IDENTIFICATION

Asso.Prof.Dr. Laila Yesmin

Dept. of Forensic Medicine

1
 Definition:
It is defined as fixation of individuality of a person
based on certain physical characteristics , in live
or dead person.
Types:
1. Complete / Total identification:
It means absolute individuality of a person , that is
exact specification.
2. Incomplete / Partial identification: It means to
ascertain some facts. E.g.name , age , sex ,
religion etc.
2
Cont..
Another type of identification is Legal
identification which means identification
for the legal purpose.
E.g.
 Identification of a rape victim by escorting
police constable before the examination
procedure.
 Identification of a dead body in the morgue
by identifying police constable before
autopsy.
3
Identification of the living
 Usually done by the police and is essential
in both civil as well as criminal cases
Examples:
 An absconded soldier or a criminal or a
mentally un sound person
 An absconded accused person of assault,
rape, murder etc.

4
 Cont...
 Mix up of new born in hospitals or nursing
homes.
 In case of false impersonation for
✓ Insurance claim,
✓ Passport,
✓ School admission,
✓ Inheritance of properties,
✓ Disputed paternity &
✓ Dispute in sex identity.
5
Identification of the dead

 Identification of dead is also the work of the

police but it needs help from a medical person.
Examples:
Identification of victims in-
▪ Burn
▪ Highly putrefied bodies
▪ Explosion accidents
▪ Mass disaster
▪ Mutilated dead body etc.
6
Data or Factors or Traits of Identification
1.Race & Religion ,Nationality
2.Age
3.Sex
4.General development & stature
5.Complexion , feature of eyes, Hair
6.Fingerprints, footprints, Sole print, Lip print
7.Congenital peculiarities ( malformation, birth
mark, moles).
8.Anthropometric measurements ex-Ht, wt

7
Cont...
9.Acquired peculiarity (Occupational mark, Tattoo mark,
scar, wound)
10.Teeth
11. DNA profiling
12.Photography ( it is the simplest method of
identification ).
13. Super imposition technique.
14.Memory, Manner ,behavior, education.
15. Belongings like : clothes/dress, jewelry, pocket
contents, Passport , ID card etc.

16.Incase of living only:

Voice , Speech, Gait ,Habits , intelligence ,
educational status, Hand writing. 8
 Cont..
 13,14, 15 are useful only for in living
person.
 Asno single identification data are
reliable, combination are always taken.
 Sex, age & ht are primary identification.

9
Medico-legal importance of Identification

A. Incase of living:-
I) Civil cases:
▪ Inheritance claim .
▪ Insurance claim.
▪ Marriage.
▪ Missing person.
▪ passport.
10
Cont…
ii) Criminal cases:
▪ Assault.
▪ Rape.
▪ Kidnapping.
▪ Murder.
▪ Inter change of new born babies in hospitals.
B. Incase of death:
▪ Death due to fire , accidents , explosion, Mass
disaster etc.
▪ Dead body found in roads , fields , water , rail
way compartments etc.
▪ Skeleton , bones. 11
 RACE
Definition:
It is defined as biological concept
denoting different human species
united by common heredity.
Types are:
1. Caucasian (Caucasoid) -White
2. Mongolian (Mongoloid) -Yellow
3. Negron (Negroid)-Black
12
 Race can be determined byData / Traits
of Race

1. Cloth.
2. Complexion.
3. Hair.
4. Eyes ( iris color ).
5. Skeleton
6. Lips.

13
Cont..

Cephalic Index ( Skeleton):

It is the ratio between breadth & length of the skull. It is
expressed as:
Maximum breadth of the skull
Cephalic Index =------------------------------------ X 100
Maximum length of the skull

14
Cont..
It is measured by slide Calipers. Maximum
length in between both parietal eminences
& Maximum breadth in between glabellas &
external protuberance.

➢ About 85 to 90 % race can be determined by

C I & rest not determined due to raci-cal
mixture.

15
Types of cephalic index:

 Dolico-cephalic or long headed :

70-75 ,Pure Aryans & Negron.
 Mesati-cephalic or medium headed:
75-80, Europeans & Chinese.
 Brachy-cephalic or short headed:
 80-85, Mongolians.

16
Difference between three races
Traits Caucasian Mongolian Negroes
1. Skin Fair & white Yellow brown Black

2. Hair Light brown or Black , straight or Black , curly or

reddish wavy wooly

3. Skull Meso cephalic Brachy cephalic Dolico cephalic

( rounded ) ( square ) (narrow &
elongated)

4. Fore head Raised Inclined Small &

compressed

5. Orbit Triangular Higher & rounded Lower &

compressed
17
Cont..
6. Eyes ( iris ) Grey & blue Black Black

7. Nasal Round Narrow Broad & wider

aperture

8. Face Proportionately Large , malar Broad & lower

small bones prominent jaw projected

9. Teeth Poorly spaced Evenly spaced Aligned ( teeth

sets obliquely )

10. Limbs Normal Small Proportionately

long
18
Feature of Bangladeshi:
 Caucasian
 Skull: Meso-cephalic
 Complexion : Dark brown or Brown or
moderately fair skin.
 Eyes: Black or brown
 Hair : Black, curly or straight.

19
Religion
Muslim male
 Circumcised
 Callosities over forehead
 Hair tuft absent
 Tattoo mark absent
 Piercing of ear absent
 Sacred thread, wooden
beads absent
Hindu male
 Not Circumcised
 Caste mark of sandal or
vermillion present
 Hair tuft present
 Tattoo mark present
 Piercing of ear present
 Sacred thread, wooden
beads present
20
Cont..

Muslim Female Hindu Female

 Nasal ring prick on nasal
septum or ala of nose
 Multiple ear ring holes
on the helix
 Never use vermilion
 Not use silver toe
ornaments
 Never present tattoo
marks
 Nasal ring prick on ala of
left nose
 Few ear ring holes on
the helix
 Married women use
vermilion
 Use silver toe ornaments
 Occasionally present
tattoo marks

21
 SEX
Definition:
These are the characteristics which differentiate
male from female.
Types:
▪ Male
▪ Female
▪ Intersex
❑ Another condition regarding sex is concealed
sex in which criminals try to conceal their sex to
avoid detection. They can be detected by simple
physical examination. 22
 Medico legal importance of Sex
i. Civil cases:
➢ Marriage
➢ Divorce
➢ Inheritance of property
➢ Admission into schools & colleges
➢ Impotence & sterility
➢ Paternity & maternity.
ii. Criminal cases:
➢ Rape
➢ Murder 23

➢ Kidnapping.
 Determination of sex of a person

A. Physical morphology:-
1) Indirect / presumptive evidence:
a. Dress
b. Hair
c. Beard
d. Mustache
2) Highly probable evidence:
a. Presence of penis & scrotum in male
b. Presence of developed breast & vagina in female
24
3) Strong evidence:
a. Presence of testis , seminal vesicle & prostate in
male.
b. Presence of uterus , ovary & fallopian tube in
female.
B. Histological examination:-
1) Microscopic study of sex chromatin:
 Male – XY
 Female – XX
2) Barr body & Davidson body present in female.

25
C. Gonadal Biopsy:-
1) Presence or absence of semen in
testis.
2) Periodic discharge of ovum from
the ovaries occurs or not.
D. Hormonal study:-
1) Testosterone , androgen in male.
2) Estrogen , progesterone in
female. 26
E. In dead bodies:-
1)Incase of fresh dead bodies:
 Physical examination
 Microscopic study of sex
chromosome.
2) Incase of decomposed bodies:
 Incase of male prostate & female
non gravid uterus.
 Biopsy for testicular or ovarian
tissues.
 Study of bones. 27
3) Incase of mutilated bodies:
 Searching for sexual organs.
 Physical examination – Shoulder , hip , buttock ,
thighs, distribution of subcutaneous fat , muscular
predominance , toughness & delicacy of skin ,
distribution of body , axillary & pubic hair.
 Examination of bones.
4) Incase of skeletal remains:
 Study of bones.

❖ Mutilated body: The body which is disfigured &

deprived of any member or limb. 28
Gonadal biopsy

❖ Itis a confirmatory method of

determination of sexual identity.

29
Sex chromatin
 Sex chromatin:
Auto-some 22 pairs &
Sex chromosome 1 pair
Male- XY & Female- XX
➢ Masculine & feminine are determine due to sex
hormone.
➢ Sex chromatin is determine by Barr bodies &
Davidson’s body.

30
 Barr bodies

 A buccal smear is taken, epithelial cells are

studied, showing small planoconvex mass lying
near the nuclear membrane in the nucleoplasm
of each somatic cell of female.
 It is 1 micron in diameter.
The female have Barr bodies in minimum 20-
80% cell & the male have Barr bodies in only 0-
4% cells.

31
Bar bodies

32
Davidson’s body
 Peripheral blood smear from
normal female neutrophil
leucocytes often present
chromatin in the form of nuclear
attachment of drumstick
appearance- more than 6%
neutrophils show this is diagnostic
for female but absent in male.

33
Cont..
 M/I:
Presence of Barr body & Davidson
body indicates female sex.

34
Specimen taken for sex
determination

 Buccal smear
 Saliva
 Hair follicle
 Dental pulp
 Bone marrow
 Amniotic fluid
35
Sex determination is difficult
in:

 Hermaphrodites
 Concealed sex
 Skeleton
 Decomposed & mutilated body.

36
 Difference between male & female
Traits Male Female
1. Adam’s apple More prominent Less prominent
2. Shoulder Broader than hip Narrower than the
hip
3. Breast Not developed Well developed
( rudimentary )
4. Gluteal region Flat Full & rounded
5. Penis Present Absent
6. Testis Present Absent
7. Prostate Present Absent
8. Vagina Absent Present
37

9. Uterus Absent present

INTERSEX

38
Definition:

 Intersexesare the conditions of

intermingling of sexual
characteristics of either sex in one
individual to a varying degree,
including the physical form,
reproductive organ & sex behaviors.

39
 Contd.
According to embryonic developmental defect
intersex divided into 4 groups
A) Gonadal agenesis
B) Gonadal dysgenesis
C) Hermaphroditism
D) False Hermaphroditism

40
 Cont..
A ) Gonadal agenesis:
Absent or no development of testes
or ovaries.
These can be determined in very early
fetal life ( within 4 months)by
sonographic examination. Nuclear
sexing indicates they are chromatin
negative.

41
 Contd.
B) Gonadal dysgenesis:
(mal-development) The external sexual
structures are present but at puberty
the testicle/ovaries fail to develop. 2
types
1. Klinefelter’s Syndrome
2. Turner’s Syndrome

42
 Klinefelter’s Syndrome:
Anatomically male but nuclear sex is female.
Nuclear sexing indicates they are chromatin positive
like a female. Sex chromosome pattern is
47 XXY. They are sterile & can not procreate.
Characteristics:
 Axillary , Beard & pubic hair absent or poor
growth
 Testis – small , firm in consistency.
 Gynecomastia, Azoospermia, Low level of
testosterone.
 Sterility, Increased height, Increased urinary
gonadotropin
43
Contd.
 Testicular atrophy with hyalinization of
somniferous tubules on histological
section.
 Delayed onset of puberty, mental
retardation & behavioral disorder.

44
Klinfelters syndrome

45
 Turner’s Syndrome
Anatomically female but nuclear sex is male . Nuclear
sexing indicates they are chromatin negative like a
male.
Sex chromosomal pattern is 45 XO. They are sterile &
can not bear a child.
Characteristics are:
 Primary amenorrhea, Sterility
 Lack of development of primary & secondary sexual
characteristics.
 Increased urinary gonadotropin,
 Webbed neck, shield chest, wide set nipples, low set
ears, high arched palate
46
Contd.
 Low growth, Spina bifida.
 Learning problem
 Co-aractation of aorta, Septal defects
 Renal defects, Cushing Syndrome
 Ovarian dysgenesis (ovaries not contain
primordial follicles)
 DM
**It can be recognized at birth by-
edema on dorsum of hand & feet, loose skin
fold on nape of the neck, LBW.
47
Turner Baby

48
C) Hermaphroditism
 True Hermaphroditism:
A condition of bisexuality where both the
ovary & the testes with the external
genitalia are present and the sex
chromatin may be of male or female.
 Pseudo hermaphroditism:
A condition where the gonadal tissue of
one sex seen internally but external
appearance is of opposite sex.
Two types:

49
 Contd.
a)Male pseudo hermaphroditism:
Nuclear sex is male & the chromosomal
pattern is XY but the sexual organs & the
sexual characteristic is female. because of
testicular feminization
b)Female pseudo hermaphroditism:
Nuclear sex is female & the chromosomal
pattern is XX but sex organs & the sexual
characteristic is male due to adrenal
hyperplasia. 50
AGE

51
 AGE
Prenatal age: It is the period from conception to
delivery as expressed in unit of time.

Post natal age: It is the period of life extend from

birth to the present as expressed in unit of time.

Age = Pre natal age + Post natal age.

It is the time from birth to the present.

52
Cont…
 Child: Who has not get the stage of puberty.

 Adolescent: It is the period of life , which

extends from the time of first establishment
of sexual function to the maturity. That is
after puberty( 12 years ) but below 18 years.

 Adult: At or above the age of 18 years.

53
Age in Identification
It is an essential factor for personal identity to
establish,
Age can be determined by the following factors:
In Pre natal life by :
 Hasse’s rule
 USG & X-ray
 Ht of Ut
Post natal life:
 Teeth
 Ossification of bones
 Height & weight
54
Types of age:
1. Birth age.
2. Approximate age &
3. Radiological age.

55
M I of Age in General
1. Criminal responsibility ( a person is not criminally
responsible below the age of 7 years , except rail
way act ).
2. Criminal abortion ( after 12 weeks of pregnancy
every abortion is criminal abortion except proper
indication of justifiable abortion ).
3. Marriage (marriageable age for male – 21 years &
for female – 18 years ).
4. Rape ( sexual intercourse below 16 years with or
without consent constitute rape ).
5. Kidnapping.
56
6. Competency as a witness ( there is no age bar as
7. Attainment of majority ( the age of attainment of
majority is 18 years except those whose
guardianship is fixed by the court ).
8. Employment ( minimum age of entry in govt.
service in our country is 18 years & maximum age
is 32 years ).
9. Identification.
10. Infanticide ( unlawful killing of a baby below
1year of age ).
11. Impotence & sterility (there is no age limit for
impotence , a male before puberty is sterile & a
female before menarche & after menopause is
sterile ). 57

12. Judicial punishment.

Juvenile offender:
Juvenile offenders are the boys below 16
years of age & the girls below 18 years of
age. They are sent to the juvenile court
for their offence. They are not sentenced
to be death or imprisonment. They are
either entrusted to their parents or sent
to correctional school , where there are
facilities for education , vocational
training & rehabilitation. Boys can stay
there up to the age of 18 years & girls up
to the age of 20 years. 58
Majority:
It is the full legal age , after completing 18 years ,
in which a person can assumes full civil rights &
responsibilities. But incase of the persons whose
guardianship is fixed by the court the attained
majority at the age of 21 years.
Majority is needed for the following purpose –
▪ Inheritance of property.
▪ for making valid will.
▪ for casting vote.
▪ for serving as a jury.
59
Medico legal Importance of individual age
1. 12 weeks of intra uterine life → MTP ( Medical
Termination of Pregnancy.
2. 28 weeks of intra uterine life → Viable age of
foetus.
3. 01 year → killing of a baby within 1yr of age is
infanticide.
4. 7 years → is known as lucky seven. A person is not
criminally responsible below the age of 7 years ,
except rail way act.
5. 12 year→ Bellow this age no one can give valid
consent
6. 14 year→ < 14 yr. no one can take service in
factory.
7. 15 year→ Bellow this age , sexual intercourse with
one’s own wife is RAPE. 60
8. 16 years →
 Consentable age of female for performing sexual
intercourse.
 Below 16 years of age boys are juvenile offender.
 Taking away a boy below the age of 16 years from
his legal guardians is amount to be an offence of
kidnapping.
9. 18 years →
 Marriageable age for female.
 Below 18 years of age girls are juvenile offender.

61
 Procurement of a girl for the purpose of elicit
sexual intercourse below 18 years of age is amount
to be an offence of kidnapping.
 It is the age of attainment of majority , except
those whose guardianship is fixed by the court.
 It is the age of casting vote.
 It is the minimum age of entry of Govt. service in
Bangladesh.
 Incase of boys , who are juvenile offender can stay
the correctional school up to the age of 18 years.

62
 Taking away a girl below the age of 18 years from her
legal guardians is amount to be an offence of
kidnapping.
10. 21 years →
 Marriageable age for male.
 It is the age of attainment of majority , whose
guardianship is fixed by the court.
 A prince of ruling kingdom attain majority in this age.
11. 25 year→
 minimum age for contesting MP

12. 32 years →
 Maximum age of entry in government service of
Bangladesh. 63
 Cont..

13. 35 year→
minimum age for to be president/prime
minister.
14. 41-55 year→
women losses their child bearing capacity.
15. 59-65year→
Retirement age from govt.job.

64
 Dactylography (Galton
system or finger print study)
 Itis the process of taking impression of
papillary or epidermal ridges on the skin of
the finger for the purpose of
identification.
 The ridges are present on both epidermis
& dermis.

65
Others name:

 Galton system.
 Henry Galton system.
 Dactyloscopy.
 Dermatoglyphics.

66
Types of Dactylography
Sir Henry Galton (1892), depending on
the arrangement of the papillary
ridges classified it as follows:
 Loop- 67%
 Whorl- 25%
 Arch- 6-7%
 Composite/Compound- 1-2%

67
68
Composite 69
Medico legal importance of
fingerprint

 Itis 100% accurate method for

Identification. specially victim ,
accused , missing person , insane
person , sailors , soldiers , persons
suffering from loss of memory.
 No fingerprint of two individuals,
even in identical twin are similar.
70
 Cont…
 Estimated oath says that, 1 in 64 billions
can be similar.
 It is also important for
→National ID card ,
→Voter ID card ,
→Personal & official ID card ,
→Bank , bema etc.

71
Contd.
 Itmay be taken from putrefied body
where the cuticle of finger ball is
pealed off from dermis which still
have the ridge pattern intact.
 Itcan be transmitted from one place
to another by telegraphic message.

72
Methods of taking finger print

 Washing of the fingers properly

 Ink the ball of the fingers with printer’s ink
 Using an unglazed paper
Way of taking prints:
1.Plain finger print- Just pressing the finger
on paper.
2. Rolled finger print- By pressing first then
rolling the ball of the finger over the
paper.
Rolled finger print is better as because: a) It
gives wider area b) Offer better study of
pattern.
73
Types of print / impression

 Latent print: invisible ( on smooth

surface). Latent print may be
visible by especial techniques using
chemical, powder (aluminum
hydroxide).
 Visible prints: formed by blood, ink
or other stained.
 Plastic prints: impression made on
soft surface like soap, cheese.
74
Contd…

 Other prints taken:

Lip print, foot print, Palatoprint,
etc.

75
Poroscopy

Poroscopy is described by Locard. It is the

further study of finger print , in this papillary
ridges of finger with microscopic pores which
are formed by the mouth of the ducts of the
sub epidermal sweat glands are studied. Each
mm of papillary ridge contain 9-18 pores.

76
 Contd..

They are vary in size , shape , position , number

& extents of a given length in different
individual. They are permanent & immutable
during life time. This study of pores is known
as poroscopy.
M/I: It is important when only part of the finger
print or fragmentary print is available for
examination.

77
Tattoo mark
Definition:
Tattoo marks are the designed multiple
punctured wounds made by needles
in the dermis of the skin which is
dipped in dyes.
 It is done by mechanical process or by
electric device which is practiced all
over the world.

78
 The most permanent pictures are made
when the pigment penetrates the
superficial layer of dermis. But when the
dyes penetrate only the epidermis , it
becomes slowly faded. Some dyes like
ultramarine , Prussian blue become
fainted after 10 years.

79
• The regional lymph nodes show
deposition of pigment.
•A fainted tattoo may be visible by using
ultra violet lamp or by rubbing of the
skin and
•Examine the site with magnifying glass.

80
81
82
Pigments used are:

 Indigo
 Vermilion
 Cobalt
 Cadmium
 Carbon
 Prussian blue
 Cinnabar
 Indian ink
 ultramarine
83
Medico legal importance

 It is a permanent mark.
 It can be identified even in
decomposed body.
 If faded out UV light can make it
visible.
 It differs in person to person.

84
 Cont..

 Its design, pattern & site give an idea of:

Race , Occupation, Nationality, Language, Religion,
Mental make up, Social status.

 Artificial obliteration of tattoo mark is strongly

suggestive of attempt to conceal the identity
with criminal background & intent.

 Even after obliteration/fading pigment may be

detected in the neighboring lymph nodes.
85
 Causes of fading tattoo

The rate of fading depends upon the nature

of the pigment , the layer of the skin up to
which it penetrate & the site of the body which
is tattooed.
 Natural
 If pigments remain in sub epithelial level.
 If present on the expose part.
 Constant friction.

86
Removal/Erasure of tattoo mark
 Surgical interference:
-Complete excision & Skin grafting
-Co2 snow
-Scarification.
 Corrosive agents
 Electrolysis
 Burn
 Laser beam application

87
 Cont..

 Tattoo can be identified in person even after

effacement or eraser of it by examining regional
lymph nodes where the pigments are deposited
being carried by the lymphatic system.

88
Complications

 Septicemia
 Infection
 Gangrene
 Syphilis, AIDS, Leprosy, TB
 Abscess

89
 Sites of the Tattoo

1. Mainly exposed parts of the body like arms ,

fore arms , chest , neck , face etc.
2. Any of the body part may be used as the site
of tattoo.

90
Sydney Shark case

 James smith disappeared on 8th April 1935. a

shark was caught alive 14 days later & kept on a
aquarium , there the shark vomited a human
arm. Medical examination revealed & found that
the arm was from a dead body & cut by a sharp
weapon. Smith’s wife & brother identified the
arm from the tattoo of two men boxing. Later
Identity also confirmed by Fingerprints.

91
 Occupational Mark
Definition:
It is a mark resulting from adaptation in
occupation.
Types: 2 types
a)Temporary:
 Paint marks in painters.
 Dying marks in the workers of dying industries.
b) Permanent:
 Pricking marks on the fingers of tailors.
 Callosities on the fingers of left hand of
violiners.

92
M/I:

 It is an important data for

identification.
 Social status & occupation of a
person can be determined.

93
Scars marks

Scars:
 It is simply fibrous tissue covered
by epithelium without hair
follicles, pigment or sweat glands,
produced from the healing of a
wound.
Erasure:
 By excision & skin grafting.

94
Cont..

Medico-legal importance:
 Identification of a person, living or dead.
 The shape of the scar may indicate the nature
of weapon or agent that caused the injury.
 By determining age & its cause in a criminal
case may connect the alleged assailant.
 If a person is disfigured due to scars , it
becomes a grievous hurt.

95
 Bhowal Sanyasi Case
Kumar Ramendra Narayan Roy , the second son of
Raja Rajendra Narayan Roy of Bhowal estate in
Dhaka , died in Darjeeling in 1909. In 1921 , a
Shadhu came to Dhaka and claimed one-third
share of Bhowal Raj Estate. He declared that he
was Ramendra Narayan Roy , that after he went
to Darjeeling , he was administered arsenic with
the intention of killing him , due to which he
became comatose and considered to be dead.
His body was taken to cremation ground at night
, but the funeral party left the cremation ground
without lighting the pyre due to heavy storm.
96
 Cont..
The court declared the plaintiff as Kumar
Ramendra Narayan Roy & granted one-third of
the property. Later , this judgment was upheld
by the Calcutta high court and by the Privy
Council.

In deciding the case , complexion and features of

hair , eyes , syphilitic ulcers , broken tooth ,
photographs , boil marks . Operation scar , tiger
claw mark , mole on the dorsum of the penis ,
gait , voice and expression were taken into
consideration to establish the identity.
97
M/I of the case:

1. Arsenic poisoning.
2. Death trance.
3. Identification

98
Bones

99
Bones
Information obtained from a bundle of bones or
piece of bone:
i. Whether it belongs to human being or animal
being.
ii. Whether it from one individual or more than
one individual.
iii. Age of the person (from growth & ossification
of bones ).
iv. Identification of the person.
v. Sex of the person.
vi. Special features –
Cutting of bone
Gnawed away.
vii. Cause of death.
viii. Stature of a person –
Humarous represents 20% of the height of a
person.
Tibia represents 22% of the height of a person.
Femur represents 27% of the height of a person.
Vertebral column represents 30% of the height of a
person.
ix. Time since death can be estimated.
Accuracy of determination of
sex from different bones:
Bones Percentage
Skull 90%
Pelvis 95%
Skull + pelvis 98%
Entire Skeleton 100%
Difference between Male & Female Skull
Traits Male Skull Female Skull

1. General Size Large Small

2. Glabellas Less prominent More prominent

3. Parietal Less prominent More prominent

Eminence

4. Supra orbital More prominent Less prominent

ridge
Traits Male Skull Female Skull

5. Occipital More prominent Less prominent

Protuberance

6. Zygomatic More prominent Less prominent

Arch
7. Malar More prominent Less prominent
Prominence
8. Nasion Angulations more Angulations less
distinct distinct
9. Orbit Square with Round with sharp
rounded margin margin
Difference between Male & Female Pelvis
Traits Male Pelvis Female Pelvis

1. Bony Frame Massive & rough Less massive &

work smooth
2. Pelvic Brim Heart shaped Circular

3. Pelvic Cavity Conical & funnel Broad & rounded

shaped
4. Pelvic Outlet Smaller Larger

5. Sub pubic angle Acute 70⁰ – 75⁰ Obtuse 90⁰ – 100⁰

6. Pubic symphysis Higher Lower

7. Ileum High , vertical in Low , laterally

anatomical position divergent
Traits Male Pelvis Female Pelvis

8. Ischial Tuberosity Inverted Everted

9. Obturator Large & oval Small & triangular

Foramen
10. Greater Sciatic Narrow & deep Broad & shallow
notch
11. Acetabulum Large , directed Small , directed
laterally antero-laterally

12. Sacral More ventrally Less ventrally

Promontory projected projected
13. Pelvic surface Flat & straight Uniformly curved
of sacrum
14. Sacro-iliac joint Extend up to 3rd Extend up to 2-2.5
segment segment
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