SAFETY IN SPORTS

Ms. Rushila N.
Sports medicine:

Ms. Rushila N.
SPORTS MEDICINE -
According to Thesaurus -
the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of
injuries or illness resulting from athletic activities
Webster college dictionary-
A branch of medicine concerned with athletic conditioning and nutrition,
the treatment and prevention of athletic injuries, and the improvement of
athletic performance
Dr. P.K. Pandey –
To create a positive environment. So an athlete converts his all genetic potential
into the phenotypic realities.

”It is the practice of medicine in the area of health and fitness to diagnose, to
treat and prevent injuries or illness resulting from sports activities, ” -Philip
Adler,

Ms. Rushila N.
(i) Sports related injuries.
Muscle strain / Pulled muscle, Torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), Torn
MCL (medial collateral ligament), Shin splints, Stress fracture, Fracture,,
sprained ankle, Tennis elbow, Low back pain,, Concussion,, Runner's knee.
A brief understanding of the sports injuries and first aid for these injuries.
(ii) Prevention of injuries.
Warming up and cooling down to be done; fitness of the participant; use of
correct equipment and maintaining equipment; Proper knowledge of rules of
the game/ sport; Wearing the recommended protective gear; importance of
resting between workouts; supervision of coach / teacher; proper training of
skills and techniques; safe facilities.

Ms. Rushila N.
Injury, also known as physical trauma,
is damage to the body caused by an external
force.
This may be caused by accidents, falls, hits,
weapons, and other causes.
Major trauma is injury that has the potential
to cause prolonged disability or death.

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Emergency treatment administered to an injured or sick person
before professional medical care is available.

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 PRINCIPLES :
•Immediate Aid
•Think about A.B.C.
•Stop Bleeding
•Crowd should be kept away
•Wrap the injured in cloth or
blanket.
•Sympathetic Attitude.
•Fluids should not to be given
to the unconscious person
•Medical Aid

Ms. Rushila N.
SPORTS RELATED INJURIES.
1.Muscle strain / Pulled muscle,
2.Torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), - Sprain
3.Torn MCL (medial collateral ligament) - Sprain
4.Shin splints -Strain
5.Stress fracture
6.Fracture
7.Sprained ankle - Sprain
8.Tennis elbow - Sprain
9. Low back pain - Strain
10.Concussion
11. Runner's knee -Sprain
A brief understanding of the sports injuries and first
aid for these injuries.

Ms. Rushila N.
1.Muscle strain / Pulled muscle
Strains are injuries to muscle or tendons
(which connect muscle to bone) due to
overstretching

Signs and Symptoms

•pain in the joint or muscle
•swelling and bruising
•warmth and redness of the injured
area
•trouble moving the injured part

Ms. Rushila N.
FIRST AID AND MANAGEMENT OF MUSCLE
STRAIN
•Prevention - Make sure stop activity right away.
•Think R.I.C.E. for the first 48 hours after the injury:
• Rest: Rest the injured part until it's less painful.
• Ice: Wrap an icepack or cold compress in a
towel and place over the injured part
immediately. Continue for no more than 20
minutes at a time, four to eight times a day.
• Compression: Support the injured part with an
elastic compression bandage for at least 2
days.
• Elevation: Raise the injured part above heart
level to decrease swelling.
• Rehabilitation – Perform rehabilitation
exercises or physiotherapy to regain strength
to the muscles. This should be performed in
progressive manner

• PRICER/RICER/RICE
Ms. Rushila N.
SPRAIN:
• A sprain is a stretching or tearing of
ligaments — the tough bands of
fibrous tissue that connect two bones
together in your joints.
• The most common location for a
sprain is in your ankle.
• Initial treatment includes rest, ice,
compression and elevation.
• Mild sprains can be successfully
treated at home.
• Severe sprains sometimes require
surgery to repair torn ligaments.

Ms. Rushila N.
Symptoms
Sprained ankle
Signs and symptoms will vary, depending
on the severity of the injury, and may
include:

• Pain
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Limited ability to move the affected joint
• Hearing or feeling a "pop" in your joint at
the time of injury

Ms. Rushila N.
The difference between a sprain and a strain is that a sprain injures the bands
of tissue that connect two bones together, while a strain involves an injury to a
muscle or to the band of tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

Ms. Rushila N.
2.Torn ACL (anterior cruciate ligament),
• An ACL injury is a tear or sprain of the anterior
ligament (ACL) — one of the strong bands of tissue
that help connect your thigh bone (femur) to your
shinbone (tibia).
• ACL injuries most commonly occur during sports
that involve sudden stops or changes in direction,
jumping and landing — such as soccer, basketball,
football and downhill skiing.
• Many people hear a pop or feel a "popping"
sensation in the knee when an ACL injury occurs.
Your knee may swell, feel unstable and become too
painful to bear weight.
• Depending on the severity of your ACL injury,
treatment may include rest and rehabilitation
exercises to help you regain strength and
stability, or surgery to replace the torn
ligament followed by rehabilitation.
• A proper training program may help reduce the
risk of an ACL injury.
Ms. Rushila N.
3.Torn MCL (medial collateral ligament)
• The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the
ligaments in the knee joint.
• The MCL is on the part of the knee closest to the
other knee (the "medial" side). It connects the bottom
of the thighbone (femur) to the top of the shinbone
(tibia).
• The MCL helps keep the knee from moving side to
side.

What Causes Medial Collateral Ligament Tears?

• Most medial collateral ligament tears happen
during athletic activity, such as when someone:
1. changes direction or twists the knee while
running
2. jumps and lands in a way that twists the knee
• The MCL also can tear if the knee is hit
forcefully from the side.

Ms. Rushila N.
The symptoms of an MCL injury may
include:
•a popping sound upon injury
•pain and tenderness along the inner
part of your knee
•swelling of the knee joint
•a feeling that your knee is going to
give out when you put weight on it
•locking or catching in the knee joint

MCL Tear Treatments

•Resting, icing and elevating the knee.
•Taking oral medications that relieve
pain and inflammation
•Wearing a brace that allows the knee
to bend while restricting side-to-side
movement.
Ms. Rushila N.
4.Shin splints
The term "shin splints" refers to pain
along the inner edge of the shinbone
(tibia).
Shin splints typically develop after
physical activity. They are often
associated with running. Any vigorous
sports activity can bring on shin
splints, especially if you are just
starting a fitness program.

Ms. Rushila N.
Cause
In general, shin splints develop when the muscle
and bone tissue (periosteum) in the leg become
overworked by repetitive activity.
Shin splints often occur after sudden changes in
physical activity. These can be changes in
frequency, such as increasing the number of
days you exercise each week. Changes in
duration and intensity, such as running longer
distances or on hills, can also cause shin splints.
Other factors that contribute to shin splints
include:
•Having flat feet or abnormally rigid arches
•Exercising with improper or worn-out footwear
Runners are at highest risk for developing shin
splints. Dancers and military recruits are two
other groups frequently diagnosed with the
condition. Ms. Rushila N.
Symptoms
The most common symptom of shin
splints is pain along the border of the
tibia. Mild swelling in the area may
also occur.
Shin splint pain may:
•Be sharp and razor-like or dull and
throbbing
•Occur both during and after exercise
•Be aggravated by touching the sore Prevention:
spot Flexibility exercises. Stretching your
To Top lower leg muscles may make your
shins feel better.
Supportive shoes. Wearing shoes with
good cushioning during daily activities
will help reduce stress in your shins.

Ms. Rushila N.
5.Stress fracture
• Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone.
• They're caused by repetitive force, often from
overuse — such as repeatedly jumping up and
down or running long distances.
• Stress fractures can also develop from normal
use of a bone that's weakened by a condition
such as osteoporosis.

Stress fractures are most common in the weight-

bearing bones of the lower leg and foot. Track and
field athletes and military recruits who carry heavy
packs over long distances are at highest risk, but
anyone can sustain a stress fracture. If you start a
new exercise program, for example, you might
develop stress fractures if you doMs.
too Rushila
much tooN.soon.
Symptoms
• At first, you might barely notice the
pain associated with a stress
fracture, but it tends to worsen with
time.
• The tenderness usually starts at a
specific spot and decreases during
rest.
• You might have swelling around the
painful area.
Factors that can increase your risk of stress fractures
include:
•Certain sports. Stress fractures are more common in
people who engage in high-impact sports, such as track
and field, basketball, tennis, dance or gymnastics.
•Increased activity. Stress fractures often occur in people
who suddenly shift from a sedentary lifestyle to an active
training regimen or who rapidly increase the intensity,
duration or frequency of training sessions.
•Foot problems. People who have flat feet or high, rigid
arches are more likely to develop stress fractures. Worn
footwear contributes to the problem.
•Weakened bones. Conditions such as osteoporosis can
weaken your bones and make it easier for stress fractures
to occur.
•Previous stress fractures. Having had one or more
stress fractures puts you at higher risk of having more.
•Lack of nutrients. Eating disorders and lack of vitamin D
and calcium can make bones more likely to develop stress
fractures.
Ms. Rushila N.
Prevention
Simple steps can help you prevent stress
fractures.
•Make changes slowly. Start any new exercise
program slowly and progress gradually. Avoid
increasing the amount you exercise by more
than 10% a week.
•Use proper footwear. Make sure your shoes
fit well and are appropriate for your activity. If
you have flat feet, ask your doctor about arch
supports for your shoes.
•Cross-train. Add low-impact activities to your
exercise regimen to avoid repetitively stressing
a particular part of your body.
•Get proper nutrition. To keep your bones
strong, make sure your diet includes enough
calcium, vitamin D and other nutrients.

Ms. Rushila N.
6.Fracture
• A fracture is a broken bone.
• It can range from a thin crack to a complete
break.
• Bone can fracture crosswise, lengthwise, in
several places, or into many pieces.
• Most fractures happen when a bone is
impacted by more force or pressure than it
can support.

Symptoms of a fracture include:

•a snap or grinding sound when the injury
occurs
•swelling, redness, and bruising in the injured
area
•difficulty supporting weight with the injured
area
•visible deformity in the injured area

Ms. Rushila N.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FRACTURE
Fractures can be classified as closed or open,
as well as incomplete or complete.

Closed vs. open

• A closed fracture is also called a
simple fracture. In a closed fracture,
the broken bone doesn’t break your
skin.
• An open fracture is also called a
compound fracture.
• In an open fracture, the ends of the
broken bone tear your skin. When
your bone and other internal tissues
are exposed, it puts you at higher
risk of infection.

Ms. Rushila N.
Incomplete vs. complete
In an incomplete fracture, your bone doesn’t break
completely. In other words, it cracks without
breaking all the way through. Types of incomplete
fracture include:

•hairline fracture, in which your bone is

broken in a thin crack
•greenstick fracture, in which your bone is
broken on one side, while the other side is
bent
•buckle or torus fracture, in which your
bone is broken on one side and a bump or
raised buckle develops on the other side

Ms. Rushila N.
In a complete fracture, your bone breaks
completely. It’s snapped or crushed into two or
more pieces. Types of complete fracture include:

•single fracture, in which your bone is broken

in one place into two pieces
•comminuted fracture, in which your bone is
broken or crushed into three or more pieces
•compression fracture, in which your bone
collapses under pressure
•nondisplaced fracture, in which your bone
breaks into pieces that stay in their normal
alignment
•displaced fracture, in which your bone breaks
into pieces that move out of their normal
alignment
•segmental fracture, in which your bone is
broken in two places in a way that leaves at
least one segment floating and unattached

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8.Tennis elbow

• Tennis elbow is a type

of tendinitis -- swelling of the
tendons -- that causes pain in the
elbow and arm.
• These tendons are bands of tough
tissue that connect the muscles of
your lower arm to the bone.
• Despite its name, you can still get
tennis elbow even if you've never
been near a tennis court.
• Instead, any repetitive gripping
activities, especially if they use the
thumb and first two fingers, may
contribute to tennis elbow.

Ms. Rushila N.
Causes:
• Tennis elbow usually develops over
time.
• Repetitive motions -- like gripping a
racket during a swing -- can strain
the muscles and put too much stress
on the tendons.
• That constant tugging can eventually
cause microscopic tears in the
tissue.

Ms. Rushila N.
Symptoms of Tennis Elbow
The symptoms of tennis elbow include pain and
tenderness in the bony knob on the outside of
your elbow.
This knob is where the injured tendons connect to
the bone.
The pain may also radiate into the upper or lower
arm.
Although the damage is in the elbow, you're likely
to hurt when doing things with your hands.
Tennis elbow may cause the most pain when you:
•Lift something
•Make a fist or grip an object, such as a
tennis racket
•Open a door or shake hands
•Raise your hand or straighten your
wrist
Ms. Rushila N.
9. Low back pain

Low back pain is caused by injury to

a muscle (strain) or ligament (sprain).
Common causes include improper
lifting, poor posture, lack of regular
exercise, a fracture, a ruptured disc
or arthritis.
Often, the only symptom is pain in
the lower back.
Most low back pain goes away on its
own in two to four weeks.
Physiotherapy and pain relievers can
help. A few cases may require
surgery.

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10.Concussion

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11. Runner's knee.

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Ms. Rushila N.
PREVENTION OF SPORT INJURIES :
i. Proper warming- Proper warming up is essential before any sports training
or participation in sports activities. It reduces chances of getting injuries as
muscle remains in a tone up position. Warm up routine should be of 10-20
minutes. It starts with gentle exercise like jogging followed by brisk running
ended by stretching.

ii. Proper conditioning- It is essential because it tones up weak muscles and

reduces the chances of getting any sort of injury. Weight training and circuit
training are methods for proper conditioning.

iii. Balanced diet- It is also essential for prevention of sports injuries because
lack of essential minerals and vitamins such as vitamin ‘D’ calcium etc.
make bones weak

Ms. Rushila N.
iv. Proper knowledge of sports skills- It is beneficial for
preventing sport injuries. A sportsperson should have
efficient knowledge of spot skills.
For e.g., a high jumper should have proper knowledge and
efficiency in landing skills.

v. Use of protective equipments- It is best way to prevent

sport injuries, as it protects sportsperson from getting
injured.

vi. Proper sports facilities- Sport injuries can be prevented

if good quality of sport equipments and proper sports
ground are available for practice and competition.

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vii. Unbiased officiating- If officiating is unbiased, the
chances of getting injury is rare as biased officiating leads
to indiscipline among the players which may further lead
to injuries.

viii. Do not do overtraining-Overtraining may cause to

sport injuries. The strenuous physical training can do
more harm than good if a person is a beginner or joined
the training after a long gap.

ix. Use of proper technique- Use of proper technique of

particular sport reduces the chances of getting injured
such as tendonitis and stress fracture.

x. Obeying the rules- Last but the not the least, obeying
rules can prevent sport injuries as there are less chances
of getting hurt if the players obey rules of their spor

Ms. Rushila N.