity, Efficiency, Accoutability, Autonomy, Trasparacy, Stability sf] kIfdf ;d]t Wofg
lbP/ ljQLo ;+3LotfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ubf{ cem k|efjsf/L /xG5 elg Quween's Univercity df
sfo{/t cy{zf:qsf k|fWofksx? Robin Boadway and Ronald L.Watts n] cd]/Lsg lkm:sn
km]8flnh hg{nn] cd]/Lsf, hd{gL / Sofg8fsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ljifosf] n]vdf pNn]v ug'{
ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;d]t oxL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfon]
cf–cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs bfo/fdf al; hgtfsf] lxtdf /lx s/ tyf u}/ s/ ;+sng / kl/rfng ub}{
b]znfO{ ljQLo ?kdf ;+3Lotfsf] nfe ;j{ ;fwf/0fdf lb+b} hfg' pQd ljsNk /x]sf] ;a}sf] a'emfO{
/xL cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
*= ;d:of, r'gf}tL
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg sfo{Gjog;+u} ;+3Lotfsf tLg ;/sf/ -;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_ /x]sfn]
ljutsf] t'ngfdf cfufdL s]xL jif{x?df bf]Aa/ eGbf al9 vr{ x'g] cg'dfg 5 . cf=j= @)&@.&#
sf] t'ngfdf cf=j= @)&#.&$ s'n ah]6sf] j[l4 %% k|ltzt;Dd ePsf] cfly{s ;e]{If0fdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]z :t/df ;+;b, k|b]z k|d'v, d'Vo dGqL nufotsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] sfof{no Pjd\
lgjf; cflbsf] Joj:yf / :yfgLo txdf ;d]t /fHosf] k'gM lgdf{0f, gj lgdf{0f tyf cGo
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df 7"nf] /sd vr{ x'g] ePsf]n] s]xL jif{ /fHodf ljQLo >f]tsf] sld dfq x}g
cefjsf] cj:yf cfpg] s'/f ;a}sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo /x]sf]5 . cfGt/Ls >f]t -/fh:j_ sf] cj:yf
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] nueu @@ k|ltzt;Dd dfq /x]sf] t/ s'n ;/sf/L vr{ nueu
@& k|ltzt /x]sf] tYo+fs cf=j= @)&#÷&$ sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0fdf pNn]v u/]sf] cfwf/df j}b]lzs
cg'bfg s6\6f ubf{ v'b 3f6f ah]6 s'n ufx{:Yosf] nueu $ k|ltzt /x]sf] clen]vaf6 b]lvG5 .
cfufdL lbgdf ah]6 3f6f cem j[l4 x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] s;/L 3f6fnfO{ cfGtl/s >f]taf6 sd ub}{
/fh:jaf6 qmdzM ;Gt'lnt ah]6 ;+rfnfg ug]{ eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nfuL r'gf}ltsf] ljifo
/xg] 5 .
/fHodf Ps lgZrt ;do;Dd ljQLo >f]tsf] ;d:of /xg' ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] ljz]iftf g} xf] .
b]z ;+3Lotf Pjd\ ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] ;+qmd0fsfndf /x]sf]n] s]xL ;do;Dd /fh:jsf] >f]tx?
dha't eO{ g;s]sf] t/ k"jf{wf/ nufotsf] If]qdf 7"nf] nufgL ug'{ kg]{ x'Fbf cfGtl/s tyf afx\o
>f]tsf] kl/rfng u/L sfo{ ;+rfng ul/G5 t/ slxn];Dd of] cj:yfdf /xg] / s;/L ;Gt'lnt
ah]6df l;km\6 x'g ;lsG5 eGg] ljifo csf]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .
113
g]kfndf nueu ^) jif{ clg b]lv j}b]lzs ;xfotf lnPsf] t/ cfzfltt ?kdf cfly{s cj:yfdf
;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn eGbf w]/} g} cfly{s sdhf]/ ePsf tt\sflng /fi6« h:t} sf]/Lof,
yfO{Nof08, l;+ufk/, dn]l;of cflb b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf s]xL ;do j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf]
;b'kof]un] qmdzM cfh l/;Lk]G6 -Receipent_ /fi6«af6 8f]g/ -Donour_ sf ?kdf kl/0ft eO{
;s]sf 5g\ eg] tL b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf g]kfndf ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs C0faf6
ljQLo ;+s6 kg{af6 hf]ufpFb} ljQLo ;+3LotfnfO{ ;kmn ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ csf]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
(= casf] af6f]
b]z ca ;+3Lotf sfo{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5 . cfGtl/s >f]tnfO{ ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] alnof] cfwf/
tof/ ug]{ xfd|f] sfFwdf lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] 5 . ;+s6sf] ;oddf tgfj lng' x'Fb}g ljj]sn]
;d:ofnfO{ xn ub}{ hfg' g} a'l4dtf x'g]5 . r'gf}tL g} Joj:yfkssf sRrf kbfy{ x'g\ eGg]
dfGotfsf ;fy ljZjdf sfG5f] ;+3Lo ;u/dfyfsf] b]zn] ljutdf agfPsf] df}lns ljz]iftf
-axfb'/sf] b]z, åGå/t kIf;+u zflGt ;Demf}tf u/L zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ 6'+UofPsf] b]]z, a'4 hlGdPsf]
;u/dfyfsf] b]z_ df yk ljQLo ;+3Lotfdf cg'kd gd'gfsf ?kdf k|:t't x'g cfGtl/s tyf
afx\o >f]tnfO{ j}1flgs / cfw'lgsLs/0faf6 pkof]u u/L kl/rfng ug{ h?/L 5 .
o;sf nfuL s]xL ;do;Dd j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] If]qdf k]l/;, cfqmf, a;fg / d]lS;sf]
3f]if0ffkqsf l;4fGt adf]lhdsf ;'emfjx?sf] kfngf ub}{ clwstd ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ug]{,
/fh:jnfO{ cfGtl/s >f]t kl/rfngsf] alnof] cfwf/ agfpg JolQmut cfos/nfO{ k|fyldstf /
k|>o lbg], s/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpg], /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug]{, nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{, k|ToIf cfos/df hf]8 lbg], cfofltt /fh:j eGbf pTkfbgd'lv /fh:jsf] cg'kft j[l4
ub}{ hfg], bIf / OdfGbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, g/fd|f] sfo{ ug]{nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL
ug]{, ;]jf u|fxLnfO{ pRr ;Ddfg ug]{, ;"rgfd}qL sfo{ z}lnnfO{ ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug]{, lgoldt
cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sgdf hf]8 lbg], k[i7kf]0fsf cfwf/df ;'wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/ ljlwsf ?kdf
canDag ub}{ hfg ;s] xfdL /fhg}lts ;+3Lotf;+u} ljQLo ;+3LtfnfO{ ;d]t ;kmn ?kdf :yflkt
u/L b]z / hgtfsf] ;d[l4 ug]{ ljifo 6f9f g/x]sf] / o;df ;/sf/, /fhg}lts bn, sd{rf/L,
k]zfljb\, gful/s ;dfh, ldl8ofsf] e"ldsf ;dGjosf/L Pjd\ ;xsfo{tfsf] vfFrf] /xG5 .
!)= lgisif{
ljQLo kIf x]bf{ / ;'Gbf hlt ;xh nfU5, sfof{Gjog dfkm{t ljQLo nIo xfl;n ug{ plts} sl7g
x'G5 . ljb]zLsf] cg'ej / ;}+4flGts d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ Think Globaly, Act Locally
eg] em}+ pTs[i6 df]8]n Pjd\ ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / xfn} hf/L ePsf] /fi6«Lo tyf
ljQLo cfof]u P]g cg';f/ u7g ePsf] cfof]usf] k|fljlws l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df cfGtl/s tyf
:yfgLo ;fwg >f]tnfO{ clwstd kl/rfng u/L b]znfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k/lge{tfaf6 qmdzM
sd ub}{ ljQLo ;+3LotfnfO{ ;kmn sfo{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L xfdLdf cfPsf] 5 . o;sf nfuL
h'Fufsf] n8fO{ eGbf ;a} kIf -;/sf/, /fhg}lts kf6L{, sd{rf/L, k]zfljb\, gful/s ;dfh, ldl8of_
sf] ;xdtL, ;xsfo{, ;dGjo ub{} cfk;L 5nkmn, ljrf/ ljd;{af6 ljj]slzn lg0f{o lnO{ cuf8L
a9\g' g} g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] sNof0f x'g]5 .
114
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .
• cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL @)^$, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .
• k|fs[lts >f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u P]g @)&$, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .
• cfly{s ;j]{If0f cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$, cy{ dGqfno, l;+b/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
• /fi6« C0f p7fpg] P]g, @)%(, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .
• rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$ b]lv @)&%÷&^_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+b/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
• cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] aflif{s ah]6, cy{ dGqfno, l;+b/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
• ;'j]bL, vu]G› k|;fb, ;fj{hlgs ljQ, ljQLo k|0ffnL / cGt/fl{i6«o Jofkf/, s]=kL=k':ts e08f/, sf7df8f}+ .
• /fh:j k/fdz{ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)&$, cy{ dGqfno, l;+b/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
• /fh:j klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?, /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ .
• sfdfb klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx? .
• Singh, S.K. (2004), Public Finance in Theory and Practice, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
115
;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍg M

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
" s[i0f kf}8]n
;f/f+z
;+ljwfg, sfg'g, gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t /fHon] cfdgful/sx?sf] lxt ;'/lIft
ub{5 . hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx? dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
ul/G5 . nf]stGq, ljlwsf] zf;g, hgpQ/bfoL zf;g ;~rfngsf] Ps k|d'v cfwf/ ;fj{hlgs
gLlt xf] . ;fj{hlgs gLltn] ;dfhsf] jf:tljs oyfy{tf -Contextual/Fact and Value_ nfO{
u|x0f ug{ ;Sg' kb{5, gq gLltx? /fd|f aGg] t/ sfof{Gjog gx'b+} jflios/0f
-Vaporization_ eP/ hfg] cj:yf x'G5 . hgk|ltlgwL / /fhgLlt1 (Policy Partner), sd{rf/L /
gLlt lj1 (Development Partner) tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf (Delivery Partner) sf] lqkIfLo ;dGjo,
;xsfo{ / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf aGg] ;fj{hlgs gLltn] dfq ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pTkfbsTj, zf;sLo
k|efjsf/Ltf clej[l4 x'g] tyf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf k|jb{g u/L ;dfhsf] jf:tljs
oyfy{tfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;Sb5 . /0fg}lts tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf Pjd\ gLlt
sfof{Gjog;Fu ;Da4 kIfsf] dgf]j}1flgs Joj:yfkg dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f] sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgaf6 ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ kIfx? x'g .
;fj{hlgs gLlt
nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon] hgdtsf cfwf/df gful/s lxtsf] k|j4{g ug{sf nfuL s] ug]{ / s]
gug]{ eGg] ljifodf ul/g] lg0f{o g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] . ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO lgDgfg';f/ ;d]t
a'‰g ;lsG5 .
• Road map of government,
• hgdtsf cfwf/df /fHo ;~rfngsf nfuL ul/g] lg0f{o,
• /fHo ;~rfngsf] cfwf/,
• /fhg}lts O{R5fzlQmnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ hgtfsf] lxtsf nfuL ul/g] sfo{,
• Public policy for state affair management,
• Means to enhance public accountability,
• Action plan guided towards social norms and value,
• Bridge between government and public,

" pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno .
116
;fj{hlgs gLltsf d'Vo ljz]iftf
s_ ljwflosL zlQm (Legislative Power)
k|zf;g / /fhgLlt sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6 ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f x'g] ePklg ;fj{hlgs gLlt
lgdf{0fsf] d'Vo cfwf/ /fhgLlt xf] . -Public Administration+Politics = Public Policy_
hgtfn] hgk|ltlglw rog ubf{ hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ d'Votof clwsf/ lbPsf x'G5g\ .
!= cfly{s clwsf/ -s/ nufpg], p7fpg]_
@= sfg'g adf]lhd :jfoQtf ;Lldt ug]{ clwsf/
#= cfˆgf ultljlwx? lgoGq0f ug]{ clwsf/ -;fdflhs d"No dfGotf ljk/Lt ePdf_ .
pk/f]Qm clwsf/x? k|of]u u/L hgk|ltlglwx? ljwflosL zlQm -Joj:yflksf_ af6 dfq
;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf0f ul/G5 .
v_ ;a} hgtfsf nfuL ;dfg-Uniformity_
hgtfsf k|ltlglwx?af6 ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f x'g] ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;a} hgtfsf]
nfuL ;dfg ?kdf nfu" x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt dfkm{t ;a} hgtfnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5 .
u_ b08fTds zlQm -Coercive Power_
;fj{hlgs gLlt sf] kl/kfngf ;a} JolQm -sfg'gL tyf k|fs[lts JolQm_ sf] clgjfo{ zt{
xf] . kl/kfngf gePsf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwtnfO{ b08fTds zlQm k|of]u ul/G5 .
kl/kfngfsf nfuL afWo ul/G5 .
;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cfjZostf
• ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt /fHosf lgb]{zs l;åfGtx? kl/k"lt{ ug{,
• /fHosf] hLjGttf, k|efjsf/Ltf / lqmoflzntf clej[lå ug{,
• /fHosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ -cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts tyf ljsf;sf If]qdf ;a}
hgtfnfO{ Access, Empowerment, Equity, Security k|bfg ug{_,
• ;fj{hlgs ultljlw lgoGq0f ug{,
• Change Orientated Society lgdf{0f ug{,
• ;fj{hlgs rf;f] / dxTj clej[lå ug{,
• ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ clej[lå ug{ -Rule of law_,
• hgpQ/bfoL zf;g lgdf{0f ug{ .
117
;fj{hlgs gLltsf k|sf/
s= ;+/If0fsf/L -Patronage_
/fHon] ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;åfGtsf cfwf/df hf/L ug]{ gLltx? h:t} gful/s xs
clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{, pkef]QmfjfbL gLltx? o; cGtu{t kb{5g .
v= lgodgsf/L -Regulative_
;/sf/sf] e'ldsf ?kfGtl/t ug]{ u/L hf/L ePsf gLlt h:t} u'0f:t/ ;DalGw, :jf:Yo,
lzIff ;DaGwL gLltx? o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
u= ljt/0fd'vL -Redistributive_
x'g+]vfg] ju{af6 lnP/ gx'g] ju{df k'¥ofpg] u/L agfO{g] gLltx? h:t} s/, ;fdflhs
;'/Iff h:tf gLltx? o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
;fj{hlgs gLltsf >f]tx?
cfGtl/s ;|f]t:- ;+ljwfg -k|:tfjgf, lgb]{zs l;åfGt, gLlt, df}lns xs, cGo ;+j}wflgs
k|fjwfg_, cfjlws of]hgf, k|yf k/Dk/f, /fhg}lts bnsf 3f]if0ffkq,
kqklqsf
afXo ;|f]t :- cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, ;GwL ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L, 3f]if0ffkq, cGt/f{li6«o
cEof;, cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?
;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmof
gLlt rqm (Policy Cycle)
!= gLlt th{'df -Policy Formulation_
!=! gLlt dfu -Policy Demand_
!=@ gLlt d:of}bf -Policy Formation/Drafting_
!=# gLlt ljZn]if0f -Policy Analysis_
!=$ gLlt :jLs[tL -Policy Making/Approval_
@= gLlt sfof{Gjog -Policy enforcement_
#= gLlt cg'udg -Policy Monitoring_
$= gLlt d"NofÍg -Policy Evaluation_
!=! gLlt dfu -Policy Demand_
;fj{hlgs gLltsf] dfu lgDg cfwf/x?af6 x'g] ub{5;
- hgtfn] gofF gLlt dfu ug]{ -Bottom up Approach_
118
- ;/sf/n] gofF gLlt cfjZostf dx;'; ug]{ -Top-Down Approach_
- cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o k|ltj4tf sfof{Gjog ug{ gofF gLlt cfjZos x'g]
-International/National Commitment_
- tTsfnLg kl/l:ytLsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ gofF gLlt cfjZos x'g]
-Contingent Approach_
- cu|ufdL /fhgLlts ;f]r -Pro activeness_
!=@ gLlt d:of}bf -Policy formation/Drafting_
- ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf nfuL ePsf] dfu -Policy Demand_ / ljBdfg
cj:yfdf gLltsf] pknAwtf -Existing Policy Supply_ aLrsf] Gap Analysis
u/L gLlt dfusf] ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L gLlt d:of}bf tof/ ul/G5 .
- ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] d:of}bf lgDgfg';f/sf] kIfx?sf] ;+o'Qm ;xeflutf, ;xsfo{ /
;dGjodf ul/G5 . h;nfO ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf d'Vo Agent/Tool sf] ?kdf
;d]t lnOG5 .
Policy Partner :- o; cGtu{t Politician x? kb{5g\ .
Development Partner :- o; cGtu{t d'Vot Bureaucrat x? tyf Policy
expert x? kb{5g\ .
Delivery Partner :- o; cGtu{t gLlt dfu ug]{ kIf cyf{t Publics
Stakeholder x? kb{5g\ .
!=@=! Policy drafting ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5
- ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pTkfbsTj clej[l4 -Maximizing Resource Productivity_
- zf;sLo k|efjsf/Ltf clej[l4 -Increasing Governance Effectiveness_
- ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLtf k|j4{g -Promoting social accountability_
!=# gLlt ljZn]if0f -Policy Analysis_
gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/L kZrft\ pQm d:of}bf pk/ gLlt dfu ug]{ kIf, gLlt lgdf{0f lj1
nufotsf] ;xeflutfdf gLlt dfu eP adf]lhd d:of}bf tof/ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf
uxg ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] r/0f gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{
kIf / ;f/ -Analysis is the crux of Public Policy_ xf] . gLlt ljZn]if0f g} Public Policy
df Public sf] efjgf k|ltljlDjt u/fpg] dfWod xf] .
Policy Analysis d'Vot ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ hgtfsf] jf:tljs cfjZostf ;Daf]wg x'g]
u/L oyfy{tfdf cfwfl/t -Contextual/Fact and Value base_ ;fy} ;j{:jLsfo{ gLlt
th{'dfsf nfuL ug]{ ul/G5 .
119
!=#=! Policy Analysis ug]{ cfwf/x?
c= gLlt d:of}bfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] -Understanding_
o; cGtu{t gLlt d:of}bfdf pNn]lvt Joj:yfx?sf af/]df gLlt dfu ug]{ kIf
-Public/Stakeholders_ x?nfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf hfgsf/L u/fO cfˆgf] dfu ;Daf]wg
x'g] u/L gLlt d:of}bf eP gePsf] af/]df ;'lglZrt u/fpg' kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df
k|fKt ;'emfj -Suggestion/Feedback_ x? gLlt d:of}bf clGtlds/0fsf] d'Vo
cfwf/ agfO{g' kb{5 .
cf= gLlt d:of}bf k/LIf0f -Examination_
gLlt ;kmn / k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg] ;DaGwdf lgDg
cfwf/ adf]lhd k/LIf0f ul/g'kb{5 .
gLlt d:of}bf oyfy{tfdf cfwfl/t -Contextual_ eP gePsf]:- o; cGtu{t
k|:tfljt gLlt b]zsf] ljBdfg /fhg}lts cj:yf cg's"n, /fhgLltaf6 :jLsfo{
x'g] jf gx'g], b]zsf] ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ;+oGq, Ifdtf, cj:yfn] gLlt sfof{Gjog
x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg], gLlt kl/kfngfdf ;fdflhs tyf ;f:s[lts ?kdf
;j{:jLsfo{ x'g] jf gx'g], ljBdfg k|ljlwsf] kl/rfngaf6 gLltsf] ;kmn
sfof{Gjog ;Dej 5 jf 5}g, ljBdfg cfly{s cj:yf cg's"nsf] gLlt th{'df
ePsf] 5 jf 5}g gLlt sfof{Gjog tyf kl/kfngfdf cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s bfloTj
jxg x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ul/Psf k|ltjåtf
cg's"n gLlt d:of}bf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g, gLlt pkef]u -Policy Utilization_ df ;a}
gful/sx?sf] ;dfg kxF'r x'g] jf gx'g], gLlt dfkm{t lglb{i6 Joj:yfsf] pkef]udf
;a}sf] ;xeflutf x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg], gLlt kl/kfngfdf ;j{:jLsfo{tf x'g ;Sg]
jf g;Sg]. ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfu adf]lhd gLlt d:of}bf ePsf] jf gePsf],
gLltaf6 l;h{gf x'g] cfly{s,;fdflhs tyf cGo bfloTj hgtf tyf ;/sf/n]
wfGg ;Sg] jf g;Sg], gLltdf pNn]lvt Joj:yfx?sf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] jf
g;Sg], gLlt sfof{Gjog kZrft nfesf] ljt/0f / To;sf] ;fdflhs ;Ifdtfdf
;dfhsf ;a} wd{, au{, lnË, hft hfltx?df ;dtf sfod x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg]
cj:yf, gLltsf] sfof{Gjog kZrft nfesf] :t/, nufgL cg';f/sf] k|ltkmn
nufotsf ;DaGwdf ljBdfg cj:yf eGbf ;Ifdtf clej[lå x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg]
cj:yf, gLltsf] sfof{Gjog kZrft ;f] sf] pknAwL, ;fdflhs ;Gt'li6 / k|efj
s:tf] /xG5, nufotsf kIfxsf] uxg ljZn]if0f / k/LIf0f ul/G5 .
O_ k|If]k0f -Projection_
gLlt k/LIf0fsf cfwf/x? adf]lhd k|fKt ;'emfj, k[i7kf]if0f, oyfy{ cj:yf
-Context_ ;d]tsf cfwf/df k|fKt lgisif{sf] cfwf/df kl/dfh{g tyf ;+;f]wg u/L
k|efjsf/L tyf sfof{Gjogof]Uo gLlt k|If]k0f ul/G5 .
120
!=$ gLlt lgdf{0f, :jLs[lt -Policy Making_
gLlt th{'dfsf] o; r/0fdf gLltnfO{ cfjZos ;+;f]wg tyf ;dfof]hg ;lxt clGtd ?k
-finalization_ lbg] sfo{ ul/G5 . o; r/0faf6 dfq gLltn] a}wflgstf k|fKt ub{5 .
!=$=! Policy making Model: - gLlt lgdf{0fsf @ 9fFrfx? x'G5g\ .
!= Open Model
Policy Making sf ;a} r/0fx? -Input - Process - Output) kf/bzL{
x'G5g\ . ;j} r/0fdf nfeu|fxL, ;/f]sfjfnfx?sf] k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ul/G5 . h:t} : ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f .
@= Close/Black Box Model
Policy Making sf qmddf Process r/0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnf, nfeu|fxLx?sf]
;xeflutf gu/fO{ s]jn Input / output df dfq ;xeflutf u/fpg] 9fFrf
g} Close/Black Box Model xf] . cfly{s :yL/tf, zflGt ;'/Iff tyf
k"glj{t/0fd"vL Joj:yf, gful/s clwsf/ s'l07t ug]{, ;]jf ;'ljwf s6f}lt
ug]{ nufotsf gLltx? lgdf{0f ubf{ process r/0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
;xeflutf ePdf lglZrt ju{ jf ;d"xsf] :jfy{ jf lxtdf dfq gLlt
s]lG›t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ePsf sf/0f o; k|s[ltsf gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{
k|lqmofut r/0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xefuLtf u/fOb}g .
!=$=@ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf l;åfGtx? / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u
;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fdf l;4fGtx?nfO{ b]xfo cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
s= k|lqmof d'vL l;åfGt -Process Theory_
- Public Choice Theory: jhf/ k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f tyf cfly{s ;DefJotf eGbf
;fdflhs :jfy{ / lxtnfO j9L hf]8 lbO gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g] k4lt .
- Elite Theory
;j{;fwf/0fsf] dfu, cfjZostf / OR5f cfsfFIffsf] k|ltlglwTjsf nfuL
;dfhsf] k|j'å ju{sf] ;xefuLtf u/fO gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ k4lt -Policy as a
game of elite power)
- Group Theory: ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ljifol;t ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljleGg ;Dj4
kIf / ;d"x jLrsf] k|lt:kwf{ / bjfjsf] d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df lg:sg]
;xdltsf] ljGb" / ;Gt'ngsf] pkof]u u/L gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ k4lt -Policy
as the output of group equilibrium_
- System Theory (Input-Process-Output): gLlt lgdf{0fsf ljleGg k|lqmof
tyf cfGtl/s Pjd\ jfXo jftfj/0fLo kIf ljrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;x;DaGwnfO{
121
sfod /fVb} ;du|tfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ k4lt -Policy as
system of output generated by systematic process_
- Institutional Theory: gLlt lgdf{0fsf nfuL cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if1tf,
Jofj;flostf, lgikIftf / Ifdtfsf nfuL ;/sf/af6 :yflkt ljlzi6s[t
tyf Joj:yfksLo ;+:yf, ;+oGqsf] kl/rfng dfkm{t gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ k4lt
-Policy making as the institutional responsibility_
- Populist Theory: Public policy as an instrument for gaining popularity
- Institutional anarchism Theory: oyfy{tf, jf:tljstf, ljj]szLntf eGbf
zlQm ;DkGg ;d"xn] cfˆgf] :jfy{ cg's"n gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ k4lt .
- Functional Theory: gLltsf] ljifout klxrfg b]vL d"NofÍg ;Ddsf
k|lqmofut kIfnfO ts{;+ut ?kn] k|lqmofut ?kdf gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ k4lt
-Policy making as logical sequence of functional activities_
v= pknAwLdf cfwfl/t l;bfGt -Output Theory_
!= Incremental Theory: Marginal incrementalism (;fdfGo j[l4 ub}{ n}hfg]_,
Partial Mutual adjustment incrementalism (Policy Demand ug]{n] klg
xr'jfsf] e/df dfu ug]{ / Policy lgdf{0f ug]{n] klg xr'jfsf] e/df agfpg]
/ b'j}sf] ;dembf/Ldf dWodfuL{ gLlt tof/ ug]{_, Logical incrementalism
Policy Demand ug]{n] klg ts{k"0f{, tYodf cfwfl/t eP/ dfu ug]{ /
agfpg]n] klg af:tljstfdf /x]/ gLlt agfpg]_ .
@= Rational Theory: Complete Rational, Bounded Rational
#= Mixed Scanning Theory: (Incremental + Rational Theory)
Uf= /0fg}lts l;åfGt -Strategic Theory_: eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvd / cj;/
-Risk and opportunity_ nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ gLlt agfOG5 .
- pBdlzntfsf] l;åfGt -Mini-Maxi, Maxi-Maxi_:
Mini-Maxi: sd hf]lvd t/ j9L kmfO{bf x'g] u/L lgtL agfpg]
Maxi-Maxi: a9L hf]lvd a9L kmfO{bf x'g] u/L gLlt agfpg]
- VMGOS Model: Vision, Mission, Goal, Objectives and Strategy
- Adoptability Theory: -;dfh, /fhgLlt cg's"n x'g] u/L / ;dfhsf]
kof{j/0fLo cj:yf cg';f/ gLlt agfpg]_
g]kfndf gLlt lgdf{0fsf] ;}åflGts cj:yf
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf nfuL dfu{bz{s gLlt -Meta Policy_ gePsf
sf/0f s'g l;4fGt k|of]u u/L gLlt lgdf{0f ul/G5 eGg] 7f]; cfwf/ b]lvb}g .
t;y{ s'g} cfjZostf, bjfj ;d'xaf6 lgb]{lzt tyf xtf/ xtf/df gLlt th{'df
x'g] ub{5 .
122
xfn;Ddsf gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cEof;sf cfwf/df lgDg cg';f/sf l;4fGtx?sf]
cg'z/0f ul/ ljleGg gLltx? agfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 :
Rational theory - cfly{s ;fdflhs /fhg}lts If]qsf gLltx?
Incremental theory - jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf jh]6
System theory - zf;sLo ;'wf/sf nfuL gLltx?
Group/ Elite theory - pBf]u,afl0fHo If]qsf gLltx?
Strategic Theory - cfjlws of]hgf -VMGOS model_
Institutional Theory - NPC af6 gLlt tyf of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/g] .
@= gLlt sfof{Gjog -Policy enforcement_

gLltnfO{ Jojxf/df :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ / gLlt nfu" ug]{ r/0f g} gLlt sfof{Gjog xf] . o;
r/0fdf lgDg sfo{ ul/G5;
s= gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nfuL pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg] -Environment Setup_M gLltsf
ljz]iftf, Joj:yf, sfof{Gjog ;+oGq, k|lqmof, ;jn kIfx? nufot kIfx?sf
;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;dIf ljleGg dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L u/fO{ sfof{Gjogsf
nfuL pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/G5 . Dissemination, Sensitization, Advocacy,
Awareness, Internalization, Adoption, Consensus building, Orientation gLlt sfof{Gjosf
steps x? x'g\ .
v= gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ -Executing the policy_

gLltnfO lgDgfg';f/ sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . h;nfO{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] 9fFrf
-Policy enforcement Model_ sf] ?kdf ;d]t a'‰g ;lsG5 .
! . Strategic enforcement: P]g, sfg'g, sfo{gLlt, sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f, ;xsfo{ /
;fem]bf/L -gful/s ;dfh, /fhg}lts bn, lghL tyf Jofj;flos If]q_
@= Institutional enforcement: ;+/rgfut Joj:yf, ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;,
;dGjo / cg'udg ;+oGq
#= Operational enforcement: dfu{bz{g tof/ -Mega Policy, SoP_,
sfof{Gjog, cg'udg sfo{ljlw th{'df, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg
$= Behavioral enforcement: hgzlQm ljsf;, dgf]j}1flgs tTk/tfsf] ljsf;,
/fhg}lts g]t[Tj / k|zf;g oGqdf cfTdljZjf;, O{R5fzlQm / k|ltj4tf,
gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;fd'lxs efjgfsf] ljsf;, pTk|]/0ff / k|f]T;fxgfTds
Joj:yfsf] cjnDag .
123
WmlS ÿlSWD_kÂ]DgxI\>Dx dFª 0 Coervieve Power ÿ^xFF_mWmlSDk^kªÆd^WF_k8Wt
WmlSDkgÌ[ÆV]kKkWDk_m\>DkS_ 00 WmlS Dk^kªÆd^WDkaklFPositive [Wk6Motivate FW¥

8UkgmWdFª 00
WmlSDkgÌ[ÆV]kDt hmYlWTkhk 000000000 WmlSDxdissemination, orientation,
WYk8WtdFª 000000000 Internalization F_k6Dk^kªÆd^WDkaklF
dkSkd_RlgKªWkFW¥
Behavioral Enforcement pyramid
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf Behavioral Enforcement pyramid cg';f/

;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] 7"nf] lx:;f h'g ju{sf] ;lqmotfdf gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog ug{
;lsG5 Tof] ju{nfO{ /fHoaf6 cjnDag ePsf / sfof{Gjog ul/Psf gLltx?sf] af/]df
hfgsf/L gx'g] cj:yf b]lvG5 . h;nfO gLltsf] ljz]iftf, Joj:yf, sfof{Gjog ;+oGq,
k|lqmof, ;jn kIfx? nufot kIfx?sf ;DaGwdf Dissemination, Sensitization,
Advocacy, Awareness, Internalization, Adoption, Consensus building,
Orientation dfkm{t gLltsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fO{ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf pTk|]l/t
ul/g'kb{5 . To:t}u/L gLltsf af/]df hfgsf/L ePsf t/ pbf;Lg ju{x?nfO gLlt
sfof{Gjogdf ;s/fTds agfO{ pTk|]l/t ul/g'kb{5 . gLlt sfof{Gjogdf gs/fTds ;f]r
ePsf] ju{ ;fgf] t/ zlQmzfnL / k|j'4 ju{ x'G5 h;n] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ gLlt
kl/kfngfdf gsf/fTds wf/0ff ljsf; u/fO gLltnfO sfof{Gjog g} x'g glbg]
cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf To:tf] ju{nfO b08 ;hfo -Coercive Power_ dfkm{t
gLlt sfof{Gjogdf s]lG›t agfpg' kb{5 .
u= cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ -M & E Planning_
gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nfuL :ki6 ;do;fl/0fL, ;|f]t ;fwg, lhDd]af/ lgsfo
;lxtsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 .
#= gLlt cg'udg -Policy Monitoring_
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf gLltx?sf] lg/Gt/ cjnf]sg, lg/LIf0f / lgodg u/L gLltsf]
sfo{zLntf clej[lå ug]{, gLlt sfof{Gjog u/fpg], gLlt lgdf{0fdf sdhf]/Lx? vf]hL ug]{
/ cg's"n agfpg] dfWod g} gLlt cg'udg xf] . -Policy Monitoring is a tool of
efficiency, instrumental and social test) Policy Monitoring cGtu{t kg]{ sfo{x?
sfof{Gjog d} cfpg g;s]sf gLltx?sf] cg'udg -Monitoring of Dead Policy_,
sfof{Gjog ePsf t/ lar}df cj?å ePsf gLltx?sf] cg'udg -Monitoring of Sick
Policy_ sfof{Gjog ;"rf? e}/x]sf gLltx?sf] cg'udg -Monitoring of Ongoing Policy_
kb{5g\ .
124
cg'udgsf k|sf/x? -Types of Monitoring_
- Enforceability Monitoring
- Output Monitoring (Quantitative)
- Outcome Monitoring (Qualitative)
$= gLlt d"Nofsg -Policy Evaluation_

nIo / glthf jLrsf] dfkg ug]{ k4lt g} Evaluation xf] . gLlt lgdf{0fsf] qmddf
/flvPsf nIo tyf ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog kZrft b]lvPsf] cj:yf / glthfsf] klxrfg g}
gLlt d"NofÍg xf] . ;fy} d"NofÍgnfO{ Feedback for Next Process sf] ?kdf ;d]t
lnOG5 .
Policy Evaluation sf k|sf/x?:
!= Formative Evaluation : Evaluability Assessment, Needs Assessment
@= Process Evaluation : Program Monitoring
#= Outcome Evaluation : Objectives-Based Evaluation
$=Economic Evaluation : Cost Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness, Cost-Benefit
Analysis, Cost-Utility Analysis
%= Impact Evaluation
Policy Evaluation sf If]qx?:

!= Effectiveness - nfesf] :t/ / nufgL cg';f/sf] k|ltkmn ljZn]if0f
@= Efficiency - pknAwL / ;fdflhs ;Gt'li6 / k|efj ljZn]if0f
#= Equity - nfesf] ljt/0f / To;sf] ;fdflhs Ifdtfdf k/]sf] k|efj
$= Accountability - nlIft ;d"xsf] ;Gt'li6 / hgdtsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f
%= Appropriateness- p2]Zo, sfo{gLlt, sfo{qmd pko'Qmtf / cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf]
cj:yf ljZn]if0f
^=Adequacy - nufgLsf] cj:yf,nufgL k|jfxsf] :t/ ljZn]if0f,
gLlt kl/kfngf -Policy Compliance_

;fj{hlgs gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 ck]lIft glthf k|fKt ug{sf nfuL gLltsf] kl/kfngf
cfwf/e"t zt{ xf] . t;y{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;+u;+u} kl/kfngfsf] :t/ ;'b[9 ub}{ n}hfg' h?/L
x'G5 . gLlt kl/kfngf:t/ j[l4sf nfuL hgtfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xefuLtf tyf oyfy{tfdf cfwfl/t gLlt
lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 .
125
gLlt kl/kfngfsf clgjfo{ zt{x? (Policy Compliance)
- a}wflgstf
- :jfy{ jf lxt
- b08 ;hfo
- clwsf/ k|ltsf] ;Ddfg
- cl:tTj :jLsf/
- ljj]szLntf
- ;do ;fk]Iftf
- cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf
- ;r]tgf
gLlt kl/kfngf gx'g] sf/0fx? -Policy Non-Compliance_
- ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts d"NodfGotf
- cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, k|zf;lgs, k|fljlws, /fhg}lts kIf
- zf;sLo Jojxf/
- c:ki6tf, cg]sfy{stf
- ;'ema'emsf] cefj
- :jfy{ / lxt
- cGt/lj/f]w
;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍgdf k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf
;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs ?kdf clGtlds/0f ug]{ d'Vo Agent g} k|zf;g xf] .
gLlt lgdf{0fsf ;a} r/0fx?df k|zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf]
clGtd bfloTj hgk|ltlglwx?sf] /x]tf klg /fhgLlt1x?nfO{ ;"rgf lbg], ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg],
cj:yf ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;fy} gLltsf] clGtd d:of}bf lgdf{0f ;d]t k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L leq /xG5 .
gLlt th{'dfdf k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf
- gLlt dfusf] klxrfg ug]{,
- ;"rgfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{,
- ljz]if1 ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{, /fhgLlt1x?nfO{ Advising and Recommendation ug]{,
- gLlt dfu / ljBdfg gLlt cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{,
- gLlt th{'dfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? tyf gLlt lj1x?sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/fpg,
- d:of}bf gLltsf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] /fo, ;'emfj ;+sng ug]{,
- d:of}bf gLltsf ;DaGwdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f:s[lts, k|fljlws, k|zf;lgs, /fhg}lts
?kdf, cj:yf ljZn]if0f u/L k|:tfljt gLlt ;/f]sf/jfnf, nfeu|fxLx?sf] dfu adf]lhd
x'g] u/L th{'df ug{ ;'lglZrt ug]{,
- gLlt k|:tfj tof/L ug]{ .
126
gLlt sfof{Gjodf k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf
- gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;dIf gLltsf] k|jf]lws/0f,
cled'lvs/0f, k}/jL, ;r]tLs/0f u/fpg] .
- gLltsf] efjgf cg';f/ sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
- gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nfuL cfjZos kg]{ P]g, sfg'g lgdf{0fdf /fhgLlt1nfO cfjZos
;Nnfx,;'emfj pknAw u/fpg] .
- gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nfuL ;+:yfut, ;+u7lgs,hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
- gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg of]hgf th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
- gLlt sfof{Gjogdf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug]{ .
- ;Dj4 kIfx?;Fu ;xsfo{,;dGjo tyf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
gLlt cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf
- ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL cg'udg ;"rs tof/ u/L cg'udg ug]{ .
- k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf nfuL ;+oGq ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
- cg'udgsf qmddf b]lvPsf sdhf]/Lx?sf ;DaGwdf ;ldIff ug]{ ;fy} ;'wf/sf /0fgLltx?
cjnDag ug]{ .
- gLltut ;'wf/sf nfuL k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{ -Feedback for next policy_ .
;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg, d"NofÍg ;DalGw ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?
!= ljZj ;Gbe{ -Global context_M Public Policy df Global Impact 5. -Public Policy
cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf interconnected / Interdependent x'G5_, Due to unpredictable
issues, High expectation from the people, Expensive use of ICT - Digital divide
@= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ -Nepalese Context_M
s= gLlt dfu -Policy Demand_ ;+u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?M Top down approach af6
j9L gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g', Policy demand df Elite Capturing x'g', dxTjsf+IfL?kdf
gLltsf] dfu ul/g' .
v gLlt d:of}bf -Policy Drafting_ ;+u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?M Policy demand /
existing policy supply ljrsf] Gap analysis gul/g', gLlt d:of}bf Politician,
Bureaucrat / stakeholder lar ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;xefuLtfsf] cefj /xg',
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Go"g ;xeflutf -Lack of Participation_ x'g', Context/Ecology
nfO{ Wofg glbO gLlt th{'df ul/g' -Political, Administrative, Socio- cultural,
Technological, Economy and External/Environment h:tf kIfx?sf] cfwf/df
gLlt th{'df gx'g'_
127
u= gLlt ljZn]if0f -Policy Analysis_ ;+u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?M gLlt d:of}bf pk/
stakeholder tyf policy expert x?af6 /fo, ;'emfj, k[i7kf]if0f glnO{g', k|:tfljt
gLltnfO{ stakeholder / ;/sf/sf] Accessibility, Affordability, Applicability,
Adequacy tyf Equity, Equality, Efficiency, Effectiveness h:tf kIfx?sf]
cfwf/df ljZn]if0f gul/g', Past policy x?sf] ;ldIff g} gx'g], SWOT Analysis
gx'g' cflb.
3= gLlt lgdf{0f -Policy Making/Approval_ ;+u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?M Meta Policy
sf] cefj /xg', Policy Making df Entrepreneurial Approach (Maxi-Maxi
Approach) sf] cefj /xg', Public Choice Theory sf] Go"g k|of]u u/L gLlt
lgdf{0f x'g', Logical incremental sf cfwf/df gLlt lgdf{0f gx'g',
Context/Ecology eGbf ljkl/t Blue print model sf] gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g',
Political stream/Process af6 gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g', /fhg}lts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f
;/sf/sf] km]/jbn ;u} gLlt kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf x'g' cflb .
ª= gLlt sfof{Gjog -Policy enforcement_ ;+u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?M gLlt
sfof{Gjogsf] nfuL pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf gu/L ;f]em} sfof{Gjogdf nlug',
(Sensitization, orientation, adaptation, internalization gu/fO{ ;f]em} sfof{Gjog
ubf{ gLlt kl/kfngf Go"g x'G5_, gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nfuL cfjZos kg]{ /0fg}lts,
;+:yfut, sfo{ljlwut tyf dgf]j}1flgs tTk/tf tyf Joj:yfsf] cefj x'g', :ki6
sfo{of]hgf ;lxt sfof{Gjog ug]{ k4ltsf] cefj x'g'cflb .
r= gLlt cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg -Policy Monitoring and Evaluation_ ;+u ;DalGwt
;d:ofx?M cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf th{'df tyf ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog gx'g',
glthfdf cfwfl/t cg'udg k|0ffnL cjnDag gul/g', Sectoral coordination sf]
cefj /xg', Impact, Sustainability evaluation gx'g', d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df Next
policy nfO{ feedback lbg] k|rng gx'g', Key Performing Indicator-KPI gx'g',
Incentive Linked Indicator-ILI gx'g'.
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf ;Defjgfx?:
- hgtfsf] Level of Understanding a9\b} uPsf] .
- ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q tyf k|fyldstfsf If]qx? klxrfg ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] .
- zf;sLo ;'wf/ / ;'zf;gsf] cleofg ;~rfng eO{/x]sf] .
- ;/sf/,gful/s ;dfh, lghL If]q, u};; tyf ;Dj4 kIfx?lar ;xsfo{, ;dGjosf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g} uPsf] -PPP_
- ICT sf] j9\bf] pkof]u .
- ;fdflhs ;r]tgf / ;xefuLtf a9\b} uPsf] .
- sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;Ifdtf a9\b} uPsf] . -Cultural competency Bureaucracy_
- ljsf; / ;Dj[l4 /fhgLltsf] d'Vo d'2f jGb} uPsf]
128
lgisif{
;fj{hlgs gLlt ;du| gful/sx?sf] lxt k|j4g{ ub}{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df
g]kfndf th{'df ul/g] gLltx?df cem} klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt gx'bf
hgtfsf] dfu / cfjZostf eGbf klg /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] rfxgf / cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf
sfof{Gjogdf s]lG›t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ cfufdL lbgdf lgDg ;'wf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO
hgtfaf6 k"0f{ kl/kfngf x'g] u/L th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
- Meta Policy sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
- oyfy{tfdf cfwfl/t -Contextual/Ecology friendly_ gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ .
- Policy partner -Politician_, Development partner -Bureaucrat_ / Delivery Partner
-Public/Stakeholder_ sf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / cy{k"0f{ ;xefuLtfdf dfq gLlt lgdf{0f
ug]{ .
- gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nfuL gful/sx?df ;r]tgf, k"j{ tof/Lsf lqmofsnfkx? dfkm{t gLlt
sfof{Gjog / kl/kfngf -Policy Compliance_ sf nfuL tTk/ u/fpg] .
- Third party/Joint Monitoring/Evaluation sf] k4lt ljsf; ug]{ .
- Policy Response Mechanism agfpg] .
- Policy Cluster, Strategic Policy Unit, Policy analysis Unit, Policy research wing,
Policy dialogue forum, Policy Monitoring Unit h:tf ;+oGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ .
- NPC nfO{ Policy development think tank sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
– g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f} .
– kf08] o'j/fh, ;fj{hlgs gLlt, -@)^(_, laBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, sf7df8f} .
– /fpt s[i0faxfb'/, k|zf;g Joj:yfkg / ljsf;, -@)&#_, cflzif a's xfp;, sf7df8f} .
– ljleGg k|zf;lgs n]v /rgf tyf kq klqsfx? .
129
g]kfndf ko{6gsf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx?
" k|sfz zdf{ 9sfn
;f/f+z
cg'kd k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, k|r'/ h}ljs ljljwtf, ax'hftLo, ax'efifLo, ax'wd{ / ;fdflhs
ljljwtf Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{ g]kfn ljZj ko{6g dfglrqdf k|d'v
ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynsf] ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt 5 . ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] nflu klxnf]
of]hgfb]lv g} ljleGg k|of;x? x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . tyfkL /fli6«o cy{tGqdf o;sf] of]ubfg ck]lIft
?kdf a9fpg ;lsPsf]] 5}g . ko{6g cfkm}df /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/ ePsf]n]
o;sf] ljljlws/0f / lj:tf/åf/f cfd gful/ssf] hLljsf]kfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4
u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . kl5Nnf jif{x?df t'ngfTds ?kdf
ko{6sx?sf] cfudg ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] eP klg ko{6sx?sf] a;fO cjlw tyf k|lt ko{6s
k|lt lbg vr{df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . e"sDkn] ynf k/]sf] ko{6g If]qsf]
k'gMlgdf{0f oyflz3| ug]{, abln+bf] /fli6«o kl/l:ylt tyf ljZj kl/j]z cg'?k ko{6g gLlt Pjd\
cGo sfg'gnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o; n]vdf ;g\ @)!^ df ljZj ko{6g
ahf/sf tYof+s, lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo / ko{6gnfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf pNn]v u/L cGt/f{li6«o
k|ltj]bgx?df g]kfnsf] cj:yf phfu/ ub}{ g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qsf] ljBdfg cj:yf, ;Defjgf,
r'gf}tL tyf efjL sfo{lbzf ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
;g\ @)!^ df ljZj ko{6g tYof+s

kl5Nnf jif{x?df ljZje/ ko{6ssf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . UNWTO (United
Nation World Tourism Organization) sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)!^ sf cg';f/ ;g\ @)!^ df
cGt/f{li6«o ko{6ssf] ;+Vof ljZj el/df !@#% ldlnog /x]sf] 5 h'g ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf
$ k|ltzt cyf{t $^ ldlnog a9L xf] . o:tf] j[l4 ljsl;t cy{tGqdf % k|ltzt tyf
ljsf;f]Gd'v cy{tGqdf s]jn @ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] kl5Nnf] & jif{df
cf}ift $ k|ltztsf b/n] cGt/f{li6«o ko{6sx?sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 . h'g !(^)
otfs} pNn]vgLo j[l4 dflgPsf] 5 . ko{6s cfudgsf] lx;fan] o"/f]k ;j}eGbf cuf8L /x]sf] 5
hxfF s"n cGt/f{li6«o ko{6sx? dWo] cfwfn] e|d0f u/]sf 5g\ . To; kl5 Plzof Kofl;lkms,
cd]l/sL /fi6«, clk|msf / dWo k"j{sf b]zx? /x]sf 5g . h;sf] lx:;f qmdzM @% k|ltzt,
!^ k|ltzt, % k|ltzt / $ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L ko{6s leqfpg] % /fi6«df k|mfG;,
cd]l/sf, :k]g, rLg tyf O6fnL /x]sf 5g\ . oL % b]zdf dfq @% k|ltzt eGbf a9L ljb]zL
ko{6sn] e|d0f u/]sf 5g . UNWTO n] ;g\ @)!% df ;fs{ d"n'sx?df !* ldlnog ko{6sn]

" pk;lrj, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno .
130
e|d0f u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . h'g $ k|ltztsf] j[l4 xf] . xfn ljZjsf] s"n ufx:Yo pTkfbgdf ko{6g
If]qsf] of]ubfg !) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] k|To]s !) /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df o; If]qsf] of]ubfg
! /x]sf] 5 .
ko{6g / lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo
jt{dfgsf] k':tfn] ug]{ pkef]un] efjL k':tfsf] hLjg z}nL / pkef]u IfdtfnfO{ s'g} k|efj kfg'{
xF'b}g eGg] eljiok/s b[li6sf]0f lbuf] ljsf; xf] . of] ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] cfw'lgs b[li6sf]0f klg
xf] . oxL cjwf/0ffnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)!%
sf] cGTo;+u} ;x>fAbL ljsf;sf nIox?sf] pknAwLnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ To;af6 xfl;n x'g
g;s]sf s'/fx?nfO{ ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf k|fKt ug]{ u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 @% gf]e]Da/
@)!% df æxfd|f] ljZjsf] ?kfGt/0fM lbuf] ljsf;sf Ph]08f, @)#)Æ gfddf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf ljZj
;d'bfosf ;femf Ph]08f g} lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? x'g . oL nIox?sf] Ps dfq s]Gb|Lo p2]Zo
;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ;j} 7fpFmaf6 ;j} k|sf/sf] ul/aLsf] cGTo ug'{ g} xf] . ul/aL cGTosf] k|d'v
cf}hf/ eg]sf] cfo:t/ g} xf] . hj /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf / ;'lglZrttf x'G5 tj
dflg;sf] cfo:t/df j[l4 x'g k'Ub5 . cfo:t/sf] j[l4n] lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf kl/k"lt{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . o;n] Psflt/ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u
ub{5 eg] csf]{lt/ bIf hgzlQm lgdf{0f / ljsf; klg .
ko{6g To:tf] If]q xf] h;n] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug{ k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ?kdf of]ubfg ug{
;Sb5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf !& nIox? dWo] ljz]if u/L nIo g+= *, !@ / !$ df s]xL ko{6g;+u
;DalGwt ;xfos nIox? ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . ko{6gsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]s]sf] g]kfnsf]
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df ko{6g If]qn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5 .
nIo g+= *= dof{lbt sfd tyf cfly{s j[l4M ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] cfly{s j[l4,
/f]huf/L tyf dof{lbt sfdsf] k|j4{g ug]{] (Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
employment and decent work for all) of] nIo cGtu{t *=( df lgDgfg';f/ nIo /flvPsf] 5M
"by 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and
promotes local culture and products ."
o; cGtu{t g]kfnn] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf jflif{s #) nfv ko{6s leqfpg], s"n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf
o;sf] of]ubfg * k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] tyf ko{6g pBf]udf jflif{s !) nfv /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf]
l;h{gfug]{ dxTjsf+IfL nIo /fv]sf] 5 .
nIo g+= !@= lhDd]jf/k"0f{ pkef]u tyf pTkfbg M lbuf] pkef]u tyf pTkfbgsf] 9fFrf ;'lglZrt
ug]{] (Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns) cGtu{t ;xfos nIosf] ?kdf
12 .b: "Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for
sustainable tourism which creates jobs, promotes local culture and products ." pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . g]kfnn] o; cGtu{t s'g} nIox? ls6fg eg] u/]sf] 5}g .
131
nIo g+= !$=hnd'lgsf] hLjgM ;d'b|, dxf;fu/ / ;d'b|L ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] k|of]u
(Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources) of] nIosf] ;ftf} ;xfos nIosf]
?kdf "by 2030 increase the economic benefits of SIDS and LCDs from the sustainable use of
marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and
tourism ." sf] k|ltj4tf hgfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;d'Gb|, dxf;fu/ gePsf] ;Gbe{df s'g} nIo
tf]lsPsf] 5}g\ . t/ hn;Dkbf tyf hn;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fsf ljlelGg k|of;x? eg] x'Fb} cfPsf 5g .
g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qsf] cj:yfjf/] cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj]bg
World Travel & Tourism Council sf] kl5Nnf] Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2017
gfds k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf !*% b]z dWo] s"n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf ko{6g If]qsf]
of]ubfgsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] jl/otfqmd !@$ cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] s"n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf
o; If]qsf] of]ubfg &=% k|ltzt -k|ToIf of]ubfg #=# k|ltzt dfq_ /x]sf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] s"n
/f]huf/Ldf o; If]qsf] lx:;fsf lx;fan] g]kfnsf] cj:yf ;fs{ d'n'sdf kfFrf} :yfgdf /x]sf]
hgfPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qdf k|ToIf ?kdf $ nfv @& xhf/
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ h'g s"n /f]huf/Lsf] @=( k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .
k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ?kdf o; If]qn] ( nfv $% xhf/ /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
o:tf] ;+Vof ;g\ @)@& ;Dd !# nfv @% xhf/ k'Ug] cg'dfg ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . s"n nufgLdf
ko{6g If]qdf ul/g] nfugLsf] lx:;fn] pQm b]zn] o; If]qnfO{ sltsf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5
eGg] s'/fsf] O+lut ub{5 . o; lx;fadf klg g]kfnsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ g} /x]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;/sf/n] ko{6g If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flv cuf8L al9/x]sf] eg] klg s"n nufgLsf] s]jn
# k|ltzt dfq nufgL o; If]qdf ul/Psf] 5 .
World Economic Forum n] Joj;flos jftfj/0f, ko{6g ;DaGwL gLlt, k"jf{wf/ tyf k|fs[lts /
;f+:s[lts ;|f]tx?sf] k|r'/tf h:tf d'Vo $ j6f cfofd leqsf ljleGg !$ ;"rsx?sf] cfwf/df
tof/ kf/]sf] The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 gfds k|ltj]bg cg';f/
ljZjsf !#^ b]z dWo] s"n & k"0ff{+sdf #=# c+s ;lxt g]kfn !)# cf}+ :yfgdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfnn] Ps jif{df hDdf % nfv #* xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf dfq ljb]zL ko{6s
leq\ofpg ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g g]kfnn] lnPsf] jflif{s nIo eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn]
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknJwtf tyf ko{6sn] ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ d"Nosf] lx;fan]
g]kfnsf] cj:yf /fd|f] b]vfPsf] 5 . oL ;"rsdf g]kfn qmdzM @& / !( cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg]
jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf, ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?, ko{6s ;]jf ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/, Joj;flos jftfj/0f,
;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] cj:yf h:tf ;"rsx?df sdhf]/ cj:yfsf] phfu/ ul/lbPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qsf] ljBdfg cj:yfM
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ko{6g If]qnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnO{ ko{6g
lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|j4{g, ljsf; / lj:tf/ dfkm{t ko{6sLo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 u/L cfly{s j[l4
/ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ clej[l4 ug]{ k|of;x? ub]{ cfPsf] 5 . rf}wf}+ o]fhgfn] of]hgfsf] cGtdf a;fO
cjlw !% lbg tyf b}lgs vr{ ^) 8n/ k'/fpg] nIo ;d]t lnPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] x/]s jif{ ljZj
ko{6gsf] hDdf )=! k|ltzt tyf ;fs{df e|d0f ug]{ ko{6s dWo] sl/a ^ k|ltzt dfq ljb]zL
132
ko{6s leqfpg] u/]sf] tYof+saf6 b]lvG5 . ljZj ko{6g sf/f]jf/sf] hDdf )=)# k|ltzt / ;fs{
ko{6g sf/f]jf/sf] sl/a !=% k|ltzt /sd g]kfnsf] efudf kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
c= ko{6s ;+Vof, a;fO cjlw tyf vr{sf] cj:yf
6]jn g+= ! ko{6s ;+Vof, j;fO{ cjlw tyf vr{
jif{ ko{6s ;+Vof a;fO cjlw k|lt lbg vr{ -8n/_
@))# ##*!#@ (=^ &(=!
@))* %))@&& !!=* &#
@)!@ *)#)(& !@=( #%
@)!^ &%#))@ !#=$ %#
;|f]tM jflif{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|ltj]bg @)&$, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\\8og dGqfno
ko{6g If]qsf] cfDbfgL / hg;+Vofsf] lx;fa ubf{ Ps hgf g]kfnLsf] efudf Ps jif{df @)
cd]l/sL 8n/ klg kb}{g . ljZjdf Ps ju{ lsnf]ld6/df & hgf ko{6s 3'ld/xG5g eGg] cf+s8f
/x]sf] 5 h; cg';f/ g]kfndf of] b/ s]jn #=^ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . a;fO cjlwdf qmlds
?kdf j[l4 ePsf] eP klg k|lt ko{6s k|ltlbg vr{ eg] @))# sf] t'ngfdf lgs} 36]/ uPsf] 5 .
s]xL b]zx?n] ljb]zL ko{6sn] Ps lbgdf ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd vr{ ;d]tsf] dfkb08 tf]s]sf] kfOG5 .
o; tkm{ cWoog ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . t]x|f+} of]hgfn] lnPsf] a;fO cjlw tyf b}lgs vr{sf] nIo
k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df !$ cf} of]hgfsf] nIo qmdzM !% lbg tyf ^) 8n/ ;d]t k|fKt ug{
sl7g x'g] b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df ljljw Kofs]hsf sfo{qmdx? Nofpg], ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf ;'/Iffsf]
k|Tofe"ltsf] cfjZostf 68\sf/f] b]lvPsf] 5 .
cf= e|d0fsf] p2]Zo tyf b]zut ljj/0f
g]kfn cfpg] ko{6sx? d'Votof ljbf tyf dgf]/~hgsf] nflu cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] bf];|f]
:yfgdf tLy{ofqf /x]sf] 5 . b]zut ?kdf x]bf{ ef/taf6 ;a}eGbf a9L ko{6sx? cfpg] u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ef/tnfO{ rLgn] k5\ofO /x]sf] 5 . ut jif{ g]kfn cfPsf ko{6sx? dWo] sl/a !^
k|ltzt ef/tLo ko{6s /x]sf]df rLgsf ko{6sx?sf] lx:;f sl/a !$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;
kl5 >Ln+sf, cd]l/sf tyf a]nfotaf6 a9L ko{6sx? g]kfn cfpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
6]ang+= @ M e|d0fsf] p2]Zout cfudg -;+Vof k|ltztdf_
jif{ ljbf dgf]/~hg kbofqf / Jofkf/ tLy{ofqf cf}krfl/s cGo
ofqf e|d0f kj{tf/f]x0f
@))# @( !(=$ %=& ^=# ^=% *
@))* @(=^ @! $=^ ( *=^ @!=#
@)!@ $&=# !#=! #=! !#=& #=* &=*
@)!^ ^% *=*# #=@# !! @=*# (=!!
gf]6 M– afFsL ;+Vof p2]Zo gv'n]sf] /x]sf] .
133
6]jng+= # M ko{6s cfudg ;+Vof -k|d'v kfFr d'n'sx?_
jif{ ef/t rLg >Ln+sf cd]l/sf a]nfot
@))& !*=@ %=$ (=% %=& ^=!
@)!) @)=! &=& &=^ ^ %=*
@)!# @#=@ !@=$ $=! %=( $=%
@)!^ !%=& !#=*! &=^$ &=!@ ^=!%
;|f]tM jflif{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|ltj]bg @)&$, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno
tYof+sn] ef/t tyf rLg s]lGb|t ko{6g k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf cuf8L
a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] j}b]lzs ko{6gnfO{ tYout agfpFg tyf b]zut ?kdf ko{6g k|j4{g
ug{ Country-wise Tourism Promotion Strategy tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{
b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} ljleGg b]z;+u ko{6g k|j4{gsf] nflu MoU sf] k|lqmof cuf8L
a9fpg' kb{5 .
g]kfndf ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu ljBdfg Joj:yf
s_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! df /fHosf gLltx? cGtu{t ko{6g ;DaGwL gLlt pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . h;df g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs k|fs[lts
;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, k|jw{g Pjd\ k|rf/ k|;f/ dfkm{t /fli6«o cy{tGqsf]
dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf kof{j/0f cg's"n ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{, ko{6g ;+:s[ltsf]
ljsf; ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0f Pjd\ gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf ko{6g pBf]usf] nfe
ljt/0fdf :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] pNn]v 5 .
• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @%) / @%! /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/L
;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/ ;"rL dfkm{t tt\ tt\ txdf
ko{6g ;DaGwL clwsf/ If]qsf] afF8kmfF8 ePsf] 5 .
v_ rf}wf}+ of]hgfdf ko{6g ;DaGwL Joj:yf
rf}wf}+ of]hgfdf cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu ko{6g ljsf; ug]{ ;f]r lnOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu
ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; dfkm{t cfly{s j[l4 / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ clej[l4 ug]{ nIo lnOPsf] 5 .
lo ;f]r / nIo k|flKtsf nflu b]znfO{ cfsif{s tyf yk ;'/lIft uGtJosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}}{
ko{6g cfudgdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 u/L hgtfsf] cfo:t/df j[l4 ug]{, ko{6sLo uGtJo :yn
tyf pkhdf ljljwLs/0f / ljsf; ug]{, g]kfnsf k|d'v ko{6sLo pkhx¿sf] ahf/Ls/0f tyf
k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lo p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ko{6g k|j{4g / ko{6g
ljsf; ug{ ;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]q;Fu ;fem]bf/L Pjd\ ;xsfo{ ug],{
u|fdL0f ko{6g dfkm{t o; If]qsf nfenfO{ hg:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg], d'n'sdf ;a} df};ddf
ko{6sLo lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfngsf nflu cfGtl/s ko{6gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, :yflkt tyf
gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynx¿sf] PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds ¿kdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ / ko{6g
If]qsf] ljsf; / ljljwLs/0f ug{ j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ug]{ /0fgLlt lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
134
u_ ko{6g gLlt @)^%
ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ko{6g gLlt, @)^% hf/L ul/Psf] 5 o; gLltn] g]kfnsf
k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts, h}ljs Pjd\ dfgj lgld{t ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ub}{ g]kfnnfO{
ljZj dfglrqdf cfsif{s, /d0fLo / ;'/lIft uGtJo :ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{' ko{6g If]qsf]
bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f /fv]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o ;Dkbfx?nfO{ lbuf] pkof]usf] dfWodaf6
ko{6sLo lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u u/L /fli6«o cfodf ko{6g If]qsf] pNn]Vo dfqdf j[l4 u/fO{
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' ko{6g If]qsf] nIo (Goal)lnPsf] 5 .
lo bL3{sflng b[li6sf]0f tyf nIo k|flKtsf lgldlQ ko{6g If]qsf] ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/åf/f
;j{;fwf/0f gful/sdf :j/f]huf/sf] l;h{gf u/L kof{–ko{6g / u|fdL0f ko{6gnfO{ ul/aL
lgjf/0f;Fu cfj4 u/L pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ ko{6g pBf]usf] k|j4{g u/L o;nfO{
/fli6«o cy{tGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{, b]zsf d"t{–cd"t{ k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts,
h}ljs tyf dfgj lgld{t ;Dkbfx?sf] vf]h, ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g Pjd\ ljsf; u/L g]kfnnfO{
ko{6sLo b[li6n] cfsif{s / k|d'v uGtJo :ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{, ;'ne, ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ /
lgoldt xjfO{ tyf :yn oftfoftsf] dfWodåf/f ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{g ug]{,
ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf] qmddf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u ubf{
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ub}{ To:tf >f]t / ;fwgsf] lbuf] ?kdf pkof]u ug]{ p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .
3_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ko{6g /0fgLlts of]hgf @)!^—@)@%
ko{6g gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fli6«o ko{6g /0fgLlts of]hgf @)!^–@)@% tof/ ePsf]
5 . o;n] nufgLsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ ;fj{hlgs–lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bfl/tf / k|ToIf
j}b]lzs nufgL Pjd\ lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{, PeOG WFDF A, HF= lbFb}
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;'wf/ ug]{, ljsf; ul/;s]sf] k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df ko{6sLo ;Dkbf ljsf;
tyf cGo j:t' Pjd\ ;]jf pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg], s]xL ko{6g If]qx¿ / ko{6sLo pkhx¿nfO{
k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{, lghL If]qnfO{ ;xof]u Pjd\ ;xhLs/0f ug]{, gLlt tyf P]g, lgod /
;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ;'wf/ ug]{, ko{6g If]qdf k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{, ljleGg
If]qaLrsf] cGt/;DaGw lj:tf/ tyf :yfgLo ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] tyf ko{6sLo
uGtJox¿df ;fgf–Joj;fo÷pBdx¿ k|j4{g ug{ n3'ljQdf kx'Fr a9fpg] ljifodf hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 .
ko{6g If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu ko{6g /0fgLlts of]hgf @)!^–@)@% n] !! j6f ljz]if
/0fgLlts nIox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
-!_ of]hgf th'{df tyf ljsf;sf] nIo M ko{6gnfO{ of]hgfa4 / lbuf] tj/af6 ljsf; ug]{ .
-@_ a|fl08ªsf nIox¿M ljZjJoflk ?kdf kl/lrt g]kfnsf] ko{6g a|f08 :yfkgf ug]{ /
:jb]z tyf ljb]zdf g]kfnsf] ko{6gsf] 5ljnfO{ :yflkt tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ .
-#_ ahf/Ls/0fsf nIox¿ M jif{el/ ko{6s cfudgdf lg/Gt/ pRr j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ /
cfuGt'sx¿af6 k|ltkflbt d"No, /fh:j, Ct' / ef}uf]lns ljt/0fdf pNn]vgLo ¿kn]
;'wf/ ug]{ .
135
-$_ ko{6g cy{tGq ;DaGwL nIox¿ M /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu ufx{:Yo pTkfbg / /f]huf/L
clej[l4, u/LaL Go"gLs/0f / lbuf]¿kdf j}b]lzs ljlgdo cfh{g j[l4 ug{df of]ubfg
ug]{ .
-%_ nufgL / Jofj;flos jftfj/0f ;'wf/sf nIox¿ M ko{6g Joj;fodf ;'ljwf tyf
;]jfx¿ lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu nufgL cfslif{t u/L Jofj;flos ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/
ug]{ .
-^_ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;;DaGwL nIox¿ M ko{6g dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf, u'0f:t/, ;ª\Vof
/ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .
-&_ ko{6g u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nIox¿ M u'0f:t/, cfjf;, a;fO, vfgf, ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs
If]qsf ;]jfx¿df ;'wf/ NofO{ g]kfnsf] ko{6g cg'ejnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg]{ .
-*_ ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nIox¿ M cfjZos ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu :ki6 gLlt
tyf sfo{–of]hgf tof/ kf/L s]Gb| tyf k|b]zx?sf] ;dGjo dfkm{t sfof{Gjogsf]
jftfj/0f ldnfpg] . O SFO[DF S;LT KO[G TYF GFULS PeOG D'QFNON]
g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] .
-(_ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, Joj:yfkg tyf gLltut nIox¿ M ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / lbuf]
j[l4sf nflu s]Gb| / k|b]z :t/df k|efjsf/L ;+:yfut / lgodgsf/L 9fFrf ljsf; ug]{ .
-!)_ ;+f:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL nIox¿ M g]kfnsf] ljljw d"t{ / cd"t{
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g / k|j4{g u/L lbuf] ko{6g ljsf;dfkm{t cfo /
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
-!!_ k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL nIox¿ M k|b'if0f /lxt (Zero Carbon) ko{6gsf]
ljsf; u/L ko{6gsf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ pko'Qm /0fgLlt to, of]hgf
th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog u/]/ kof{j/0f cg's"n ko{6g / o; ;DaGwL c;n
cEof;x¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
ª_ ah]6 jStJo @)&$ .)&%
• ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ah]6sf] k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf]
• ko{6sLo uGtJox?sf] u'?of]hgf agfpg]
• snf ;+:s[lt ;Dj4{g / k|j4{g
r_ cGo gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yfx?
ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ePsf cGo k|d'v gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yfx?df ko{6g
P]g, @)#% n] ko{6g ljsf;, cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ko{6ssf] :jf:Yo, ;'ljwf / lxtsf ;DaGwL
ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ P]g, @)%# n] ko{6g Joj;fosf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/ Pjd\ k|j4{g u/L cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf g]kfnnfO{ Ps cfsif{s / e/kbf]{ ko{6g :ynsf]
?kdf ljsf; ug{ :yflkt ug]{ ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . Tourism Vision 2020 jflif{s @) nfv
136
ko{6s leq\ofpg], !) nfv /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf ug]{ nIo tyf lbuf] cfly{s
ljsf;sf nflu ko{6g k|j4{g, cfosf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{gLltut Joj:yf /fv]sf] 5 .
xjfO{ gLlt, @)^# n] xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{, :t/Lo, ;'ne, kx'Frof]Uo, lbuf] /
k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;+:s[lt gLlt, @)^& n] k/Dk/fut
ef}lts Pjd\ cef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] cWoog Pjd\ ;+/If0f ug]{ljifo pNn]v u/]sf]
5 . o; cltl/Qm Sofl;gf] lgodfjnL, @)&), kj{tf/]fx0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%(, 6«fen
tyf 6«]lsª Ph]G;L lgodfjnL, @)^@, cWofudg P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL, @)%! sf
;fy} ljleGg b]z;+u xjfO{ ;Demf}tf Pjd\ ljleGg d'n's;+u MoU ;d]t ug]{ gLltut Pjd\
sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ clËsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
5_ ;+:yfut Joj:yf
o;sf nflu ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, ko{6g ljefu / ko{6g
sfof{nox?, /fli6«o ko{6g kl/ifb\, ko{6g ljsf; ;dGjo ;ldlt, g]kfn ko{6g af]8{, ko{6s
k|x/L, g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg k|lti7fg, /fli6«o ;+u|xfnox?, g]kfn kj{tf/]fx0f
;+3, kj{tLo k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, lghL If]qsf ;+3÷dxf;+3, ko{6g ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfdf
cfj4 x'g] nufotsf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
h_ sfo{qmdut Joj:yf
pQm gLlt Pjd\ /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) dgfpg] lg0f{o,
kz'klt bz{g jif{, 3'df}+ n'lDagL cleofg, cfGtl/s e|d0f jif{, /fd hfgsL ljjfx dxf]T;j,
lxGb' ;ls{6 cjwf/0ff, xf]d:6]x?, lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? -nIo g+= *=(, !@ tyf !$=&_,
cGt/f{li6«o ÷If]qLo ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f cfof]hgf, ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cfof]hgf, ko{6g
lbj;, cd"t{ ;+:s[lt lbj; dgfpg] h:tf sfo{qmdx? tof/ u/L ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf ko{6g ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL
ko{6g k"jf{wf/, ko{6g k|j4{g, / ko{6sLo ultljlwx?sf] ljljlws/0f tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] gLlt /x]sf] ;Gbe{, g]kfn cg'kd k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, k|r'/ h}ljs ljljwtf, ax'hftLo,
ax'efifLo, ax'wd{ / ;fdflhs ljljwtf Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{ /x]sf],
/fhgLlts l:y/tf pGd'v cj:yfn] zflGt ;'/Iffdf cfPsf] ;'wf/sf] cj:yfn] g]kfnsf] ko{6g
If]qdf cfzfsf ls/0fx? km}lnPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{lt/ a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f / e"ldsf] pRr
d"Noj[l4sf sf/0f k|flrg ;Dkbfx?sf] cltqmd0f a9\b} hfg', ko{6sx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] ;jfndf
sdhf]/ l:ylt b]lvg', c;'/lIft xjfO{ ofqfsf] ;"lrdf g]kfn kl//xg', ;]jf eGbf klg 8n/ pGd'v
Joj;flos dfgl;stfsf] k|j[lQ g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf
5g\ .
c_ ;Defjgfx?
g]kfndf ko{6g ljsf;sf ;Defjgf lbg k|ltlbg j[l4 xF'b} cfPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf
nflu clåtLo ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljBdfgtf /xg', ko{6sLo If]qdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; a9\b} hfg',
l5d]sL d"n's rLg tyf ef/taf6 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ko{6s cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf j[l4 x'g', lghL
If]qsf] nufgLdf j[l4 cfpg', zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ x'Fb} uPsf], :yfgLo txaf6
137
ko{6sLo pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg] ;Defjgf /x]sf], cfd g]kfnLdf a9\bf] cfGtl/s ko{6g kj[lQ,
u}/ cfj;Lo g]kfnLsf] ;lqmotfdf hf]8 lbOg', xjfO{ ;Demf}tf x'g] d'n'ssf] ;+Vof j[l4 x'g',
;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] k|r'/tf, ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] cTolws ;Defjgf, e"sDk kl5sf]
k'glg{df{0f tyf gj lgdf{0fdf ult lbOg', ljb]zL ko{6sx?n] g]kfn k|lt b]vfPsf] dfof÷;Ddfg
tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?åf/f ljZjdf e|d0f ug}{ kg]{ :yfgx?sf] ;"rLdf g]kfnsf ko{6sLo
uGtJo ;dfj]z x'Fb} hfg'n] klg oxfF ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf k|r'/ ;Defjgf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5
eGg ;lsG5 .
cf_ r'gf}tLx?
g]kfndf ko{6gsf] cyfx ;Defjgf ePtfklg e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;Dkbfsf] ;dod} k'g{lgdf{0f
;DkGg ug'{, cGt/f{li6«o hutdf k/]sf] gs/fTds k|efjsf] lg/fs/0f ug'{, k|flrg ;Dkbfx?sf]
cltqmd0f /f]Sg], ko{6sLo ;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg, lgoldt ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ oftfoft -xjfO{,
:yndfu{_ ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{, ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfesf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{,
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df nufgL j[l4, ko{6sLo ;]jf tyf uGtJosf] ljljlws/0f, ;]jf ;'ljwfdf
u'0ffTds a[l4, k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4, ko{6ssf] a;fO;+u} vr{df j[l4, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u a9fpg], df}lns snf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;, ko{6sLo lzIff / r]tgf clej[l4,
Jofj;flos, bIf hgzlQm ljsf;, ko{6g If]qsf] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfgsf] olsg ug]{,
;Defjgf / cj;/nfO{ cfo cfh{gdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ h:tf k|d'v r'gf}tLx? ;[hgf ePsf 5g\ .
cfufdL sfo{lbzf
g]kfn ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf k|j]z e};s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;du| g]kfn / k|fb]lzs tx;Ddsf] ko{6g
k|j4{gsf nflu gofF ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, gofF kl/l:ylt / cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z cg's"n x'g] u/L
gofF ko{6g gLlt agfO{ nfu" ug]{, e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgf÷;Dkbfx?sf] tTsfn k'g{lgdf{0f ug]{,
;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, k"jf{wf/df nufgL j[l4 ug]{, ko{6g ljljlws/0f
tyf u'0f:t/df j[l4 ug]{, k/Dk/fut df}lns ;+:s[ltx?sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{, Joj;flos, bIf
hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{, uGtJox?sf] klxrfg, k|j4{g tyf ahfl/s/0fdf hf]8 lbb}+ hfg' cfhsf]
68\sf/f] cfjZostf xf] . cj;/ / ;Defjgfx?sf] e/k'/ pkof]u ug{ ;s]df /fli6«o cy{tGqdf
o;sf] of]ubfg pNn]Vo ?kdf a9\g ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ko{6sLo ;'/Iff, ;]jf ;'ljwfsf]
u'0ffTds ;'wf/ klxnf] zt{ xf] . ;'wf/sf kIfnfO{ tTsfn, dWosflng ?kdf tyf lg/Gt/ ub}{ hfg'
kg]{ u/L o; k|sf/ ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
c_ tTsfn ug'{kg]{
• ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"n ko{6g If]qsf] k'gM ;+/rgf
• k|b]z, :yfgLo tx cg';f/sf] Tourism Profile tof/ ug]{
• ko{6g gLlt, @)^% k|lt:yfkg u/L gofF ko{6g gLlt hf/L ug]{
• ko{6g P]g tyf cGo sfg'gx?df kl/dfh{g cjnDag ug'{ kg]{
• ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{
• ko{6sLo ;'/Iff (Safety & Security) df ;'lgZlrt ug]{,
138
• s'6gLlts lgof]u tyf u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3sf] kl/rfng,
• ko{6g pBf]u ;+rfng ;DaGwL Joj;flos cfrf/ ;+lxtf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog,
• cfGtl/s ko{6g k|j4{g cleofg ;+rfng ug]{,
• ablnFbf] kl/l:ylt / cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z cg';f/ ko{6gaf]8{sf] k'gM;+/rgf ug]{,
• g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) dgfpg] lg0f{o e};s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;lrjfno u7g u/L sfo{
cuf8L a9fpg] .
cf_ dWosflng sfo{lbzf
• e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgf÷;Dkbfx?sf] k'gMlgdf{0f
• ko{6g ljljlws/0f tyf u'0f:t/df j[l4
• g]kfn ko{6g u'0f:t/ k|dfl0fs/0f k|bfg ug]{ k4tLsf] ljsf; ug]{
• xf]6n cfjf;sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/
• uGtJox?sf] klxrfg, k|j4{g tyf ahfl/s/0f
• /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx? -ljdfg:yn, b'|t dfu{ cflb_;dod} lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug]{
O_ lg/Gt/ ub}{ hfg' kg]{
• låkIfLo xjfO{ ;Demf}tf ub}{ hfg]
• ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu ljleGg ;Defjgf ePsf b]zx?;+u MoU ug]{
• j}b]lzs ko{6gnfO{ tYout agfpg tyf b]zut ?kdf ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ Country-wise
Tourism Promotion Strategy tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
• k"jf{wf/df nufgL j[l4 ug]{
• jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgfdf hf]8 lbg]
• k/Dk/fut df}lns ;+:s[ltx?sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{
• cfjZostf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ko{6g a|f08 tyf ;x j|f08sf] ljsf; ug]{
• ko{6g d]nf tyf pT;jx?sf] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;xeflutf
• kbofqf tyf kj{tf/f]x0fsf qmddf cfOkg]{ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{
• ko{6g If]qdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{
• ko{6gdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{
• Jofj;flos Pjd\ bIf hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{
139
lgisif{
g]kfn ljZj ko{6g dfglrqdf k|d'v ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynsf] ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg /fli6«o
cy{tGqdf o;sf] of]ubfg ck]lIft ?kdf a9fpg ;lsPsf]] 5}g . g]kfnn] x/]s jif{ ljZj ko{6gsf]
hDdf )=! k|ltzt tyf ;fs{df e|d0f ug]{ ko{6s dWo] sl/a ^ k|ltzt dfq ljb]zL ko{6s
leq\ofpg] u/]sf] tYof+saf6 b]lvG5 . ljZj ko{6g sf/f]jf/sf] hDdf )=)# k|ltzt / ;fs{ ko{6g
sf/f]jf/sf] sl/a !=% k|ltzt /sd g]kfnsf] efudf kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf]
r/0f;Fu} g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts l:y/tf tyf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ;'wf/sf] cj:yfn] ko{6g If]qdf
cfzfsf ls/0fx? km}lnPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f / e"ldsf] pRr d"Noa[l4sf sf/0f
k|frLg ;Dkbfx?sf] cltqmd0f a9\b} hfg', ko{6sx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] ;jfndf sdhf]/ l:ylt b]lvg',
c;'/lIft xjfO{ ofqfsf] ;"lrdf g]kfn kl//xg', ;]jf eGbf klg 8n/ pGd'v Jofj;flos
dfgl;stfsf] k|j[lQ g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf 5 .
;du| g]kfn / k|fb]lzs tx;Ddsf] ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu gofF ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, gof
kl/l:ylt / cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z cg's"n x'g] u/L gofF ko{6g gLlt tyf P]g, sfg'gx? agfO{ nfu"
ug]{, e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgf÷;Dkbfx?sf] tTsfn k'g{lgdf{0f ug]{, ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ xjfO{
;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, k"jf{wf/df nufgL j[l4 ug]{, ko{6g ljljlws/0f tyf u'0f:t/df j[l4,
k/Dk/fut df}lns ;+:s[ltx?sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{, Joj;flos, bIf hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{,
uGtAox?sf] klxrfg, k|j4{g tyf ahf/Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;f] ug{ ;s]df /fli6«o
cy{tGqdf ko{6g If]qsf] of]ubfg pNn]Vo ?kdf a9\g ;Sb5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? M–
• cfjlws of]hgfx?, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
• The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017, World Economic Forum.
• Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2017, World Travel & Tourism Council.
• jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg k|ltj]bg @)&$, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, sf7df8f} .
• ko{6g gLlt, @)^% ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, sf7df8f} .
• g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ko{6g /0fgLlts of]hgf @)!^—@)@% ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno,
sf7df8f} .
• National Review of Sustainable Development Goals July 2017, National Planning Commission,
Kathmandu.
• lbuf] ljsf;sf nIoM ;Gbe{ g]kfn -k|sfz zdf{ 9sfn_, /fh:j -jif{ #& c+s @_, /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd
s]Gb|, sf7df8f} .
• g]kfnL ko{6gsf r'gf}tL -k|sfz zdf{ 9sfn_, sf/f]jf/ b}lgs @)&$÷)&÷@#
140
g]kfndf ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnL M ljBdfg cj:yf / ;d:ofx?
" ?b|k|;fb e§
;f/+fz
Ps b]zsf] ;/sf/n] csf]{ b]zsf] ;/sf/ jf ax'/fli6«o ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt ug]{ C0f tyf
cg'bfgnfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf elgG5 . j}b]lzs >f]t ePsf] cfof]hgfdf ;'?df g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
>f]taf6 vr{ u/L kl5 pQm /sd bft[;+:yf÷/fi6«;Fu dfu u/L k|fKt ug]{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmof
jf dfWod ;f]wegf{ xf] . g]kfndf kl5Nnf cfly{s jif{df ;f]wegf{ tkm{sf] ah]6 / ;f]wegf{ lng
afFsL /sd a9\bf] qmddf 5 . t/ ;do cGt/fndf k|fKt x'g] ;f]wegf /sdsf] c+s a9\g' cfkm}df
;d:of xf]Og . ;dodf ;f]wegf{ k|fKt gx'g' jf l9nf k|fKt x'g' / cfof]hgf aGb eO{ ;f]wegf{
/sd k|fKt gx'g' ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLsf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ . ;dodf ;f]wegf{ lng g;Sbf ;/sf/n]
vr{ Joj:yfkg ug{ dxFª\uf] Aofhdf C0f lng' kg]{, ;f]wegf{ lng g;Sbf lkmtf{ gug]{ u/L k|fKt
cg'bfg / ;x'lntok"0f{ C0f u'dfO{ cGttM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]tdf rfk kg{ hfG5 . ;f]wegf{{
/sd ;dodf k|fKt gx'g' jf k|fKt g} gx'g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx?df cfof]hgfdf bIf / k|ltj4
sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg', k|ltj]bg / dfukq ;dod} k7fpg g;Sg', cfly{s sfo{ljlw
lgodfjnL tyf ;f]wegf{sf zt{sf] kfngf gx'g', cfof]hgf ;dGjo sfof{non] ;dod} ;dGjo,
cg'udg tyf lgb]{zg ug{ g;Sg', s'g sd{rf/Lsf] kfnfdf slt ;f]wegf{ lng afFsL 5 egL
clen]v /fvL k'/:s[t ug]{ Joj:yf gx'g', dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
sfof{non] ;f]wegf{ afFsLsf] ;dodf cg'udg u/L k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f tTsfn ;'wf/df nfu' u/fpg
g;Sg', ;f]wegf{ lng g;lsg] aGb cfof]hgf lx;fa km/kmf/s x'g g;Sg' cflb x'g\ . ctM
;f]wegf{nfO{ ;doj4 agfpg bIf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, r':t k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL, ljQLo ;'zf;g,
cfof]hgf ;dGjo tyf sfof{Gjog sfof{no nufot ;Da4 lgsfosf] ;Ifdtf / ;lqmotf hf]8
lbg' k5{ .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf
ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/nfO{ ljQLo
>f]tsf] cfjZos k5{ . /fh:j, j}b]lzs ;xfotf, cfGtl/s C0f ;/sf/L ljQsf k|d'v >f]t x'g\ .
j}b]lzs÷ljsf; ;xfotf eGgfn] Ps ;/sf/÷;/sf/L lgsfon] csf]{ b]zsf] ;/sf/ jf ax'/fli6«o
;+:yfaf6 k|fKt x'g] C0f tyf cg'bfgnfO{ a'lemG5 . j}b]lzs C0f lglZrt ;dodf ;fjfF Aofh ;lxt
lkmtf{ ug]{ ;/sf/n] lnPsf] /sd xf] eg] cg'bfg /sd k|fksn] vr{ u/]kl5 bftfnfO{ lkmtf{÷e'QmfgL
ug'{ gkg]{ u/L kfPsf] ;xfotf xf] . o:tf] C0f tyf cg'bfg /sd ax'kIfLo -ljZj a}Í, PlzofnL
ljsf; a}Í, o'Pgl8kL_ / b'O{kIfLo cGo d'n's;Fu ;Demf}tfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . C0f– gub, ;f]wegf{ /
;f]em} e'QmfgL k|lqmofaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . cg'bfg– gub, ;f]wegf{, ;f]em} e'QmfgL, j:t'ut, k|fljlws /
…6g{sLÚ sf] k|lqmofaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . :jb]zL jrt tyf nufgL aLrsf] vf8n k"/f ug{ jf 3f6f ah]6
k"/f ug{ / j}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{g ug{] p2]Zon] j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng ul/G5 .

" pk–dxfn]vf lgoGqs, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ .
141
;f]wegf{ k|0ffnL
j}b]lzs ;xfotf d"ntM gub -clu|d e'QmfgL_, ;f]wegf{, ;f]em} e'QmfgL / k|ltj4 kq u/L rf/
k|lqmof÷dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ oL rf/j6f dfWod dWo] ;f]wegf{ Ps
dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmof÷dfWod xf] . bft[ kIf / g]kfn ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] ;xof]u ;Demf}tf cg';f/ bft[
;+:yf÷/fi6«af6 Joxf]l/g] vr{ ;'?df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] >f]taf6 vr{ u/L kl5 pQm /sd
bft[;+:yf÷/fi6«;Fu dfu u/L k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof÷dfWod g} ;f]wegf{ xf] . ;f]wegf{ x'g] /sddf
;f]wegf{ x'g] C0f tyf cg'bfg kb{5 . ;f]wegf{ /sdnfO{ …l/elNjË km08Ú klg elgG5 . of] sf]if
k|zf;gsf] k|d'v c+u klg xf] . ;f]wegf{ /sd vr{ u/]sf] lglZrt ;dokl5 dfq k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf
o;nfO{ ;do cGt/ e'QmfgL -6fOd Uofk k|flKt_ klg elgG5 . cyf{t ;xof]u ;Demf}tf kl5
ah]6df pNn]lvt /sd bftfn] clu|d ?kdf ;/sf/nfO{ e'QmfgL glbO{ ;DalGwt cfof]hgfdf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;|f]taf6 vr{ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfon] vr{ /sd dfu u/L bft[ kIfaf6 pQm /sd k"lt{
ul/lbg] dfWod xf] .
g]kfndf ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnL
bft[;+:yf÷/fi6« / g]kfn ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] ;xof]u ;Demf}tf cg';f/ bftfn] k|bfg ug]{ ;f]wegf{
/sd ;/sf/sf] ah]6df ;dfj]z ug]{, ;DalGwt cfof]hgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] >f]taf6 ;'?df vr{
ug]{, n]vf+sg u/L bft[ lgsfo÷kIf ;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z u/L vr{ :jLs[tL u/fpg] / vr{ /sd
k|fKt ug{ dfukq k7fpg], dfukqsf] zf]wvf]h -kmnf]ck_ ug]{, bft[kIfaf6 /sd k|fKt ug]{ / ;f]
k|flKtsf] clen]v /fVg] ;dli6ut k4ltnfO{ ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnL elgG5 . ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnL bftf /
cfof]hgfsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ klg km/s x'g ;S5 . ljZj a}Í, PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í h:tf 7"nf
bftfx?n] cfkm\gf] e'QmfgL ljlw÷lgb]{lzsf tyf ;xfotf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg
sfof{nosf] dfukq cg';f/ u|fXo /sd g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg ub{5g\ . ;f]wegf{ /sd k|bfg ug{
k|fo bftf kIfn] ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf] gfddf ljz]if jf ODk|]i6 vftf vf]nL ;f] dfkm{t e'QmfgL ug]{
/ kl5 ;f] /sd sf]if k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . slxn] sfxL ljz]if jf ODk|]i6 vftf gvf]nL jf ;f]
vftf dfkm{t gk7fO{ bft[ kIfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt ;f]wegf{ x'g] s]Gb|Lo C0f tyf cg'bfg
vftfdf l;w} /sd hDdf u/L lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . a'Fbfut ?kdf g]kfndf ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLdf
lgDg k|lqmof cjnDa ul/G5 M
` bft[ ;+:yf;Fu ePsf] ;xfotf ;Demf}tfdf ljz]if vftf vf]Ng] Joj:yf eP ;DalGwt
cfof]hgf ;dGjo sfof{no÷lgsfosf] gfddf ljz]if vftf (Imprest/advance and
Special/designated Account) vf]nL lglZrt /sd k]ZsLsf] ?kdf pQm vftfdf Initial
Deposit hDdf ul/lbg bft[ ;:yf;Fu clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lx?n] cg'/f]w ug]{,
` ;f]wegf{ x'g] /sd jflif{s ah]6df ;dfj]z u/L jf cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[tL cg'?k
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog sfof{non] ;'?df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]taf6 vr{ ug]{ . vr{sf]
n]vf+sg u/L lgwf{l/t ;dodf vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L tyf cfjZos cGo ljQLo ljj/0f
cfof]hgf ;dGjo sfof{nodf k7fpg],
142
` cfof]hgf ;dGjo÷Joj:yfkg sfof{non] ;a} vr{ ug]{ cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt vr{sf]
kmfF6jf/L (Statememt of Expenditure-SOE) k'i6L ug]{ lan, OgEjfO;, s/f/ ;Demf}tf,
/l;b, sfdsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f sfuh PsLs[t u/L bft[ kIf ;dIf Implementation
Progress Report/Financial Monitoring Report (IPR/FMR) / cfof]hgf n]vf tf]s]sf]
;dodf k7fpg] . bft[ kIfn] ljQLo k|ltj]bg :jLs[t u/]kl5 ;dGjo sfof{non] ljz]if
vftfaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt ;f]wegf{ x'g] s]Gb|Lo C0f tyf cg'bfg vftfdf /sd
6«fG;km/ ug]{ . pQm 6«fG;km/ /sdsf] sf]ifk"lt{ (replenishment) sf] nflu bft[ lgsfoaf6
dfukq (withdrawal Application) e/L sf]ifk"lt{ lnOG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ cfof]hgf ;dGjo
sfof{non] PsLs[t vr{ ;DaGwL ljQLo k|ltj]bgx?, vr{{ k'i6L ug]{ sfuhft / ;f]wegf{
dfukq bft[ kIfsxfF k7fpg] / bft[ kIfn] ljQLo ljj/0f :jLs[t u/L ufXo vr{÷;f]wegf{
lbg'kg]{ /sd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo C0f tyf cg'bfg vftfdf l;w} ;f]wegf{
ul/lbg] Joj:yf 5 .
` cfof]hgfsf] ljz]if vftfaf6 6«fG;km/ eO{ cfPsf] jf bft[ kIfaf6 l;w} ;f]wegf{ k7fPsf]
/sd ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf] gfddf k|flKtsf] s]Gb|Lo n]vf /fVg] sfo{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs
sfof{non] ub{5 .
;f]wegf{df ljlgof]lht ah]6

tflnsf g++= !
cfly{s jif{ )^(÷&) )&)÷&! )&!÷&@ )&@÷&# )&#÷&$
;f]wegf{ /sddf ljlgof]lht $@=)! %!=(# %#=*$ ^*=)^ !#^=$&
-cg'bfg tyf C0f_ ?=ca{df
j[l4 b/ – @$Ü $Ü @^Ü !)!Ü
cg'bfgsf] c+z ^(Ü &!Ü ^%Ü %%Ü $^Ü
C0fsf] c+z #!Ü @(Ü #%Ü $%Ü %$Ü
-cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) b]lv @)&# .&&$ ;Ddsf ah]6 aStJo_
tflnsf g+= ! df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6df j}b]lzs ;xfotf cGtu{t ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt x'g]
kfFr aif{sf] ljlgof]lht ah]6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cf=a=@)^(÷&) df ;f]wegf{ x'g] ah]6
?= $@ ca{ ! s/f]8 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]df @)&#÷&$ df ?=!#^ ca{ $& s/f]8 ljlgof]hg ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ah]6 cÍsf] lx;fan] ;f]wegf{af6 k|fKt x'g] /sdsf] cfsf/ kl5Nnf jif{df a9\bf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ )&)÷&! df cl3Nnf] cf=j=eGbf sl/a rf}aL; k|ltzt ;f]wegf{ x'g] ah]6 /sd j[l4
ePsf] 5 . o;} u/L cf=j= @)&!÷&@, )&@÷&# / )&#÷&$ df qmdzM rf/, 5AaL; / Ps;o
Ps k|ltztn] ;f]wegf{ x'g] ah]6 /sd a9]sf] 5 . o:t} C0f cGt{utsf] ;f]wegf{ x'g] ah]6 /sd
kl5Nnf jif{df a9]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cg'bfg /sd 36\g] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
143
;f]wegf{ lng afFsL /sd
tflnsf g++= @
cfly{s aif{ )^(÷&) )&)÷&! )&!÷&@ )&@÷&# )&#÷&$
;f]wegf{ aFfsL /sd ca{df @(=&# @!=&$ @(=(# #^=*% $#=*%+
j[l4b/ -@&Ü @*Ü @#Ü !(Ü
cg'bfg c+z &)Ü &(Ü &!Ü ^!Ü $%Ü
C0f c+z #)Ü @!Ü @(Ü #(Ü %%Ü
-;
;f]wegf{sf] cfly{s ljj/0f, cf=j= )^(÷&)––)&#÷&$_
o; k|f/lDes ljj/0fdf cf=j= @)&@÷&# ;Dddf aGb cfof]hgfdf ;f]wegf{ lng afFsL sl/a
PsfpGg s/f]8 ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .
Tfflnsf g+= @ df cf=j= @)^(÷&) b]lv )&#÷&$ ;Ddsf] ;f]wegf{ lng aFfsL /sd pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ )&)÷&! df cl3Nnf] cf=j=eGbf sl/a ;QfO; k|ltzt ;f]wegf{ lng
aFfsL /sd 36]sf] 5 . cf=j= )&!÷&@, )&@÷&# / )&#÷&$ df eg] pQm /sd qmdzM c7\7fO;,
t]O; / pGgfO; k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf g+= ! / @ sf] cWoog ubf{ cf=j= )&)÷&!, )&!÷&@, )&@÷&# / )&#÷&$ df qmdzM
rf}aL;, rf/, 5AaL; / Ps;o Ps k|ltztn] ;f]wegf{ x'g] ah]6 /sd a9]sf] 5 . pQm rf/
cf=j= df ;f]wegf{ lng aFfsL /sd eg] qmdzM ;QfO; -C0ffTds_, c7\7fO;, t]O; / pGgfO;
k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cf=j=@)&!÷&@ afx]s ljlgof]lht ah]6 a[l4b/ eGbf ;f]wegf{ lng afFsL
/sdsf] j[l4b/ 36]sf] b]lvG5 . ljlgof]lht ah]6 j[l4b/ a9\g' / ;f]wegf{ aFfsL /sdsf] j[l4b/
36g'n] ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;f]wegf{sf M ljBdfg ;d:of, o;sf k|efj / sf/0fx?
j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt e'QmfgL ljlw tyf ;f]wegf{ gLlt cg'?k ;dodf ;f]wegf{
k|fKt gx'g'÷l9nf k|fKt x'g' ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLsf] klxnf] ;d:of xf] eg], cfof]hgf aGb eO{ ;f]wegf{
/sd k|fKt gx'g' ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLsf] csf]{ ;d:of xf] . ;dodf ;f]wegf{ /sd k|fKt gx'Fbf g]kfnsf]
;/sf/sf] sf]if÷gub df}Hbft 36\g uO{ vr{ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s C0f lng' kg]{
x'G5 . h;sf] sf/0f ;/sf/n] k|fKt ug]{ /sd k|fKt gx'g] t/ ;/sf/n] Aofh lnP/ vr{ ug'{kg]{
cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . aGb cfof]hgfdf vr{ ePsf] cg'bfg /sd k|fKt gx'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
>f]tdf k"/} ef/ kb{5 eg] C0f /sd k|fKt gx'Fbf lgs} ;:tf] Aofhdf kfpg] ;xfotf /sd u'Dg
hfG5 . ctM l9nf k|fKt x'Fbf jf k|fKt gx'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] a/fa/sf] >f]t Joj:yfkg
ug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s C0f ?kdf C0f kl/rfng ubf{ qmfpl8ª cfp6 Okm]S6 a9g hfG5 .
cfGtl/s C0fsf] Aofh cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf] x}l;otn] bft[ kIfaf6 kfpg] ;x'lnotk"0f{
C0feGbf dx+uf] / 5f]6f] cjlwdf e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;n] ;du| cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds c;/
kg{ hfG5 . cGttf]uTjf cfly{s j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / ;fdflhs Gofo h:tf If]qdf gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ uO{ ul/aL / c;dfgtf klg :jtM a9\g hfG5 .
144
-s_ gLlt ;Da4 sf/0f
• cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod #& df ePsf Joj:yfsf] sdhf]/ kfngf
x'g' M ;xfotf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ vr{ ug]{ lgsfon] ;DalGwt vr{ lzif{sdf vr{ ug]{,
;dodf ;f]wegf{sf] k|ltj]bg ug]{, ;dGjo sfof{non] ;dod} ;f]wegf{ lx;fa le8fg ug]{,
ljQLo k|ltj]bg k7fO{ bft[ kIf;Fu ;f]wegf{ dfu ug]{, vr{ OsfOsf] sfdsf] lgoldt
cg'udg u/L k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy kfngf gx'g',
• ljutdf vr{ eO{ xfn aGb eO{ ;f]wegf{ k|fKt x'g g;Sg] cfof]hgfsf] ;f]wegf{ lng aFfsL
/sd km¿kmf/s ug]{ ;DaGwL k|i6 Joj:yf gx'g',
• ;f]wegf{ lgsf;f km's'jf sfo{ljlw cg';f/ lglZrt ;do;Ddsf] vr{ /sd k|fKt u/]kl5
dfq ;f]wegf{ lgsf;f km's'jf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf k"FhLut vr{df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ sf/0fn]
s8fO{sf ;fy nfu' ug{ g;Sg',
• sltko If]qdf vr{ /sdsf] rf}dfl;s jf vr{sf] ;Ldf k"/f eP klg jif{sf] cGtdf
disbursment link indicator sf] cfwf/df ePsf] k|ultnfO{ :jtGq kIfn] k/LIf0f u/]
kl5 dfq Psd'i6 ;f]wegf{ k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf x'g',
• ;f]wegf{ >f]tdf vr{ b]lvPsf] t/ bft[ lgsfo;Fusf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ cg';f/ tTsfn bft[
lgsfoaf6 ;f]wegf{ k|fKt gx'g] k]ZsL, w/f}6L, k|ltt–kq cflb /sd jf:tljs vr{ e}
g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ;f]wegf{ tTsfn k|fKt gx'g',
• ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ;Demf}tfdf k|ltj4tf hgfP cg';f/sf] sfp06/ kf6{÷Doflrª km08
Joj:yf gx'Fbf jf sd x'Fbf ;f]wegf{ dfu ul/Psf] k'/} /sd k|fKt ug{ g;Sg' .
-v_ k|ltj]bg ;Da4 sf/0f
;f]wegf{ /sdsf] vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L / ljj/0fx? cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg÷;dGjo sfof{nodf
;dodf k]z ug{ g;Sg' . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{non] ;dod} ;f]wegf{ lng aFfsL
/sdsf] lx;fa ldnfg u/L oyfy{ PsLs[t cfof]hgf ljQLo k|ltj]bg÷ljQLo cg'udg
k|ltj]bg tyf cfof]hgf n]vf ;dodf bft[ kIfaf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ ;dod} ;f]wegf{ dfukq
k7fpg g;Sg' .
-u_ sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;Da4sf/0f
;f]wegf{ /sd vr{ ug]{ / ;dGjo ug]{ cfof]hgfsf k|d'v / cfly{s k|zf;g k|d'vsf]
Ifdtf, cg'ej, OdfGbfl/tf / ;+:yfut :d/0fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L j}1flgs tj/n] kb:yfkg
tyf ;?jf ug{ g;Sg' . cfof]hgf cjlwe/ cfof]hgf tyf n]vf k|d'vnfO{ sfd ug{ lbg]
k4lt ljsf; gx'g' . ;Lk tyf tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/L gx'Fbf cfof]hgf k|d'v tyf cfly{s
k|zf;g k|d'v k"0f{ ?kdf ljQLo lj1df e/ k/L ;f]wegf{ dfUg] sfddf :jfldTj af]w
gx'g' . cfof]hgf aGb kl5 ljQLo ;dfof]hgsf] nflu ylkPsf] ;dodf ;f]wegf{
lng÷ldnfg ug{sf] nflu kxn gx'g' . C0f tyf cg'bfgsf] ;xfotf ;Demf}tfsf] k|ltlnlk
cWoog lagf vr{ ug]{ / gldNg] u/L ;f]wegf{ dfu ug'{ .
145
-3_ ;dGjo tyf cg'udg ;Da4 sf/0f M
cfof]hgf ;dGjo sfof{no÷dGqfno÷ljefun] dftxt vr{ ug]{ sfof{noaf6 ;dod}
cfly{s ljj/0f lnO{ lx;fa le8fg ug]{, ljQLo k|ltj]bg÷cfof]hgf n]vf ;dodf tof/
u/L bft[ kIf ;dIf k]z ug{ g;Sg', ;f]wegf{ k|fKt x'g] / gx'g] vr{ zLif{saf/] 7Ls
;dodf sfof{Gjog txsf cfof]hgfnfO{ lgb]{lzt lbg] sfd :jM:km't{ tj/n] ug{ g;Sg' .
dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] cfof]hgf ;f]wegf{ lng' kg]{ ;do, cfof]hgfsf] ;'? tyf
cGTo ;dosf] r':t /]s8{ /fvL] cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{no / cfof]hgfsf] sfdsf]
lgoldt cg'udg u/L ;f]wegf{ afFsL /sdnfO{ lgsf;f km's'jf;Fu cfj4 ug]{, c;n sfd
ug]{ cfly{s k|zf;g k|d'vnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ k4ltut ljsf; ug{ g;Sg' . sf]if tyf n]vf
lgoGqs sfof{nosf] vr{ ug]{ OsfO{n] ;xfotf ;Demf}tf / clVtof/L÷Pn=Pd=jL=cfO=P;=
cg'?k ;DalGwt vr{ zLif{s / ;|f]taf6 vr{ u/] gu/]sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f u/L
tTsfn a]?h' b]vfpg] / lgoldt cg'udg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L
?kdf ug{ g;Sg' .
-ª_ ljQLo ;'zf;g ;Da4 sf/0f
cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, ;f]wegf{ ;|f]tsf] km's'jf tyf cfof]hgf n]vf sfo{ljlw,
;xof]u ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ e'QmfgL Joj:yfx? cWoog u/L vr{ gug]{,
;|f]tfGt/ ug'{ kg]{ /sd ;dod} cy{ dGqfnoaf6 u/fpg lhDd]jf/ gaGg], vr{ kZrft\
;dod} ljQLo k|ltj]bg k7fpg pQ/bfoL gaGg], sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ ;f]wegf{ dfu ug{
/ ;f] sf] zf]wvf]h -kmnf]ck_ gug'{, cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;?jf a9'jf eP/ hfFbf
s'g s'g cfof]hgf k|d'v / cfly{s k|zf;g k|d'vsf] kfnfdf ;f]wegf{ aFfsL /x\of] egL
clen]v /fVg] k4lt gx'g', ;f]wegf{ ;DaGwL ljlw cg'?k sfd gug]{nfO{ sf/jfxL /
ug]{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ Joj:yf ;'?jft\ gx'g', vr{ xtf/df ug]{ t/ ;f]wegf{ dfUg] tyf
km/kmf/s ug]{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/g' .
;f]wegf{ k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf

-s_ cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]taf6 vr{ u/L bft[ kIfaf6 ;f]wegf{ lng]k|lqmof b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
-s_ ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ljefun] ljleGg bft[ kIf;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df
k|To]s cfof]hgfn] vr{ u/]sf] /sd, ;f]wegf{ dfu ug]{ clwsf/L tf]lslbg' kb{5 .
;f]wegf{ dfu ug]{ sfof{nodf vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L / cGo ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . ;f]wegf{ dfu ug]{ jf ;f]em} e'QmfgL dfu ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] b:tvt
k7fpFbf ;+o'Qm b:tvt x'g] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . -bkmf #&_
-v_ ;DalGwt cfof]hgf jf sfof{non] ;f]wegf{ x'g] u/L ;DalGwt sf]if tyf n]vf
lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] lgsf;f /sd k|rlnt sfg'g tyf ;Demf}tfdf
146
ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ vr{ u/L n]vf /fVg' kb{5 . vr{ ug]{ sfof{non] vr{sf]
kmFf6jf/L / ;f]wegf{ dfu ug]{ sfof{non] dfu u/]sf] cGo ljj/0fx? dlxgf ;lsPsf]
;ft lbgleq pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
To:t} pQm lgodfjnLn] ;f]wegf{ dfu ug]{ st{Jo ePsf] sfof{non] ;f]wegf{ dfuug]{ k|lqmof
b]xfos adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ dftxtsf sfof{no jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog OsfO{nfO{ ;Demf}tf adf]lhd s] s:tf]
/sd vr{ ug{ ;lsG5, s] s:tf] /sd vr{ u/]df bft[ kIfaf6 ;f]wegf{ x'g ;Sb}g
To;sf] hfgsf/L k7fpg' kg]{5 . bft[ kIfaf6 ;f]wegf{ x'g] u/L lgsf;f ePsf]
/sdaf6 ;f]wegf{ x'g g;Sg] /sd vr{ ug'{ jf u/fpg' xFb}g .
-v_ dftxtsf sfof{no jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog OsfO{af6 ;f]wegf{ dfu ug{ cfjZos kg]{
vr{sf] kmFf6jf/Lsf] cltl/Qm cGo cfjZos ljj/0f jf sfuhft dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-u_ dftxtsf sfof{no jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog OsfO{af6 vr{sf] kmfF6af/L / cGo
cfjZos ljj/0f ;+sng u/L hfFrL ;f]wegf{ of]Uo /sd lgwf{/0f u/L ;DalGwt bft[
kIfdf a9Ldf k}FtfnL; lbg leq bft[ kIfsf] lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd dfu b/vf:t kmf/fd
tof/ u/L ;f]wegf{ dfu ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L ;f]wegf{ dfu ePsf] b/vf:tsf] Ps k|lt
dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 . Go"gtd dfu ;LdfÍ -y|];xf]N8_ gk'u]df
;f] k'u]kl5 dfq ;f]wegf{ dfu u/L k7fpg ;lsg]5 .
-3_ dftxtsf sfof{no jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog OsfO{nfO{ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
sfof{noaf6 ;f]wegf{ x'g] u/L lgsf;f ePsf], bft[ kIf ;Fu ;f]wegf{ dfu ePsf],
;f]wegf{ dfu x'g afFsL, ;f]wegf{ k|fKt ePsf], ;f]wegf{ k|fKt x'g afFsL cflb / ;f]em}
e'QmfgL dfu b/vf:t / e'QmfgLsf] clen]v /fvL dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf
ePsf] clen]v;Fu k|To]s rf/ dlxgfdf le8fpg' kb{5 .
-ª_ k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgf leq clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f gePsf]
cj:yfdf klg kl/of]hgf n]vf -cgcl86]8 k|f]h]S6 Psfp06_ tof/ u/L bft[ kIfnfO{
k7fpg' kb{5 . clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/fO{ kl/of]hgf n]vfbft[ kIfn] lglb{i6 u/]
adf]lhd k7fpg' kb{5 .
-r_ kl/of]hgfsf] gfddf vf]lnPsf] ljz]if vftfsf] lx;fa dfl;s ¿kdf a}Í :6]6d]06;Fu
le8fO{ ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf k7fpg' kb{5 .
-5_ k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] sflt{s d;fGtleq ut cfly{s jif{sf] j}b]lzs ;|f]t tkm{sf]
;f]wegf{ / ;f]em} e'QmfgL lx;fasf] k"0f{ ljj/0f / To; ;DaGwL PsLs[t cfly{s
ljj/0f dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf clgjfo{ ¿kdf k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd vr{ ug{] sfof{non] vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L
;f]wegf{ dfukq k]z ug]{ sfof{nodf k7fPsf] / ;f]wegf{ dfu ug]{ sfof{non]
dfu u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf k|To]s dlxgfdf ;DalGwt sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
sfof{non] cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 .
147
-$_ dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] ;f]wegf{ x'g] u/L ePsf] lgsf;f, vr{ ;DalGwt
sfof{no jf cfof]hgfaf6 ;f]wegf{ dfu ePsf], bft[ kIfaf6 ;f]wegf{ k|fKt
ePsf] / ;f]wegf{ k|fKt x'g afFsLsf] clen]v /fvL cg'udg u/L rFf8f] ;f]wegf{
ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
-%_ o; lgod adf]lhd ;f]wegf{ dfu ug{ tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] dgfl;j ;doleq
;f]wegf{ dfu u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf dGqfnon] tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf dftxt
sfof{nox¿af6 rf}dfl;s ljj/0f lnO{ cg'udg ug'{ kg]{5 . n]vf pQ/bfoL
clws[tn] s]Gb|Lo cfly{s ljj/0f tyf ;f]wegf{sf] l:yltsf] jflif{s ljj/0f
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
-v_ ;f]wegf{ x'g] j}b]lzs >f]tsf] ah]6 lgsf;f km's'jf tyf cfof]hgf n]vf l;kmfl/; ug]{
sfo{ljlw @)&$
• cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] bf];|f] rf}dfl;ssf] ;f]wegf{ /sd lgsf;f km's'jf ubf{
cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{;Ddsf] ;f]wegf{ lng afFsL ;a} /sd ;f]wegf{ k|fKt e};s]sf]
x'g'kg]{ . t/, pQm /sd tTsfn bft[ lgsfoaf6 ;f]wegf{ eO{ g;s]sf] eP klg
km's'jf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePdf cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ;f]wegf{ aSof}tf /x] klg >f]t
km's'jf u/L lbg elg l;kmfl/; e} cfpg' kg]{,
• cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] t];|f] rf}dfl;ssf] ;f]wegf{ x'g] /sd lgsf;f km's'jf
ubf{ cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] k|yd rf}dfl;sdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 ;+rflnt
cfof]hgfx?df ;f]wegf{ x'g] j}b]lzs >f]tdf ePsf] vr{ bft[ lgsfoaf6 ;f]wegf{
k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] ljj/0f k]z x'g' kg]{ . t/, pQm /sd tTsfn bft[ lgsfoaf6
;f]wegf{ eO{ g;s]sf] eP klg km's'jf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePdf cy{ dGqfnoaf6
;f]wegf{ jSof}tf /x] klg >f]t km's'jf u/L lbg elg l;kmfl/; e} cfpg' kg]{,
• j}b]lzs >f]t ;dfj]z ePsf cfof]hgfx?sf] bft[ lgsfodf k]z ul/g] cfof]hgf
n]vfsf] ;DaGwdf ;fdfGotof n]vfk/LIf0f gePsf] cfof]hgf n]vf (Un-udited
Project Account) sflt{s d;fGt leq / n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] cfof]hgf n]vf ( Audited
Project Account) kf}if d;fGt leq k]z u/L ;Sg'kg]{ .
-u_ j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;Demf}tx?

• bft[ kIf / g]kfn ;/sf/jLr x'g] j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;Demf}tfdf ;f]wegf{ lng] ;do,
;Ldf -y|];xf]N8 /sd_ / e'QmfgL ljlw k|i6 kfl/Psf] x'G5 . ;fy} cfof]hgf ;DkGg
ePkl5 ;f]wegf{ lng] / lx;fa ldnfg ug]{ cjlw tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . oL k|fjwfg
cfof]hgf Joj:yfg sfof{non] -eP_ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
148
-3_ bftfx?sf] C0f tyf cg'bfg e'QmfgL lgb]{lzsf÷k'l:tsf
ljZj a}Í tyf PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í h:tf 7"nf bft[ ;+:yfx?n] ;f]wegf{ dfUg] k|lqmof
tyf lgb]{zg af/]df cfjZos ufO8nfO{g tyf gLlt ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] x'G5 . h:t}
PlzofnL ljsf; a}Ísf] Loan Disbursement Handbook tyf ljZj a}Ísf]
Disbursement Guideline for Investment Project Financing h:tf b:tfj]hx?sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
l:ylt ljZn]if0f
;f]wegf{ /sd vr{ kl5 lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf kfOg] -6fOd Uofk l/l;K6_ /sd ePsf] x'Fbf
;f]wegf{ lng aFfsL /sd a9g' cfkm}df ;d:of xf]Og . t/ ;f]wegf{ /sd ;dodf k|fKt gx'g' jf
l9nf k|fKt x'g' / aGb cfof]hgfdf vr{ /sd k|fKt gx'g' ;f]wegf{ k|flKtdf ;d:of xf] . ;f]wegf{
l9nf cfpFbf jf gcfpFbf ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s ;|f]tdf a9L rfk kg{ uO{ cy{tGqsf ljleGg If]qdf
gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfG5 . lkmtf{ gug]{ u/L k|fKt cg'bfg / ;x'lnotk"0f{ Aofhdf kfpg] C0f
u'Dg k'Ub5 . g]kfndf kF"hLut vr{ Go"g eO{ gub df}Hbft÷sf]if ;sf/fTds x'Fbf ljut jif{df
;f]wegf{ l9nf cfpbfF jf gcfpFbf klg ;f]wegf{nfO{ a9L dxTj lbOPsf] lyPg . t/ g]kfndf ;+3Lo
zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft;Fu} g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo txsf] nflu 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu dx+uf] b/df
C0f lnP/ 7"nf] /sd cg'bfg k|bfg ug'{ kbf{, e"sDk kl5sf] k'gMlgdf{0fnfO{ ult lbg / ;+3Lo
zf;g k"jf{wf/ Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu 7"nf] /sd cfjZos kg]{ lglZrt 5 . ctM ;f]wegf{ k|fKt
x'g'kg]{ k'/} /sd ;dod} bft[ kIfaf6 k|fKt u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]tdf kg]{ -gsf/fTds c;/_
ef/nfO{ z'Go ug{ ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' k5{ . cfof]hgfdf sdhf]/ hgzlQm
Joj:yfkg, l9nf k|ltj]bg, ;Demf}tf cg'?k vr{ gug'{, ;dod} ;f]wegf{ dfu gug]{, dfukqsf]
zf]wvf]h -ˆnf]ck_ gug]{, k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL j:t'ut gx'g' / cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg tyf sfof{Gjog
sfof{nosf] Go"g ;lqmotf h:tf sf/0fnfO{ ;dod} ;Daf]wg u/L ;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg' h?/L 5 .
efjL sfo{ lbzf
;f]wegf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t cfof]hgf k|d'v tyf cfly{s
k|zf;g k|d'vsf] ;?jf tyf kb:yfkgf ubf{ bIf, cg'ejL / ;Lk l;s]sfsf] cfwf/df ul/g'k5{ .
pQm kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;f]wegf{ x'g] tyf gx'g] vr{÷vr{ zLif{s / e'QmfgL ljlwaf/] cfof]hgf
Joj:yfkg sfof{non] ;dod} :ki6 kfg'{k5{ . vr{ ug{'cl3 ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf sd{rf/Lx?n]
e'QmfgL zt{x? /fd|/L cWoog ug]{ k4lt ljsf; x'g'k5{, k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLnfO{ l56f], ;xh / e/kbf]{
agfpg sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf clej[l4, ;f]wegf{ ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, cfof]hgf
;dGjo sfof{no, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] lgoldt
cg'udg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / tTsfn ;'wf/sf tTsfn ;'wf/sf kxn ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .
bftf lkR5] km/s km/s ljQLo k|ltj]bg tyf yk n]vf /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ a'em\g
tyf k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ l9nfO x'g] x'Fbf k|ltj]bgdf ;xhtf / Ps?ktf Nofpg cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf]
149
k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]q n]vfdfg k"0f{ ?kdf nfu' ub}{ cfof]hgfdf k|of]u
x'g] n]vfsf] 9fFrfnfO{ klg ;xof]u ;Demf}tf / d'Vo bftfsf e'QmfgL ljlw;Fu d]n vfg]u/L ;do
;fk]If ;'wf/ ug'{ k5{ . cfof]hgf ;dGjo sfof{non] bftfaf6 k|fKt gofF ;f]wegf{ lgb]{lzg tyf
zt{x? t'?Gt cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / kfngfsf] cg'udg ug]{ .
PsLs[t cfly{s ljj/0f÷k|ltj]bg bftf ;dIf k]z u/L bft[ kIfaf6 :jLs[tL u/fO{ ;dod} ;f]wegf{
/sd dfu ug{] sfdnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg] . cfof]hgf ;DkGg kl5 ljQLo ;dfof]hgsf] nflu
ylkPsf] ;dodf ;f]wegf{ ;DaGwL lx;fa km/kmf/s ug{ pRr dxTj lbg] . k|To]s dGqfnon]
cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t cfof]hgf k|d'v tyf cfly{s k|zf;g k|d'vx?sf] kfnfdf ePsf] vr{, ;f]wegf{
k|flKt / ;f]wegf{ lng aFfsL /sdsf] k|i6 clen]v /fvL jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt ;f]wegf{ /sdsf] l:yltsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg,
;?jf, a9'jf ;Da4 lgsfon] ug]{ u/fpg] . pQm sfo{ eP gePsf] k|wfgdGqL sfof{no, cy{
dGqfno, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / ;Da4 dGqfnosf] ;+o'Qm ;d"x
u7g u/L cg'udg ug]{ . cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t sfo{no k|d'v tyf cfly{s k|zf;g k|d'vn] ;f]wegf{
;DaGwL lx;fa lstfa /fkm;fkm tyf a/a'emf/y u/]/ dfq /dfgf lbg] Joj:yf ;DalGwt
dGqfno÷lgsfo÷cfof]hgfn] s8fO{sf ;fy nfu' ug'{ kb{5 . k]ZsL /sdnfO{ ;dod} km5\of}{6 u/L
;f]wegf{ dfUgsf] nflu vr{ tyf ;dGjo sfof{nox? ;lqmo x'g'kb{5 . cfof]hgf aGb eO{ xfn
;f]wegf{ k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] cfof]hgfsf] xsdf ;DalGwt dGqfno÷ljefun] ;|f]tfGt/ ug'{sf
sf/0fx? k'i6L u/L cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ;dod} ;d{yg u/fO{ ;f]wegf{ aFfsL /sd lgoldt km¿kmf/s
jf z'Go u/fpg] . o:t} :yfgLo txdf k7fOPsf] ;f]wegf{ x'g] cg'bfg lgsf;f ePsf] /sdnfO{ g}
vr{ dfgL bftf;Fu ;f]wegf{ dfUg] Joj:yf ug]{ u/L gofF ;xof]u ;Demf}tf ug]{ / o; cl3 ;+rfng
eO{ xfn :yfgLo txdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf cfof]hgfsf] xsdf klg lgsf;fnfO{ g} vr{ dfgL xfns}
s]Gb|Lo ljefu jf;dGjo sfof{non] ;f]wegf{ dfu ug{] Joj:yfsf nflu bft[kIf;Fu e'QmfgL
;Demf}tfsf zt{x? ;+zf]wg ug'{ h?/L 5 .
lgisif{
;+3Lo k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogsf qmddf k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] cfly{s, ef}lts / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] /sd nufgL ug'{sf cltl/Qm, e"sDk kl5sf] k'g{lgdf{0fnfO{ ult lbg, ljsf; lgdf{0f
/ ;'zf;g sfod ug{ s]lGb|s[t zf;g k|0ffnLeGbf ;+3Lotfdf a9L ljQLo >f]t kl/rfng ug'{kg]{
cj:yf 5 . pQm sfo{ /fh:j, cfGtl/s C0f / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf] nufgLaf6 dfq ;Dej 5}g .
ctM ;f]wegf{ ljlw dfkm{t ljb]zL bftfaf6 lkmtf{ ug'{ gkg]{ u/L k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg / ;x'lnotk"0f{
Aofhdf k|fKt x'g] C0f /sd k"/} vr{ u/L ;dod} bft[ kIf;Fu ;f]wegf{ k|fKt u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cfGtl/s ;|f]t dflysf] rfk 36fpg' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu cfof]hgfdf bIf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg,
r':t / e/kbf]{ k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL ljsf;, ljQLo ;'zf;gdf hf]8, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg, sfof{Gjog
/ cGo ;Da4 lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] ;f]wegf{ k|flKtnfO{ ;doj4 agfpg pRr k|fyldstf
;fy sfd ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
150
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
• cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}, g]kfn .
• uf}td, yfg]Zj/ tyf sfsL{, 8Da/ axfb'/, j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] sf]if Joj:yfkg, k/fu -bf];|f] ljz]iffÍ_,
g]kfn /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;+u7g, lghfdtL ljefuLo ;ldlt, cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ .
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vf lgb]{lzsf @)&#, dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
• ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&!, cy{ dGqfno, l;+b/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
• ah]6 jStJo, cfly{s aif{ @)^(÷&)–@)&#÷&$, cy{ dGqfno, l;+b/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
• j}b]lzs ;xfotf -C0f tyf cg'bfg_ ;f]wegf{ ljj/0fsf] cfly{s ljj/0f, -@)^(–@)&$_, dxfn]vf
lgoGqs sfof{no, cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ .
• Disbursement Guidelines for Investment Project Financing (2017), World Bank Group.
• Loan Disbursement Handdbook (2017), Asian Development Bank.
151
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf
" dL/f cfrfo{
;f/+fz
g}ltstfn] c;n / v/fa cfr/0fnfO{ kl/eflift ub{5 . of] JolQmsf] cfgLjfgL, Jojxf/ tyf
cfr/0f;Fu ;DalGwt eP tfklg o;nfO{ sfg'gL ;Ldfåf/f lglZrt ug]{ ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
g}ltstfsf] pRr :t/ sfod ug]{ k|oTg e} /x]sf x'G5g\ . g}lts ?kdf c;n dflgg] JolQm,
;+:yf, ;+u7g tyf lgsfonfO{ gful/sx?n] k|lti7fsf ?kdf Jojxf/ ub{5g\ . o;y{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf g}ltstfsf] pRr dxTj /xg] / g}lts ?kn] ;an ;]jf k|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; clws /xg]
ub{5 . o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}lts:t/ ;Ddfghgs agfpg ;]jf k|jfxsf
tl/sf, k|lqmof, u'0f:t/, nfut, kl/0ffd, lhDd]jf/ lgsfo tyf JolQm nufotnfO{ k|i6 kfg]{
ul/G5 tfklg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lgikIf, t6:y, k|efjsf/L, ldtJooL, s'zn / /fhg}lts tyf
cGo k|efj / bjfaaf6 d'Qm u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . sltko cj:yf o:tf ;]jfdf cfly{s
n]gb]gn] ;d]t k|j]z ug]{ u/]sf tYox? ;fj{hlgs e}+ /xFbf o:tf ;]jfk|lt gful/sn] ckgTj af]w
ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] ;fj{hlgs lgsfo tyf ;+:yfn] hgljZjf; klg u'dfpFb} uPsf 5g\ . o;y{
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf hgljZjf; cfh{g u/L ;a} gful/ssf] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ agfpg' g} clxn]sf]
k|d'v r'gf}ltsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fdgfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / o; ;]jfdf ;+nUg
lgsfo tyf JolQmn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f ;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ ul/G5 . o:tf sfg'g tyf
cfr/0fsf] kfngf ePdf dfq ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf k|a4{g x'G5 . o;sf nflu gful/s
;dfhn] lgikIf / /rgfTds e"ldsf dfkm{t ;sf/fTds bafa ;[hgf ug{' kb{5 . g}ltstf
JolQmsf] Jojxf/ tyf cfr/0fdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf dfkm{t k|bz{g x'g] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf ;+nUg lgsfosf hgzlQmnfO{ ;fdflhs, wfld{s d"NodfGotf ;fy} /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL
;Ldfåf/f k|lzlIft ul/g' kb{5 . h;n] g}lts ?kdf ;an hgzlQm k|fKt u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
pRr g}ltstf xfFl;n ug{df d'Vo of]ubfg lbb}+ b]vf k/]sf r'gf}ltsf] ;xh ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd
agfpF5 .
ljifo k|j]z
s] ug'{ x'G5 / s] ug{' x'Fb}g eGg] ljifonfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ lgodx?sf] ;+u|x g} g}ltstf xf] . o;n]
c;n tyf v/fa cfr/0fnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf JoVof ub{5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f :jtGqtf, Gofo,
j}wflgstf, JolQmut OdfGbf/Ltf, ;b\rl/qtf, bIftf, k|efjsf/Ltf h:tf d"NodfGotfaf6 ePsf]
x'G5 . h;n] ;dfhaf6 ck]lIft c;n Jojxf/nfO{ JolQmsf sfo{x? dfkm{t k|bz{g ub{5 .
gLltzf:qdf Gofosf] kIfkf]if0f, ljj]szLn sfo{, c;n cfr/0f, OdfGbf/ Jojxf/, ;xof]uL efjgf,
ljgd|tf, lgikIftf nufotnfO{ c;n sfo{sf ?kdf / kIfkft, gftfjfb, cGofo, ;+j]bgxLtgf,
c?dfly zf]if0f tyf pTkL8g nufotnfO{ v/fa sfo{sf ?kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . JolQm tyf

" pk;lrj, zfGtL tyf k'gM lgdf{0f dGqfno .
152
;d"xn] k|bz{g ul//x]sf o:tf sfo{ tyf Jojxf/af6 g}ltstfnfO{ dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{
o;nfO{ Jojxfl/s lj1fg eGg] ul/G5 . k|flrg u|Lssf] Ethos af6 Ethikos x'Fb} c+u|]hL zAb Ethics
ag]sf] xf] . h;sf] zflAbs cy{ afgL jf ;+:sf/ eGg] x'G5 . g]kfnLdf Ethics nfO{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf,
g}lts l;4fGt tyf g}ltstfsf] ;dfgfyL{sf ?kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fy} g}lts u'0f jf efjgf
tyf /fd|f] cfr/0fnfO{ hgfpg, dfkg ug{ o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . o;y{ klg of] cfr/0f tyf
Jojxf/ ;Da4 ljifo xf] eGg ;lsG5 . o;/L g}ltstfnfO{ JolQm tyf ;d"xsf] cfrf/0fnfO{
lgoGq0f ug]{, lgb]{zg ug]{ tyf k|efj kfg]{ g}lts l;4fGtx? eg]/ lrgfOG5 . ljlslkl8ofn] o;nfO{
bz{gzf:qsf] Pp6f xfFuf] h;df unt jf ;xL cfr/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojl:yt 9+un] ;dfj]z
u/]sf] x'G5 egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . cS;kmf]8{ l8S;g]/Ln] Ethics nfO{ bz{gzf:qsf] Pp6f xfFuf
xf] h;n] g}lts l;4fGtx?sf] JofVof u5{ eg]sf] 5 . o;}u/L Rushworth M. Kidder n] cfbz{
dfgj ljz]iftfsf] lj1fg tyf g}lts stJo{sf] lj1fg eg]/ o;nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . o;y{
g}ltstfn] JolQmsf] cfr/0f, Jojxf/ tyf rfl/lqs ljif]ztfnfO{ hgfpF5 / vf;df o;sf] pkof]u
c;n tyf v/fa afgLJojxf/ tyf lqmofsnfknfO{ bzf{pg tyf dfkg ug{] ul/G5 .
hgtfn] /fHosf] tkm{af6 k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf xf] . o;n] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxtnfO{ vf;
dxTj k|bfg ug]{ / d'gfkmf cfh{gnfO{ uf}0f dfGg] x'Fbf ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L lgsfon] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfsf
?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 tfklg :jf:Yo, lzIff, vfg]kfgL, ljB't, ;8s, k'n, 9n, ;~rf/,
dgf]/~hg cflb h:tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;/sf/ jf cGo cflwsfl/s ;+u7gn] ;j{;fw/0fnfO{ pknAw
u/fpF5g\ . o:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ljZjdf cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] k|efj :j?k
ePsf] dflgG5 . vf; u/L cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLa| agfpg oftfoft, ;~rf/ h:tf k"jf{wf/
ljsf;n] ;xof]u u5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; eof] / o:tf If]qx?df /fHosf]ifaf6 nufgL x'g
yfNof] . ;fy} cf}Bf]lus qmflGtkl5 wgL / ul/a aLr b'/L a9\b} hfFbf ul/ax?nfO{ klg cfwf/e"t
;]jfx? /fHosf]ifaf6 pknAw u/fpg' k5{ eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] . o;af6 gful/ssf
;femf cfjZostfx? k"/f ug]{ lsl;dsf j:t' tyf ;]jf /fHosf]ifaf6 pknAw u/fpg yfn]kl5
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; eof] . cfh ljZje/ g} o:tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? x/]s ju{sf
gful/sn] ;xh / ;/n ?kdf k|fKt ug]{ k|aGwsf nflu vf]h cWoog tyf k|of]ux? e} /x]sf 5g\ .
;fy} o:tf ;]jfsf] ;Ifdtf, k|efjsfl/tf g} /fHosf] ;kmntf dfkg ug]{ s8L ;d]t aGb} uPsf]
b]lvG5 . o:tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? hgtfsf b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ / ;fj{hlgs lgsfo
tyf kbflwsf/Låf/f d'Vo ?kdf k|jflxt ug]{ ul/G5 . o;y{ o:tf ;]jfx? sfg'g ;Ddt, ljj]szLn,
;+j]bgzLn, ljZj;gLo, lgikIf, t6:y, ldtJooL / s'zn x'g' jf~5gLo x'G5 lsgeg] o:tf ;]jfn]
g} ;/sf/ / gful/saLr ;DaGw :yflkt ub}{ Ps–csf{nfO{ hf]8\g] sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o;y{
;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] ;/sf/ / gful/s aLrsf] ;'dw'/ tyf alnof] ;DaGw :yflkt u/L gful/ssf]
ljZjf; lhTg ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jf g}lts l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t agfpg'
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfossf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . o;y{ g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ljlw tyf k|lqmofdf
cfwfl/t, dfu adf]lhd ;fy} kof{Kt, u'0f:t/Lo, k|efjsf/L, ldtJooL, s'zn, kf/bzL{ / ;fdflhs
Gofodf cfwfl/t agfO{ g}ltsjfg agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
153
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg /fHosf] d'Vo p2]Zo dWo] kg]{ x'Fbf ljZjsf k|foM b]zdf o;sf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfg'gL ;+/rgf tof/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; dfkm{t o:tf ;]jfsf] k|s[lt /
gful/ssf] dfu tyf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;/sf/L tyf cGo cflwsfl/s lgsfoåf/f o:tf
;]jfx? ljt/0f ug]{ rfhf]kfFhf] ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . ;fy} o;sf nflu lglZrt sfo{ lhDd]jf/L
;lxtsf hgzlQmx?nfO{ kl/rfng ul/Psf] x'G5 . h;n] lgwf{l/t lhDd]jf/L cg'?k cfkm\gf]
sfo{e"ldsf lgjf{x ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx e} /x]sf] x'G5 . o;qmddf To:tf lgsfosf
lqmofsnfk tyf Jojxf/x? hgzlQm dfkm{t k|b{zg e} /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;y{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf
sfo{ ug]{ hgzlQmsf cfr/0fnfO{ cfbz{ agfpg k]zf, cfly{s ljifo, t6:ytf tyf lgikIftf ;fy}
JolQmut Jojxf/ ;Da4 lglZrt lgodx? ;d]t agfO{g' kb{5 . h;sf] Jojxfl/s kfngfn]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstfsf] :t/ cfbz{ agfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . ;fy} o:tf lgodx? kfngf
ubf{÷u/fpFbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf jf:tjdf g} ;a}sf x'g], cfbz{ aGg] ;fy} hgzlQmsf] pRr g}lts
u'0f ;d]t k|b{zg x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;y{ o:tf ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yfkg lglZrt
ljlw, k4lt, lgod, k|lqmof, d"NodfGotf, cfr/0f, Jojxf/ tyf cfbz{df cfwfl/t eP/ ug'{ kb{5 .
h;sf] cjnDagaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] :t/df pRr g}ltstf k|bz{g eO{ /fHok|lt gful/ssf]
ljZjf; clej[l4df ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ug]{ ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstfsf] :t/n] o;df
;+nUg x'g] lgsfo, ;d"x tyf JolQmx?n] o:tf ;]jfnfO{ t6:y / lgikIf agfpg], ldtJooL 9+un]
k|jfx ug]{, ;/n / ;xh kx'Fr sfod ug]{, JolQmut, kbLo / k];fut cfr/0f cg's"nsf] kfg]{
cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;y{ :ki6 gLlt lgod tyf dfkb08 agfpg], ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{
:ki6 kl/eflift ug]{ / To;} cg'?k dfq ;]jf k|jfx ug{ k|]l/t ug]{, b08 tyf ;hfonfO{ s8f
agfpg] / c;n g}lts cfr/0fnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{, lgod tyf dfkb08sf] kfngf cfkm}af6 ug]{ tyf
cg's/0fLo aGg], JolQmut :jfy{ TofUg ;Sg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{, x]/s lqmofsnfkdf g}lts
;f]r ljsf; ug]{, ;+u7gsf x/]s lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{ agfpg], g}lts lgod d"Nof+sg clwsf/L
lgo'Qm ug]{ nufotsf pkfox? ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} c;n
Jojxf/ / cfr/0fsf nflu JolQmsf] c7f]6, ;dk{0f tyf Tofu / ;+u7gsf] k|f]T;fxgsf] e"ldsf
d'Vo /xG5 .
g}ltstfn] JolQmsf] cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpg] eP klg of] zf;g Joj:yfsf] Pp6f kf6f]
xf] h;n] c;n tyf gful/sd}qL zf;gnfO{ hgfpF5 . o:tf] zf;gdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?
k|efjsf/L tyf ;zQm x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu /fhgLlts k|lta4tf, sfg'gL
;+/rgf, cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodsf] Joj:yf, Jofj;flos ;fdflhsLs/0f, ;dGjosf/L lgsfox?,
pQ/bfoL ;+oGqx? / ;lqmo gful/s ;dfhsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;fj{hlgs
;]jfnfO{ t6:y, lgikIf, ldtJooL, k|efjsf/L tyf gful/sd}qL agfpg k|foM;a} d'n"sdf s'g} g
s'g} lsl;dn] cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodx?sf] k|aGw ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Joj:yfkg
ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf x/]s ;+:yf tyf ;+u7gn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKtL / k|jfxsf] k|lqmof
:ki6 kfg{] k|of; u/]sf x'G5g\ . o; qmddf To:tf ;]jfdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;d]t
sfg'gåf/f kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf] d'Vo Wo]o eg]sf] g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf k|a4{g
u/L gful/s ljZjf; cfh{g ug'{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;y{ g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstfsf]
154
:t/nfO{ cfb{z agfO{ hgljZjf; cfh{g ug{ sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
k|jfx ug]{ k|aGw ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To:tf sfg'gx? dWo] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf
sfg'gx?nfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M
-s_ lj=;+=@)&@ df hf/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! df /fHosf gLltx? cGtu{t /fHoaf6
k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L c;n zf;gsf]
k|Tofe"t ug]{] / wf/f #)@ df ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Jojl:yt u/L g}ltsjfg agfpg dfu{ lgb]{z ub{5 .
-v_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] kl/R5]b & df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . h;df v6fPsf] sfof{no tyf :yfgdf hfg], labf glnO{ sfof{no g5f8\g], sfg'gn]
tf]s]sf] k|lqmofdf dfq sfd ug]{, a'emf/y ug]{, ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;]jf lbg'kg]{ h:tf k]zfut
cfr/0f, /fhgLlts t6:ytf sfod ug]{, lgjf{rgdf efu lng gx'g] / sfg'gL k|lqmofsf]
kfngf u/]// dfq aGb, x8tfn nufot ug]{ h:tf /fhgLlts cfr/0f, bfg, pkxf/, rGbf
lng gx'g], Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{ gx'g], ;DklQ ljj/0f lbg'kg]{ h:tf cfly{s cfr/0f /
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfof{no hfg], cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ljj/0f k]z ug]{,
cfb]z zL3|tfsf ;fy kfngf ug]{, ;]jf / kb cg';f/sf] cfr/0f ug]{ h:tf JolQmut cfr/0f
/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf cfr/0fx?n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;+nUg hgzlQm g}ltsjfg aGg hfg] /
P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf kl/sNkgf u/] adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns /
pQ/bfoL agfpg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ lgoddf cfwfl/t tyf
u'0fjfg agfpF5 .
-u_ ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ g}ltsjfg agfpg
tyf hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofpg 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{, Gofof]lrt ;]jf z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{,
cfkm"n] u/]sf sfdsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug'{kg]{, u'gf;f] k]l6sf / gf]8n clws[tsf] Joj:yf
ug]{, k|jQmf tf]Sg] nufotsf] k|aGwsf ;fy} ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfodf gful/s j8fkq /fVg'kg]{ /
To;sf] kfngf u/L ;]jf k|jfx ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL k|aGw u/]sf] 5 .
-3_ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ df /fHosf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ gful/sk|lt hjfkmb]xL /
lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'FrnfO{ ;/n / ;xh
agfpg] pNn]v 5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ sfd sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L gful/snfO{ lbg}
kg]{ bfloTj ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kf/blz{tf k|j4{g x'G5 .
-ª_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^% df sd{rf/Ln] kfngf ug'{
kg]{ kbLo, k]zfut / JolQmut cfr/0f ;DaGwL ljifo pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf cfr/0f
kfngf ug]{÷u/fpg] qmddf kbLo dof{bf sfod /fVg' kg]{, ;dfg / plrt Jojxf/ ug]{,
sfof{no ;dodf sfof{nosf] dfq sfd ug'{ kg]{, sfd sf/jfxLdf lgikIftf sfod ug]{ cflb
h:tf lgodx?sf] ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xh / k|ToIf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg /
;/n efiffdf ;Nnfx lbg'kg]{, lhDd]jf/L u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf / lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} lgjf{x ug]{,
czQm tyf sdhf]/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ cflb h:tf ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwL
kfngf ug]{ lgodx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;sf] Jojxfl/s kfngfaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{
hgd}qL agfpg ;lsg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
155
-r_ ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^% n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] /
k|efjsf/L agfpg lg0f{o / o;sf txnfO{ k|i6 kfg]{, Od]n, km\ofS;af6 k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{
lg0f{osf] cfwf/ agfpg], ;fdfGo lg0f{odf l6Kk0fLsf] k|of]u gug]{ nufot pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
o;df pNn]v u/]sf lgod kfngf u/]df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dodf g} k|jfx ug{ ;lsg]
b]lvG5 .
-5_ ;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^% n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, l5§f], 5l/tf],
kf/bzL{ 9+un] k|jfx ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{,
;]jfu|fxLsf] ;+Vofsf cfwf/df ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ OsfO{x?sf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{, sdhf]/
dflgPsfx?nfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu 5'§} OsfO{sf] k|aGw ug]{, ;]jfsf] nfut, ;do, k|lqmof
lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;]jfu|fxL cg's"n k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ nufotnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;sf]
kfngf ePdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf k|a4{g ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstf sfod u/L o:tf ;]jfnfO{ ;a}sf] agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy sfg'g tyf
cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodx?sf] k|aGw ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o:tf sfg'gsf] cEof; ul/Psfn] g}
;fj{hlgs ;]jf lxdfnL, pRr kxf8L, hl6n ef}uf]lns :yfg ;fy} ;Da]bgzLn If]qb]lv ;'ud tyf
;'ljwf ;DkGg ;x/L tyf cGo If]qdf ;dfg ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} x/]s If]q, ju{, hflt, efiff,
lnË, wd{ cflb ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? k|fKt ug]{ / k|jfx ug]{ ljlw, k4lt tyf
k|lqmof to ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf k|of;x? lg/Gt/ ?kdf e} /x]sf
5g\, :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfodfkm{t lgu/fgL ug]{ k|aGw ul/Psf] 5, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;+nUg
hgzlQmnfO{ g}ltsjfg agfpg To:tf hgzlQmn] kfngf ug}{kg]{ cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgod agfOPsf
5g\, sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/ g}ltstfnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lng]
k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmddf o;nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5, gjk|j]lzx?nfO{ cfkm\gf stJo{k|lt Odfgbf/
agfpg tflnd kf7\oqmddf g} g}lts lzIff tyf Wofg / of]unfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf
;sf/fTds k|of;sf afah'b klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sdhf]/ g}lts :t/sf ;+s]tx? /x]sf 5g\ .
s]xLnfO{ pbfx/0fsf ?kdf o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M
-s_ gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfo g}lts ?kn] cfbz{ g/x]sf s]xL pbfx/0fx? -h:tf]M /ftf] kf;kf]6{
b'?kof]u, e|i6frf/sf] u/]sf] 7x/, xTof cftÍ, u'08fulb{df ;+nUg ePsf] clen]v /x]sf]_ n]
sfg'gsf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog …7"nfnfO{ r}g ;fgfnfO{ P]gÚ sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n]
g}ltstfsf] bofnfUbf] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ;d]t ub{5 .
-v_ /fHon] gful/ssf] hLpwgsf] /Iff ug{ ;ls/x]sf] cg'e"t ug{ ;lsGg . ck/flws lqmofsnfk
ug]{x? bl08t x'g] / kLl8tn] Gofo kfpg] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . /fhg}lts tyf cGo ;fldKotf
tyf k|efj / bjfjsf cfwf/df kL8snfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
-u_ /fh:j ;Íng ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg lgsfonfO{ :jR5 / lgikIf agfpg ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g .
o:tf lgsfodf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] ljnf;L hLjgz}nL gjk|j]lzx?nfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ d'Vo
tTj ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
156
-3_ b'u{ddf vfBfGg ;dodf gk'Ug] / k'u]sf] vfBfGg ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf sfod geO{ lrghfg /
kx'Frn] k|fyldstf kfpg] ug{', ;/sf/L c:ktfndf sdhf]/ dflgg] ju{n] pkrf/sf nflu z}of
tyf cfO=l;=o'= sIf kfpg g;Sg', eg;'g / lrghfg ePdf tt\sfn k|fKt x'g] ;fy} lgMz'Ns
ljt/0f ug]{ cf}ifwL lghL lSnlgsdf a]lrPsf] kfOg', dfkb08 k"/f gu/L ejg tyf 3/
lgdf{0f ug{ lbO{g', k/LIffsf] s]xL dlxgf cuf8L dfq kf7\ok':ts ljBfyL{nfO{ pknAw x'g',
vfg]kfgLsf nflu laqmL ul/g] hf/x?df n]p e]l6g' ;fy} ;/sf/sf lgsfoåf/f ljt/0f ug]{
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{n] ;d]t lgwf{l/t ;do, u'0f:t/, kl/0ffddf pknAw gx'g'n]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstfsf] lgs} sdhf]/ cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5g\ .
-ª_ af]lS;sf cf/f]kdf ;r]t elgg]x?af6 dlxnfnfO{ s'6lk6 ul/g'÷dfl/g', ckfËtfsf] klxrfg /
k|ltzt lgwf{/0fdf /fhg}lts k|efj / bafa /xg' ;fy} sltko ckfËtf gePsf JolQmx?n]
ckfËtfsf] ;'ljwf lnP/ ;fj{hlgs nfe lng', sltko ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf
3/df g} afnaflnsfx?nfO{ sfddf nufpg] ul/g' tyf afnaflnsfx? hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf
sfd ug{ afWo x'g', hftLo e]befjs} sf/0f blntx? dfgl;s ;fy} ef}lts lx+;fsf] l;sf/
x'g' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;n] o:tf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] kfngf -lghL tyf ;/sf/L b'j}
If]qdf ;+nUgx?af6_ sf] cj:yf lgs} gfh's b]lvG5 .
-r_ lgwf{l/t ;dodf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? lgdf{0f gx'g' -h:tf]M d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf_,
sdhf]/ u'0f:t/n] ;8s nufotfsf ;+/rgfx? agfpgfn] lgdf{0fflwg cj:yfdf g} eTsg
yfNg' ;fy} ;8s, 9n nufotsf ;+/rgfsf] ;dodf g} ;xL Joj:yfkg gul/bfF gful/sn]
Hofg ;d]t u'dfpg' k/]sf] cj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf g}ltstfsf] v/fa cj:yfsf] eofjxnfO{
b]vfpF5 .
-5_ gful/s j8fkq b]lvg] 7fpFdf g/flvg], To;df k|of]u ul/Psf] efiff lSni6 x'g] x'Fbf o;n]
lg/If/ gful/snfO{ o;n] ;d]6\g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g ;fy} To;df pNn]v eP adf]lhd sfd
sf/jfxL ;d]t gx'g] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfo, ;+nUg kbflwsf/L, nfUg] cjlw
tyf z'Ns, kl/0ffd tyf u'0f:t/ nufotsf ljifodf ;a} gful/snfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg
g;Sbf o:tf ;]jfx? k|jfx ubf{ ;]jf k|bfossf] dkfO{Tj clws /xg], cfkm"nfO{ dflns 7fGg],
gful/ssf hl6ntfk|lt j]jf:tf ug]{ nufotsf sfo{ x'g] u/]sfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt
gful/sx? lg/fz b]lvG5g\ .
-h_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;"rgfx? ;do ;dodf cBfjlws u/L k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL k|aGwn]
x/]s lgsfonfO{ cfkm\gf lgsfosf ;"rgf k|jfxsf] bfloTj ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 t/ sltko
dGqfnodf ;lrj x]/km]/sf] ;"rgf ;d]t nfdf] ;do;Dd cBfjlws ePsf] x'Fb}g . o:tf]
cj:yfn] To:tf lgsfoaf6 k|jfx ul/g] ;"rgfdflysf] ljZjf;lgotfdf z+sf pTkGg u/fpg]
u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;"rgf dfu ug]{x?k|lt ;sf/fTds ag]/ ;xh ?kdf dfu adf]lhdsf ;"rgf
pknAw gu/fpFbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt gful/s ljZj:t x'g g;s]sf] kfOG5 .
-em_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;+nUg lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQm cfly{s n]gb]g ubf{ub}{ ;dfltg] u/]sf] /
o;/L ;dfltPsf hgzlQm sf/jfxLdf gk/L 5'6]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
cfly{s a]OdfgLsf] ljs/fn cj:yfnfO{ ;Í]t u/]sf] 5 .
157
lgisif{
lgld{t sfg'g tyf dfkb08x?sf] kfngfdf ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg], ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;a}
gful/sx?sf] ;/n / ;xh kxF'r sfod ug]{ JolQm tyf ;+u7gdf g}ltstfsf] :t/ k|z+;lgo x'g]
/ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf ;Í]t b]lvg] ;+u7g tyf JolQmdf g}ltstfsf] :t/ lgs} sdhf]/ /xG5 .
6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] tYofÍnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf pRr e|i6frf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] xfd|f
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}lts d"NodfGotf, l;4fGt tyf sfg'g kfngfsf] :t/ lgs} sdhf]/ /x]sf]
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] x'g'df cfly{s pGglt tyf ljnf;L hLjgz}nLnfO{ ;kmn dfGg] wf/0ff,
kb tyf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u / o;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ;dflhs kl/kf6L, sfg'gsf] cj1fnfO{
>]i7tf 7fGg] k|j[lQ, ;]jf k|fKt ubf{sf] nfOg tyf sfg'g pNn+3g ubf{sf] b08 ;hfo zlQm÷cfjfh
ljxLgsf nflu dfq nfu" ul/g] sfo{ ;+:s[lt d'Vo lhDd]jf/ tTjx? x'g\ . h;n] ;dfh tyf
;+u7gdf g}ltstfsf] :t/nfO{ b}lgs ?kdf sdhf]/ agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'Fr k|a4{g ug{sf nflu g} gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, gofF
;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;'zf;g, clwsf/df cwfl/t cjwf/0ff nufotsf dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ax'pQ/bfloTj, rlqmo d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL, sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf k|j]z u/fO{ g}lts u'0f yk kl/is[t kfg]{ ax; e} /x]sf 5g\ .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^% tyf
;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^% d'Vo ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf g}ltstfsf] :t/nfO{ dfu{
lgb]{z ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;a}sf] agfpg] sfg'gL b:tfj]h x'g\ . cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/nfO{
g}lts l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t agfpg tyf ;dfhdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{sf lgldQ lgld{t
sfg'gx?sf] kfngf ePdf ;dfh÷b]z g}lts ?kdf cfbz{ aG5 / o:tf] ;dfh÷b]zsf ;fj{hlgs
;]jfx?df g}ltstfsf] pRr :t/ sfod ePsf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu ljZjdf vf]h tyf gofF k|of]u e}
/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k g} xfd|f ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;d]t ldtJooLtf, k|efjsfl/tf,
s'zntf, kof{Kttf, u'0f:tl/otf, ;xhtf, ;/ntf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, Odfgbfl/tf,
;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t agfpg yflnPsf] 5 . ;fy} g}ltsjfg ;+u7g / JolQmk|lt a9\bf] gful/s
em'sfj / k|lti7fn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pRr g}lts :t/sf] agfpg g}lts bafa ;[hgf ePsf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
• Rushworth M . Kidder, Moral Courage, 2005.
• Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
• 8Da/ axfb'/ sfsL{, ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u, ;bfrf/ / g}ltstf, k/fu-rf}yf] ljz]iffÍ_, @)&)
• 9'08Lk|;fb lg/f}nf, zf;g ;~rfngsf gjLg dfGotfx?-t];|f] ;+:s/0f_, @)&@
• k|f=8f=uf]kfn lzjfsf]6L, k|zf;lgs lrGts, @)&)
• o'j/fh kf08], ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, @)^@
• ;'/]z clwsf/L, zf;g k|0ffnL, @)&)
• ;'/]Gb| cof{n, ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ;b'kof]u, ;bfrf/ / g}ltstf, k/fu -rf}yf] ljz]iffÍ_, @)&)
• Zofdk|;fb d}gfnL, zf;sLo :j?k ;+ljwfg / ;'zf;g -kfFrf} ;+:s/0f_, @)&!
• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DalGw lgodfjnL, @)^%, sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
158
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d"ndd{M g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf / Joj;flostf

" lgd{nfb]jL nfld5fg] -j:tL_
;f/f+z
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fHo ;+oGqsf] ;jn, hLjGt / ultzLn kIf xf] . /fHosf] gLlt sfof{Gjog
tyf gful/ssf] ;jf]{k/L enfO{sf] nflu lgoldt, cfsl:ds tyf ljsf;fTds sfo{x? ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gn] g} ub{5 . o;sf] sfo{If]q Womb to Tomb tyf Local to Global ;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5 .
k|zf;lgs ;bfrf/, hjfkmb]lxtf, Joj;flostf tyf g}ltstfsf] sl;df cAan tyf v/f] k|zf;g
;+oGqaf6 dfq gful/ssf] ;j{tf]d'lv enfO{ / ljsf; ;Dej 5 . /fi6« ljsf;sf] lgoldt /
lgofds stf{sf] ?kdf ljBdfg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] sfo{s'zntf tyf
pTkfbsTjsf] nflu cg's"n sfo{ jftfj/0f, >f]t;fwg tyf b[9 OR5fzlQm, ;'zf;gd}qL Jojxf/
tyf g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf / Joj;flostf cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+nUg hgzlQm
;fdflhs df]8]nsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g ;s]df o;n] ;du| hgdfg;df ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z km}nfpg
;Sb5 . g}ltstf, Joj;flostf / hjfkmb]lxtfaf6 g}} lbuf] / sfo{d"ns ljsf; ;Dej x'G5
eGg] ;]/f]km]/f]df of] n]v s]lGb|t 5 . xfd|f] xfnsf] kl/b[iodf g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf /
Joj;flostf s;/L k|j¢{g ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gbe{df l;4fGt tyf cg'ejsf] sl;df /xL
ljZn]if0f ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs PsLs/0f, Gofod"ns ljsf;, zflGt /
;'/Iff tyf ;'zf;gsf] hu alnof] x'guO{ ck]lIft?kdf k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx x'g ;S5 eGg]
ck]Iff ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 .
kl/ro
gful/ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}lts tyf ;+j]ufTds OR5fnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ sfd ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gn] ub{5 . gLlt, of]hgf, ;dGjo, sfo{qmd, cg'udg h:tf Joj:yfksLo sfo{x? cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ef}lts h:tf ljsf;fTds sfo{x? lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, kf]if0f, ;+/If0f h:tf
nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{x?, ;dfj]zLs/0f, lxt ;+/If0f, d"nk|jfxLs/0f, sdhf]/ ju{sf] ;+/If0f h:tf
k'g{lj{t/0ffTds sfo{x?, låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;/f]sf/sf ljifox?, /0fg}lts dxTjsf sfo{x?,
dfgj clwsf/ tyf gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ;+/If0f / k|Tofe"t ug]{ sfd tyf /fxt k'glg{df{0fsf
sfo{x? ;fy} gful/s xs / bfloTjsf sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g lgoldt ?kdf
lqmoflzn ePsf] kfO{G5 . b]zdf :yfoL zflGt, lbuf] ljsf;, gful/s cledtsf] ;Ddfg, nf]stGq
/ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;Da4{g u/L zflGt, ljsf; / ;d[l4nfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{ g}
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] bfloTj xf] . xfn g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k|zf;lgs cfofdx? cGtu{t ;+3Lo,
k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/ lqmofzLn 5g\ .
g}ltstf dfgj lgld{t ;fdflhs ?kdf :jLsfo{ Jojxf/ s'zn dfkb08 xf] . c;n cfr/0f / d"No
dfGotfsf] ;femf cleJolQm g} g}ltstf xf] . g}ltstfsf] cfwf/ kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld, lzIff, tflnd,
hLjg / hut k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f, hLjg d"No, df]8]nsf] 5gf]6, wfld{s cf:yf, clej[lQ, lgod,

" pklgb]{zs, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| .
159
sfg'g / cfr/0f h:tf ljifox?af6 k|efljt /xG5 . g}lts d"No dfGotfsf cfofdx?df s] ug{
x'g] / s] gx'g] lgb]{zg ul/Psf] Normative Ethics Oxnf}lss / k/nf}lss tyf ef}lts / cef}lts
kIfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] Meta Ethics dfgj Joxf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, ;fdflhs ljrng x6fpg tyf
Jofkf/÷Joj;fo, k]zf / jftfj/0f cg's"n sfo{ ug]{ u/L agfOPsf] Applied Ethics o; cGtu{t
kb{5 . g}ltstf g} ;bfrf/sf] k"j{zt{ xf] . o;af6 Odfgbfl/tf, ;Rrl/qtf, lgikIftf,
cfTdlge{/tf, ;xfg'e"lt, ;Ddfg / ;]jf efj lg;[t eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx gful/sd}qL x'g
;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;n] ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf, t6:ytf / u'0ffTdstf clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 . g}ltstfjfg k]zfsdL{df ;/ntf, w}o{tf, PslrQtf, d]xgt / nufj, ts{ / Gofo dfkm{t
a'l4sf] ;+of]hg cflb kb{5 .
hjfkmb]lxtf cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfo{ ;DaGwdf sfdsf] kl/df0f, ;do, nfut, kl/0ffdsf]
;DaGwdf v'nf / kf/bzL{ :kli6s/0f lbg] sfo{k|0ffnL xf] . sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, bfloTj, kl/0ffd
/ gful/s ;Gt'li6 aLr cg'qmdfg'kflts ;DaGw / ;/f]sf/jnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6;Fu of] ;DalGwt 5 .
gful/s ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;"rgfsf] xs k|Tofe"t u/fpg s] sfd, slxn], s;/L, slt
kl/0ffddf, lsg u/]sf] eGg] ;Gbe{df lrQa'em\bf] pQ/ g} hjfkmb]lxtf xf] . k|efjsf/L pQ/bfloTj
;+Dj4{g ug{ /fhg}lts OR5fzlQm, :ki6 kl/eflift pQ/bfloTj, k|i6 dfkb08, kf/bzL{
lg0f{ok|lqmof, k|efjsf/L 6]08/ k|lqmof, e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ;+oGq, k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg, v'nf ;"rgf
k|0ffnL, sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog, e|i6frf/ lj?4 z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt sfof{Gjog, vf]hd"ns
kqsfl/tf, hgu'gf;f] ;'g'jfO, ljs]lGb|s/0f, v'nf ;+;bLo k|0ffln cflb cfjZos kb{5 .
hjfkmb]lxtsf] dfkg ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, Public poll Analysis, ;'zf;g ;'rssf] k|of]u, nIo
cg'?k sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/, #^) l8u|Lsf] d"NofÍg ;fdflhs tyf ;+:yfut pknlAw cflbsf]
k|of]u ul/G5 . o;af6 k|zf;g ;+oGq :jR5 x'g], lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ x'g], gful/s clwsf/sf]
k|lt/Iff x'g], gful/sx?sf] ;]jfdf kx'Fr x'g] sfo{x? x'G5g\ .
Joj;flostfn] sfdk|lt ;Ddfg, lgi7f, lg/Gt/tf, lgVvf/tf, bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf, u'0f:t/Lotf,
gjk|jt{gfTdstfsf] ljsf; h:tf ljifosf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . s'zn g]t[Tj,;d"x ultlzntf,
kf/blz{tf, kl/0ffdd'vL k|j[lQn] Joj;flostfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug{sf]
nflu ;d;fdlos 1fg / ;Lkdf cBfjlws/0f, tflnd, cg'ej, cfrf/;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog,
cWoog e|d0f, sd{rf/Lsf] j:t'ut d"Nof+sg, cg';Gwfg, kf/blz{tf h:tf ljifox? kb{5g\ .
Conceptual skill, Human skill, Technological Skill, Technical Skill, Strategic management
skill, just use of discretionary power cflbsf] h?/t kb{5 . ;f/df eGg] xf] eg] Jofj;flos
ljsf;sf nflu 1fg, ;Lk, clej[lQ, d"No, cfr/0f, sfof{Tdstf, gjk|jt{gfTds ;f]r /
ultlzntfsf] h?/t kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g lgod sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog, gful/ssf] b}lgsL / ;/f]sf/sf ljifo Pjd\ b]zsf]
;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, b}lgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Joj:yfksLo
Pjd\ ;~rfng sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ofjt ultljlw x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cAan, Ifdtfjfg /
To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq, ljlw tyf k|lqmof xf] .
160
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;kmn agfpg g}ltstf, Odfgbfl/tf, k]zfut bIftf / pQ/bfloTjsf]
dxTj ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;kmn, k|efjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo / gful/sd}qL agfO b]zsf] ef}lts,
cfly{s / ;fdflhs enfO{ tyf Gofo / ;xeflutfsf] nflu g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf / k]zfut
bIftfsf] h?/t kb{5 . ctM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf g}ltstf, k]zfut bIftf / pQ/bfloTjsf]
dxTjnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|bfosk|lt gful/ssf] ljZjf; a9|\5 .
• sd{rf/Lsf] sfdk|lt lgi7f, ;dk{0f / gful/sk|lt ;defjsf] hGd x'G5 .
• ;fj{hlgs >f]t ;fwgsf] s'zn / k|efjsf/L pkof]u eO{ e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f x'G5 .
• ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf d"No dfGotfx? t6:ytf, j:t'k/stf, lgikIftf, v'nfkg, ;]jf k|bfgsf]
qmddf /fhgLlts c;+NfUgtf, ;dfg cg'e"lt, ;lxi0f'tf / w}o{tf h:tf Joj:yfksLo ;Lksf]
ljsf; x'G5 .
• ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] k|fof]lus cEof; ug]{ qmddf ;do, >f]t;fwg, ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g,
;"rgf Joj:yfkg, sfo{;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg, ;d"x Joj:yfkg, åGå Joj:yfkg, ;+s6
Joj:yfkg, tgfj Joj:yfkg, hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg, k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg h:tf /0fg}lts ;Lksf] cfjZostf cg's"n k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] jftfj/0f tof/
x'G5 .
• g]t[Tj, ;bfrf/, gful/s ;+nUgtf, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;+j]ufTds ;'ema'em, ljljwtf
Joj:yfkg h:tf /0fsf}znsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf g}lts d"NodfGotf Pjd\ ;bfrf/sf] pnª\3g x'g kfpb}g .
• cAan k|zf;g / Joj:yfksLo /0fsf}znaf6 ;'zf;gsf] Jojxfl/s k|Tofe"lt x'G5 .
• s'zn / hjfkmb]xL k|zf;g ;+oGq dfkm{t sd{rfl/sf] dgf]an pRr x'gfsf] ;fy} sfo{ut
Pstf sfod x'G5 .
• ;]jfdf t6:ytf / ljsf;df tLj|tf cfp5 .
• ;xsdL{{, ;'kl/j]Ifs, ;]jfu|fxL / dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx?af6 ;d]t d"Nof+sgs[t #^) l8u|Lsf]
d"Nof+sgdf ;d]t v/f] pqg] hjfkmb]xL k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• ;dfhdf pbfx/0fLo k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L dfkm{t dfgj d"Nosf] ljsf; tyf pRr cfbz{ /
g}ltstfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• Discretionary Power sf] b'?kof]u x'g kfpb}g ;fy} e|i6frf/ hlgt ;fdflhs ;d:of :jtM
lgik|efjL x'G5 .
• ;]jfnfO{ g} sd{rf/Ln] k]zfut wd{ ;Ddmg] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• Gfful/sx?sf] Voice & Ownership n] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf k|fyldstf kfp5 .
• Supremacy of law sf] ;'lglZrlts/0f x'G5 .
• Responsive & Accountable Governance System sf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• ;]jf k|jfxdf Efficiency & Effectiveness k|j4{g eO zf;sLo k|jGw gful/sd}qL Pjd\
;kmn / lbuf] x'G5 .
161
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf g}ltstf, pQ/bfoLTj / k]zfut bIftfsf] cj:yf
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g lg/Gt/ rnfodfg dfgjLo tyf u}/dfgjLo >f]t ;fwgsf] ;di6L xf] . o;sf]
sfo{If]q Jofkstf local to global x'g] :jtM l;4 5 . /fHo;~rfngsf] ;f/yL tyf /fi6« lgdf{0fnfO{
ultlbg] sfo{ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfFwdf /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs
;d'Ggog, zflGt, l:y/tf, ;'zf;g, dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt tyf nf]ssNof0f Pjd\ lgoldt,
cfsl:ds / ljsf;fTds sfo{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g h?/L 5 . k|:t't zLif{ssf] ;Gbe{df
/x]sf ;an tyf b'j{n kIfnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;an kIf
• If]qut P]g, lgodfjnL Pjd\ Code of Conduct sf] k|fjwfg 5 .
• ;'zf;g P]g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] Joj:yf 5 .
• ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnL Pjd\ /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]usf] k|fjwfg 5 .
• sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfdsf] TOR tf]lsPsf] 5 .
• gful/s ;dfh ;zQm x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
• Media Campaign ;zQm / k|efjsf/L aGb} uPsf] 5 .
• ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fdflhs k/LIf0f h:tf sfo{n] ult lng yfn]sf] 5 .
• dffl;s, rf}dfl;s tyf jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgsf] cEof; 5 .
• Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? ;do ;dodf ;~rflnt 5g\\ .
• cl:y/tf tyf t/n /fhgLlts cj:yf Pjd\ ;+qmd0fsflng kl/j]zdf ;d]t sfd ug{ ;Sg]
h'emf? sd{rf/LtGq ljBdfg 5 .
• sd{rf/Ldf Joj;flos bIftf a9fpg] sfo{qmdx? ;~rflnt 5g\ .
• cfTd;Gt'li6sf] nflu dflg;x?sf] cWofTdjfbdf em'sfj a9\bf] qmddf 5 .
• lgu/fgL lgsfox? clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u nufotsf cGo ;+j}wflgs
cfof]ux?sf] lqmoflzntf a9\bf] 5 .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;bfrf/ ;ldlt agfOg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
• /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| / /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] ;d]t lgofds tyf lgu/fgL lgsfosf]
?kdf e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .
• nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] ;x;lrj :t/sf] v'nf k|ltikwf{Tds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmddf
g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf / Joj;flostf h:tf ljifoj:t' ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ .
• ljBfnosf] cfwf/e"t txsf] kf7\oqmd cGtu{t g}lts lzIff h:tf ljifo ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 .
• sfo{ ljlwut ;+oGq ;alns/0f ug{ website update, Citizen Charter management sf]
Joj:yf ljBdfg 5 .
• Parliamentary Committee nfO{ ;zQm agfpg] sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5 .
162
b'j{n kIf
• e|i6frf/sf 36gfx? lbgfg'lbg a9\bf] 5 .
• Ifdtf, >f]t ;fwg / hgzlQmaLr plrt tfnd]n 5}g .
• sfg'g cfbz{ 5 t/ sfof{Gjogsf] lzlyntfn] sd k|efjL 5 .
• g}ltstf / ;bfrf/sf] hu sdhf]/ ;fljt ePsf] 5 .
• g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] ck]Iff u/] cg'?ksf] :jfjnDaL, st{Jok/fo0f / lgi7fjfg gful/s
tof/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
• gLlt,of]hgf / lg0f{o v'nf tyf Biasless x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
• Accountability Auditing System nfO{ multiple facets af6 dfkg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
• sfo{ljlw hl6n ePsf] x'bfF kl/0ffd eGbf k|lqmofdf clNdmg] cfbt 5 .
• gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+oGq sdhf]/ 5 .
• Corruption index & Governance measurement df g]kfnsf] cj:yf bogLo 5 .
• ;"rgfsf] xs cfd gful/ssf] kx'Frdf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
• ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f / /fhgLltsf] ck/flws/0fsf cf+lzs 36gfsf] b[i6fGt b]Vg ;lsG5 .
• cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL kl/0ffdd'lv eGbf nominal 5 .
• lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ 5 .
• Innovation & research analysis sf] ;+:s[lt cTolws sdhf]/ 5 .
• cfTd;Gt'li6 eGbf ef}lts ;'v ;'ljwfsf] vf]hdf g]kfnL ;dfh cfqmfGt 5 . Money
Laundering & Corruption Control df lg/f]wfTds pkfo k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .
• k|zf;sLo dfgj ;+;fwgdf ljljwtf 5 . sf]xL hfGg], a'em\g] / sfd ug]{ k|j[lQsf 5g\ . sf]xL
hfGb}g hfg]sf] 5' eG5 t/ hfGGf rfxb}g, a'em]sf] 5 c?nfO{ a'emfpFb}g t/ a'em krfpF5,
hfGg rfxG5 t/ cj;/ kfpFb}gsf] cj:yf 5 .
• dfgj d"No :vlnt x'g] qmd a9\bf ljt/0f k|0ffnL Gofod"ns x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
• Role model & Ethical Counselling sf] cefj 5 .
• Right Human Resource in Right Place x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cgf}krfl/s ;d"xsf] xfnLd'xfnLaf6 lynlynf] ePsf] 5 .
• Voiceless, Rightless & Trackless sf] dfu ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L ;f] ;d"x s]lGb|t Human
Capital ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
• Zff;sLo OsfO{df r':ttf / k|efjsf/Ltf ck]lIft ?kdf sdhf]/ 5 .
163
• Ethical Monitoring 5}g . Capacity Developmentsf sfo{x?df ;j}sf] ;dfg'kflts kx'Fr
5}g .
• Good Governance sf gjLg k|j[lQnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
• e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ljBdfg ;+:yfut Joj:yf ;+;bLo ;ldltx?, clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg'Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vfk/LIfs, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, ;DklQ z'l4s/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu,
/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu, ldl8of cleofg cflbsf] intelligence capability sdhf]/ 5 .
efjL uGtJo
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;kmn, ;'zf;g pGd'v, pQ/bfoL tyf gful/sd}qL agfpg
lgDg ljifodf Wofglbg' cfjZos 5 .
• ljBfnob]lv pRRf lzIff;DDfsf] kf7\oqmddf g}lts lzIff, gful/s lzIff tyf ;'zf;g
;DalGw ljifoj:t' ;dflji6 ul/g'kg]{ .
• k|To]s ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfdf Ethics & Professionalism ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ lbg
Social Unit v8f ul/g'kg]{ .
• k|To]s g]kfnLsf] Property Tracking ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;'/lIft National Data Bank tof/ Pjd\
;fdlos cBfjlws/0f ;d]t ul/g'kg]{ .
• zf;sLo OsfO{x?df If]qut tyf ljwfut?kdf Management Information System nfO{ r':t
agfpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs jx; tyf Hot Chair h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;fdlos ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ .
• v'nf ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ .
• ;zQm,lgofds / lgikIf gful/s ;dfhsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• dg, jrg / sd{sf] plrt ;+of]hg ug{ ;Sg] pbfx/0fLo g]t[Tjz}nL cjnDag ug]{ .
• ;]jf k|jfxdf Principal Agent Model dfkm{t public sovereignty sfod ug{' kg]{ .
• Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdsf] ljt/0f k|0fflndf j:t'lgi7tf 5}g . ctM k]zfut bIftfsf] nflu
Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ .
• /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm Pjd\ k|zf;lgs ;Ifdtf tyf Legal Compliance dfkm{t ck/fwsf]
/fhgLlts/0f / /fhgLltsf] ck/flws/0f cGTo ul/g'kg]{ .
• :yfgLo lgsfob]lv s]Gb|Lo lgsfo;Dd Independent and Powerful Ombudsman sf] Joj:yf
ul/g'kg]{ . lgu/fgL lgsfox?sf] Structural & Functional Review & intelligence
Mechanism ;zQm agfO{g' kg]{ .
• vf]h kqsfl/tfnfO{ j:t'lgi7 / k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{ .
164
• ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmof .
• sfo{ljj/0f / sfo{ljlwdf cg's"ng
• lateral Monitoring nfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg] .
• sfo{ljlwut ;+oGq ;anLs/0f ug{ Website update, Compensation Based Citizen Charter
management ul/g'kg]{ .
• Parliamentary Committee nfO{ ;zQm agfpg] .
• Deconcentration, Delegation, Devolution and Third Sector Service Delivery mechanism
along with Fund, Function and Functionaries in Reality and action nfO{ rl/tfy{
agfO{g'kg]{ .
• ;du| k|zf;lgs :jR5tfsf] nflu ædÆ sf] ;6\6f æxfdLÆ / æltgLx?Æ sf] ;6\6f æxfdLx?Æ
eGg] efjgf ljsf; ul/g'kg]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf t6:ytf, lgikIftf, j:t'uttf, ;defj h:tf efjgfx?sf] ljsf;
ul/g'kg]{ .
• Network Governance sf] k|of]u cflb .
lgisif{
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] zflGt, ;lDdng, Pstf, ljsf;, ;d[4L, ;'zf;g,
;dfj]zLs/0f, Gofo, dfgj clwsf/, nf]stGq / ;j{tf]d'lv lxt Pjd\ enfOsf] nflu cAAfn
k|zf;g ;+oGq h?/L kb{5 . k|zf;lgs ;kmntfsf] nflu g}ltstf, k]zfut bIftf / pQ/bfoLTj
k"j{zt{ xf] . ;Ifd k|zf;g ;+oGq g} /fHosf] ;du| ljsf;sf] cfwf/lzntf ePsf]n] of]hgfa4
k|of; cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu gful/s, k|zf;s / /fhgLlt1x?sf] ;fd"lxs P]Soa4tfsf] h?/L
5.
;Gbe{;fdu|Lx?
• rf}wf}+ of]hgf @)&#–@)&^, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
• lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kRrL; jif]{ u'?of]hgf .
• lghfdtL klqsfsf ljljw c+sx?, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, l;+b/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
• k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ .
• nfld5fg] lgd{nf, ;dsflng g]kfnL ;dfh @)^^, e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg, afuahf/,sf7df8f}+ .
• g]q ;'j]bL æk|of;Æ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf / Joj;flostf @)&$, P]Zjo{ k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+ .
165
nf]stGqsf] ;anLs/0f
" k|]dk|;fb pkfWofo
;f/f+z
e"–/fhgLlts cGt/lge{/tf / e"d08nLs/0f (Geopolitical Interdependency and
Globalization) sf sf/0f zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf ;xhtf / hl6ntf b'a} pkNfAw 5g\ . zf;sLo
kl/lw (Governance Regime) df ax'kfqx¿sf] k|j]zn]] o;NffO{ yk k|>o lbPsf] 5 .
kmNf:j¿k zf;gsf] k|d'v ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf /xg] ;a} /fhgLlts k|0ffNfL (nf]stGq xf];\ jf c¿
s'g} tGq) nfO{ cfkm\gf] e"ldsf x]/k]m/ jf ;anLs/0fdf bafj k/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf
(Public Institutions) g} To:tf ;+oGq x'g\ h;n] zf;g k|0ffnLdf hLjg e5{g\ . t/ nfeu|fxL
ju{;Fusf] ;xsfo{ lagf Public Institutions dflysf] e/f];fdf klg x|f; cfpg ;S5 . zf;sLo
k|aGwsf] Civil Society Approach Nf] t x/]s gful/snfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] lj1 7fG5 /
;a};Fu s]xL g s]xL ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] ;[hgfdf of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5
eGg]df ljZjf; u5{ . o;Nf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf] klxrfg b]lv cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍg ;Ddsf
ultljlwdf gful/s ;xsfo{NffO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;} kl/j]zdf o; Nf]vdf k|hftGq jf
Nff]stGqsf] ;anLs/0f / cg'e"lt u/fpgdf cfwf/e"t e"ldsf v]Ng] % j6f kIfx¿
;fj{hlgs ;+:yf (Public Institutions), g]t[Tj (Leadership), k4tL (System), ;x–zf;g
(Co-governance/production) / sfo{;Dkfbg (Performance) sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
k[i7e"dL
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf sf/0f /fhlglts cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k|ljlwhGo kIfx¿aLrsf] a9\bf]
cGt/lge{/tfNf] /fHosf sfo{x¿df hl6Nftf ylkPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut zf;sLo 3]/f (Traditional
Governance Regime) leq ax'kfqx¿sf] k|j]z ePsf] 5 . /fHo km}lNfg] xf]Og, d'Vo sfd (Core
Functions) df ;Lldt /xg'k5{ -Stir rather than row_ eGg] dfGotfsf sf/0f /fHoNf] cfkm\gf]
k/Dk/fut e"ldsfsf] lg/Gt/ x]/km]/ (Review) ug{'kg{] bafj a9\bf] 5 . ax'kfq Pjd\ If]qx¿
(Multi actors and Sectors) ;Fusf] ;xsfo{ lagf ca /fHo PSNf}Nf] dfq ;fj{hlgs dfldNffx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . !( cf}+ ztfAbLsf] k|ltlglwd"Nfs k|hftflGqs Joj:yf
(Representative Democracy) / ToxL cg's"Nf cFuflNfPsf] sd{rf/LtGqLo k|zf;lgs Joj:yf
(Bureaucratic Set up) Nf] dfq casf] a9\bf] cGt/lge{tf / ;xsfo{o'Qm sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;+:yfx¿;Fu ePsf] j}wflgs
clwsf/ / cGo kfqx¿sf] k|fljlws bIftf Pjd\ Ifdtfsf] ;ld>0f (Blend of Political/Public
institutions’legitimate role and expertise of other actors) af6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
ug{'kg{] cj:yf cfhsf] jf:tljstf xf] .

" zfvf clws[t, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no .
166
k|hftGq jf Nff]stGqNffO{ kl/eflift ug{] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffx¿
(Basics of Understanding Democracy)
Josheph Schumpeter n] ;g\ !($@ df Nf]v]sf] Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy lstfadf
k|hftGqsf] kl/efiff /fhgLlts lg0f{osf] ;+:yfut aGbf]a:tL h;sf dfWodåf/f zf;g ug{]
JolQmNf] gful/ssf] dtaf6 clwsf/sf] k|flKt ug{] s'/fNffO{ pNNf]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;}NffO{ cem :ki6
kfb{} Robert A . Dhal n] !(&! df Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition dfkm{t ;ftj6f
cfwf/e"t dfkb08sf] jsfNft u/]M
!= gLlt lgdf{0fdfly lgjf{lrt clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs ¿kd} lgoGq0f
@= cfjlws ¿kdf :jR5 Pjd\ :jtGq lgjf{rg
#= dtflwsf/
$= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿ ;+rfNfgsf] clwsf/
%= jfs :jtGqtf
^= ;"rgf k|flKtsf] xs hxfF ;/sf/ jf cGo s'g} ;d"xNf] ;"rgfsf] ;|f]tdfly Psflwsf/
/fVb}gg\
&= ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf
plNnlvt kIfx¿sf] ;dli6 g} &) sf] bzssf] k|hftGqk|ltsf] a'emfO{ xf] . h'g Go'gtd cfwf/
ePklg cGttf]uTjf r'gfjL k|lqmofNffO{ a9L dxTj lbO{Psf] lyof] / ljZj ;d'bfoNf] klg ;a}eGbf
a9L dxTj lbPsf] cj:yf lyof] cfjlws lgjf{rg / ax'bNfLo ;+NfUgtfNffO{ .
;g\ *) sf] bzsdf k|hftlGqs k4ltsf] cjNfDag ug{] k|lqmofsf] a9\bf] qmd;Fu} lgjf{rg
k4ltåf/f gful/s ;xeflutfsf cNffjf ;f/e"t k|hftGq (Substantive Democracy) sf cGo
ultzLNf kIfx¿sf] vf]hL hf/L /Xof] . kmNf:j¿k r'gfjL k|lqmof (Electoral Process) ;Fu;Fu}
pQ/bfoL k|hftGq h;n]] cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/0ffd (Development Result) df hf]8 lbg'kg{]
kIfnfO{ k|hftGqsf] cfwf/ agfpg'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbof] . d"ntM pQ/bfloTjsf tLgj6f
cfofdx¿NffO{ dxTj lbOPsf] kfOG5 .
!= Vertical Dimension: o;Nf] gful/sNffO{ cfjlws lgjf{rg dfkm{t pgLx¿sf
k|ltlglwx¿NffO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg ;lsg] s'/fsf] jsfNft ub{5 . lglZrt ;dofjlw kZrft\
tfhf hgdt lNfg'kg{] cEof;n] /fhgLltsdL{nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg ;3fpg] ljZjf;
ul/G5 .
@= Horizontal Dimension: ;/sf/sf ljleGg c+ux¿aLr :j]R5frfl/tf sd ug{ u/fpg
ljleGg lgsfosf e"ldsfsf] k[ysLs/0f / cfk;L ;dGjo tyf ;Gt'Nfgsf ;+oGqx¿dfkm{t
;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿NffO{ pQ/bfoL ;fj{hlgs e"ldsf v]Ng ;3fpF5 . ;dfgfGt/ e"ldsfdf
/xg] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿Nf] Pscs{fsf sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ lgu/fgL ug{], ;xof]u Pjd\
;dGjo ug{] b]lv cfjZos k/] jf cgk]lIft ultljlw b]vf k/] lgoGq0fsf Joj:yfksLo
Pjd\ sfg'gL pkfo k|of]u u/L pQ/bfoL aGg k|]l/t u5{g\ .
167
#= Social Dimension: JolQmut ¿kdf gful/s :jo+, gful/s ;dfh, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
/ :jtGq ;~rf/ dfWodNf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf Nfflu :yflkt lgsfox¿sf e"ldsfNffO{
gful/sd'vL Pjd\ pQ/bfoL agfpg e"ldsf v]Ng'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
;f/df, Nff]stGq eg]sf] To:tf] zf;sLo k|aGw jf /fhgLlts kl/kf6L xf], h;df cfd gful/sNf]
cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d zlQm dfkm{t cfkm}Nf] r'g]sf k|ltlglwNffO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf dfldNff
Joj:yfkg ug{] jf/]; jf clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf k|ltlglwx¿Nf] a]Nffa]Nff cfkm"NffO{
hgfwf/af6 cg'df]bg ul//xg'kg{] k4lt c+lusf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f Nfufot ;fdflhs
;'/Iff tyf Gofo / ;zlQms/0f Pjd\ cj;/df kx'Fr h:tf cfd gful/ssf ck]Iff k"/f ug{]
bfloTj hgk|ltx¿df ;'lDkPsf] x'G5 Nff]stGqdf . /fHosf ;a} ;+oGqx¿aLr ;fj{hlgs gLltsf]
sfof{Gjogdf k|lta4tf (Commitment), ;dGjo (Coordination) / ;xsfo{ (Cooperation)
ug{'kg{] u/L k[ys t/ kl/k"/s (Complementary) e"ldsfx¿ lgjf{x ug{'kg{] ljifo Nff]stGq /
ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t tl/sf (Approach) xf] . Nff]stGq jf s'g}klg /fhgLlts kl/kf6L PSNf}Nf]
hgck]lIft ;fj{hlgs ;]jf jf kl/0ffd (Governance Delivery) ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb}g . To;sf
Nfflu :yflkt sd{rf/LtGq, ;+j}wflgs tyf cGo Joj:yfksLo ;+oGqx¿sf] lhDd]jf/k"0f{ Pjd\
;lqmo e"ldsf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
nf]stGq / ljsf; (Democracy and Development)
;g\ !(^) / &) sf] bzsdf Nff]stGq / cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} cuf8L a9\5g\ eGg]
ljifoNf] gLlt lgdf{tf Pjd\ cWo]tfx¿aLr ax;sf] gofF t/Ë NofPsf] lyof] . o;NffO{
Nff]stfGqLs/0fsf] cfw'lgs tl/sf (Modernization Approach to Democratization) eg]/
a'lemof] . kl/0ffd:j?k ;fdflhs ju{x¿sf] ¿kfGt/0f, gjk"FhLkltx¿sf] pbo, cfly{s ljsf;,
a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f, Nff]stflGqs d"No dfGotf Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s cf:yfx?sf] ljsf; / k|;f/
eof] . o;/L Nff]sGqsf] pbo :jtGqtf / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; k|lqmofsf] Ps cGtlg{lxt
tTj (Endogenous Factor) sf] ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . hxfF 5gf}6sf] :jtGqtf (Freedom of
Choice) x'G5 ToxfF gful/sNf] :jo+ cfkm}NffO{ k|efj kfg{] gLlt Pjd\ ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xeflutfsf
ljleGg tl/sfx?åf/f k|efjsf/L ax; ug{ / e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k zf;sNf] ug{]
ultljlwx¿ gful/saf6 cg'df]lbt x'G5g\ / hg ck]Iffsf] plrt ;Daf]wg x'G5 eGg] dfGotf
:yflkt eof] . Nff]stGqNf] hg;xeflutfsf] dfu u5{ . hg;xeflutfNf] ljsf;k|lt o;sf
pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ckgTj (Beneficiaries' Ownership) ;[hgf u/fpF5 . kmNf:j¿k ;du| ljsf;
Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg lbuf] x'G5 . o;Nf] lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable Development) sf] ljZj
k|of;NffO{ 6]jf k'U5 . pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/sf] k[ystf Pjd\ ;Gt'Nfg klg Nff]stGqsf To:tf
cfwf/e"t tTj x'g\h;Nf] sfo{sf/L /fHo zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u x'gaf6 arfpF5g\ . Nffeu|fxL ju{sf]
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;+NfUgtf x'g] ePsf]Nf] zf;sLo :j]R5frfl/tfNffO{ lgoGq0f u5{g\ . gful/ssf]
kx'Fr / k|efj (Access & Influence) a9\5 . o;Nf] ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u
Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . gful/ssf] Voice, Choice and Right to Development :yflkt
x'G5 .
168
Nff]stGqsf] ;aNfLs/0f (Deepening Democracy)
Nff]stGqdf gful/ssf Voice, Choice / Right zf;gsf cleGg c+u x'g'k5{ . ltgsf] kl/k"lt{sf
Nfflu cfjZos gLlt Pjd\ sfg'g agfpg], cfjZos ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{] / k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg
dfkm{t /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ljsf; Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug{] h:tf
sfo{x¿ zf;g k|0ffNfLsf dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L x'g\ . log} lhDd]jf/Lsf] pkNfAwLk"0f{ Joj:yfkg u/L
gful/sNffO{ k"0f{ ;'/Iff (/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / cGt/f{li6«o klxrfgsf lx;fan]) sf]
k|Tofe"lt ug{' Nff]stGqk|lt jf zf;g k|0ffNfLk|lt Public Trust xfl;Nf ug{' xf] . o;Nf] g} zf;g
k|0ffNfLsf] ;aNfLs/0f u5{ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿k|lt gful/ssf] cfTdljZjf; (Confidencein
Public Institution) a9fpF5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿df gful/s e/f];f a9\g' eg]sf] zf;g k|0ffNfLsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;"rs xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df b]xfosf % ljleGg kIfx¿Nf] Nff]stGqsf] ;aNfLs/0fdf
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .
!= Nff]stGq / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿ (Democracy & Public Institutions)
/fhgLlts k4lt -rfx] Tof] Nff]stGq xf];\ jf c¿ s'g} tGq) Political Ideology /
Process sf] ;+of]lht ;+/rgf jf ¿k xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿ ;du| zf;g k|0ffNfL
(Governance System) sf To:tf pkk|0ffNfL x'g\ h;Nf] /fhgLlts ?kNf] cg'df]lbt gLlt
tyf sfo{qmdx¿ hgtf;fd' k'¥ofpg] Pjd\ hgtfsf] cfjZostf, rfxfgf jf u'gf;f
/fhgLlts k|0ffNfL ;dIf NofO{ ltgsf] ;Daf]wg cyjf ;dfwfg ug{] sfddf /fhgLlts
k|0ffNfL / hgtfaLr ;DaGw ;]t' (Bridge) sf] sfd ub{5g\ . Nff]stGq jf s'g}klg
/fhgLlts k|0ffNfLNffO{ hLjGt agfpg sd{rf/LtGq Nfufotsf ;fj{hlgs Pjd\ lghL
;+:yfx¿Nf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .
/fhgLlts k|ltj4tf (Political Commitment) k"/f ug{ agfO{g] ;fj{hlgs gLlt Pjd\
sfg'gx¿ sfof{Gjosf Nfflu :yflkt ljleGg ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfx¿sf] lqmofzLntf lagf
ck]lIft kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿ (Public Institutions) gLlt
sfof{Gjog ug{] k|d'v cf}hf/x¿ (Instruments) x'g\ . gLlt hlt;'s} /fd|f ag]klg ltgsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog (Execute) x'g ;s]g eg] ck]lIft Nffe jf kl/0ffd gful/s;dIf
k'Ug ;Sb}g . h'g;'s} /fhgLlts tGq, jfb jf k|0ffNfLsf] Ultimate Goal gful/ssf ck]Iff
/ cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg cy{ft\ Public Service Delivery g} xf] . o:tf] Delivery ug{]
k|d'v xft eg]s} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿ x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿sf] PolicyExecution
Capacity g} gLlt k|efjsfl/tf jf Delivery sf] k|fylds cfwf/ xf] .
@= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf / g]t[Tj (Institution and Leadership)
;fj{hlgs p2]Zo k|flKtsf Nfflu >dsf] afF8kFmf8, clwsf/, ;|f]t;fwg, kl/eflift ;DaGw
Pjd\ kb;f]kfgsf >[ÎNffx¿df cGt/lge{/ :j¿kx¿ g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf / ;+u7g x'g\ .
ltgsf Jojxf/ sfg'g jf gLltNf] lgb{]lzt x'G5g\ . ;Dkflbt sfdsf] hjfkm lbg'kg{] u/L
169
;f+u7lgs kl/kf6L ldNffO{Psf] x'G5 . o;/L ;+u7gsf] s'/f ubf{ JolQm jf g]t[Tj / cGo
hgzlQm Ps;fy hf]l8P/ cfpg] ub{5g\ . cGttf]uTjf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t hgzlQmNf] g}
;+u7gNffO{ hLjGt (Lively) agfpg] xf] . h'g;'s} /fhgLlts cfbz{ af]s]sf] ;/sf/
ag]klg p;sf] cfwf/e"t bfloTj /fhgLlts (clwsf/ / :jtGqtf), ;fdflhs (;xcl:tTj
/ ;xefj), cfly{s (cfDbfgL, pkef]u / ;DklQ ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f), dfgjLo (lzIff,
:jf:Yo, kf]if0f) / ;+/If0ffTds (;'/Iff / jftfj/0f) ;]jfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg u/L /fli6«o
;d[l4 xfl;Nf ug{' g} xf] . g]t[Tj / cGo hgzlQmsf] ;fd"lxs k|of;Nf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]
pkl:ylt af]w x'g] xf] . To;}Nf] zf;gsf] cg'e"lt / Nffesf] ljt/0f (Distribution of
Dividends of Governance) df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿sf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 .
;fj{hlgs j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg / ljt/0fdf ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf g]t[Tjdf lge{/ x'g]
s'/f tnsf] pbfx/0fNf] yk k|i6 kf5{ .
;g @)!) cS6f]a/ ^ sf lbg l;+ufk'/sf k|wfgdGqL NfL Sjfg o" cfkm\gL >LdtLsf] zjofqfdf
;l/s x'Fb} lyP . glhs} gbLdf kmf]xf]/ t}l/ /x]sf] b]v] . Tof] kmf]xf]/ / cfkm\gf] t:jL/ cfpg]u/L
t:jL/ lvRg cx|fP, Ps ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ . clg cfkm\gf lghL ;lrj x]ª :jLNffO{ pQm t:jL/
Od]Nfdfkm{t k7fP . pQm va/ tL ;lrjNf] jftfj/0f tyf hNf;|f]t dGqfNfosf clwsf/LNffO{
hfgsf/L u/fP . tTsfNf pQm :yfg ;kmf ug{] sfd eof] . pQm :yfgsf] ;/;kmfO x]g{]
lhDd]jf/ JolQmNffO{ To;sf] sf/0f hfGg :ki6Ls/0f dfluof] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Pjd\ j:t'sf]
k|jfxdf zf;gsf] afu8f]/ ;DxfNg] g]t[Tj / ;+:yfsf] ljsf;k|lt slt ;dk{0f / s:tf]
efjgfTds ;fOgf] x'g'k5{ eGg] of] Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0fdfq xf] .
;g\ !(*& df NfL Sjfg o"sf Psbd} ljZjfl;Nff dGqLNf] cfly{s ckrNfg (Corruption) u/]sf]
s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 pgNffO{ tTsfNf avf{:t u/L cg';Gwfg ;'? ul/of] . ;To ;fljt x'g] /
cfhLjg s8f h]Nf ;hfo ef]Ug'kg{] s'/fsf] e]p kfO;s]sf tL cf/f]lkt dGqLNf] cg';Gwfg
k|lqmof k'/f gx'Fb} cfTdxTof u/]sf lyP . k|wfgdGqL NfLNffO{ ;Daf]wg ub{} …;';fO8 gf]6’ df
Nf]v]sf lyP, …of] ck|Tofl;t 36gfsf] Nfflu d lhDd]jf/ lyPF, h'g s's[Tosf] d}Nf] cg'e"lt u/]+ /
d}+Nf] u/]sf] abdf;Lsf Nfflu s8f ;hfosf] eflubf/ d x'g}k5{ .’ g]t[TjNf] cfkm"nfO{ …/f]Nf
df]8Nf’ sf ¿kdf pEofpg ;s] dfq c¿NffO{ abdf;L ug{af6 /f]Sg] g}lts x}l;ot k|fKt
x'G5 .
dflysf] pbfx/0faf6 k|i6 x'G5, zf;gsf] k|ltkmNf Delivery df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]

g]t[TjNf] s:tf] km/s kfb{5 eGg] ;jfNfdf ;+:yf / g]t[Tj cGof]Gofl>t 5g\ . To;}Nf]
;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj / sfo{;DkfbgNf] Nff]stGqsf] ;aNfLs/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .
#= k4lt (System)
c;Nf k4lt (Good System) ;+u7gsf] o:tf] cj:yf xf] hxfF ;+u7gsf ljljw kIfx¿
(:j¿k, g]t[Tj, hgzlQm, k|ljlw, gLlt, sfg'g) Nf] Ps csf{sf] Jojxf/sf] kl/k"/s
(Organic Whole) sf] ¿kdf lg/Gt/ cGtlqm{of dfkm{t lglZrt NfIo k|flKtsf Nfflu
sfo{;Dkfbg ub{5g\ . ljZj a}ÍNf] Law and Governance zLif{s ljZj ljsf; k|ltj]bg
170
@)!& df cf}+NofPsf tLg ljifoj:t' Commitment, Coordination/Cooperation Nf]
;+:yfut k4lt a;fpg] / zf;sLo k|efjsfl/tfNffO{ dha't kfg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5,
h'g Nff]stGqsf] ;aNfLs/0fdf cToGt} pkof]uL 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿Nf] gLltk|lt
k|ltj4tf (Commitment), leGg e"ldsf Pjd\ ;|f]tx¿NffO{ Pslqt u/L p2]Zo cled'v
agfpg] (Coordination) / ;femf NfIo k|flKtsf Nfflu ;fd"lxs k|of; (Cooperation) ug{
;s] dfq :jrflNft k4lt a:g ;S5 / o;Nf] s'g} JolQm ;]jfaf6 aflxl/P jf e"ldsfaf6
kl/jt{g eP jf gofF lelqP klg s]xL km/s kb{}g . k4ltNf] sfd ul//xG5 .
$= ;x–zf;g / ;x–pTkfbg (Co-governance and Co-production)
;zQm gful/s ;dfh pkfud (Civil Society Approach) Nf] zf;g k|lqmofdf /fHo;Fu}
:jtGq Pjd\ k|ltsf/L (Countervailing) gful/s ;+NfUgtfdf hf]8 lbG5 . gful/s z;Qm
/ zlQmzfNfL ¿kdf zf;sLo lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL x'G5g\ . Co-governance sf]
cjwf/0ffNf] ;fdflhs cleoGtfx¿ (Social Actors) NffO{ /fHosf ultljlwx¿df cy{k"0f{
e"ldsfsf Nfflu cfdGq0f u5{ . o;n] ;fj{hlgs j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbgdf
gful/ssf] k|ToIf ;+NfUgtf vf]H5 . ;x–pTkfbg (Co-production) NffO{ k|f]T;fxg u5{ .
;x–pTkfbg (Co-production) zf;gsf] To:tf] cfofd xf] h;Nf] k|To]s gful/sNffO{ cf–
cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] lj1 7fG5 / ;a};Fu s]xL g s]xL ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf]
;[hgfdf of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 eGg]df ljZjf; u5{ . ljleGg r/0fx¿ kf/
u/]kl5 k'lug] ;xeflutfsf] ;a}eGbf ;jf{]Rr Pjd\ pTs[i6 laGb' Co-production xf],
h;NffO{ tNfsf] lrqNf] yk a'em\g ;3fpF5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf] klxrfg b]lv To;sf]
Design, Production / Delivery b]lv cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍg;Ddsf ultljlwx¿df
gful/ssf] cy{k"0f{ ;+NfUgtf /xg] zf;gsf] of] cfofdn] Nff]stGqsf] ;aNfLs/0fdf
;a}eGbf a9L of]ubfg ug{ ;S5 .
%= sfo{;Dkfbg ls /fhgLlts jfb jf tGq (Performance vs . Political Ideology)
?kfGt/0fsf/L (Revolutionary) lrlgofF cfly{s gLltsf k|0f]tf b]ª\ :ofof]lkË (Deng
Xiaoping) sf] It doesn't matter whether the cat is black or white, as long as it
catches mice eGg] Cat's Color Theory Nf] /fhgLlts k4ltsf cuf8L NfufOg] ljz]if0f
(Adjective) eGbf klg ;fj{hlgs lxt / ;]jfsf nflu ul/g] sfo{;DkfbgNf] h'g;'s}
zf;g k|0ffNfLsf] dha'tLs/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
h'g Nff]stGqsf] ;aNfLs/0fdf klg plQs} ;fGble{s 5 . klZrdfx¿Nf] lrlgofF /fhgLlts
df]8Nf Nff]stflGqs gePsf] eGb} cfNff]rgfsf] ljifo agfpF5g\ t/ rLgNf] xfl;n u/]sf]
ljsf;sf] pkNfAwL x]bf{ NffU5 Nff]stGq ljsf;sf] k"j{zt{ xf]Og . zf;g k4lt cfkm}df
Allinall xf]Og . gLlt tyf sfg'gk|ltsf] k|ltj4tf, k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, lg/Gt/ vf]h
tyf cGj]if0f, ;bfrf/sf] k|j4{g / e|i6frf/df z'Go ;xgzLNftfn]] pkNfAwLd"Nfs
sfo{;DkfbgNffO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5g\ . ctM pknAwLd"Nfs sfo{;Dkfbg g} Ps To:tf]
zf;sLo c:q xf] h;Nf] h:tf];'s} /fhgLlts kl/kf6Lsf] ;anLs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 .
171

Source: Co-production Case Studies from Wales/Public Health Wales
lgisif{
sdhf]/ sfo{;Dkfbg / Go"g k|efjL zf;sLo ;]jf k|jfx (Weak Service Delivery) sf sf/0f
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf Nfflu cfjZos cfly{s j[l4 x'g g;s]sf] / ePsf cfly{s pkNfAwLx¿sf] klg
;dtfd"Nfs ljt/0f (Equitable Benefit Sharing) k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf ljsf;zLNf b]zx¿df
ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdNf] ck]lIft kl/0ffd lbg g;s]sf] tYo ;g\ @))) /
@))! ljZj ljsf; k|ltj]bg Attacking Poverty Nf] ;d]t cf}+NofPsf] lyof] . dfly rrf{ ul/Pem}+
;fj{hlgs ;+:yf (Public Institutions), g]t[Tj (Leadership), k4lt (System), ;xzf;g (Co-
governance/production) dfkm{t k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg (Performance) g} Nff]stGq jf
k|efjsf/L zf;gsf d'Vo cf}hf/ x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt / sfg'gk|lt k|ltj4 ;+:yfut g]t[Tj,
cfk;L ;dGjofTds sfo{Jojxf/, ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf d"NofÍgdf gful/s ;+NfUgtf /
ljj]szLn sfo{;Dkfbgn] zf;g k|0ffNfLk|lt gful/ssf] e/f];f (Confidence in Governance)
a9fpF5 . kmNf:j¿k Nff]stGqsf] ;anLs/0fdf 6]jf k'U5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? (References):
• Ackerman, John (2004) ‘Co-Governance for Accountability: Beyond “Exit” and “Voice”’,
World Development .
• Dahl, R.A. (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
• Schumpeter, J. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, London: Harper Perennial,
pkfWofo, k|]dk|;fb M æzf;gsf] ;s;Æ, sflGtk'/, @( d+l;/, @)&#
• World Bank (2000/2001), Attacking Poverty: Word Development Report.
• World Bank (2017), Governance and Law: Word Development Report.
172
;fj{hlgs ;]jf / Joj;flostf
" b]jL/fd cfrfo{
;f/f+z
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 Joj;flostfsf] rrf{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . Joj;flos
cfr/0f / Joj;flos 1fg l;ksf cfwf/df ug]{ k/Dk/fut k|rngdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .
k|zf;gljbx¿ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj;flostfnfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ / ;]jfu|fxLsf]
;]jfk|ltsf] ;Gt'li6 / k|ltlj|mofaf6 x]l/g' k5{ eGg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;fy;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f geO{ Joj;flostf ljsf; ug{ / k|fKt ug{
;lsFb}g klg eGg] ul/G5 . x/]s d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/n] ;/sf/sf] k|efjsf/Ltf
k|:t't u5{ / o;sf] ;DaGw d'n'ssf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;;Fu klg /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{
;]jfu|fxLn] ljZjf; ug{ ;Sg] / k|jfx ePsf] ;]jfdf ;Gt'i6 x'g] ;Sg] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] Joj;flostf clej[l4 x'g ;S5 . xfnsf lbgdf ljsf; k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf] sdhf]/L /
o;k|ltsf cfnf]rgf eg]sf] o;df b]lvPsf] Joj;flostfsf] cefj g} d'Vo xf] . o; cfn]vdf
;fj{hlgs ;]jf -lghfdtL / cGo_ df /x]sf] Joj;flostfsf] kIfnfO{ ;}4flGts / k|of]usf
b[li6af6 ;ldIff ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
k[i7e"dL
c+u|]hL zAbsf] g]kfnL cg'jfbdf x]bf{ cs'k];g -Occupation_ nfO{ k];f / k|f]km];g -Profession_
nfO{ Joj;fosf] ¿kdf cg'jfb u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ b}lgs cEof;sf] b[li6n] x]bf{ o;sf] k|of]udf
:ki6 ljefhg ePsf] kfOFb}g . ;/sf/L ;]jf nufotsf w]/}h;f] sfdnfO{ k];fsf] ¿kdf lng]
ul/G5 . xfdL ;/sf/L tyf cw{;/sf/L If]qdf hflu/ ug]{ dflg;x¿ cfkm\gf] sfdnfO{ k];f eG5f}+ /
k];fsdL{ eGg ?rfpF5f}+ . o; cfn]vdf Joj;fo eGgfn] Jofkf/ -Business_ eGg] cy{df glnO{
k];fsdL{nfO{ Jofj;flos eGg] cy{df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf k];f / Joj;fo
-Occupation and profession_ nfO{ Pp6} cy{df lng] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .
;fwf/0ftof k];f -Occupation_ eGgfn] s'g} ljz]if k|sf/sf] 1fg ;Lksf] cfjZostf gkg]{ /
To:tf] 1fg, ;Lksf] cefjdf ul/Psf sfdsf] u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ eP tfklg To;n] 7"nf] k|efj gkg]{
eGg] a'lemG5, t/ Joj;fo eGgfn] -Profession_ s'g} vf; k|sf/sf] 1fg, ;Lk, tflnd / of]Uotfsf]
vfFrf] kg]{ / To;sf] sdhf]/ u'0f:t/n] 7"nf] k|efj kfg]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 3/sf]
l8hfOg tof/ ug]{ sfd Profession xf] eg], l8hfOg cg';f/ lgdf{0f dfq ug]{ sfd Occupation
xf] . l8hfOg lau|bf k'/} 3/ lau|G5 / ;'wf/df w]/} sl7g x'G5, t/ lgdf{0fdf x'g] uNtLsf] c;/

" zfvf clws[t, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb| .
173
l8hfOgsf] t'ngfdf sd x'G5 . o;nfO{ cem ;/nLs[t ¿kdf eGbf JolQmsf] 1fg, ;Lk / bIftfsf]
d"No kg{] -8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, jlsn, j}1flgs cflb_ k];f Profession xf] eg] JolQmsf] vf;
1fgnfO{ geO{ p;n] ug]{ sfd cyjf pTkfbgnfO{ d"No ltg{' kg]{ -8«fOe/, x]Nk/, lgdf{0f dhb'/
cflb_ k];fnfO{ Occupation cGtu{t /fVg] ul/G5 . Occupation sf] t'ngfdf Profession nfO{
;fdflhs ¿kdf pRr :t/df /flvG5 . Profession df s]xL k|fljlws kIf / k];fsf] g}ltstf tyf
cfrf/;+lxtf / hjfkmb]lxtf x'G5 eg] Occupation df o:tf] k|fjwfg x'Fb}g .
pNn]v ul/Psf cjwf/0ffx?af6 x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ k];f ls Joj;fo (Occupation vs.
Profession) elg cnu ug{ g;lsg] klg x'G5 . kl/efiffsf cfwf/df x]g]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL tyf
cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ePsf] ;fdfGo1 -Generalist) / ljz]if1 -Specialist_ jf ck|fljlws /
k|fljlws ;]jfsf aLrdf o;sf] leGgtf s]xL xb;Dd kfpg ;lsPnf t/ o;af6 klg :ki6
ljefhg x'g ;Sb}g .
s'g} klg Joj;fodf -;dfh lj1fg, /fhgLlt, efiff lj1fg cflb _ Jofj;flostf 5, 5}g eGg] s'/f
kl/eflift ug{ / 5'6\ofpg sl7g x'g] b]lvG5 . tyflk s'g} klg Joj;fodf cfjZos kg]{ 1fg /
;Lkdf lj1tf x'g' g} To; Joj;fosf] Jofj;flostfdf kb{5 . o;df ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/n] pRr dxTj
/fVb5 . sfd ug]{ JolQmsf] sfo{Jojxf/ / k|j[lt tyf pRr u'0f:t/sf] sfo{;Dkfbgn] JolQmsf]
Jofj;flostf lgwf{/0f u5{ . s'g} klg k];f / Joj;fo cfkm}Fn] Jofj;flostf gelg o;sf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotf -cWoog_, Ifdtf -ug{ ;Sg]_, bIftf -;Lksf] k|bz{g_, k];fut cfr/0f /
cEof;n] lgwf{/0f u5{ .
Demirk asmoglu 2010 n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ s'g} klg k];fdf Jofj;flostf x'gsf nflu
k];fnfO{ ;fdflhs b[i6Ldf ul/g] ;Ddfg -respectability), ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ (service quality),
pRrtd :t/sf] sfo{ljlw tyf dfgsx¿ (highest standards), cfTd lgoGq0f (self-control) /
k];fut :jfoQtf (professional autonomy) x'g' kb{5 . o;nfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ ljåfgx?n]
A profession can be called an occupation when a person is paid for his particuar
skills, and his deep knowledge. Persons engaged in an occupation are not paid for
their knowledge, but only for what they produce eg]sf 5g\ . o; cy{df s] xfd|f]
;fj{hlgs÷lghfdtL ;]jfdf oL kIfx¿ 5g\ t eGg] klg k|Zg p7\5 . s'g} klg JolStdf o:tf
1fg, l;k, u'0f / ;Ifdtf 5g\ eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ / To;sf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ cEof; klg
kfOG5 . t/ g]kfndf lghfdtL tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿df o:tf] cEof; 5}g\ . g]kfn d]l8sn
sfplG;n / :jf:Yo Joj;foL kl/ifb\n] o:tf] k|df0fkq hf/L u/] klg To; afx]ssf cGo e"ldsf
k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOFb}g .
Jofj;flostf
Joj;flostfnfO{ ljleGg b[li6n] kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} k];fsf] Joj;flostfnfO{ x]bf{ o;df
b'O{j6f kIfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . Joj;flostfdf vf;u/L JolStdf x'g] s'zn sfo{;Dkfbgsf
nflu cfjZos ljifout k|fljlws l;k technical skills (to do “things right”) / OdfGbfl/tfsf
174
;fy sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ g}lts cfr/0fsf] ljifo ethical skills (to do “right things”) h:tf
b'O{j6f ljifonfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . o;sf ;fy} Joj;flostf s'g} klg k];f jf Joj;fodf cfj4
ePsf dflg;x¿n] Tof] k];f Joj;fo jf If]qnfO{ s;/L lnG5g\ / s;/L ljsl;t u/fpF5g eGg]df
klg e/ k5{ / o;df k];fut dof{bf / g}lts cfr/0fsf ljifox¿ cGt/ ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . s'g}
vf; k];f jf Joj;fodf ;+nUg JolStx¿sf] Tof] k];fsf nflu cfjZos ;Ifdtf, ck]lIft Jojxf/
/ g}lts cfr/0f g} ;du|df Joj;flostf xf] eg]/ a'em\g ;lsG5 (professionalism is generally
synonymous with “success” or refers to the expected behaviors of individuals in specific
occupations) .
k];fsf] Joj;flostfn] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ OECD df cfj4 ;a} d'n'sx¿n] kfngf ug]{ u/L
;'wf/df ljz]if Wofg lbG5, h;sf] tof/ ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] k];fut
kmn:j?k k];f Ps pRr:t/sf] ;fdflhs cfr/0fnfO{ lgDg a'Fbfdf ;dflxt ul/Psf] 5 .
k|lti7f ePsf] / ;Ddfg o'Qm aGg k'U5 . o Commitment to the public good
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj;flostfsf] o Accountability to the public
b[li6af6 o;nfO{ x]bf{ professionalism in o Commitment beyond the law
public service is closely related to work o Respect for the worth and dignity of individuals
behaviors and attitudes of public servant o Inclusiveness and social justice
to perform the highest standards and o Respect for pluralism and diversity
improve the public service quality and o Transparency, integrity, and honesty
it's delivery eGg ;lsG5 . o Responsible stewardship of resources
o Commitment to excellence and to maintaining the
Svara (2009) n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] public trust
Joj;flostfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift (Lewis & Gilman, 2005. p. 38)
u/]sf 5g\ . (the overarching knowledge,
values, and standards of practice that apply to serving society and advancing the public
interest and to securing sound, democratic governance” (p. 1,037) . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf
Joj;flostfn] ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/, ;dod} ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf,
u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|fKtL / ;]jf k|fKt ubf{sf] jvtsf] k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tf / ;]jf k|fKt gx'g] eP
To;sf] sf/0f / hjfkmb]lxtf ;Ddsf kIf ;dflxt x'g'k5{ . Doing the job right, doing the job
well, and overcoming impediments with quality, responsiveness and accountability.
;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj;flostnfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ Public service
professionalism is defined as “the overall values that guide the public service-values like
loyalty, neutrality, transparency, diligence, punctuality, effectiveness and efficiency,
impartiality, accountability and others, which are specific to individual country” UN (2000)
eg]sf] 5 .
West (2010) n] Joj;flostfsf ;Ifdtfsf] ?kdf d'Vo tLgj6f kIf -technical, ethical and
leadership) pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . oL tLgj6f b[li6af6 dfq klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Joj;flostfnfO{
cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . West n] pNn]v u/]sf tLg kIf;Fu cGo cGt/ ;DalGwt kIfaf6 klg
o;sf] Joj;flostf x]g{ ;lsG5 .
175
Jofj;flos r'gf}tL
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Joj;flostfsf] /fhgLlts sfg"gL pQ/bfloTj /
cefj g} d'Vo r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs t6:ytf lgikIftf u'0fjQf zf;g hjfkmb]lxtf
;]jfk|ltsf] hgck]Iff lbgk|ltlbg a9\bf]
j|mddf 5 eg] o;sf] Jof;flostf 36\bf] k|fljlws
;Ifdtf
j|mddf 5 . lhDd]jf/Laf]w, hjfkmb]lxtf / ljlzi6Ls[t
kf/bzL{tfsf] cefj Psflt/ 5 eg] csf{lt/ 1fg
sfg'gL 1fg
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{jm| d
k];fk|ltsf] clej[lQ tyf pTk|]/0ff, k];fut cfr/0fut ;Ifdtf
d"NodfGotf÷ljljwtf
ljsf;sf cj;/, ;Defjgf tyf k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg g]t[TjbfoL ;Ifdtf
;ª\u7gfTds nIo lgwf{/0f
g}lts ts{lzNk
b08 k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfkg / glthfdf (moral reasoning)
s8f tyf g/d
Joj:yfksLo l;k
cfwfl/t sfo{;Dkfbg h:tf sf/stTjx? g}lts JolStTj (IM) Joj:yfksLo z}nL
;fj{hlgs g}ltstf -PE) /fhgLlts t6:y /
o;sf nflu lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . a'Fbfut ;ª\u7gfTds g}ltstf -OE ) ;Demf}tf l;k
?kdf o;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Pp6f glthf
# u'0f:t/Lo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx
;d:of eg]sf] ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf kfpg' # sfg'gL zf;g / ;'zf;g
p;sf] clwsf/ xf] eGg] a'em\g g;s]sf] # k|efjsf/L gLlt sfof{Gjog
cj:yf 5 . a? ;]jf lbg' jf glbg' # lbuf] ljsf; / nf]stGq
;]jfk|bfossf] clwsf/ h:tf] ePsf] 5 .
o;sf nflu kof{Kt pbfx/0f lng ldNg] lrq ! M Joj;flostf / o;;Fu ;DalGwt kIfx¿
eg]sf] ;/sf/L lgsfodf dfu ug]{
;"rgf tyf tYofª\ssf] pknAwtf xf] . Pp6f pbfx/0f M kª\ltsf/ :jod\n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf
cfj4 JolSt s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 lgj]bg n]v]/ tYofª\s dfUbf Tof] k|fKt ug{ kGw| lbg
nfU5, To;sf nflu y'k|} k6s wfpg'k5{ / nf} g eg]/ Ho" xh'/ ug'{k5{ eg] ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
cj:yf s] xf]nf < lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] lzIffzf:q ;+sfosf] l8g sfof{non] Pshgf
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;DaGwg lnPsf ;fd'bflos / lghL SofDk;sf] ;+Vof dfUbf …lsg rflxof] <Ú
elgof] . y]l;;df 8f6f k|of]u ug{ eg]sf] y]l;;sf] zLif{s / cg';Gwfg k|Zg ;f]lwof] . k|:tfjgf
n]Vb}5' eGbf k|:tfjgf n]Vg 8f6f rfFlxb}g eGof] . ;/sf/L lgsfo cfFkm}n] ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{
;"rgf s;}n] dfUbf klg lbg grfxg] k|j[lt /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+oGq sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . s]xL sfd gu/] s]xL hjfkm
lbg' kb}{g, s]xL sfd ubf{ hkmfj lbg' k5{, To;}n] -sf/0f cg]s xf]nfg\_ ;s] sfd} gug]{ / ug}{
k/] yf]/}dfq ug]{ cEof; kl5Nnf lbgx¿df b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] hjfkmb]lxtf
sdhf]/ 5 eGg] pbfx/0f sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ;8sdf k/]sf vfN8f, lgdf{0f k'/f gu/L
5f]l8Psf k"jf{wf/ / dflg;sf] Hofg} hfFbf klg hjfkmb]xL lgsfo sf] xf] eGg] :ki6 x'g
g;Sg' xf] .
-u_ ljZjJofkLs/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f;Fu} cfPsf] lghLs/0f / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]] Joj;flostfdf k|Zg p7fPsf] 5 . lghL a}ª\ssf sd{rf/Lsf]
Jofj;flostf;Fu ;/sf/L a}ª\ssf sd{rf/Lsf] Jofj;flostf, lghL ljBfnosf lzIfsn]
176
lnPsf] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] hjfkmb]lxtf;Fu ;/sf/L ljBfnosf lzIfssf] hjfkmb]lxtf,
;/sf/L c:ktfnsf] Joj:yfksLo ;Ifdtf / lghL c:ktfnx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo ;Ifdtf,
g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] u'0f:t/ / Pg;]nsf] u'0f:t/ -s]xL dxFuf] ePklg_ t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg]
;/sf/L ;]jfsf] Jofj;flostf dfly y'k|} k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .
-3_ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sbf lghfdtL ;]jfdf
Jofj;flostfsf] cEof; sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf xfdLn] of]Uotf k|0ffnL
elg/xFbf of] of]Uotfsf] s'/f nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;;Ddsf nflu dfq ;Lldt ePsf]
5 . lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ubf{, bIftf / ;Ifdtf d"Nofª\sgdf Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf] d"Nofª\sg x'g
;s]sf] 5}g .
-ª_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj;flostf eg]sf] /fhgLlts ?kdf t6:ytf / lgZkIftf xf] . t/
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /fhgLlts t6:ytf sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/ kl/jt{g
x'gf;fy dGqfnodf kl/jt{g x'g] ;lrj, ljleGg ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|d'v, ljefuLo k|d'v
tyf lhNnf l:yt sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v ;d]t kl/jt{g x'g] k|rng ;+:sf/ aGg nfu]sf]
cj:yf 5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Joj;flostf clej[l4 x'g ;Sb}g .
-r_ Joj;flostf ;DaGwL cjwf/0f d} k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 ls, Joj;flostfsf nflu of]Uotf
k|0ffnL dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf vf;u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t
elgG5 t/ of] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] 5gf}6df dfq ;Lldt 5 . kb:yfkgf, lhDd]jf/L,
k|0ffnLut a9'jf, ;?jf h:tf ;Gbe{df o;sf] k|of]u g} 5}g eGbf klg x'G5 . ;fy} nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] v'nf k/LIffaf6 l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPsf pDbf elgg] k|zf;s / k|0ffnLut 9+uaf6
a9'jf ePsf k|zf;saLrsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf :ki6 leGgtf klg b]lvFb}g\ . o;/L x]bf{ of]Uotf /
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] aLrdf ;x;DaGw b]lvPsf] 5}g\ .
-5_ Joj;flstfn] kl/0ffddf hf]8 lbG5 g ls k|lj|mofdf t/ g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGqdf k|lj|mof xfjL
5 . of] ;]jfu|fxLk|lt eGbf klg pRr kbflwsf/Lk|lt akmfbf/ 5 .
Joj;flostf clej[l4sf ;Defjgf
;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t JolStx¿sf] ;/sf/L ;]jfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f, ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] Jojxf/ /
b[li6sf]0f tyf pTk|]/0ff / pQ/bfoLTj h:tf kIfn] p;sf] Joj;flostf k|efljt x'G5 . vf;u/L
lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] :t/ lgs} Go"g / cl:y/ vfnsf] 5 . ljxfg sfof{no hfFbf pRr
dgf]jn lnP/ uPsf] dfG5] ;fFem 3/÷8]/f kms{bf hfFlu/} 5f]8\g];Ddsf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] x'G5 .
o:tf] cl:y/ pTk|]/0ffaf6 Joj;flostf k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Joj;flostf clej[l4
ug{ lgDg pkfo cjnDag ug{' cfjZos 5 .
-s_ xfnsf] cEof;df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u jf cGo k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffsf] glthfnfO{ dfq of]Uotf
dflgPsf] cj:yf 5 . k/LIffdf k|:t't ug]{ of]Uotf / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;DaGw :ki6 gePsfn]
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dfkg / d"Nofª\sg u/L To;sf] u'0fjQf sfod ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug'{
cfjZos 5 .
-v_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx k|lj|mofdf cTolws Wofg lbg] t/ kl/df0f;Fu Wofg glbg]
k|j[ltsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf o;df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|efjsf/Ltf sfdsf] kl/df0f
/ glthf;Fu dfq hf]8]/ x]g]{ tyf glthfdf cfwfl/t sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag ug'{
cfjZos 5 .
177
-u_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ePsf] /fhgLlts cGt/3'ngn] :yfoL ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/
x]¿km]/ Psbd} l56f] e}/x]sf] 5 . o;n] hjfkmb]lxtf / lhDd]jf/Laf]w sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 .
kbLo lhDd]jf/Ldf cl:y/tf a9\g hfbf sfo{;Dkfbg k|efljt eO/sf] 5 . o;nfO{ k|0ffnLut
?kd} ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
-3_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'G5 t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df of] 5gf}6df dfq
sfof{Gjogdf 5 . kb:yfkg tyf lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ubf{ tyf cGo ljleGg ;Gbe{df o;sf]
k|of]u ePs} 5}g\ . Pp6} JolSt s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf x'Fbf lj1 aGg] / :yfgLo lgsfodf k'Ubf
;dfGo1sf] e"ldsfdf k'Ug] cj:yf 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfleq ljifo ljlzi6Ls[taf6 lj1tfsf]
ljsf; ug]{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ e"ldsf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . JolStsf] lj1tf cg';f/sf] e"ldsfn]
Joj;flostf clej[l4df ;xof]u k'U5 .
-ª_ ljB'tLo zf;g / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;/n agfO{, ;]jfu|fxL;Fu lg/Gt/
;Dks{df /xL Joj;flostf a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] a9\bf] k|of]u;Fu} x/]s ;/sf/L
lgsfon] ;fdflhs ;~hfn tyf cGo ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;]jf k|jfx u/L ;]jfu|fxLsf]
;Gt'li6 a9fP/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj;flostf a9fpg ;lsG5 .
lgisif{
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Joj;flostfn] JolStdf ePsf] 1fgeGbf klg k];fut g}ltstf -Professional
Ethics_ nfO{ a9L hf]8 lbG5 . k];fut g}ltstfn] JolStnfO{ k];fk|lt ;sf/fTds efjgf ljsf;
u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, l56f] 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] dof{bf sfod /fVg ;3fpF5 . k];fut g}ltstfn] kbLo lhDd]jf/Ldf ePsf] JolStnfO{
cfkm\gf] sfd / cfFkm"n] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfsf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w, pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf clej[l4sf nflu
ck|ToIf ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . JolStdf x'g] k];fut g}ltstf / lhDd]jf/Laf]waf6
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ljZj;gLo, u'0f:t/Lo / hgd'vL agfpg / hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g] k|0ffnL
g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj;flostf xf] . g]kfndf k];fut g}ltstfsf] b[li6af6 ;dLIff ubf{
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj;flostf qmdzM sdhf]/ x'Fb} uO/x]s]f 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;'wf/ gu/L
hgtfn] cg'e"t ug]{ ;/sf/ hgtf;Dd k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] tYonfO{ dgg u/L o;sf] Joj;flostf
clej[l4sf nflu k|of; ug'{ h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• West, P. J., & Bowman, J. S., (2010) .Achieving Competencies in Public Service: The
Professional Edge. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
• Lewis, C. W., & Gilman, S. C., (2005) .The Ethics Challenge in Public Service: A Problem-
Solving Guide. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Demirkasmoglu, N., (2010). Defining “Teacher Professionalism” from different
perspective .Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9 pp. 2047–2051.www.sciencedirect.com.
• United Nations (2000) .Professionalism and Ethics in the Public Service. New York. UN.
• Svara, J. H., (2009). Introduction to the symposium: The nature of public professionalism and the
future of ASPA .Public Administration Review, 1,037–1,039.
178
cfly{s s"6gLlt / g]kfnsf] cj:yf
" ?kgf/fo0f vltj8f
;f/f+z
cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|fKtLsf] dfWodsf ?kdf dfq geP/, jfXo ljZj;Fu
;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod /fVb} b]zsf] cfly{s lxt k|a4{g ug{sf nflu cGo kIfnfO{ ;xdt u/fpg
ul/g] ;a} lsl;dsf ;r]t k|of;x?sf] ;du|sf ?kdf j'e\mg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;} jx'–cfoflds
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cËLsf/ ub}{ g]kfndf j}b]lzs Jofkf/, k|ljwL x:tfGt/0f, ko{6g, ljsf;
;xfotf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L / hnjfo' s"6gLltnfO{ cfly{s s'6gLlt kl/rfngsf k|d'v If]qsf
?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ sfo{?k lbg g]kfndf ljleGg ;+u7g ;+/rgf,
cfjlws of]hgf, ;+j}wflgs÷gLltut Joj:yf nufot ljleGg k|s[ofut k|aGwx? ul/Psf] 5 .
o:tf k|of;sf jfjh'b Jofkf/ 3f6f, j}b]lzs >d jhf/, ljsf; ;xfotf, j}b]lzs nufgL,
ko{6g h:tf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] dfkg ug]{ ;"rsx?df g]kfnsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . t;y{
k|efjsf/L cfly{s s'6gLltsf nflu o; If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf]
Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfg ug'{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .
ljifo k|j]z
jt{dfg /fHoJoj:yfdf cfly{s s"6gLltn] lgs} uxg cy{ / dxTj /fVb5 . clxn]sf] ;dodf s'zn
cfly{s s"6gLltsf] kl/rfng ljZjsf ;a} b]zx?sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut
?kdf /fhg}lts bz{g / d'n'sx?n] c+uLsf/ u/]sf zf;g k|0ffnLdf /xg] Ps?ktfsf cfwf/df
Pscsf{ d'n'saLr /xg] /fhg}lts ;DaGwnfO{ s"6gLltsf ?kdf a'em\g] ul/GYof] . oxL cfwf/df
ljZje/sf d'n'sx? k"FhLjfbL / ;dfhjfbL v]dfdf laeQm /x]sf klg lyP . t/, kl5Nnf]
;do;Dd cfO{k'Ubf d'n'sx? aLrsf] ;DaGwdf /fhg}lts k|0ffnL ;Fu;Fu} cfly{s kIf xfjL x'g] /
Ps cfk;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{yfn]sf] 5 . /fi6«x?aLr nufgL, Jofkf/ / cfly{s ;xsfo{
a9]sf] dfq x}g o;lsl;dsf cfly{s ;Dks{x? g} d'n'sx?aLrdf ;DaGw sfod ug]{ cfwf/sf
?kdf :yflkt eO{/x]sf 5g\ . ;doqmddf s"6gLltsf] /fhg}lts cfofd sdhf]/ ag];Fu} cfly{s
cfofdaf6 ljZjsf Ps /fi6«sf] csf]{ /fi6«k|ltsf] cGt/lge{/tf a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf]
cGt/lge{/tf 7"nf cy{tGq ePsf ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnh:tf ;fgf] cfsf/sf]
cy{tGq ePsf] cNkljsl;t d'n'sx?sf nflu al9 v8\lsPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf
u/]sf] ;dfhjfb pGd'v :jtGq / ;d[4 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ /fHosf] cfly{s p2]Zo k|fKtLsf
nfuL ;d]t ;'b[9 cfly{s s"6gLlt kl/rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

" zfvf clws[t, :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu .
179
kl/ro / kl/efiff
b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s lxtsf] k|j4{gsf nflu låkIfLo, If]qLo / ax'kIfLo lgsfo / ljsf;sf
;fem]bf/x? ;Fusf] ;Dks{, ;DaGw / ;dGjo sfod ug]{ snf Pjd\ z}nLnfO{ cfly{s s'6gLltsf
?kdf lnO{G5 . cfw'lgs sfndf ljZj s'6gLltsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ c+zsf ?kdf cfly{s s'6gLlt
/x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f / a9\bf] cfly{s cGt/lge{/tfsf] at{dfg o'udf o;lsl;dsf cfly{s
;Dks{ / ;DaGwx?n] b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df cxd\ dxTj /fVb5g\ . ;/sf/L Pjd\ u}/
;/sf/L If]qaf6 b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg k|a4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/g] s'6g}lts k|oTgsf
?kdf /x]sf] cfly{s s'6gLlt afXo ljZj;Fu ;DaGw la:tf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfofd / k/f/fi6« gLltsf]
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] .
o;nfO{ ljleGg kl/efiffx?af6 klg yk kl/lrt u/fpg ;lsG5 .
Economic diplomacy is essentially a process of mainstreaming economic
dimension into our foreign policy perspective with the objectives of further
promotion of economic interest with the co-operation of the outside world through
well informed negotiation.
–k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fg
Economic diplomacy is the art of serving economic security and strategic interests
of the country by the use of economic instrument in conduct of statetostate
relations.
– Ministry of foreign Affairs, Albania
Economic diplomacy is the use of the full spectrum economic tools of a state to
achieve it's national interests. The scope of econimic diplomacy can encompass,
the all of the main international economic activities of a state including but not
limited to policy decisions designed toinflowence exports, imports, investments,
lending, aid, free trade agreements etc=
– wikipedia.org
Economic diplomacy deals with the nexus between power and wealth in
international affairs.
– diplomacy.edu
cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|fKtLsf] dfWodsf ?kdf dfq a'em\g] ul/Psf] klg kfO{G5 t/
o;n] afXo ljZj;Fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod /fVb} b]zsf] cfly{s lxt k|a4{gsf nflu cGo kIfnfO{
;xdt u/fpg ul/g] ;a} lsl;dsf ;r]t k|of;x?nfO{ ;d]6\b5 . cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
tyf If]qLo ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ Pjd\ ;+u7gx?;Fu ;lqmotfsf ;fy cfj4 eO{
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] /0fgLltsf ?kdf lnO{G5 . ljZjsf ljsl;t / cljsl;t
b'j}yl/ d'n'sx?n] cfk;L ;DaGwaf6 l;lh{t cfly{s nfex? Pscsf{n] k|fKt ug]{u/L s"6gLlts
k|of;x?sf] ljsf; la:tf/ x'g] l;nl;nfsf] pkh :j?k cfly{s s"6gLltn] km:6fpg] df}sf
kfPsf] xf] .
180
kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ;dfgfyL{ ?kdf ljsf; s"6gLlt -Development Diplomacy_
sf] k|of]u klg ug]{ ul/G5 . t/, cjwf/0ffut ?kdf ljsf; s"6gLlt cfly{s s"6gLlt eGbf lgs}
km/flsnf] /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwnfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s lxtdf pkof]u ug]{ xb;Dd dfq cfly{s
s"6gLltsf] bfo/f /x]sf] 5 . csf]{tkm{, ljsf; s"6gLltn] o;sf cltl/Qm cGt/;/sf/L /
cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df to ul/g] ljsf;;Da4 gLltx?df cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] ljsf;] Ph]08fsf
;Daf]wgsf nfuL gLltut k|efj kfg]{;Ddsf] jsfnt ub{5 .
cfly{s s"6gLltsf] cfjZostf
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] Pp6f k|d'v cfwf/sf ?kdf ljsf; eO{/x]sf] cfly{s s"6gLlt d'n'ssf]
cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu cTofjZos c:qsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] s'g}klg d'n'sn]
cfkm\gf cfly{s lxtsf] k|a4{g ug{ afFsL ljZj;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ s8L g} cfly{s s"6gLlt
ePsf]n] o;sf] cfjZostf / ckl/xfo{tf cl;ldt /x]sf] 5 . d'n'snfO{ ljZj cy{tGqsf]
d"nk|jfxdf cfj4 u/fO{ o;af6 cfly{s nfe xfl;n ug{, b]zljsf;sf nflu cfjZos j}b]lzs
;xfotf / nufgL leq\ofpg Jofkf/, nufgL, ko{6g cflbdf lbuf]kgf sfod ug{, d'n'ssf] cfly{s
:jfy{l;4 ub]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfn a9fpg nufotsf sf/0faf6 cfly{s s"6gLltsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . o;}u/L ;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/df cfpg;Sg] cfly{s hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f u/L lgof{t k|a4{g ug{,
cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fi6«sf] klxrfg clej[l4u/L cfly{s ljsf; Pjd\ ;d[l4sf nflu pko'Qm
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ tyf cGttM cfly{s cfTdlge{/tftkm{ d'n'snfO{ pGd'v u/fpg ;d]t cfly{s
s"6gLltsf] ckl/xfo{tf /xG5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj:j?k l;lh{t ljZjJofkL cGt/lge{/tfaf6
nfe xfl;n ug{sf lglDt ;an Pjd\ c;n cfly{s s"6gLlt cfh x/]s b]zsf] clgjfo{
cfjZostf xf] .
b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; Psf+sL k|oTgaf6 dfq ;+ej gx'g] / of] ax'kIfLo tf/tDosf] kl/0ffd
ePsf]n] cfly{s s'6gLlt dfkm{t sfod x'g] ;'b[9 cfk;L ;xof]ufTds cGt/ ;DaGwn] b]zsf]
ljsf; k|oTgnfO{ ;xh agfpg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . k|efjsf/L cfly{s s'6gLltsf] cjnDag /
cEof; ug{ g;lsPdf afXo hutn] Pstlkm{ nfe dfq lnO{/xg] b'x'g' ufO{sf] ?kdf b]z kl/0ft
eO{ l:ylt emg\ v:sg;Sg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf x'G5 . g]kfns} ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg]klg ;an /
c;n cfly{s s'6gLltsf] cefjdf b]zn] ckgfPsf] v'nf Pjd\ pbf/ cy{Joj:yfn] b]zsf] lxteGbf
clxt ug{;Sg] / cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nIodf t'iff/fkft x'g;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . g]kfnsf nflu
cfly{s s'6gLlt k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg] w]/} If]q / kIfx? /x]sf 5g\ . lgof{t Jofkf/, j}b]lzs ;xfotf
/ k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, ko{6g, pBf]u, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / ;f]sf] lbuf]kgf,
dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;, af}l4s ;Dklt h:tf If]qx?sf] k|a4{g / ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s s'6gLltsf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfng cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L tj/af6 j}b]lzs Jofkf/ /
nufgL, k|ljwL x:tfGt/0f, ko{6g, ljsf; ;xfotf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L / hnjfo' s"6gLltnfO{
cfly{s s"6gLlt kl/rfngsf k|d'v If]qsf ?kdf c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ljsf;qmd
g]kfndf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] cEof; / ljsf;qmdnfO{ s"6g}lts ;DaGwsf] ljsf; lj:tf/;Fu
hf]8]/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;g\ !*!^ df ePsf] ;'uf}nL ;GwL kZrft\ g]kfn / a]nfotaLr bf}To ;DaGw
sfod ePsf] lyof] . a]nfot;Fu s"6g}lts ;DaGw sfod ePsf] em08} 8]9 ztfAbL;Dd cyf{t\
181
/f0ff zf;gsfnsf] pQ/f4{;Dd g]kfnsf] aflx/L ljZj;Fusf] cf}krfl/s ;DaGw oltd} l;ldt
x'gk'Uof] . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf cfP/ g]kfnn] cd]l/sf, ef/t, rLg, k|mfG;, ?;, hfkfg, >Ln+sf
nufotsf d'n'sx?;Fu bf}To ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] ;g\ !(%! b]vL j}b]lzs
;xfotf k|fKt ug{yfn]sf] ;donfO{ klg cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ljsf;qmddf dxTjk"0f{ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf g]kfnn] dn]l;of, lkmlnlkG;, adf{, :jL8]g nufotsf bh{gf}+ d'n'sx?;Fu
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(%% l8;]Da/ !$ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf
k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eP;Fu} g]kfnn] aflx/L ljZj;Fusf] ;DaGw km/flsnf] agfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .
o; aLrdf, g]kfnn] låkIfLo s"6g}lts ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} ljZj a}Í, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if
nufotsf] ;b:o /fi6« ag]/ ax'kIfLo d~rx?df ;d]t cfkm\gf] pkl:ytL hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . oxL
l;nl;nfdf ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ljleGg ldq/fi6«x?;Fu cfly{s ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;+o'Qm
cfly{s lgof]ux?sf] u7g x'g' cfly{s s"6gLltdf g]kfnsf] alnof] k|of; xf] . ;g\ !(() sf]
/fhg}lts kl/jt{g;Fu} d'n'sn] v'nf / pbf/jfbL cy{Joj:yfsf] cjnDag u/]kZrft ljZj:t/df
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;DaGw cem km/flsnf] aGgyfn]sf] kfO{G5 . o;kZrft\ g} cf}krfl/s ?kdf
cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k//fi6« gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ c+usf ?kdf :jLsf/ ug{ yflnPsf] xf] .
cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf cl3 a9fpg g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf cWoog /
cg';Gwfgx? ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !((^ df k"j{ k//fi6« ;lrj p4jb]j e6\6sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t
High Level Task Force (HLTF) g]kfndf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] cWoog / cEof;sf qmddf u7g
ePsf] klxnf] sfo{bn xf] . cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] ul7t of] sfo{bnn] cfly{s
j[l4 xfl;n ug{sf nflu g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltdf ;dflxt ul/g'kg]{ ljleGg ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/]sf]
lyof] . oxL sfo{bnsf] ;'emfjsf cfwf/df InternationalBusiness Forum u7g eO{ lghL If]qnfO{
;d]t of] Forum df ;xefuL u/fO{of] . cfly{s s"6gLltsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k lghL If]qsf]
;+nUgtfnfO{ dxTj lbO{Psf] klg oxL Forum af6} xf] . o;}u/L ;g\ @))@ df jl/i7 cy{zf:qL
tyf /fhb"t ab|Lk|;fb >]i7sf] ;+of]hsTjdf Policy Study Group (PSG) u7g eO{ cfly{s
s"6gLltn] g]kfndf kf/]sf k|efjx?sf] cWoog / cfly{s nfe xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df ck]lIft clei6
xfl;n eP, gePsf] cWoog ug]{ sfo{ eof] . PSG n] cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;/sf/n]
;+:yfut / gLltut ?kdf ug'{kg]{ ljleGg sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]6]/ ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . log}
;'emfjx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ k//fi6« dGqfnodf lgik|efjL /x]sf] Economic Relations and Co-
ordination Division (ERCD) nfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L Multilateral Economic Affairs Division
(MEAD) sf] :yfkgf eO{ cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ;+:yfut dfWod v8f ePsf] lyof] .
o:t} ;g\ @))^ df k"j{ k//fi6« ;lrj d'/f/L/fh zdf{sf] ;+of]sTjdf u7g ePsf] High level
Task Force n] klg cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf cl3 a9fpg ljleGg ;'emfjx? lbPsf]
kfO{G5 .
;+j}wflgs, gLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o lxt cg's"n j}b]lzs k"FhL tyf k|ljwLsf] nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ub]{
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df k|f]T;fxg Pjd\ kl/rfng ug]{, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?sf] 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw /
k"FhLnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;df pkof]u ug]{ nufotsf gLltx? Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5 . rf}wf}+ of]hgfn]
;'b[9 cfly{s s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 cfTdlge{/ :jfwLg cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug]{ ;f]r /fv]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L, cGt/f{li6«o ;fem]bf/L, ;xsfo{ tyf s"6g}lts lgof]u kl/rfng u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf
182
nIo xfl;n ug]{ nIo tyf Jofkf/, nufgL, ko{6g tyf /f]huf/L k|a4{g ug{ cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo /
låkIfLo ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug]{ p2]Zo ;d]t rf}wf}+ of]hgfn] /fv]sf] 5 . cfly{s s"6gLltsf ;Gbe{df
of]hgfdf pNn]lvt ;f]r, nIo / p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nfuL s"6gLlts ;+oGq, cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf /
g]kfnL ;d'bfosf] kl/rfng u/L lgof{t lj:tf/ ug]{, j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw kl/rfng Pjd\
ko{6g ljsf; ug]{, If]qLo cGt/ lge{/tf ljsf; ub]{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf ljsf; ;xfotf
/ j}b]lzs nufgL kl/rfng ug]{;d]tsf /0fgLltx? rf}wf}+ of]hgfn] to u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / s"6gLltsf] ;+rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf ?kdf k//fi6« dGqfno
/x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnodf gLlt, of]hgf, ljsf; s"6gLlt / lab]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL;DaGwL
dxfzfvf ljsf; s"6gLlt ;DaGwL ;dGjo ug]{ dxfzfvfsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljutdf k//fi6«
dGqfnodf cfly{s s"6gLlt x]g]{ dxfzfvf /xg] u/]sf]df kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsf; s"6gLlt x]g]{
dxfzfvfsf ?kdf of] dxfzfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . of] dGqfno cGt{ut ljleGg d'n'sx?df
@( j6f g]kfnL b"tfjf;x?, ^ j6f dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; / Go"of]s{, leogf / h]g]efdf u/L # j6f
:yfoL lgof]u /x]sf 5g\ . k//fi6« dGqfno afx]s cy{ dGqfno, pBf]u dGqfno, jfl0fHo dGqfno,
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, s[lif dGqfno nufotsf dGqfnox? klg cfly{s s"6gLlt ;+rfngsf
nflu plQs} lhDd]jf/ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;ldltx?
klg lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] afXo cfly{s ;DaGw / ;dGjo
;ldlt, d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf afXo ;DaGw k/fdz{ ;ldlt, k//fi6« dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
cfly{s s"6gLlt sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ;DaGwL pRr:tl/o ;ldlt (HLEDIMC), k//fi6«
;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /x]sf] ax'kIfLo ;DaGw ;ldlt h:tf ;ldltx? o;If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cfly{s s"6gLltsf] kl/rfngdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:ofx?
g]kfnn] cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ laut nfdf] ;dob]lv b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ dha't t'Nofpg] dfWodsf
?kdf lnO{ ljleGg gLltut, ;+:yfut / sfo{qmdut k|of;x? ub]{ cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s s'6gLltsf]
k|efjsf/Ltf clej[l4 ug]{ ljifodf ljleGg ;dodf sfo{bnx? u7g eO{ cWoog k|ltj]bg ;d]t
k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . tyfkL, o:tf k|of;x? b]z ljsf;sf nflu kmnbfoL aGg / ck]lIft ?kdf
k|efjsf/Ltf xfl;n x'g;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df j}b]lzs Jofkf/3f6f sd ug'{,
j}b]lzs >d ahf/nfO{ km/flsnf] t'NofpFb} ljk|]if0f cfodf j[l4 u/L d'n'ssf] ljsf;df of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg', b]zsf] k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qdf ljsf; ;xfotf / j}b]lzs nufgL kof{Ktdfqfdf leq\ofpg',
ko{6sx?sf] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds j[l4 ug'{ h:tf ;"rsx?af6 cfly{s s"6gLltsf] k|efjsf/Ltf
dfkg ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . t/, ljleGg ;d:ofx?sf] ljBdfgtfdf oL s'g} ;"rsx?df klg b]zsf]
cj:yf ;Gtf]if ug{nfos /x]sf] 5}g .
;/sf/L tj/af6 cfly{s s'6gLltsf] k|j4{g ug]{ ;+:yfut dfWod / ;+jfxssf ?kdf /x]sf
s'6gLlts lgof]ux? ;Lldt b]zx?df dfq /x]sf 5g\ . tL lgof]ux? klg ;|f]t;fwgsf] sdL,
hgzlQmsf] cefj tyf cfly{s s'6gLlt ;DaGwL ljifosf hfgsf/ bIf s'6gLlt1 / hgzlQm
gx'g', s'6g}lts k|j4{gdf ;xh kx'Frsf] cefj h:tf ;d:ofx?af6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ . /fhb't,
jfl0fHo b"tx?sf] lgo'lQm ubf{ s'6g}lts ?kdf of]Uo, bIf / Ifdtfjfg\ eGbf bnLo efua08fsf
cfwf/df …xfd|f] dfG5]Ú 5gf}6 ug]{ k|j[lQ klg g]kfnsf] cfly{s s'6gLlt k|j4{gdf afwssf ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L b]zdf nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / ;+qmd0fsfnsf sf/0f b]zleq
nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] b]zsf] s'6g}lts kl/rfngdf /fhg}lts
183
k|lta4tf / gLltut lg/Gt/tfsf] cefj v8\lsg] u/]sf] 5 . Psflt/ s'6g}lts k|of;sf kmn:j?k
;[hgf x'g;Sg] cfly{s nfe, cj;/ / glthfsf] pkof]u Pjd\ ;'lglZrttf ug{ sl7g eO{/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{lt/, k/Dk/fut s'6gLltnfO{ cfly{s nfesf nflu pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
cfly{s s'6gLlt / o;sf ljifo a:t'x?df xfdL z}lIfs, k|fl1s ?kdf klg k5f8L k/]sf 5f}+ .
b]zdf o;;DaGwL oy]i6 1fg ePsf bIf / of]Uotfk|fKt hgzlQmx?sf] pknAwtf ;xh 5}g .
g]kfnsf nflu cfly{s s'6gLlt k|a4{g ug]{ If]q, o;n] ;d]6\g] ljifoj:t' / o; ;DaGwL k|fjwfg /
sfo{ljlw ;lxtsf] :ki6 /0fg}lts vfsf Pjd\ b]zsf] ;':ki6 b[li6sf]0f (Vision) lgdf{0f
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf cl3 a9fpgdf ;zQm ;/sf/L c+usf]
;d]t cefj 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)&@ cg';f/ of] ljifo k//fi6«
dGqfnosf] If]qflwsf/ leq kb{5 . sfg'gtM k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ljifo ePtfklg o;sf]
cGt/;DaGw cy{ dGqfno;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] 5 . csf]{ tkm{, cfly{s s"6gLlt ax'If]qut ljifo
ePsfn] cGo ljifout dGqfnox¿sf] sfo{If]qleq klg plQs} ;d]l6g'kg]{ x'G5 . t/, xfd|f]
k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf]] k/Dk/fut rl/qnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] o;n] ;lbof}+b]vL ef]Ub} cfPsf] d"n ;d:of
eg]s} cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo sfod ug{ g;Sg' xf] . cfly{s s'6gLlt kl/rfngdf ;+nUg /xg]
k/f/fi6« dGqfno nufotsf ljifout dGqfnox?, s'6g}lts lgof]ux? / lghL If]q Pjd\ o;sf
;+u7gx? aLrdf sfo{ ;~rfngut ;x;DaGw / ;dGjo sfod x'g;s]sf] 5}g . oxL sf/0f, ;'b[9
cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo sfod u/L cfly{s s"6gLlt h:tf] ax'If]qut ljifonfO{ cl3 a9fpg] sfo{
cfkm}df r'gf}ltk"0f{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
casf] af6f]
k|efjsf/L cfly{s s'6gLlt kl/rfngsf nflu o;If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] Jojxfl/s ;dfwfg
cfjZos 5 . b]zdf /fhgLlts l:y/tf / nufgLof]Uo jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf geP;Dd o;If]qdf
ul/Psf k|of;x?n] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . ;fy}, s'6g}lts lgof]ux?df /x]sf ;Lldt
hgzlQm / Go"g ;|f]t;fwg nufotsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg u/L lgof]ux?sf] ;+VofTds /
u'0ffTds Ifdtf lj:tf/ gu/];Dd of] ljifonfO{ cf}krfl/s / ;+:yfut ?kdf cl3 a9fpg ;Dej
5}g . cfly{s ;DaGw sfod ug{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ug'{kg]{ s'6gLlt1 / s'6g}lts lgof]ux?df sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfly{s s'6gLlt ;DaGwL tflnd, cled'vLs/0f / Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?
;~rfng ug{ h?/L 5 . o;sf ;fy}, /fhb"t kbdf l;kmfl/; eO{;s]sfx?sf nflu kbLo sfo{ef/
;DxfNg'cl3 o; ;DawL cNksfnLg tflnd k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf ldnfO{g'kb{5 .
o;}u/L o; ;Da4 dGqfno, lgsfo / lghL If]qsf ;+u7gx?aLr ;fem]bf/L / k|efjsf/L ;dGjo
;lxtsf] ;"rgf ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu If]qLo Pjd\
pkIf]qLo ;Defjgfx?sf] klxrfg / låkIfLo ;+o'Qm cfly{s cfof]hgfx?nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ / b]zdf
ljBdfg cyfx k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?af6 kof{Kt nfe lng ;lsg] ;DefjgfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
ahf/Ls/0f ug{klg cfjZos 5 . uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, e|d0fbn, Jofkf/ d]nf, ko{6g d]nf h:tf
k|rf/fTds sfo{qmdx?df hf]8 lb+b} If]qLo / pkIf]qLo :t/df cfly{s cj;/x?sf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 . cfly{s s'6gLlt ;Fu} ;f+:s[lts s'6gLltsf] ;+rfng ug]{, cfly{s s'6gLltsf] k|j4{gsf
nflu o; ;DaGwL :ki6 / l:y/ gLlt lgdf{0f u/L /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs k|lta4tf ;'lglZrt
ug]{ / s'6g}lts If]qdf c:j:y /fhg}lts x:tIf]ksf] cGTo ug{klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf]
cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;DaGw ;'b[9 agfpg u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?sf] ljZjJofkL ;~hfnsf] pkof]u
/ pgLx?sf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos 5 .
184
lgisif{
e"kl/j]li7ttf, sdhf]/ cfo:t/ / ul/aL, cfly{s ultljwLx?sf] Go"gtf, cfGtl/s ;|f]t
kl/rfngsf] Go"g Ifdtf / cNkljsl;t cj:yfsf sf/0f g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu /fi6«
cg's"nsf] cfly{s s'6gLltsf] cjnDag / k|j4{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g,
;fkm\6f, ljd]:6]s h:tf cfly{s ;+u7gx?sf] ;b:otf u|x0f ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df klg tLj| ultdf
cfly{s s'6gLltsf] k|of;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . csf]{tkm{, clxn]sf] ljZj
hutdf cfly{s s'6gLltsf] dfGotfn] s'6g}lts ;DaGwsf] k/Dk/fut dfGotf / :j?knfO{ g}
k'g/kl/eflift / kl/jlt{t t'Nofpg'kg]{ agfPsf] 5 . ;}Go zlQm / 7"nf xftxltof/ ePsf
b]zx?nfO{ zlQmzfnL elgg] / o;sf nflu xf]8afhL ug]{ dfGotfdf kl/jt{g eO{ cfly{s s'6gLlt
g} b]zx?nfO{ zlQmzfnL agfpg] dfWodsf ?kdf :yflkt eO{;s]sf] 5 . To;}n], g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
klg k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;lbof}+b]vL cEof; eO{/x]sf] s'6gLltnfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s pGgltsf nflu
;kmn?kdf pkof]u u/L rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] dfu{k|z:t ug{ cTofjZos / clgjfo{ alg;s]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{;fdu|Lx?
• rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
• vltj8f, ?kgf/fo0f ;d]t -;xn]vg_, zf;g k|0ffnL tyf ;d;fdlos ljifo -k|yd ;+:s/0f_ sf7df8f}+M
sl/o/ sfplG;lnª ;]G6/ k|f=ln= .
• Report on Nepal's Foreign Affairs (2016-2017), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• vltj8f, ?kgf/fo0f -@)&$–#–!^_, …ljsf; s"6gLltsf] ckl/xfo{tfÚ, cfly{s b}lgs .
• vltj8f, ?kgf/fo0f -@)&@–!–(_, …g]kfnsf] ljsf;df cfly{s s"6gLltÚ, uf]/vfkq b}lgs .
• vltj8f, ?kgf/fo0f -@)&@–#–&_, …ljklQkl5sf] cfly{s s"6gLltÚ, sf/f]af/ b}lgs .
• r}tGo d~r, aif{ ! c+s !, @)&#, P]Zjo{ k|sfzg, gofF jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ .
• ljleGg j]a;fO{6x? .
185
/fHo, gful/s / Gfful/stf
" e"k]Gb| kf08]o
;f/f+z
JolQmsf] klxrfg p;sf] gful/stf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . JolQm /fHosf] hg;+Vofsf] PsfO{ xf],
t/ hg;+Vofsf] x/]s PsfO{ ToxfFsf] gful/s x'g] cj:yf /xFb}g . s'g} JolQm To; /fHosf]
gful/s xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/f /fHosf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
gful/stf gful/ssf] sfg'gL, /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/x?sf] k|Tofe"lt dfq
xf]Og /fHo k|ltsf] st{Jo ;d]t ;[hgf ub{5 . of] /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfsf] kj4{g ug]{
;"q xf] . gful/stf s]jn sfuhL b:tfj]h dfq xf]Og, To; eGbf dfyL /fHo k|ltsf] ;dk{0f,
ckgTj, :g]x, elQm / k|]defj ;d]t xf] . gful/stf elgg] sfuhdf s'FlbPsf cIf/df dfq
o;sf] dxTj c6fpg ;Sb}g . gful/stfn] gful/saf6 /fHo k|lt pRr cfbz{td Jojxf/sf]
ck]Iff /fVb5 . gful/s eg]sf /fHosf k'FhL x'g\ . /fHosf] ul/df / k|lti7f k|j4{gdf
gful/ssf] JolQmTj, ljrf/, Jojxf/ / k|ltefsf] clåtLo e"ldsf /xG5 . /fHosf] Voflt /
:jfledfgaf6 g} ToxfFsf gful/s k|ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o b[li6sf]0f ;d]t lgdf{0f x'G5 . cfkm\gf]
gful/stf k|lt uj{ ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] gful/ssf] cl:ttj ;dfKt x'G5 . /fHoaf6 cnu eO{
s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] cl:tTj ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g . /fHosf] lxtdf g} gful/ssf] ;d[l4 lglxt
x'G5 .
b]znfO{ ;Eo, ;d[4 / pGgtzLn agfpg] ToxLsf] gful/s / ;/sf/n] g} xf] . x/]s gful/s
;/sf/sf] Ps cjoj xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $* n] gful/ssf st{Josf] ;d]t Joj:yf
ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df /fHok|lt bfloTj / uf}/j af]wo'Qm gful/s tof/ ug{] k|aGw x'g cfjZos
5 . o;} ;Gbe{df o; cfn]vdf /fHo, gful/s / gful/stf aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw tyf g]kfnsf]
;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL k|aGwsf] ljifodf k|sfz kfg{] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
/fHo / gful/s
/fHo ;fgf] xf]; jf 7"nf], o;sf cfwf/e"t tTjx? Pp6} x'G5g\ . e"uf]n, hg;+Vof, ;/sf/ /
;fj{ef}ldstf s'g} klg /fHosf cfwf/e"t tTjx? x'g\ . hg;+Vof Ps dfq ;lhj tTj ePsfn]
s'g} klg /fHoJo:yfdf o;sf] :yfg cxd\ x'G5 . /fHosf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf leq a;f]jf; ug]{ x/]s
JolQmx? ToxfFsf gful/s x'Fb}gg\ o;n] s] k|i6 kfb{5 eg], x/]s JolQm /fHosf] hg;+Vofsf] PsfO{
xf], t/ hg;+Vofsf] x/]s PsfO{ ToxfFsf] gful/s x'g] cj:yf /xFb}g . s'g} JolQm To; /fHosf]
gful/s xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/f /fHosf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . cfˆgf gful/snfO{
x/]s cfofdaf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug'{ /fHosf] k|yd bfloTj xf] . o;y{ cfˆgf] /fHosf] gful/ssf]
klxrfg ug'{ /fHosf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ ljifo x'g cfpF5 . hg;+Vofsf] To:tf] lx:;f h;n] /fi6«sf]
;+ljwfg, P]g, lgodaf6 /fHo k|bQ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts nufotsf x/]s clwsf/x?
pkef]u ug]{ tyf zf;g Joj:yfdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] x}l;ot /fVb5 pm dfq gful/s xf] .

" k|zf;sLo clws[t, lhNnf k|Zff;g sfof{no, eQmk'/ .
186
o; afx]ssf JolQmx? of egf}F ljb]zL gful/s tyf z/0ffyL{x? s]xL lglZrt dfgj clwsf/x?
pkef]u ug{ t kfpF5g, t/ ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xsx? tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/x? dfyL bfjL
ug]{ x}l;ot /fVb}gg\ . /fHon] ljb]zL gful/s tyf z/0ffyL{k|lt ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/ tyf pgLx?n]
;DalGwt /fHok|lt bzf{pg' kg]{ Jojxf/sf] lgodg / lgoGq0fsf] nflu s]xL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw
;Demf}tfåf/f sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yfx? Ufl/Psf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-!_ n]
;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt g]kfnsf] Gfful/stf k|fKt u/]sf / o; efu adf]lhd Gfful/stf k|fKt
ug{ of]Uo JolQmx¿ g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g]5g\ egL :ki6 kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .
Gfful/stf M /fHo / gful/s aLrsf] ;DaGw ;]t'
s'g} klg JolQmsf] klxrfg p;sf] gful/stf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . s'g} JolQmn] /fHo;Fu s]xL
clwsf/ dfu u/]sf] v08df jf /fHo k|lt s]xL st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ rfx]sf] v08df ;j{k|yd p;sf]
gful/stfsf] vf]hL ul/G5 . gful/stf s]jn sfuhL b:tfj]h dfq xf]Og, To; eGbf dfyL /fHo
k|ltsf] ;dk{0f, ckgTj, :g]x, elQm / k|]defj ;d]t xf] . Gfful/stf elgg] sfuhdf s'FlbPsf
cIf/df dfq o;sf] dxTj c6fpg ;Sb}g . gful/stfn] gful/saf6 /fHo k|lt pRr cfbz{td
Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . gful/s eg]sf /fHosf k'FhL x'g\ . /fHosf] ul/df / k|lti7f k|j4{gdf
gful/ssf] JolQmTj, ljrf/, Jojxf/ / k|ltefsf] clåtLo e"ldsf /xG5 . /fHosf] Voflt /
:jfledfgaf6 g} Toxfsf gful/s k|ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o b[li6sf]0f ;d]t lgdf{0f x'G5 . cfkm\gf]
Gfful/stf k|lt uj{ ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] gful/ssf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'G5 . /fHoaf6 cnu eO{ s'g}
JolQm ljz]ifsf] cl:tTj ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g . /fHosf] lxtdf g} gful/ssf] ;d[l4 lglxt x'G5 .
Gfful/stfsf] k|df0fkqn] JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfgk|bQ xs / clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 eg]
/fHo k|ltsf] st{Jo klg ;[hgf ub{5 . o; cy{df Gfful/stf gful/s / /fHoaLr clwsf/ /
st{Josf] sfg'gL / Jojxfl/s ;DaGw :yflkt ug{] sfuhft xf] . pRr:t/Lo Gfful/stf cfof]u,
@)%! sf cg';f/ Gfful/stf /fli6«o ;Ldfleq /xg] hgtfsf] j}wtfsf] k|tLs xf] .
/fli6«o klxrfgsf] ?kdf Gfful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{' k|To]s g]kfnL gful/ssf] g};lu{s
clwsf/ xf] . gful/stf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ JolQmTj ljsf;sf cj;/x?sf] cEof; ug{ dfu{
k|z:t ug]{ cfwf/e't sfuhft xf] . gful/stf ljgf pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfFO{b}g, /f]huf/,
Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{ kfFO{b}g, a+}sdf vftf vf]Ng kfFO{b}g, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf kfFO{b}g, ljb]z hfg
/fxbfgL agfpg kfFO{b}g, s'g} ;fj{hgLs kb wf/0f ug{, 3/hUufsf] sf/f]af/ ug{ kfFO{b}g cflb .
o; cy{df JolQmsf] k|ltefnfO{ hLjgj[lQ;Fu hf]8\g] s8L xf] gful/stf .
Gfful/stfsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
Gfful/stfsf] cjwf/0ff O{zfk"j{ $@& df k|flrg o"gfgL gu/ /fHoaf6 ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
tTsfnLg o"gfgL ;Eotfdf gu/df a;f]af; ug]{ JolQmnfO{ dfq …gful/sÚ elgGYof] . dlxnf,
afnaflnsf / bf;x? Pjd\ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ?kdf czQm JolQmx? gful/ssf] kl/efiff leq
kb}{gy] . gu/df a;f]af; ug]{ JolQmx?sf] klxrfgsf nflu Gfful/stf k|bfg ug]{ rngsf] ;'?jft
ePsf] dflgG5 . !& cf}F ztfAbL tfsf /f]dg ;fd|fHon] gful/stfnfO{ /fHo;Fusf] cfj4tfsf]
?kdf c+lusf/ ub}{ cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ sfg'gL ;+/If0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] .
cfw'lgs ;Eotfdf gful/stf ;DaGwL ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL dfGotfx?
187
k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . d'n'sx?n] e"/fhgLlts cjl:ylt, cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yf, axg Ifdtf,
hg;f+lVos agf]6 tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf nufotsf cfwf/df gful/stf gLlt cjnDag
ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
ljZjdf vf; u/]/ hGdåf/f (Jus Soli), xf8gftfsf] ;DaGw -j+zh_ (Jus Sanguinis) sf cfwf/df
tyf c+uLs/0f (Naturalization) åf/f Gfful/stf k|fKt ug]{ dfGotfx? k|rngdf /x]sf 5g . o;sf
cltl/Qm ljjfxsf cfwf/df (Jus Matrimony), ;Ddfgfy{ (Honorary), /fHo leq ufleg] u/L s'g}
csf]{ d'n'ssf] If]q k|fKt ePdf If]q k|fKtL (Acuquisition of Territory) sf cfwf/df ToxfF a:g]
JolQmx? :jtM xfnsf] /fHosf] gful/s x'g] dfGotfx? ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, Ps} ;dodf
b'O{j6f /fHosf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ePdf :j]R5fn] s'g} Ps d'n'ssf] Gfful/stf
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . cfkm\gf] b]zsf] gful/stf Tofu u/L csf]{ s'g} b]zsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf]
JolQmn] k'gM ;fljs b]zsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ rfx]sf] v08df tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L k'gM
gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . To:t} /fHosf] ;Ldf leq a]jfl/;] ?kdf km]nf k/]sf] aRrf jflnu
ePkl5 ToxL /fHosf] gful/s x'G5 .
g]kfndf gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ df wf/f !) b]lv !% ;Dd gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgdf
j+zhsf] cfwf/df, c+lus[t / ;Ddfgfy{ u/L tLg k|sf/sf] Gfful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/snfO{ Gfful/stf k|fKt ug]{ xsaf6 al~rt gul/g] tyf k|fb]lzs
klxrfg ;lxtsf] Psn ;+3Lo Gfful/stfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] Gfful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm tyf s'g}
JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbfsf avt lghsf] afa' jf cfdf g]kfnsf] gful/s /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQm
j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/s 7xg]{ pNn]v 5 . g]kfnleq k]mnf k/]sf] lkt[Tj / dft[Tjsf]
7]ufg gePsf] k|To]s gfafns lghsf] afa' jf cfdf k]mnf gk/];Dd j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf]
gful/s 7xg]{ Joj:yf 5 . To:t} g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sL ljb]zL dlxnfn]
rfx]df ;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] c+uLs[t gful/stf lng ;Sg]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+3Lo
sfg'g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] c+uLs[t / ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . g]kfnleq ufleg] u/L
s'g} If]q k|fKt ePdf To:tf] If]qleq a;f]af; ePsf] JolQm ;+3Lo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf]
gful/s x'g]5 . Gfful/stfsf] k|flKt, k'gMk|flKt / ;dflKt ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lo sfg'g
adf]lhd x'g] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx? /x]sf 5g\ .
cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf
cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ ljifodf bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft w]/} 5nkmn / ax;x? eP .
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf hf/L ug]{ ljifodf k6s k6s lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L
u/]sf] 5 . ljutdf afa' jf cfdfsf] gfdaf6 Gfful/stf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf t lyof] t/, afa' g]kfnL
jf ljb]zL s] xf] < egL klxrfg v'Ng g;s]sf] cj:yfdf s] x'g] < s] s:tf] lsl;dsf] Gfful/stf k|bfg
ug]{ < s] s:tf ljlw / k|ls|of cjnDag ug]{ < eGg] ljifodf ;+ljwfg / P]g lgMzAb lyP . jt{dfg
;+ljwfgn] afa'sf] klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;d]t cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf k|bfg
ul/g] Joj:yfnfO{ ;++j}wflgs ?k k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ca zL3| gful/stf P]g nufotsf P]gx?df
188
o;sf] sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg sf] wf/f !!-%_ df g]kfnsf]
gful/s cfdfaf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] / afa'sf] klxrfg x'g g;s]sf]
JolQmnfO{ j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/g]5, t/ afa' ljb]zL gful/s ePsf]
7x/]df To:tf] JolQmsf] Gfful/stf ;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd c+uLs[t gful/stfdf kl/0ft x'g] s'/f
pNn]v 5 . To:t}wf/f !!-&_ df ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx u/]sL g]kfnL dlxnf gful/saf6
hlGdPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf lgh g]kfndf g} :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf] / lghn] ljb]zL d'n'ssf]
gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] lghn] ;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] c+uLs[t gful/stf k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL pkwf/fsf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSo+fzn] gful/stf k|fKt ubf{sf
avt lghsf cfdf / afa' b'j} g]kfnL gful/s /x]5g\ eg] g]kfndf hGd]sf] To:tf] JolQmn]
j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfdfsf] gfdaf6 ;xh}
gful/stf lbnfpg / To;af/] s'g} u'gf;f] cfP To;nfO{ ;'Gg] ;+oGq :yfkgf ug{ ;d]t u[x
dGqfnonfO{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 .
hGdsf cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf ;Gtltsf xsdf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-#_ n] hGdsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] gful/ssf] ;Gtfgn]
afa' / cfdf b'j} g]kfnsf] gful/s /x]5g\ eg] j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 afa' g]kfnL gful/s x'g] t/ 5f]/f5f]/L gful/s gx'g] lj8Dagfsf] cGTo
ePsf] 5 . o; cl3 ;/sf/n] g]kfn gful/stf -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ cWofb]z, @)^( åf/f gful/stf
P]g, @)^# df ;+zf]wg u/L hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmsf] To:tf] gful/stfsf]
k|df0f kq k|fKt ug'{ cl3 hGd]sf] ;Gtfgn] j+zhsf cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf u/]
tfklg pQm cWofb]z Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg x'g g;s]sf]n] lgliqmo ePsf] lyof] .
bf]xf]/f] gful/stf / u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ gful/stf
s'g} klg JolQm Ps} ;dodf PseGbf a9L d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt ub{5 eg] Tof] bf]xf]/f]
gful/stf xf] . u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ ljifo ljut nfdf] ;do b]lv k|jf;L
g]kfnLx?sf] dfu / rf;f]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . bf]xf]/f] gful/stf k|0ffnL cjnDag gug]{ d'n'sdf
g]kfn klg kb{5 . g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/sn] cfkm' v''zL s'g} ljb]zL d'ns'sf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf]
v08df lghsf] g]kfnL gful/stf :jtM ;dfKt x'g] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} s'g} JolQmnfO{ Ps};fy
g]kfn / cGo ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt x'g] cj:yf ePdf To:tf] JolQmn] !^ jif{ pd]/
k'u]sf] ldltn] @ jif{ leq g]kfnL gful/stf g/f]h]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] g]kfnL gful/stf sfod
/xg ;Sb}g -g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !)_ . pNn]lvt dfGotfsf afjh'b g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ dfq pkef]u ug{ kfpg]
u/L g]kfnsf] u}/cfjf;Lo gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$ df
ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7gsf] ;b:o /fi6«
afx]ssf b]zdf a;f]af; u/]sf] ;fljsdf j+zhsf] jf hGdsf] cfwf/df lgh jf lghsf] afa' jf
cfdf, afh] jf aHo} g]kfnsf] gful/s /xL kl5 ljb]zL d'n'ssf] Gfful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmnfO{
;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L g]kfnsf]
u}/ cfjf;Lo gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .
g]kfndf JolQmut 36gf btf{ / gful/stf clen]vsf] sdhf]/ k|fljlws Joj:yfkg tyf sfg'gsf]
lkmtnf] sfof{Gjogsf sf/0f Psf]xf]/f] gful/stfsf] Jojxfl/s kIf sdhf]/ 5 . s'g JolQm Ps}
189
;fy g]kfn / cGo ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo 5 cyjf sf] s;n] ljb]zsf] ;d]t
gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eGg] olsg tYofÍ ;/sf/;Fu 5}g . s;}n] :j3f]if0ff gubf{ ;Dd ;/sf/
o; ljifodf cgle1 /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/L cgle1tfsf sf/0f sfg'gL?kdf g]kfnL
gful/stf ;dfKt eO{;s]sf JolQm ;d]t cfkm\gf] ;'ljwf cg's"n g]kfnL gful/ssf] ?kdf k|fKt
x'g] nfe cfh{g u/L /x]sf 5g\ . o;n] g]kfn h:tf] ul/a b]zdf vf; u/]/ cfly{s, /fhgLlts /
cfk/flws If]qdf kfg]{ bL3{sfnLg k|efj k|lt ;r]tgf / ;+j]bgzLntfsf] vfFrf] 5 .
n}+lus klxrfg ;lxtsf] gful/stf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@ df j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] lghsf]
cfdf jf afa'sf] gfdaf6 n}lËs klxrfg ;lxtsf] g]kfnsf] Gfful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpg ;Sg]
Joj:yf 5 . To:t} of}lgs tyf n}+lus cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf JolQmx?nfO{ lnËsf] dxndf cGo
hgfO{ gful/stf hf/L ug]{ ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^( ;d]t k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . lnË kl/jt{g
;d]t ug{] rng ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf ;'? e} ;s]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfndf xfn ;Dd lnË kl/jt{g
ug]{ ;DaGwdf s'g} klg sfg'g lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOFb}g .
lgisif{
Gfful/stf sfg'gL / /fhgLlts clwsf/ :yflkt ug{'sf cltl/Qm JolQmsf] efjgf;Fu hf]l8Psf]
ljifo klg xf] . gful/stfn] JolQmnfO{ /fHosf] ;b:osf] ?kdf cfTd uf}/jsf] af]w u/fpg ;s]g
eg] Tof] /fHosf] nflu k|To"Tkfbs x'g ;Sb\5 . cfh /fhgLlt k|ltsf] ljt[i0ffn] xf]; jf a]/f]huf/Ln]
cfkm\gf] hGde"ldnfO{ ufnL ug]{ / j}b]lzs hLjgk|lt r/d cfzlQmefj /fVg] hdft lbgfg'lbg
a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Lk|lt pbf;Lg /xg] / x/]s sdhf]/Lk|lt ;/sf/nfO{ bf]ifL b]Vg]
k|j[ltnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ h?/L 5 . s'g} klg b]znfO{ ;Eo, ;d[4 / pGgtzLn agfpg] ToxLsf]
gful/s / ;/sf/n] g} xf] . x/]s gful/s ;/sf/sf] Ps cjoj xf] . ;+ljwfgn] gful/ssf
st{Josf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df /fHon] gful/stf k|bfg ubf{ JolQmaf6 gful/sdf
?kfGtl/t x'g]n] cfkm\gf] b]z / ;dfhk|lt lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ bfloTjx?sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg],
/fi6« / /fli6«otfk|lt ;dk{0f / cf:yfjfg efj /fVg] gful/s tof/ kfg]{, c;n dg'iodf x'g'kg]{
cfwf/e"t u'0f / c?;Fu ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/sf ljifodf k|lzIf0fsf] k|aGw x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
• g]kfn Gfful/stf P]g, @)^#, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
• Gfful/stf ljt/0f sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf, @)^#, u[x dGqfno .
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Nepal’s bilateral, regional, and multilateral efforts,
commitments, expectations and obligations
# Madhu Raman Acharya ∗
Nepal has entered into many bilateral, regional, and multilateral commitments, including
through the treaties, conventions, agreements, declarations and joint statements. Nepal has
made several commitments in these instruments. Each of these instruments creates several
diplomatic, legal and moral obligations for Nepal. Similarly, Nepal has many expectations
from these commitments, most of which remain under utilized and under-realized. An effort
has been made in this brief paper to review those bilateral, regional and multilateral efforts,
commitments and obligations, including the issues and challenges thereof.
A. Bilateral commitments, obligations and expectations
Bilaterally, Nepal has entered into several commitments with friendly countries, including in
the establishment and maintenance of diplomatic relations, promotion of friendly ties, and
launching of cooperative and mutually-beneficial relations and projects under economic
cooperation. There are commitments made under several bilateral treaties and agreements
with many friendly countries of the world. Bilateral treaties and agreements range from the
treaties of peace and friendship (India and China), treaties of trade and transit, air services
agreements, labour agreements, agreements to avoid double taxation, bilateral investment
protection agreements etc. With India, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950) has
security commitments and commitment to provide “national treatment” on a reciprocal basis.
Nepal has signed boundary agreement with China, but has not concluded a boundary treaty
with India.
Nepal has signed treaties of trade and trade agreements with several countries. Nepal has
such trade treaties with India and China since the 1960s. Nepal has also signed trade
agreements with countries including with USA (1947), Russia (1970), DPR Korea (1970),
Republic of Korea (1971), Egypt (1975), Bangladesh (1976), Sri Lanka (1979), Bulgaria
(1980), Pakistan (1982), Romania (1984), Mongolia (1992) and Poland (1992). Under these
trade treaties and agreements, Nepal has entered into reciprocal commitments with the
respective countries, including to promote exchange of goods (sometimes services), to
identify the list of commodities traded, to provide the Most Favoured Nation treatment, to
respect of respective laws and regulations, to designate trading ports, to treat traders and
border inhabitants favourable, to promote bilateral trade, and establish dispute resolution
mechanism on trade related issues. With India, Nepal also has agreement to control
unauthorized trade.
Nepal has signed bilateral treaties and agreements on transit with India, China and
Bangladesh. Nepal has also concluded agreements for avoidance of double taxation with
some nine countries, including with India, China, Thailand, South Korea, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka, Mauritius, Austria and Norway. Nepal has signed the bilateral investment protection

" k"j{ /fhb"t, g]kfn ;/sf/ .
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and promotion agreements, called BIPPA, with several countries, including that with
Bangladesh, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. With India, Nepal has signed the BIPPA
agreement, but the same has not come into effect, as it has yet to be ratified by Nepal’s
parliament. In addition, Nepal and India have also signed the Power Trade Agreement
(PTA). Nepal also has an extradition treaty dating back to 1953. Nepal has also concluded
labour agreements with many labour receiving countries including Qatar, UAE, Japan, Korea
etc.
Nepal and India have several water treaties starting from Gandak Agreement, Koshi
Agreement and the famous Mahakali Treaty. These treaties create several commitments
including use of Nepali land for construction of projects and sharing of water and electricity
produced from them.
Each of these bilateral treaties and agreements produce numerous commitments on the part
of Nepal and create multiple obligations, while there are reciprocal commitments and
obligations from the other side as well. These treaties and agreements create bilateral
obligations for Nepal including that to respect the provisions in the specific treaties. Besides,
there are reciprocal bilateral obligations arising out of bilateral declarations, joint statements
etc. Some multilateral treaties and conventions also create bilateral obligations. For example,
the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 provide that once diplomatic relations
are establish, two countries are under bilateral obligation to adhere to the provisions of the
Convention, including to provide privileges and immunities to the diplomats in the
respective countries.
Bilaterally, Nepal seeks many reciprocal commitments from the friendly countries include to
respect sovereign equality, non-interference in domestic affairs, mutually beneficial
cooperation, including economic cooperation, a fair treat to the Nepali nationals in the
respective countries, including for their security, to promote Nepal's economic interests in
the respective countries, and the fulfillment of bilateral treaty obligations and commitments
from the other side on the basis of reciprocity, peaceful co-existence and cooperation in the
international issues.
B. Regional efforts, commitments, obligations and expectations
Nepal has joined several regional organizations and groupings, including in the SAARC,
BIMSTEC and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, in which Nepal is a “Dialogue
Partner”. Nepal is a member of the Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank and the Asian
Development Bank. Under the UN, Nepal is member of the UNESCAP. In these
organizations and groupings, Nepal is seeking to enhance regional economic cooperation,
and to diversify its trade and investment and connectivity, while hoping get better benefits
from various regional projects in each.
Nepal has made several regional commitments including through the adherence to the
declarations and charters of the respective regional organizations. By that virtue, Nepal is
bound to fulfill and follow the respective charter principles. For example, Nepal has adhered
to the SAARC Charter and is committed to the principles under which the regional
association was created. Nepal has also allowed the establishment of the headquarters of
regional bodies (such as the SAARC Secretariat) and regional headquarters of the
international organizations, UN agencies, funds and programmes. For example, Nepal
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houses the UN Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament (UNRCPD) in Kathmandu.
Nepal has singed headquarters agreement with these offices, as well with the regional offices
of some INGOs. To most of these organizations, Nepal has obligation to provide financial
contributions. In the SAARC and BIMSTEC, Nepal has entered into several regional,
conventions, treaties, agreements and declaration, which create many commitments and
obligations for Nepal. Nepal must adhere to these regional instruments and must sincerely
implement them. Some of these instruments create obligation to cooperate with the
respective nodal agencies of other countries in the region and reporting obligation to provide
regular updates on the status of implementation of the respective instruments.
In the SAARC, Nepal has become party to several regional conventions including the
Convention on trafficking in women and children, Convention on promotion of welfare of
children Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Convention on suppression of terrorism and its
additional protocol. Besides there are regional agreements in which Nepal is a part, including
in the Mutual Assistance on criminal matters, Free Trade Agreements (SAFTA/ BIMSTEC
FTA), Agreement on SAARC Arbitration Council, SAARC Agreement on Avoidance of
Double Taxation, SAARC Agreement on Customs Matters, SAARC Agreement on SAARC
Food Bank, SAARC Agreement on South Asian Regional Standards Organization and the
SAARC Agreement on Energy Cooperation. Each of these instruments creates multiple
commitments and obligations for Nepal, including that for implementation, cooperation and
reporting.
Through the regional cooperation organizations and agreements and declarations signed
therein, Nepal expects to benefit from economic integration, free flow of trade and
investment, smooth transit and transport network, better connectivity across the borders,
cooperation on many issues at the regional level, through execution of regional projects and
through better prospects for people-to-people contact. All of that is expected to generate
economic growth, peace and prosperity in the region.
C. Multilateral efforts, commitments, obligations and expectations
Nepal has joined many international multilateral organizations, including the political forum
such as the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement, the multilateral financial
institutions like the Bretton Woods Institutions (World Bank, IMF), and the WTO and the
group of developing countries called the Group of Seventy Seven (G77). Besides, Nepal has
signed up with many international treaties, conventions, protocols, agreements and
declarations including on human rights, disarmament, environment and climate change,
terrorism and drug control, corruption control and many other issues.
There are several multilateral obligations arising out of these instruments. The foremost
commitment comes from the membership to the respective organizations. When, Nepal
becomes a member to an international organization, there are automatic obligations arising
out it including the commitment to principles of the respective organizations (e.g. UN
Charter, NAM Principles). Nepal cannot deny those principles as long as Nepal remains a
member of those organizations. For example, the UN Charter has created certain principles
like the respect for sovereign equality, non-interference in the domestic affairs of states,
peaceful settlement of dispute, non use of threat or force except for collective security and
the breach of international peace security. These principles must always be respected.
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Nepal also expects other members of the UN to respect these principles in earnest. When,
Nepal becomes a member to any international organization, there is usually the obligation
for financial contribution such as the membership fee and annual contribution for the
programmes and activities. Non-payment of such contribution can result in listing of Nepal
as a defaulter in the respective organizations. Nepal also has obligation to participate in the
decision-making mechanism of the respective organizations, and to implement the decisions
when they are taken collectively. Nepal also has obligation to allow the activities and
programmes of these agencies in the country, while Nepal can significantly benefit from the
programmes and activities of the funds, programmes and agencies, including that of the
United Nations.
On account of joining these multilateral organizations, Nepal has certain expectations from
them. Nepal expects fair representation in these organizations, including on the basis of
“equitable geographical representation” so that Nepal is represented in these organizations
including in the staff, programmes and benefits arising out of that. Nepal expects to become
beneficiary of the programmes and activities of the respective organization and the agencies,
funds and programmes. Nepal also expects that the international organizations operate in a
transparent, accountable, rule-based and non-discriminatory manner. Nepal also expects that
the principle of sovereign equality is always respected in the international organization. In
the case of trade, Nepal expects to get Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment from the
WTO members. In the overall, Nepal expects that application of international rule of law,
just as there is rule of law at the national level. This demands the sincere implementation by
all the countries of the commitments and obligations arising out of international law
including the multilateral treaties and conventions they have become members of. Nepal also
seeks democratic accountability, which ensures transparency, voice and representation of the
developing counties, the least developed and landlocked countries in the decision-making
architecture of the respective multilateral organizations.
Nepal has become party to many instruments of international law, including several
multilateral treaties, conventions, agreements, protocols, and declarations. These instruments
relate to human rights, disarmament, environment, climate change, biodiversity, corruption,
terrorism labour rights, and transit right. Nepal has signed up with all major human rights
instruments including the major human rights treaties and conventions. Nepal is also a party
of multilateral treaties on disarmament, including on the respective conventions on chemical,
biological and nuclear weapons. On environment and climate change, Nepal is part to the
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as well the Paris Agreement on
Climate Change. Nepal is also a signatory of conventions related to biodiversity and
protection of endangered species. Nepal is also a party to the diplomatic and consular
conventions, including the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 and the
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963. Nepal is also a party to the WTO
agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). Nepal has also
signed up with the humanitarian conventions, including the four Geneva Conventions, but
has not ratified the UN Refugee Convention. Besides, Nepal is also party to the multilateral
treaties on drugs, corruption and terrorism.
These multilateral instruments create several obligations to Nepal, including the binding,
non-binding and moral obligations. The binding obligations arising out of some of these
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treaties and convention, e.g. Chemical Weapons Convention and Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT) put Nepal under the international supervision of enforcement measures.
Without international supervision, Nepal cannot control its own resources if the same can
have capacity of being used as materials for chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. For
example, Nepal cannot exploit the Uranium reserves that it has potentially available in
Mustang area on its own, without some kind of international supervision and verification, as
provided for in the respective disarmament conventions.
Some treaties and agreements produce non-bonding obligations, for which there is are
enforcement measures, but is subject to verification and reporting in accordance with the
respective international instruments. For example, the Paris Agreement on Climate Change
(2015) have created the non-binding obligations for emission control through the Intended
Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), which are basically national targets reported
to international mechanism, but without binding obligations. Similarly, Nepal has non-
binding obligation to make public buildings accessible to the people with disabilities, in
accordance with the respective convention. These are just examples, there are many more
treaty-specific obligations that are sometimes binding and sometimes non-binding.
Besides, there are moral obligations originating from the principles evolved from
conventions in which Nepal is not a party. Even if Nepal is not a party to the respective
treaties and conventions (e.g. on Refugees, Rights of Migrant Workers, and stateless
persons), there is moral obligation to implement the provisions therein as they have become
part of the accepted international law. It must be noted here that all such international
obligations, binding, non-binding or moral, are to be borne by the state, not the government
of the day alone. Hence, any commitment or obligation signed by the government of the day,
once entered, will automatically transfer to the next government, in fact to the member state.
It must also be kept in mind that all international treaties and conventions are meant to be
implemented, not merely signed for “good intentions”, as is usually believed. For that matter,
Nepal should press for a favourable environment for implementation of international law in
general.
According to the international law, the states have obligations to follow international law on
the basis of the consent they have given to the specific treaties and conventions. In other
words, consent is the source of state obligations in international law. Once a country
becomes a party to an international law instrument, it creates obligations for the state to
adhere to the instrument in letter and spirit. The principle of pacta sund servanda (literally,
promises must be kept) also requires that the states follow the treaties they sign. There is also
the principle of jus cogens, which prohibits the states from derogating the overriding
principles of international law, hence cannot make law against them. Examples include the
non-use of force, crime against humanity et. There is also the principle of rebus sic stantibus,
which means thatstates do not have obligation to follow treaties in which the circumstances
have fundamentally changed. This is one of the reasons cited to convince the urgency to
review the 1950 treaty of peace and friendship with India.
In accordance with the multilateral treaties and conventions, there are several obligations that
Nepal must adhere to” The foremost obligation is that of compliance. Nepal must obey and
implement the treaty it has signed. We must take the specific action that the respective treaty
or convention demands from the member states or state parties. That usually includes the
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creation of a national implementing agency to each treaty. In some treaties, Nepal is required
to develop and implement National Plan of Action for implementing the respective treaty
provisions. Then there is the reporting obligation, which requires that Nepal periodically
report to the respective treaty bodies on the actions it has taken and status of implementation
of the respective treaty provisions. In some cases, Nepal’s reporting hasn’t been up-to-date.
We have been listed as defaulters on reporting on many treaties. There is also the obligation
for domestic legislation in each international treaty or convention. Usually, such legislation
is required to criminalize the offenses and create jurisdiction and process of prosecution and
legal action against offenders. Examples include the matters related to mutual legal
assistance on corruption and crimes. After becoming a party to the respective treaty or
convention, Nepal is obliged to implement the decisions taken by competent treaty bodies
etc. and to follow the dispute settlement mechanism. In many treaties, the international treaty
obligations are subject to international verification and supervision. We must follow such
obligations once we become party to the respective treaties and conventions.
Conflict between national (“municipal”) and international law: There is the question as
to what happens when there is a conflict between national (referred to as “municipal law” in
international law vocabulary) and international law? There are two schools of thought in this
regard. The first is Monism, which assumes that there should not be any distinction between
international and national law and that international legal commitments always supersede the
national laws. The U.S. constitution adopts this school and has mentioned that once signed
an instrument of international law becomes the part of national law in the United States. The
second is Dualism, in which the international and national laws often coexist and the
international law takes effect only after domestic legislations and in case of conflict the
national law should supersede. The Vienna Convention on Law of the Treaties, 1969,
mentions that international law will always supersede the national laws. Nepal's treaty law
provisions can be counted to have based both on monism as well as dualism. The Treaty Act,
2047 BS (Clause 9), explicitly mentions that the international law will have precedence over
national laws, to the extent of conflict between the two. But at the same law, there is
recognition that international commitments must be domesticated. In other words the
international commitments would have legal value after domestic legislation. For example,
the criminalization of offences and procedure for prosecution and the jurisdiction of national
courts in offenses created by international law can only be applied under a domestic law.
Nepal’s constitution (Article 304) mentions that all laws inconsistent with it will be
invalidone year after the first meeting of the federal parliament. Thus to take legal effect, the
international law must also conform to the constitutional parameters. The Supreme Court of
Nepal has issued ruling that can be interpreted both on the grounds of monism and dualism.
In such situation, Nepal has a mixed or hybrid system. In any case, national laws cannot be
invoked for non-compliance of international law, hence the latter will always have
supremacy in case of a conflict between the two.
Constitutional provisions: Nepal’s constitution provides that only the federal government
can enter into treaties (Article 278) and that the provinces can do economic and industrial
contracts with approval from the centre. The constitution also requires that the centre consult
with the provinces on treaties concerning them. The constitution has put the matter related to
foreign aid (grants and loan) under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government
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(Annex 5). Hence, the provincial governments will have to get approval from the federal
government for any for any foreign aid projects they want to execute in their provinces. The
constitution also requires that all treaties that Nepal signs bilaterally, regionally or
multilaterally must be ratified by the Parliament, which the treaties related to peace and
friendship, security and strategic alliance, boundary and the natural resources and the
distribution of their exploitation must be ratified by the two-third majority of the Parliament
(Article 279). In accordance with the constitution, the National Human Rights Commission
(NHRC) is supposed to monitor the implementation of international human rights treaties
(Article 249.2), while the National Women Commission is supposed to monitor the
implementation of international treaties etc. on women's rights and suggest on reporting on
the same (Article 253.1). The National Dalit Commission is mandated to suggest on
reporting on the related matters, including the international treaties on racial discrimination
(Article 256.1).
Nepal’s Treaty Act, 2047 BS empowers the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the
country to sign the treaties on Nepal’s behalf. Other ministers and Nepal’s ambassadors may
also be authorized to sign a treaty on Nepal’s behalf. The Treaty Act requires that the treaties
so signed should be ratified by the House of Representatives. It also mentions that the treaty
provisions are enforceable as good as national laws. It also requires that all treaties Nepal has
signed, bilateral or international, must be deposited with respective international
organization or with the United Nations.
Many problems: There are many problems related to Nepal’s bilateral, regional and
multilateral efforts, commitments and expectations and obligations arising out of them. First
of all, there is weak involvement from Nepal’s side in negotiation of international
instruments (except for a few). That creates a situation in which we end up implementing
what others have negotiated. Our negotiating capacity on bilateral, regional and international
instruments is rather weak. There is dearth of legal, diplomatic as well as professional skills
that is required while negotiating such instruments. Many times, we have signed
international and bilateral instruments without proper scrutiny and without examining their
implications. The provisions related to Nepal and applicable to Nepal are either weak or
against Nepal’s interests. Most of the time, the obligations arising out of many instruments
that Nepal has singed have been often neglected. In others, our commitment to implement
the bilateral, regional and multilateral instrument is not forthcoming. Neither do we follow
up on the commitment and obligations we create bilaterally, regionally and multilaterally.
Many provisions of international treaties and conventions have conflicting provisions with
the national laws. We have yet to amend or domesticate those legislations in accordance with
the international law. Our reporting to international treaty bodies etc. has been rather
irregular and weak, often creating embarrassment at the international fora. The capacity of
our implementing agencies, which are sometimes not even designated, is rather weak. They
are not empowered to take national action and are sometimes not given the human and
financial resources to execute the decisionson Nepal’s behalf. Nepal has not made use of
available dispute settlement mechanism in many international treaties and conventions to its
favour. For example, Nepal did not choose to take a legal course of action when there was
prolonged blockade at the Indo-Nepal border following the promulgation of Nepal’s
constitution in September 2015. We could have the knocked the door of the WTO, UN Law
197
of the Sea Tribunal or even the International Court of Justice to create accountability for
such action, that could have worked as deterrence of such action in future.
Obligations must be adhered to: We cannot remain isolated without entering into many
bilateral, regional and multilateral treaties, agreements and other instruments, which create
several commitments and obligations to us. Nepal should make commitments to bilateral,
regional and multilateral instruments only after serious study of implications and obligations
arising out of them. We should sincerely implement the commitments and obligations that
arise from the instruments once we sign and ratify them. We need to set up a follow-up
mechanism or introduce a plan of action to implement each bilateral, regional and
multilateral commitment that we have entered. For that matter, we need to strengthen our
national focal institutions designated as per the treaty provisions. We must also change our
domestic laws in accordance with international commitments. We should regularize our
reporting and improve the timeliness and quality of our reporting to international treaty
bodies etc. Nepal should have a proactive engagement in negotiations of regional multilateral
instruments so that our interests are protected while they are created. We should also
improve our negotiating capacity including that of our political, diplomatic, legal and
professional so that our interests are always protected in crucial negotiation to bilateral,
regional and multilateral instruments. Last not the least, all the obligations and commitments
must be adhered to sincerely in good earnest. Internationally, Nepal must press for the
sincere implementation for international rule of law, just as there is emphasis on rule of law
nationally.
References:
- The Constitution of Nepal
- Nepal Treaty Act, 2047 BS
- Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties, 1969
198
Managerial Capacity of Local Bodies in Nepal
∗
# Dr. Hari Prasad Adhikari
Abstract
The main focus of this study is to investigate the Managerial Capacity of Local Bodies in
Nepal. Descriptive and analytical research design was used in this study. The data
collected through questionnaire from 350 respondents was used for analysis. The level of
success of managerial capacity of local bodies seemed of moderate level as per the data
collected. The findings from this study can provide information about the managerial
capacity of local bodies in Nepal. It could be helpful to the policy makers for improving
local governance.
Key words: Empowering local people administrative structure of local bodies, and network of
the actors of decentralization, physical facilities for the implementation of decentralization, fund
for budget management, trained human resources, and political structure of local bodies.
1. Introduction
Governance has been the prominent issue for developing countries like Nepal for their
overall development. Development challenges for the twenty first century will continue to
revolve around the issues of good governance and sustainable management. Good
governance at local level is essential to ensure social justice and make development
inclusive. It encourages access and participation of marginalized people in the development
affairs of the state. Good governance is participatory, people-oriented, and involves
government bodies,private sector agencies, social groups, communities and the civil society
at large in the process. Good governance encourages local leadership and decentralization of
power to the grassroots level and builds local capabilities (Bhatta T.P, 2010). The third wave
of democracy which had played its role around the world affected Nepali politics as well. It
not only helped in bringing liberal democracy but also revived the fundamental concepts of
democracy such as local governance and decentralization. (Khanal, 2010)
2. Issue and Objective
The aim of capacity building is to strengthen parties’ ability to solve problems and achieve
its objectives. Fundamental human needs are the basis of capacity building for effective
governance and conflict management. Institutional development, community development
and economic development at all levels are the ultimate aim of managerial capacity building.
Often there is a debate on whether decentralized governance policies should wait for local
capacity to be adequate before they are implemented. But the debate often fails to answer the
question as to who are the actors in local governance and hence whose capacities should be
enhanced (Kauzya, n.d.).The argument presented in the above paragraph stands in the way of
decentralization because the argument says that since the local people do not have the

" Lecturer, Public Administration Campus.
199
required capacity for managing local governments, the functions, responsibilities and
resources should not be devolved to them. The argument might be true to some developing
countries but that does not mean that they cannot be strengthened through capacity building.
This argument carries undertones of colonialism. A country cannot afford to wait for local
governance capacity to develop since the process of development is a process of capacity
building. Development is a process of progressive and qualitative change from inability to
ability, from incapacity to capacity. In this context, this research study is focused on research
question what is the state to managerial capacity of the local institutions for effective local
governance? To answer such question, is a challenging in the context of Nepal where
transition is going on from unitary system to federalism. The specific objective of the study
is to investigate the state of managerial capacity building for effective local governance.
3. Rationale of the Study
Many studies have been carried out in the field of managerial capacity, but very few have
focused on both managerial capacity and local governance. The available literature did not
focus on linking managerial capacity for effective local governance in an integrated manner.
In this study, efforts are made to jointly analyze the two aspects of effective local
governance. From the public administration perspective, governance seems crucial whereas
from the management point of view, managerial capacity appears significant.
4. Literature review
Nepal has under- gone major challenges in the last one and half decade. The frequent
changes in the government have created instability in politics and in the government
resulting into a weak and ineffective government structure and service delivery. An effective
local government mechanism plays a critical role in economic development and social
justice. It is abstractly normal to start from weak point and move on to the strong local
governance capacity. It is not possible to build the capacity of local governments if local
governance structures are not put in place within a clear policy that provides for building
local governance capacity. How would there be development of local capacity if there is no
change in the local governance structures? (Kauza, n. d). The first step in addressing the
issue of capacity building is to identify and analyze the key players and stakeholders in local
community so that it would help us in understanding who they are and what capacities they
possess and what they lack. We can address the capacity building issues accordingly by
knowing what is lacking in them (Kauzya, n.d.).Kauzya (n.d) had mentioned how local
capacity building can be achieved in Rwanda in his literature. Similar points can be
replicated in the context of Nepal since Nepal is also a developing nation like Rwanda:
• Government's will and commitment to people's empowerment: The present
Government is willing and committed to decentralization for empowering the local
communities to engage in political, social, and economic development activities
through VDCs and districts. Such will and commitment are crucial for mobilizing
the entire country and development partners to support and facilitate decentralization
and effective local governance.
• An administrative and political structure: Local Self Governance Act 2055 of Nepal
allocated the authority to VDCs and districts to run their local administrative
200
functions. VDC chairperson and secretary had powers to decide on the matters of the
village through the participation of local people. NGOs and other community based
organizations support the development activities at the village and district levels in
Nepal. The implementation of decentralization does only benefit from such
structures but also strengthens them further.
• Human resources: The existing personnel in Ministries, districts and village level
can be assessed and reoriented through appropriate training and other capacity
development mechanisms to support the implementation of decentralization policy
and the sustainability of local governance. The personnel can be trained in the
management, human resources development, accounting, budgeting and finance,
administrative procedures and methods.
• Tools and facilities: The existing tools and facilities such as buildings, furniture and
vehicles, communication systems, and equipment at district and village levels,
though mostly inadequate, would serve as initial take off support for the
decentralization process in Nepal.
• Funding: Funding would be a challenge for decentralization with low level of
government revenue. Nevertheless, we can continue with the current government
policy which has allocated certain budget to VDCs and district levels to operate the
administrative functions.
• Networks: There are existing networks among different actors (NGOs, donors,
Ministry of federal Affair and Local Development, other ministries, government
agencies, and local authorities) that would facilitate and support the implementation
of decentralization.
One of the persistent lessons of experience in developing countries is that the foundation for
successful decentralization is the local capacity building which is increasing the ability of
institution, organization, group, or individual to perform required functions effectively, and
in a sustainable manner (Cheema&Rondinelli, 2007).
The local government capacity can be understood at three levels viz. individual, the
institutional and systematic level (UNDP, 1998). The individual level capacity comprises of
the abilities, values, attitudes of elected representatives and administration in local
government. The institutional linkages encompass the structures, procedures and operating
rules of local government in establishing horizontal and vertical linkage within and outside
the government departments for effective co-ordination for formulation, implementation and
monitoring of policies and programme. The systematic level covers the policy and legal
framework within which the local government operates and by the rules and practices with
which it interacts with other actors (Joseph, 2009).
5. Methodology
The present study is based on the survey empirical methods, a descriptive cum analytical
research design. Descriptive research is a type of study which is conducted to access the
opinions, behaviors or characteristics of the given population (Wolff & Pant, 2005). An
interview schedule was administered in 2015 (Adhikari, 2016). For analyzing "Managerial
201
Capacity of Local Bodies in Nepal", the population for this study was taken from two
districts – Kathmandu and Kaski. Convenience sampling was done. The population was
comprised of local people, local leaders, government officials, academics, NGO/CBO
officials and employees of municipalities and VDCs. Local people involved in local planning
process and local leaders (Kathmandu) included those who attended Ilaka Bhela at Tokha
Ilaka regarding MCPM held on February 2015 and local people involved in local planning
process and local leaders (Kaski) included those who attended Ilaka Bhela at Dhampus Ilaka
regarding MCPM held on March 2015. Sample size of 350 was taken from an
infinite/unknown population. Purposive quota sampling technique was used. The quota was
determined on the basis of the size of population and researcher’s convenience. Variation of
managerial capacity was measured in terms of the variation of group of stakeholders.
6. Analysis and Interpretation of Issues of Managerial Capacity
Capacity building refers to strengthening the skills, competencies and abilities of people and
communities in developing societies. So, the aim of capacity building is to strengthen
parties’ ability to solve problems and achieve its objectives. Fundamental human needs are
the basis of capacity building for effective governance and conflict management.
Institutional development, community development and economic development at all levels
are the ultimate aim of managerial capacity building (Kauzya, n.d). Respondents' opinion
regarding Issues of Managerial Capacity is given in Table 01.
Table 01 : Ranking of the Issues of Managerial Capacity
Level of Success Weighted Mean Rank
Issues of managerial
Score (Range:1 to
capacity VH H N L VL
5)
a. Willingness and commitment
of government for 46 170 121 11 2 3.71 1
empowering local people;
b. Sufficiency of the
administrative structure of 11 50 242 47 - 3.07 2
local bodies;
c. Appropriateness of the
network of the actors of 6 85 195 52 12 3.06 3
decentralization;
d. Sufficiency of physical
facilities for the
2 60 240 38 10 3.02 4
implementation of
decentralization;
e. Sufficiency of fund for budget
management. 2 34 256 58 - 2.94 5
f. Sufficiency of the trained
human resources; - 6 122 206 16 2.34 6
g. Sufficiency of the political
3 24 82 144 97 2.12 7
structure of local bodies;
Number of respondents = 350
202
The table 01 shows the views and experiences of different groups of respondent on issues of
managerial capacity. The table also shows the ranking of the issues of managerial capacity
affecting local governance in Nepal. As stated above, willingness and commitment of
government for empowering local people, sufficiency of the administrative structure of local
bodies, appropriateness of the network of the actors of decentralization and sufficiency of
physical facilities for the implementation of decentralization were found strong because the
weighted mean score value of them are 3.71, 3.07, 3.06 and 3.02, which are greater than the
median value 3.0. On the other hand, sufficiency of fund for budget management, sufficiency
of the trained human resources, and sufficiency of the political structure of local bodies were
found weak because the weighted mean score value of such are 2.94, 2.34 and 2.12 which
are smaller than the median value 3.0.
6.1 Willingness and commitment of government for empowering local people
Local capacity building depends upon whether the government of Nepal is willing and
committed to decentralization for empowering the local communities to engage in political,
social, and economic development activities through VDCs and districts or not. This crucial
for mobilizing the entire country and development partners to support and facilitate
decentralization and effective local governance. Respondents’ views regarding he
willingness and commitment of government for empowering local peopleby Group of Stake
holders are presented in table 02.
Table 02: Willingness and commitment of government for empowering local people by
Group of Stakeholders
Group of stakeholders Extent of Execution Total Weighted Mean

level Response Score(range: 1 to 5)
5 4 3 2 1
a. Local people/leaders
(Rural) 18 49 33 0 0 100
3.85
b. Local people/leaders
14 54 30 0 2 100 3.78
(Urban)
c. Government
4 23 26 7 0 60 3.40
officials/academics
d. NGO/CBO officials 4 21 11 4 0 40 3.62
e. Employees of
municipality/VDC 6 23 21 0 0 50 3.70
secretaries
Total 46 170 121 11 2 350 3.71
203
The table 02 indicates that the respondents considered the extent of execution level of
willingness and commitment of government for empowering local people to be good. The
table shows that the weighted mean score value of all group of stakeholders is higher than
the median value 3.0. It means that the respondents seem to have positive attitude towards
the willingness and commitment of government for empowering local people.
6.2 : Sufficiency of the Administrative Structure of Local Bodies
Local Self Governance Act of Nepal VDCs and districts were authorised to run their local
administrative functions. Power were given to the VDC chairperson and secretary to decide
on the matters of the village through the participation of local people. NGOs and other
community based organizations are also supporting the development activities at the village
and district levels in Nepal. The implementation of decentralization will not only benefit
from such structures but will also strengthen them further. Respondents’ views regarding the
sufficiency of the administrative structure of local bodies are presented by group of
stakeholders in table 5.38.
Table 03: Sufficiency of the Administrative Structure of Local Bodies by Group
of Stakeholders
Group of Extent of Execution Total Weighted Mean

stakeholders level Response Score(range= 1to 5)
5 4 3 2 1
a. Local people/leaders 8 22 60 10 0 100 3.28

(Rural)
b. Local people/leaders 3 9 77 11 0 100 3.04

(Urban)
c. Government 0 7 45 8 0 60 2.98
officials/academics
e. Employees of 0 8 28 14 0 50 2.88
municipality/VDC
secretaries
Total 11 50 242 47 0 350 3.07
The table 03 presents respondents’ opinion on extent of execution level of the Sufficiency of
the Administrative Structure of Local Bodies by Group of Stakeholders. The table shows that
the weighted mean score value of local people/leaders (rural), local people/leaders (urban)
and NGO/CBO officials is higher than the median value 3.0.It reveals that the administrative
structure of the localbodies is strong. On the other hand, the weighted mean score value of
204
Government officials/academics, employees of municipality/VDC secretaries is lower than
the median value 3.0. It means that the administrative structure of local bodies is weak.
6.3 Sufficiency of the Political Structure of Local Bodies
Local governance and decentralization cannot easily be enacted or sustained without strong
and committed political leadership at both national and local government levels. Political
leaders must accept participation in planning and management by groups that are outside of
the direct control of the central government or the dominant political party (Cheema, 2014).
Political structure of the government plays a vital role in capacity building. Political
structures of government include District Development Committees, all types of
Municipalities and Village Development Committees. (ADDCN, 2010). Respondents’ views
regarding sufficiency of the Political structure of local bodies by group of stakeholders are
presented in table: 04
Table 04 : Sufficiency of the Political Structure of Local Bodies by Group of
Stakeholders
Group of stakeholders Extent of Execution Total Weighted
level Response Mean Score
5 4 3 2 1 (range: 1 to 5)
0 16 51 23 10 100 2.73
(Rural)
0 4 23 60 13 100 2.18
(Urban)
c. Government
3 2 4 18 33 60 1.73
officials/academics
e. Employees of
municipality/VDC 0 2 4 25 19 50 1.78
secretaries
Total 3 24 82 144 97 350 2.12
The table 04 indicates that the respondents considered the extent of execution level of the
political structure of local bodies is weak. The table shows that the weighted mean score
value of all group of stakeholders is lower than median value 3.0. It means that the
respondents seem to have negative attitude towards the political structure of local bodies.
6.4 : Sufficiency of the Trained Human Resources
Central, district and local level human resources can be assessed and reoriented through
appropriate training and other capacity development mechanisms to support the
implementation of the decentralization policy and the sustainability of local governance. The
personnel can be trained in the management, human resources development, accounting,
budgeting and finance, administrative procedures and methods. Respondents’ views
regarding the sufficiency of the trained human resources by group of stakeholders are
presented in table 05.
205
Table 05: Sufficiency of the Trained Human Resources by Groups of Stakeholders
5 4 3 2 1 (range: 1 to 5)
a. Local people/leaders (Rural) 0 2 41 47 10 100 2.35
b. Local people/leaders (Urban) 0 4 51 45 0 100 2.59
c. Government
0 0 13 43 4 60 2.15
officials/academics
e. Employees of municipality/
0 0 11 37 2 50 2.18
VDC secretaries
Total 0 6 122 206 16 350 2.34
The table 05 shows that the trained human resources of the local bodiesare weak as the
weighted mean score value of all group of stakeholders is lower than the median value 3.0.
It means that the respondents seem to have negative attitude towards the sufficiency of the
trained human resources of local bodies.
6.5 : Sufficiency of Physical Facilities for the Implementation of Decentralization
The physical facilities such as buildings, furniture and vehicles, communication systems, and
equipment at local levels would serve as initial take off support for the decentralization
process in Nepal. Respondents’ views regarding the sufficiency of physical facilities for the
implementation of decentralization by group of stakeholders are presented in table 06.
Table 06 : Sufficiency of Physical facilities for the implementation of decentralization
by Group of Stakeholders
5 4 3 2 1 (range: 1 to 5)
b. Local people/leaders 0 22 64 22 0 100 3.06
(Urban)
c. Government 0 8 44 8 0 60 2.97
officials/academics
e. Employees of municipality/ 0 7 36 7 0 50 2.92
VDC secretaries
Total 2 60 240 60 2 350 3.02
The table 06 presents respondents’ opinion on the extent of execution level of the
Sufficiency of the physical facilities for the implementation of decentralization by group of
stakeholders. The table shows that the weighted mean score value of local people/leaders
(rural) and local people/leaders (urban) are higher than the median value 3.0. It reveals that
206
the physical facilities for the implementation of decentralization of local bodies are strong.
On the other hand, the weighted mean score value of Government. Officials/academics,
NGO/CBO officials and employees of municipality/VDC secretaries are lower than the
median value 3.0. Majority of the respondents reported that the physical facilities for the
implementation of decentralization of local bodies are weak.
6.6 Appropriateness of the Network of the Actors of Decentralization
There are existing networks among different actors (NGOs, donors, Ministry of federal
Affair and Local Development, other ministries, government agencies, and local authorities)
that would facilitate and support the implementation of decentralization and local
governance. Respondents’ views regarding the appropriateness of the network of the actors
of decentralization by group of stakeholders are presented in table 07.
Table 07: Appropriateness of the Network of the Actors of Decentralization by Group
of Stakeholders
5 4 3 2 1 (range: 1 to 5)
4 19 54 17 6 100 2.98
(Rural)
2 43 41 12 2 100 3.31
(Urban)
c. Government
0 13 37 10 0 60 3.05
officials/academics
e. Employees of
0 6 38 4 2 50 2.96
municipality/VDC secretaries
Total 6 85 195 52 12 350 3.06
The table 07 shows that the weighted mean score value of local people/leaders (urban) and
government. officials/academics are higher than the median value 3.0. It reveals that extent
of execution level on appropriateness of the network of the actors of decentralization of local
bodies are strong. On the other hand, the weighted mean score value of local people/leaders
(Rural), NGO/CBO officials and employees of municipality/VDC secretaries are lower than
the median value 3.0. It means that extent of execution level on appropriateness of the
network of the actors of decentralization of local bodies are weak.
6.7 Sufficiency of Fund for Budget Management
Funding would be a challenge for local level of government revenue. Respondents’ views
regarding the sufficiency of fund for budget managements by group of stakeholders are
presented in table 08.
207
Table: 08 Sufficiency of fund for budget managements by Group of Stakeholder
Group of stakeholders Extent of Total Weighted
Execution level Response Mean Score
5 4 3 2 1 (range: 1 to 5)
b. Local people/leaders (Urban) 2 7 84 7 0 100 3.04
c. Government officials/academics 0 5 34 21 0 60 2.73
e. Employees of municipality/VDC 0 6 39 5 0 50 3.02
secretaries
Total 2 34 256 58 0 350 2.94
The table 08 shows that the weighted mean score value of local people/leaders (urban),
NGO/CBO officials and employees of municipality/VDC secretaries are higher than the
median value 3.0. It reveals that extent of execution level on sufficiency of fund for budget
managements of local bodies are strong. On the other hand, the weighted mean score value
of local people/leaders (Rural) and government officials/academics are lower than the
median value 3.0. It means that the extents of execution level on sufficiency of fund for
budget management of local bodies are weak.
7. Summary and Conclusion
The level of success of willingness and commitment of government for empowering local
people, sufficiency of the administrative structure of local bodies, appropriateness of the
network of the actors of decentralization and sufficiency of physical facilities for the
implementation of decentralization were found high with the weighted mean scores 3.71,
3.07, 3.06, 3.02 respectively which were higher than the median value 3, whereas sufficiency
of fund for budget management, sufficiency of the trained human resources and sufficiency
of the political structure of local bodies had mean scores 2.94, 2.34 and 2.12 respectively
which were lower than the median value 3, depicting low level of success of these issues of
managerial capacity.
In general, the finding of the study indicates that managerial capacity is partly influential for
effective local governance. The level of success of willingness and commitment of
government for empowering local people; sufficiency of the administrative structure of local
bodies; appropriateness of the network of the actors of decentralization; and sufficiency of
physical facilities for the implementation of decentralization were found good, whereas the
level of success of sufficiency of fund for budget management; sufficiency of the trained
human resources; and sufficiency of the political structure of local bodies were found weak.
On the whole, managerial capacity of the local bodies was found at moderate level.
208
8. Limitations and Direction for the Further Study
This study focuses only on the managerial capacity of local bodies in Nepal. The study areas
have been chosen on the basis of researcher's convenience. The perception analysis done on
the areas might not represent the entire national state. Despite the efforts to make the
respondents aware about the managerial capacity and local governance, due to the difference
in level of the respondents there might have been some biasness in the response which is not
considered in this study. This study was conducted in transition period from unitary to
federalism. So the perception of the respondents might be influenced by the transition period.
The study revolves around the fact that the level of success of managerial capacity of local
bodies seemed of moderate level. The findings from this study can provide information
about the managerial capacity of local bodies in Nepal. This study has not analyzed the cause
and effect relationship of managerial capacity and local governance. In order to identify the
actual relationship between managerial capacity and local governance, the cause and effect
relationship study is suggested.
Refrences:
• Adhikari, H. P. (2016). Decentralization for Effective Local Governance in Nepal (PhD).Tribhuvan
University, Nepal.
• Association of District Development Committees of Nepal (ADDCN),. (2010).An assessment of the
present status of service delivery in five DDCs in Nepal; A report submitted to the United Nations
Development Program. Lalitpur, Nepal: ADDCN.
• Bhatta, T.P. (2010). "Development at Local Level, An Inquiry into Roles of Development
Organization". The Journal of Self Governance & Rural Development, Vol.33 (pp.107-117).
• Cheema, G.S., Rondinelli, G.S. (2007). Decentralizing governance: Emerging concepts and practices.
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
• Cheema, G.S. (2014). Toward effective local governance.Retrived from
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan031664.pdf
• Joseph, T.M. (2009). Decentralised governance and development. New Delhi: Deep & Deep
Publications Pvt. Ltd.
• Kauzya, J. (n.d.). Local governance capacity building for full range participation: Concepts,
frameworks, and experiences in African countries.United Nations Public Administration
Network.Retrievedfrom http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan005783.pdf
• Khanal, R. (2010).Local governance in Nepal democracy at grassroot.Lalitpur: Smriti Books.
• Local self-Governance Act 1999. Nepal.
• Local self-Governance Regulation 2000. Nepal.
• UNDP. (1998). Decentralized governance monograph: A global sampling of experiences. Management
Development and Governance Division, Bureau for Policy Development.
• Wolff, H.K. & Pant, P.R. (2005).Social science research and thesis writing. Kathmandu: Buddha
Academic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
209
Visit to Global Government Summit:
A Memoir of Casual Colloquies
# Laxmi Bilas Koirala ∗
This is a visitor's memoir written by a participant of Global Government Summit, 2017.

This literary piece of composition could make readers 'feel' the international official
receptions and nonetheless aid them generate ideas to deal with the informal
environments during international conferences. The author has beautifully amalgamated
few cross-country perspectives on governance matters of Nepal and the UAE. The
outcomes of the summit have been summarized that Governments can do everything for
happiness of the people. They must be accountable, innovative and just. Moreover, the
use of technology is inevitable for effective public service delivery.
- The Editor
"Hi! Laxmi!" an Arabian girl welcomed me with soothing voice holding a placard written
my name, when I entered into the terminal building at Dubai International Airport, one of the
busiest airports of the world. "Hello!" I smiled. "I am Bakhita Alkaabi. I was deputed to
accompany you during the Summit." she spoke English, excellent. "It is good for me!" I
praised. Bakhita had a bubbly outlook with joyous personality. I appreciated her beauty
without pronouncing words.
"Give me your passport, we will use fast track to go out". She took my passport and said me
to follow her. I tracked her and stood in front of Immigration officer. The officer took my
photo and returned my passport after stamping. Again I followed her and took my bag from
the belt. We sat into a luxurious car and reached Jumeirah Beach Hotel after a forty-five
minutes' drive from the airport. Subsequently, I checked in and asked her about David Tabet
to whom I corresponded several times. She went saying "We will find him tomorrow."
February days of United Arab Emirates (UAE) were pleasant alike Kathmandu. I was
quickly adapting to and enjoying with the weather. I had a great excitement because, I was in
Dubai, a modern city, to participate World Government Summit-2017, with Umesh mainali,
the Chairman of the Public service commission, Nepal. The theme of the summit was how to
make people happy shaping or reshaping the business of governments of the world. That was
a big and valued event for the changing world. Crowd of participants was around the World
Government Summit venue Jumeirah Medinat Hotel. I got chance to talk with people of the
world from diverse sectors.
"Hi Bakhita!" I greeted. "Did you met David?" She asked. "Yes. I met David Tabet. You
know he is from Palestine and working in the UAE. I found him very energetic and helpful. I
gave him a small souvenir from Nepal."

" Joint Secretary, Public Service Commission
210
"Good." she smiled and asked, "How is the Summit, Laxmi?" "Excellent. A gathering of
participants from more than 150 countries was itself an interesting event. Halls were full of
participants. Different thematic sessions were running. I took participation in plenary
sessions of interest with Chairman. The sessions were delivered by noble experts and
facilitators on happiness of the people achieving global economic and social prosperity by
harnessing technological advancement. I also got opportunity to meet different personalities,
learn diversified subjects and could share my opinion too." I gave details. "How nice." She
beamed. "I am tired Bakhita. If you don't mind, I would like to have a cup of coffee with
you." I proposed. "Really?" she smiled. "I felt a little tired after listening to many speeches.
So, I thought if I had a cup of coffee with a beautiful Arabian girl which must wipe out my
tiredness abruptly." I put forward an indirect request. "Excellent idea, But I can’t go with you
Mr. Laxmi." She liked to take advantage of my fatigue. "No problem! There are many girls
wearing Abaya (burka), I could request any of them." I tried to make her jealous. "Be careful
before knock, Laxmi." She guided me. I made a request for coffee once again.
We both moved from the welcome desk and entered into the coffee house of the hotel. We
sat and ordered two cappuccinos. "Laxmi, do you have any plan to roam around Dubai
during the Summit?" She asked softly. "By now, I have no plan." I gave a short answer.
"Have you seen around the Dubai or not"? She queried. "How could I without you? This is
my first visit." I told in a romantic mood. "Don’t expect accompany of an Arabian girl in the
UAE." she was disappointing me. "I have already visited many places madam. Besides the
summit, I enjoyed Desert Safari tour and Dubai Miracle garden, musical fountain of Dubai,
Burj Khilifa, Burj Arab hotel, Water Park and Great Mosque of Abu Dhabi with our team.
We went in the night with our team missing many more programs and dinners from the
organizer." I added. "Oh good! But I had seen you always inside the summit when did you
visit many places?" she expressed surprise.
"You know, Burj Khilifa is the largest form of our fifty years old Narayanihiti palace tower"
I added. "Really?" she exchanged her plight. "Laxmi, I have never ever an experience of
desert safari tour" she tendered. "It is very sad, Bakhita. If you want to go to Nepal with me,
I will manage time for your happiness". I teased her sympathetically. "Thanks a lot. You are
trying to impress me. Impossible!" she laughed with confidence in her eyes.
"I found Dubai is open than my imagination" I said. "Really. Our government wants to make
Dubai a hub of Arab for business purpose, so that it is open and more than open." She
supported the policy of government. Coffee boy put two cappuccinos. The sweet smell of the
coffee touched our noses and flew away. It diverted our chatting for a few moments. Around
us other participants were also enjoying coffee.
"I have very much interest on international politics. I am studying the Master Degree in
international relations (IR) under the United Arab Emirates University". Bakhita broke the
silence. "Good" I interrupted and asked "Do you know about South Asian Politics?"
211
"Of course, in our country Nepali, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan businessmen
and workers are working. So, it is mandatory to study south Asian politics for us". She
explained. "International relation is a very interesting subject." I appreciated her choice.
"Actually, Laxmi, in future I want to enter into Foreign Service of United Arab Emirates.
Therefore I am studying IR." She illustrated her ambition clearly. I admired her dream and
expressed best wishes. And, I also added "I could hope for better salary and security for
Nepali businessmen as well as workers at that time". "Sure. She laughed." Nepali worker are
very honest, soft spoken and smiley. We have a Nepali maid she cooks very well. I like her
and Nepali food too." She continued praising. "Thank you." I acknowledged.
"As far as my knowledge, your country is beautiful and rich in water resource and High
Mountains. Our oil and your water are same in value. See, we are importing water from
Europe. Why don't you export Himalayan water in Arab peninsula? If you have aim to
export water you will save your forest which in turn make your country green, productive
and more beautiful. You can export agro products because of comparatively cheap price.
You can also export flowers and the plates of green leaf to our country. You have already
visited Dubai Miracle Garden, which shows that how much Emirati love the flowers. When
you start to export flower once again it supports farmers and makes country more attractive".
She expressed her views. "Thank you a lot for your kind words" I showed gratitude.
"To promote trade service, your government has to make good relationship with our
government. Government only can do whatever the government wants to do." She added.
"Absolutely right" I supported. "You have already entered into automatic digital age. But, we
are striving merely for surviving in the same era. I expressed comparative view."
"What is your Government doing"? She stunned. "Listen, we are continuously in a political
transition after 1951 A.D. Many kinds of political systems were practiced but none were
stable. Now, we have a new political system, however, in trial. We are forced to feel that
democracy, development and peace can’t go together at the same time. Unstable political
system has been hampering all businesses of the government. From this summit, I am trying
to find some alternative ideas to be suitable for us in given system". I explained my aim of
involvement. "Laxmi, your politicians have to stand above their self-interest. After that, they
can take and implement good decision."
"Do you have any problem of terrorism in Nepal?" She asked. "Not yet" I gave short answer.
"We are rich but we are always under the threat of terrorists. How do you take their activities
and Syrian unsolved war? The terrorists are killing innocent people and destroying
infrastructures in the name of religion". She had a big distress. "No religion supports killing
man and destroying the monuments in the name of devotion to god" I supported her.
"Syria and the Syrian people are the sandwich victim of two big powers and terrorists, I
think. In my view, at present, countries are fighting for oil. In future, they will fight for
drinking water and your country might be one of the sufferer. Besides, the terrorist might try
212
to make shelter in your country. Your Government must be alert." She put another matter for
discussion.
I turned serious. "You are right Bakhita. Terrorists will not be friend of anyone. They always
work for their own interest. A united effort of the countries is needed to curb their activities.
Moreover, the big powers always try to make a country battlefield for their strategy". I tried
to convince her and thanked Bakhita for drawing attention on unimagined issue. Finishing
last sip of coffee, we adjourned. I rushed to the Summit in a bogie.
Next day, we had lunch together. "Bakhita, the Abaya is hiding your beauty and the shape of
a girl. How will the poor boy sense romance and expresses their feeling?" I tried to taunt her.
"Actually Laxmi, eyes are the best way to communicate feelings". She was in prank mood.
"Abaya not only hides beauty but hides our agony too." She added. I shook my head. "Eye to
eye talking will be romantic always." She continued. "Yes. Eyes are perfect means to express
inner feeling. I don’t exhaust watching your dazzling and intoxicating eyes. God has selected
the best artistic man to create you, so pretty". I admired her as much as I could. "Enough,
enough, she reserved. I believed that you areperfect intelligent man, Mr. Laxmi". She threw
some words towards me as well.
"Bakhita, this evening, we are going to meet Nepali who are living here in the UAE for long
time either as a businessman or a worker" I disclosed our plan. "Nice, you should". She
supported. Our team enjoyed with Nepali at Bur Dubai that night.
"Hello Laxmi, you are living this afternoon, aren't you?" Bakhita stood in front of me. "I
tried to see you but you weren’t around the hotel." I inquired. "I was with our boss." She said
and proposed for a cup of coffee. "Ok." I agreed. We had coffee together.
"What message have you carried with you from summit?" She asked me as if she was my
boss. "Government can do everything for happiness of the people. The Government must be
accountable, innovative and just. Moreover, the use of technology is necessary in public
service delivery. More than I could carry your advice to make good relation with UAE to
export Nepali products". I summarized. "Many more reports were adapted and resolutions
were taken to promote the government for peace, prosperity and happiness in the world." I
repeated all what I had briefed to David Tabet. "Good!" She appreciated.
After long gossip, I presented her a t-shirt written 'Mt Everest' as a token of memory. "Oh no
Laxmi. I don't have any for you." She begged pardon. "No problem, Bakhita." I said. After
the coffee, I invited her to visit Kathmandu. "I will." She promised.
"Time is running out, Bhakita! I have to check out." I said. "Sure." She agreed. I checked
out. Bakhita sat along with me in a World Government Summit car that moved for airport.
At the movement of departure, we both smiled without speaking a single word. We waved
hands signaling farewell. I moved. A big wall appeared. Neither of us could see each other;
only memories were alive.
213

Nijamati Sewa Patrika

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6. Analysis and Interpretation of Issues of Managerial Capacity

6.1 Willingness and commitment of government for empowering local people

Group of stakeholders Extent of Execution Total Weighted Mean

d. NGO/CBO officials 4 21 11 4 0 40 3.62

Total 46 170 121 11 2 350 3.71

Group of Extent of Execution Total Weighted Mean

a. Local people/leaders 8 22 60 10 0 100 3.28

b. Local people/leaders 3 9 77 11 0 100 3.04

d. NGO/CBO officials 0 4 32 4 0 40 3.00

Total 11 50 242 47 0 350 3.07

6.6 Appropriateness of the Network of the Actors of Decentralization

6.7 Sufficiency of Fund for Budget Management