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IOT - BASED PREPAID ELECRICITY BILLING METER
A Research Proposal
Presented to
The College of Technology
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY-NAGA EXTENSION CAMPUS
Central Poblacion, City of Naga, Cebu, 6037 Philippines
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
MAJOR IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
MARLOU A. MATA
JANE CHRISTY B. DEGUMA
KENT ADRIAN P. PARDILLO
December 2024
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This Research Proposal entitled “IOT BASED PREPAID ELECRICITY BILLING METER”
prepared and submitted by MARLOU A. MATA, JANE CHRISTY B. DEGUMA, and KENT
ADRIAN P. PARDILLO, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY MAJOR IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY (BIT-COMPTECH), has
been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for Design Hearing.
UNDERGRADUATE THESIS ADVISORY COMMITTEE
JD CAPE BEVERLYN G. GENOBIAGON, LPT

Chairman
MARIA CHRISTINA A. FLORES, LPT, MSME

Co-Chairman
JOLO VAN CLYDE S. ABATAYO, RL, MLIS GLENN A.TRINIDAD, Ph.D.

Adviser Member
MERIAM A. ENALDO, MIT ABRAHEM P. ANQUI, MIT

Member Member
AL D. HORTEZA, LPT, Ph.D.
Member
Accepted and Approved by the Undergraduate Thesis Advisory Committee with a grade of __________.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
JD CAPE BEVERLYN G. GENOBIAGON, LPT

Chairman

Co-Chairman
JOLO VAN CLYDE S. ABATAYO, RL, MLIS GLENN A.TRINIDAD, Ph.D.

Adviser Member
MERIAM A. ENALDO, MIT ABRAHEM P. ANQUI, MIT

Member Member
AL D. HORTEZA, LPT, Ph.D.
Member
ACCEPTED AND APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR
OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY MAJOR IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY (BIT-COMPTECH).
Date of Design Hearing: June 25, 2021

Chairman, College of Technology
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . i
APPROVAL SHEET. . . . . . . . . ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . iii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . v
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . vi
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE . . . . 1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . 1
Rationale of the Study . . . . . 1
Theoretical Background of the Study . . . 4
THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . 13
Statement of the Problem . . . . . 13
Significance of the Study . . . . . 14
Scope and Limitations of the Study . . . 15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . . . . . 17
Design . . . . . . . 17
Flow of the Study . . . . . . 18
Environment . . . . . . 19
Respondents . . . . . . 19
Instrument . . . . . . 20
Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . 20
Scoring Procedure . . . . . . 21
iv
Statistical Treatment of Data . . . . 23
DEFINITION OF TERMS . . . . . . 25
CHAPTER
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES . 26
Related Literature . . . . . . 26
Related Studies . . . . . . 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . 41
APPENDICES . . . . . . . 52
A. Transmittal Letter . . . . . 53
B. Survey Questionnaire . . . . . 54
CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . 55
v
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE
1 Distribution of the Respondents . . . . 19

vi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
1 The Theoretical Framework of the Study . . . 4

2 The Flow of the Study . . . . . 18
3 The Location of the Study . . . . . 19
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
Most of the energy meters are designed to bill as per the units of energy
consumed. These meters need to be manually read by people in order to provide
monthly/quarterly bills. We are here to propose an IOT-based prepaid energy
billing meter. The system is designed to allow amount of energy to be used as long
as the account has balance pending. It also allows the operator to recharge the
user account using GSM. The system first accepts account recharge and allows
to use only limited units of energy as per recharge and then cuts off the supply.
The prepaid electricity billing meter could be widely used to provide a new more
customized electricity billing system, where users may recharge when they intend
to use that facility. It also consists of a GSM modem that allows the operator to
recharge the meter remotely using am SMS message. This puts forward an
innovative electricity billing and “use as needed” electricity usage scheme. It also
eliminates the need for manual electricity meter reading tasks.
In this project, we will make a GSM Based Prepaid Electricity Energy Meter using
Arduino. Prepaid Electricity Energy Meter is one of the best concepts for the
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current electricity payment system. In this system, you can recharge the device
and update the balance as we do on our mobile phones. By sending a simple SMS,
you can recharge the electricity balance through this system. It can also disconnect
the home power supply connection if there is a low or zero balance in the system.
And this system will read the energy meter readings and automatically send some
updates to the user’s mobile phone like low balance alert, cut off alert, resume alert
and recharge alert. The Anti-Theft Alert can also be detected when someone tries
stealing the meter by opening the lid. So, let us see how we can build this project.
The trend of the time has always been in favor of that technology which finally
become cost effective as well as an elegant one. Visayan Electric Company is
facing serious problem of lean revenue collection as against energy supplied due
to energy thefts and network losses. All the steps taken so far, regarding the
improvement of the revenue collection did not yield satisfactory results. It is
reported that the faultiest sub system in the metering and meter reading system.
Traditional meter reading is done by the human operator, this require a more
number of labor operator and long working hour to achieve the complete area data
reading and billing. Due to increase in the development of residential building and
commercial building the meter reading task increases which require more number
of human operators. In order to achieve efficient meter reading, reduce billing error
and operation cost, automatic meter reading system play an important role. In post-
paid system, there is no control use of electricity from the consumer’s side. There
is a lot of wastage of power in the consumer’s side due to lack of planning of

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electrical consumption in an efficient way. The idea of designing the Prepaid Power
Billing using “Energy Meter” is due to the basis that it would indirectly help to create
a better understanding and awareness towards the value and the importance of
electrical energy, energy saving, promoting of smart energy management as well
as an innovation towards further improvement to proven existing system. The
Adaptive meter is not only limited to automate the meter reading but also attributed
with prepaid recharging ability and information of consumed data can be exchange
between the grid and consumer. It was also due to the fact that in time to come,
the cost of electrical energy generation continuously increase and the energy
consumption may exceed its productions or generations. By realizing such idea,
end users are provided with the proposed system to assist them in carefully
planning and managing their electrical consumption. This is also helpful in saving
the time of both electricity authority and consumer.

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Theoretical Background of the Study
This study is anchored to the Modified Technology Acceptance Model by
Venkatesh and Davis (2000). The Modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
is a theoretical framework that builds upon the original TAM model proposed by
Davis in 1989. The Modified TAM model was introduced by Venkatesh and Davis
in 2000, as an extension of the original model, to better understand the factors that
influence users' intentions to use technology. The Modified TAM model includes
two primary constructs: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. These
constructs are similar to the original TAM model but are expanded upon in several
ways. For example, perceived usefulness is defined as "the degree to which a user
believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance,"
while perceived ease of use is defined as "the degree to which a user believes that
using a particular system would be free from effort." In addition to these constructs,
the Modified TAM model includes several other factors that can influence users'
intentions to use technology, such as subjective norms (i.e., the influence of others'
opinions on a user's beliefs and attitudes), image (i.e., the extent to which using a
particular technology is associated with a positive image), and voluntariness (i.e.,
the extent to which a user is free to choose whether or not to use a particular
technology). Overall, the Modified TAM model provides a more comprehensive
framework for understanding the factors that influence users' intentions to use
technology, and has been widely used and cited in subsequent research in the
area of technology adoption and usage. The conceptual framework of the Modified
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) includes several constructs and

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relationships that help to explain the factors that influence users' intentions to use
technology. The following is a summary of the key constructs and relationships
included in the Modified TAM model:
1) Perceived usefulness: The extent to which a user believes that using a particular
technology will enhance their job performance or make their tasks easier to
accomplish.
2) Perceived ease of use: The degree to which a user believes that using a
particular technology would be free from effort or easy to learn.
3) Attitude towards using: A user's positive or negative evaluation of using a
particular technology, based on their beliefs about its usefulness and ease of use.
4) Behavioral intention to use: A user's intention to use a particular technology,
based on their attitude towards using it and their perceived behavioral control.
5) Perceived behavioral control: The extent to which a user believes that they have
control over their ability to use a particular technology.
6) Subjective norms: The influence of others' opinions on a user's beliefs and
attitudes towards using a particular technology.
7) Image: The extent to which using a particular technology is associated with a
positive or negative image.
8) Voluntariness: The degree to which a user is free to choose whether or not to
use a particular technology. The Modified TAM model proposes that perceived
usefulness and perceived ease of use directly influence a user's attitude towards
using technology, which in turn influences their behavioral intention to use it.
Perceived behavioral control is also proposed to directly influence behavioral

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intention to use, while subjective norms, image, and voluntariness are proposed to
influence attitude towards using and/or behavioral intention to use indirectly. In
summary, the Modified TAM model provides a comprehensive framework for
understanding the complex factors that influence users' intentions to use
technology, and can help researchers and practitioners to identify strategies for
promoting technology adoption and usage. This study is also supported by the
Modified Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model,
which is an extension of the original UTAUT model proposed by Venkatesh in
2003. The Modified UTAUT model was introduced by Venkatesh in 2012 and
builds upon the original model by including several additional constructs and
relationships. From the published book of Venkatesh (2012), he mentioned that
the Modified UTAUT model includes the following constructs:
1) Performance expectancy: The degree to which a user believes that using a
particular technology will help them to perform their tasks more effectively.
2) Effort expectancy: The degree to which a user believes that using a particular
technology will be easy and require minimal effort.
3) Social influence: The extent to which a user perceives that important others
(such as peers, supervisors, or customers) believe that they should use the
technology.
4) Facilitating conditions: The degree to which a user perceives that the necessary
resources and support are available to use the technology.
5) Hedonic motivation: The degree to which a user is motivated by enjoyment,
pleasure, or fun in using the technology.

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6) Price value: The degree to which a user believes that the cost of using the
technology is justified by its benefits.
7) Habit: The degree to which a user has developed automatic patterns of behavior
associated with using the technology.
8) Compatibility: The degree to which a user perceives that the technology is
consistent with their existing values, needs, and experiences.
9) Self-efficacy: The degree to which a user believes that they have the skills and
abilities necessary to use the technology. He added that the Modified UTAUT
model proposes that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence,
and facilitating conditions directly influence behavioral intention to use technology,
while hedonic motivation, price value, habit, compatibility, and self-efficacy
influence behavioral intention to use technology indirectly through their effects on
the primary factors. Overall, the Modified UTAUT model provides a more
comprehensive framework for understanding the factors that influence users'
intentions to use technology, and has been widely used and cited in subsequent
research in the area of technology adoption and usage.

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Information Theory
This work proposes a real-time electricity bill for quantifying the energy used
in domestic facilities in Mexico. This bill is a low-cost tool that takes advantage of
the IoT technology for generating an easy reading real-time bill allowing the
customers to constantly review and administrate their energy consumption. Using
low-cost sensors and the electronic board Particle® Photon, an energy meter is
proposed. The presented prototype is extremely compact and satisfies safety
measures to be used by anyone in a domestic installation. The measurement data
is displayed and processed in real-time, and an appropriate algorithm determines
the accumulated kWh. The energy consumed is displayed using an Html interface
of easy interpretation for the customers, given recommendations about their
consumption habits and some alarms in case of abnormal or high consumption.
As a reinforcement measure for avoiding large consumption bills, the system is
programmed to send messages to the user, remembering if the estimated
consumption is large.
Communication Theory
This article proposes and analyse a system which is used for energy meter
billing and monitoring. The system is fully Internet of Things (IOT) based and highly
desirable in field of energy. In this system consumer can do power management
by knowing energy usage time to time. The customer needs to pay the bill on
schedule, if couldn't, the electric power connectivity can be turned off
autonomously from the distant host. The article explains the modelling and working
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of different units of the system and also discussed the basic components and their
functions such that IOT and its working, microcontroller(ARM7-LPC2138) and its
architecture, USB to TTL Converter and its features, GSM system, Relay and LCD
display and its interfacing with microcontroller.
Input-Output Theory
In everyday life, electricity is necessary, and proper use is critical. To
strengthen home electricity control, the existing systems have been examined over
the years. However, the existing PMAS method’s error ratio is higher and does not
allow for a remote monitoring system. Therefore, this study proposes a smart
monitoring and control system (SMACS) for household appliances. The
application’s significance is to monitor household appliances’ electricity usage
using hardware and the Internet of Things (IoT) methods. The prototype of the
proposed system is designed and developed considering Arduino UNO, a liquid
crystal display (LCD), an ACS712 current sensor module, relays, and AC sources.
The components are selected from the software library, and the simulation results
are found the same as the prototype. WiFi module ESP8266 is not included in the
design because it is not provided in the system. The data is recorded in cloud
storage using Thing-speak. A mobile application (Virtuino) also accesses the data
to visualize it through the graphical and numerical display. This study provides
users with an easy system to monitor and control household appliances’ power
consumption using mobile applications. Results show that the proposed system
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provides 0.6% current errors for the hairdryer appliance, whereas the existing
Power Monitoring and Switching (PMAS) system provides 7.8% current errors.
R.A. 8293 Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
State recognizes that an effective intellectual and industrial property system
is vital to the development of domestic and creative activity, facilitates transfer of
technology, attracts foreign investments, and ensures market access for our
products. It shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors,
artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations,
particularly when beneficial to the people, for such periods as provided in this Act.
The use of intellectual property bears a social function. To this end, the State shall
promote the diffusion of knowledge and information for the promotion of national
development and progress and the common good.It is also the policy of the State
to streamline administrative procedures of registering patents, trademarks and
copyright, to liberalize the registration on the transfer of technology, and to
enhance the enforcement of intellectual property rights in the Philippines.
Under Republic Act No. 11361
The continuous conveyance of electricity is a matter of national security
and is essential to sustaining the country’s economic development. The State also
acknowledges the crucial role of property owners in ensuring that power lines
remain free of any dangerous and hazardous activities and improvements. Power
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lines refer to transmission lines, sub-transmission lines, distribution lines, and
generation dedicated point to point lines, and other connection assets including
the poles and towers used to support the lines and other related facilities
constructed or erected for the purpose of conveyance of electricity.
Also, the law mentioned about power line obstruction which refers to any
hazardous activity or hazardous improvement and other similar circumstances that
threaten or endanger the continuous and uninterrupted conveyance of electricity.
Thus, power line obstruction is punishable.

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THEORETICAL BASES LEGAL BASES
Modified Technology Acceptance R.A. 8293 Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines

Model (TAM) (Venkatesh and
Davis, 2000) R.A. 11361 Anti-Obstruction of
Information Theory Power Lines Act

(Dr. Ramon Betancourt, 2020)
Communication Theory
(Nikita Nanasaheb Sasane,2017)
Input-Output Theory
(Mohammad Kamrul Hasan,
2021)
Modified Unified Theory of

Acceptance and Use of Technology
(UTAUT) Model (Venkatesh, et al,
2012)
FOCUS OF THE STUDY

• Level of Perceived Usefulness
• Level of Perceived Ease of Use
• Level of Attitude Towards Using the Technology
• Level of Behavioral Intention to Use
• Level of Functionality
• Level of Adaptability
• Level of Cost-Effectiveness
• Level of Acceptability
IOT BASE PREPAID ELECTRICITY BILLING

METER
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THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of the study is to design and develop an IoT–Based
Prepaid Electricity Billing Meter for Apartments in Ocean Village located in South
Poblacion, City of Naga, Cebu during the Academic Year 2023-2024 as a basis for
technology adoption.
Specifically, it seeks answers to the following sub-problems:
1) What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 work;
1.2 availability of electronic gadgets and appliances; and,
1.3 monthly income of the family?
2) What are the prior arts related to the proposed system?
3) What is the level of the proposed system in terms of:
3.1 perceived usefulness;
3.2 perceived ease of use;
3.3 attitude towards using the technology;
3.4 behavioural intention to use;
3.5 functionality;
3.6 adaptability;
3.7 cost-effectiveness; and,
3.8 acceptability?
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4) Is there a significant relationship between the:
4.1 perceived usefulness and the levels of functionality, adaptability, cost-
effectiveness, and acceptability;
4.2 perceived ease of use and the levels of functionality, adaptability, cost-
effectiveness, and acceptability;
4.3 attitude towards using the technology and the levels of functionality,
adaptability, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability; and,
4.4 behavioral intention to use and the levels of functionality, adaptability, cost-
effectiveness, and acceptability?
5) Based on the findings of the study, how can the SMART Electrical Energy
Consumption Monitoring System be designed and developed?
Significance of the Study
Through the advent of SMART technology, this study is beneficial for the
following:
Borders. Using IoT (Internet of Things) prepaid electricity billing meters can
indeed be beneficial, especially in border regions’ prepaid electricity billing meters
can be advantageous. Implementing IoT prepaid electricity billing meters in border
regions addresses various challenges and can significantly improve the efficiency
and reliability of electricity services in these areas.
Community. This study is beneficial to Barangay South Poblacion, City of Naga,
Cebu and neighbouring towns and even cities as well as through extending
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services among interested constituents with the use of an affordable IoT Base
prepaid electricity billing meter.
Future Researcher. This study is beneficial to the future researchers, and this will
serve as a basis and can be a guide or reference for their future study.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Scope:
Users can monitor their electricity consumption remotely through a mobile app or
web interface. The ability to control and manage electrical appliances remotely.
Users can pay for electricity in advance, promoting better budget management.
Reduced chances of unpaid bills and disconnections. Continuous and real-time
monitoring of electricity usage for both consumers and utility providers. Enables
proactive measures to address issues such as power theft or system failures.
Automatic alerts for low balance, power outages, or abnormal consumption
patterns. Improved communication between consumers and utility providers.
Encourages users to adopt energy-efficient practices due to increased awareness
of their consumption patterns. Potential for implementing demand-side
management strategies. Integration with Smart Homes:

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Limitation
IoT-based prepaid electricity billing meter has the potential to bring significant
benefits but requires careful consideration of the associated challenges and
limitations during planning and implementation. Addressing issues such as privacy
concerns, technology reliability, and user education can contribute to the
successful deployment of such systems.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This section presents the methods and the procedures that are utilized and
used in the study. It also discusses the research design, the flow of the study, the
research environment, and as well as the respondents of the study.
Design
The study is a type of developmental research. The approach is
appropriate to this study since it involves the systematic study of designing,
developing, and evaluating products that must meet the criteria of internal
consistency and effectiveness. The experimental and descriptive research design
will be employed according to the phases involved in the study. There are two
phases in the study namely: Phase I – Design and Development of the IOT- PEBM
device; and Phase II – Evaluation of the Output Performance of the IOT- PEBM
device. Test runs will be conducted based on the operational parameters to
validate the efficiency of the device.
Moreover, descriptive research will be used in Phase II of the study to
determine the level of acceptability of the IOT- PEBM device. Survey
questionnaires are used in the collection of data which is the basis for drawing out
necessary information and outputs in determining the level of perceived
usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude towards the use of technology,
behavioral intention to use, functionality, adaptability, cost-effectiveness, and the
level of acceptability of the IOT- PEBM device.

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Flow of the Study
The schematic presentation, as shown in Figure 2, illustrates the flow of the

study.
• Demographic Profile of the Respondents

• Prior Arts Related to the Proposed System I
• Key Constructs of the Modified Technology Acceptance Model N
(Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Attitude P
Towards the Use of Technology, Behavioral Intention to Use) U
• Level of Functionality, Adaptability, Cost-Effectiveness, and T
Acceptability
• Transmittal Letter P
• Orientation R
• Administration of Survey Questionnaires O
• Retrieval of Survey Questionnaires C
• Data Tallying, Tabulation, and Computation E
• Data Treatment, Analysis, and Interpretation S
• Design and Development of SMART-EECMS Device S
O
U
T
IOT BASED PREPAID ELECTRICITY BILLING METER
P
U
T
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FIGURE 2
Flow of the Study
Environment
Respondents
The respondents in this study are the Borders, and non-borders from Brgy.
South Poblacion, City of Naga, Cebu.
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents
Years of stay Frequency (f) Percentage (%)
Less than 5 years 40 26.67

5-10 years 10 06.67
More than 10 years 100 66.67
TOTAL 150 100.00
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Instrument
In the evaluation of the output performance of the machine, observation and
note-taking are done in order to document the results of the test runs. Comments
and recommendations from the technical experts that are invited to do the
observation are noted and implemented. The instrument used in the study is a
researcher-made survey questionnaire. It is utilized for drawing out necessary
information and data to determine the level of perceived usefulness, perceived
ease of use, attitude towards the use of technology, behavioral intention to use,
functionality, adaptability, cost-effectiveness, and the level of acceptability of the
device. The instrument is composed of two parts: the first part comprises the
demographic profile of the respondents and the second part is the evaluation of
the performance from the respondents who had operated the device.
Data Gathering Procedure
The following activities are conducted upon approval of the research topic
and research problems by the Dissertation Advisory Committee: Preliminary
Preparation. The researcher will conscript a letter noted by the research adviser
and the graduate school professor and will ask permission for the conduct of the
study from the researcher’s Campus Director. Administration of the Survey
Questionnaires. The researcher will distribute the survey questionnaires to the
respondents of Phase II of the study. The respondents will be given an orientation
on the purpose and objectives of the study.

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Retrieval of the Survey Questionnaires. The survey questionnaires are collected
right after the respondents have finished answering. The questionnaires are tallied,
tabulated, and computed to come up with a significant set of data.
Scoring Procedure
In this section, tables are presented with a detailed description of the
scoring criteria, weight, and the range of means. The responses are scored with
the following rubrics: weight, range of means, category, and qualitative description.
Data Scoring for the Level of Perceived Usefulness. Below is the data scoring
of the variable.
Weight Range of
Means Category Qualitive Description
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 95-100% useful.

4 3.41-4.20 Agree IOT- BASED PEBM is 90-94% useful.
3 2.61-3.40 Neutral IOT- BASED PEBM is 85-89% useful.
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 80-84 useful.
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is below 80% useful.
Data Scoring for the Level of Perceived Ease of Use. Below is the data scoring
of the variable.
Weight Range of
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 95-100% easy to use.
4 3.41-4.20 Agree IOT- BASED PEBM is 90-94% easy to use.
3 2.61-3.40 Neutral IOT- BASED PEBM is 85-89% easy to use.
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 80-84 easy to use.
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is below 80% easy to
use.
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Data Scoring for the Level of Attitude towards the Use of Technology.
Below is the data scoring of the variable.
Weight Range of
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 95-100% intended to

be use by the user.
4 3.41-4.20 Agree IOT- BASED PEBM is 90-94% intended to
be use by the user.
3 2.61-3.40 Neutral IOT- BASED PEBM is 85-89% intended to
be use by the user.
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 80-84 intended to be
use by the user.
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is below 80% intended
to be use by the user.
Data Scoring for the Level of Behavioral Intention to Use. Below is the data
scoring of the variable.
Weight Range of
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 95-100% intended to

be use by the user.
4 3.41-4.20 Agree IOT- BASED PEBM is 90-94% intended to
be use by the user.
3 2.61-3.40 Neutral IOT- BASED PEBM is 85-89% intended to
be use by the user.
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 80-84 intended to be
use by the user.
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is below 80% intended
to be use by the user.
Data Scoring for the Level of Functionality. Below is the data scoring of the
variable.
Weight Range of
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 95-100% functional.

4 3.41-4.20 Agree IOT- BASED PEBM is 90-94% functional.
3 2.61-3.40 Neutral IOT- BASED PEBM is 85-89% functional.
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 80-84 functional.
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is below 80% functional
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Data Scoring for the Level of Adaptability. Below is the data scoring of the
variable.
Weight Range of
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 95-100% adaptable.

4 3.41-4.20 Agree IOT- BASED PEBM is 90-94% adaptable.
3 2.61-3.40 Neutral IOT- BASED PEBM is 85-89% adaptable.
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 80-84 adaptable.
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is below 80% adaptable
Data Scoring for the Level of Cost-Effectiveness. Below is the data scoring of
the variable.
Weight Range of
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 95-100% cost-

effective.
4 3.41-4.20 Agree IOT- BASED PEBM is 90-94% cost-
effective.
3 2.61-3.40 Neutral IOT- BASED PEBM is 85-89% cost-
effective.
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is 80-84 cost-effective.
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree IOT- BASED PEBM is below 80% cost-
effective.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The collected data are organized, tabulated, classified, analyzed, and
interpreted with the use of the following statistical tools: Frequency Count. The
researcher will use this statistical tool to present the number of respondents for
each profile variable. Percentage. The researcher will use this statistical tool to
present the percentage of respondents for each profile variable. Pearson’s Product
24
Moment-Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r). The researcher will use this statistical
tool to determine the relationships between the key constructs of the Modified
Technology Acceptance Model and the level of functionality, adaptability, cost-
effectiveness, and acceptability of the developed device.

25
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To have a clearer view and understanding of the study, the following terms are
functionally and operationally defined:
Acceptability. This term is pertaining to the degree of the SMART-EECMS device
to be technically and operationally acceptable.
Adaptability. This term is referred to the SMART-EECMS device that was
adaptable in any situation and condition.
Cost-Effectiveness. This term is defined and referred to as the form of economic
analysis that compared the relative costs and outcomes of the SMART-EECMS
device.
Design. This term is referred to as the blueprint or draft of the plan of specifications
of the proposed IOT- BASED PEBM device.
Electrical Energy Consumption. This term is also referred to as the electricity
consumption which is defined as the volume of energy being used over a given
period of time and is usually measured in kWh.
Functionality. This term is referred to as the verification or checking of the quality
assurance process that the IOT- BASED PEBM device is aid to, be purposeful,
effective, and able to pass the required output for the IOT- BASED PEBM device
according to the design specifications.
SMART Technology. This technology is referred to as the integration of
computing and telecommunication technology into other technologies that did not
previously have such capabilities. What makes a technology “smart” is its ability to
communicate and work with other networked technologies, and through this ability
26
21 to allow automated or adaptive functionality as well as remote accessibility or
operation from anywhere.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents an overview of the literature and studies relevant to
the current study. The related literature and studies discussed in this chapter cover
a variety of concepts, generalizations, and conclusions that are helpful in the
development of the study from its beginnings to its final phase. Furthermore, the
information in this chapter serves in familiarizing elements that are relevant and
related to the current project study on Smart Electrical Energy Consumption
Monitoring System and its interconnected systems.
Related Literature
Internet of Things (IoT). Ismail (2019) cited in his published book that the
Internet of Things is a recent technology that creates a global network of machines
and devices that can communicate and exchange data with each other through the
Internet. There is a difference between the Internet of Things and the Internet. The
Internet of Things can create information about connected objects, analyze it, and
make decisions; in other words, one can tell that the Internet of Things is smarter
than the Internet. Security cameras, sensors, vehicles, buildings, and software are
examples of things that can exchange data with each other. As the number of real-
time applications (devices) that need smart connections among each other is
28
increased, the Internet of Things challenges will also increase. These challenges
include (a) SMART connectivity; (b) keeping high privacy and security of all
connected devices; (c) treating big data; (d) reducing the overall data latency
among the machine-to-machine interactions; (e) reducing bandwidth and power
consumption; and, (f) complexity.
(a) Smart connectivity. Sensors and devices that are connected and
communicated together through the Internet of Things infrastructure may need to
update their trends or feature to be suited to the changes in surrounding
environments. The Internet of Things is a smart infrastructure that can process the
collected data and make the required decisions to improve itself and to change the
trends or features of the connected devices to accommodate the surrounding
environments’ changes.
The Internet of Things is a smart technology that helps all connected devices to
update themselves according to changes in the surrounding environment and to
be able to be adopted and work in any other strange environment with high
accuracy. As a result, a smart connected system can be produced if the smart
infrastructure is well designed to treat the collected data from devices correctly, to
make the needed decisions.
(b) Keeping high privacy and security of all connected devices. The main idea
of using the Internet of Things is to have a smart system and to connect billions of
devices over the whole world. The number of devices to be connected is expected
to be 50 billion through Internet of Things devices by 2020. Connecting such a

29
huge number of devices required high-security levels to prevent scams and to
allow a high level of data protection. As a result, achieving a high level of security
is a big challenge to get the needed trust from both industries and individuals to
share their data utilizing the Internet of Things.
(c) Treating big data. The most important challenge of using the Internet of Things
is the tremendous growth of the data transmitted between connected devices. The
basic three sources of data are (1) the database used in the business process; (2)
the human daily activities such as email, Facebook, and weblogs; and, (3) the
connection of physical devices such as cameras and microphones. It is worth
mentioning that a full 90% of all the data in the world has been generated over the
last 2 years. This makes it more challenging for the Internet of Things infrastructure
designers to deal with such growth of the generated data.
(d) Reducing the overall data latency among the machine-to-machine
interactions. While connecting many devices through the Internet of Things
infrastructure, the shared data among them will also tremendously increase. This
will cause some delay or latency in data delivery among the connected devices.
This opens a new challenge to be addressed by the Internet of Things to reduce
such latency to be sure a robust Internet of Things infrastructure will be obtained.
(e) Reducing bandwidth and power consumption. Both bandwidth and power
consumption of the numerous devices that are connecting, communicating, and
sharing data among each other through the Internet of Things are tremendously
increased. This is why when designing an Internet of Things infrastructure, both

30
bandwidth and power consumption challenges should be considered. The main
trend nowadays is to reduce the size of the connected devices, and as a result,
power consumption will decrease. The transmitted data rate is still an issue to be
solved due to the huge shared data among devices.
(f) Complexity. Sharing data and connecting devices through the Internet of
Things can be implemented through several levels and layers of software and
hardware and some standard protocols. With the tremendous increase in shared
data and connected devices, the used software/hardware and standard protocols
will be more complicated. As a result, there is a challenge to reduce the complexity
of the Internet of Things technology as the number of connected devices
increases.
Internet of Things Applications. Ismail (2019) added that the Internet of Things
is recognized as one of the most important areas of future technologies and is
gaining vast recognition in a wide range of applications and fields related to smart
cities, military, education, hospitals, homeland security systems, transportation,
and autonomous connected cars, agriculture, intelligent shopping systems, and
other modern technologies. The smart home is one of the main applications that
use the Internet of Things infrastructure to connect several sensors. The sensors
can sense and collect surrounding information that is used to fully control different
home systems such as lighting and security.
Many other applications use the Internet of Things infrastructures such as smart
bridges and smart tunnels. Temperature and vibration sensors, as well as video
31
surveillance cameras, can be fixed on a bridge to detect any abnormal activity and
send warnings via SMS. Also, video processing analysis can be performed to
control the traffic density on a bridge. The smart tunnel can use several sensors to
monitor humidity, displacement, and temperature to call for appropriate
maintenance if a problem is detected. All these applications are using sensors to
detect and collect data that are used to give a proper decision that maintains a
high level of security of the installations.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Brown (2020) mentioned
in his published article that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a
blanket term encompassing all the technologies and services involved in
computing, data management, telecommunications provision, and the internet.
These technologies all deal with the transmission and reception of information of
some kind. ICT permeate all aspects of life, providing newer, better, and quicker
ways for people to interact, network, seek help, gain access to information, and
learn.
Arduino Technology and Its Applications. Sandhu (2021) mentioned in his
article that Arduino is a microcontroller interface built around an Atmel ATmega
processor, coupled with an integrated development environment (IDE) for creating
logic on the chip. Arduino is open source, both in its software and hardware
specification so hobbyists can assemble the simplest Arduino modules themselves
by hand. He added that Arduino allows users a simple pathway to creating
interactive objects that can take input from switches and sensors, and control
32
physical outputs like lights, motors, or actuators. Because the language is based
on well-used frameworks, Arduino can interact with other software on the computer
like Flash, or even web APIs like Twitter. The platform has already fostered a
community of developers who are sharing a lot of open-source work. Enthusiasts
have used it to create a range of innovative projects, from software thermostat
controllers to baby monitors that send SMS alerts, to a toy gun that fires every time
a certain hashtag is used on Twitter. And yes, there is also a page of Arduino
projects for controlling coffee appliances.
He also mentioned that while some of these Arduino projects may seem frivolous,
the technology taps into several trends that will make it a potentially important force
in the industry. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a popular phrase used in the tech
community to describe everyday items that are connected to the internet and able
to share information. Smart energy meters are an often-used example, which could
regulate appliance usage to save money on energy.
He added that public perception is shifting toward integrating technology into the
fabric of everyday life. The small form factor of Arduino allows it to be applied to
all kinds of everyday objects. The Arduino LilyPad form factor allows for wearable
Arduino devices. Open-source projects like Arduino lower the barrier of entry for
developers that are looking to experiment with interactive objects. These
innovators will be able to rapidly prototype and experiment with interactive devices
by using the Arduino platform, before creating a production-ready offering. The
next Mark Zuckerberg or Steve Jobs may one day be found creating new ways for
33
computers to interface with the physical world. Arduino is a great way to
experiment with the possibilities of smart devices.
Related Studies
The development of technologies enables the application of the Internet of
Things (IoT) in urban environments, creating smart cities. Hence, the optimal
management of data generated in the interconnection of electronic sensors in real
time improves the quality of life. The objective of this study is to analyze global
research on smart cities based on IoT technology applications. For this,
bibliometric techniques were applied to 1232 documents on this topic,
corresponding to the period 2011–2019, to obtain findings on scientific activity and
the main thematic areas. Scientific production has increased annually, so that the
last triennium has accumulated 83.23% of the publications. The most outstanding
thematic areas were Computer Science and Engineering. Seven lines have been
identified in the development of research on smart cities based on IoT applications.
In addition, the study has detected seven new future research directions. The
growing trend at the global level of scientific production shows the interest in
developing aspects of smart cities based on IoT applications. This study
contributes to the academic, scientific, and institutional discussion to improve
decision making based on the available information.(González-Zamar et al., 2020)
The billing process of electricity consumption. currently used is very long
process and requires lot of man power. The energy billing in India is error prone.
34
Going to each and every consumer’s house and generating the bill is a laborious
task and requires lot of time. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing
like errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the
meter reading and error while processing the paid bills and the due bills. There are
many cases where the bill is paid and then is shown as a due amount in the next
bill. There is no proper way to know the consumer's maximum demand, usage
details, losses in the lines and power theft. If any consumer did not pay the bill, the
operator needs to go to their houses to disconnect the power supply. These
processes are repetitive and take so much time. For overcoming all the difficulties
present in the system a fully automated billing system is proposed i.e. “Prepaid
Power Billing Using Adaptive Meter”. In the proposed system, electronic energy
meter is replaced by Adaptive meter which includes both metering of the power
consumed and prepaid system. The billing process is prepaid energy billing in
which customer has to pay first and then use it. This system also implements an
automated system which can charge different amounts for power consumption
during different times. The prepaid system uses method of GSM based recharging.
The recharging can be done from any remote place without accessing the energy
meter physically.
SMART CARD-based Prepaid Energy Meters: Smart card is a credit card-sized
plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit (IC) and usually it consists of a
ROM, EEPROM, and a CPU. A smart card provides both memory capacity and
computational capability. Access to data stored on the card is under the control of
the smart card operating system. In this method, the consumer has to have the
35
smart card recharged for the amount he chooses and enter the card into the card
reader of the energy meter. Then the meter stores the number of units recharged
and starts to measure the energy consumption. When purchased units are used
up the meter disconnects the power supply until the next recharge
The India uses electromechanical or electronic energy meter. The main problem
of this system is that person from utility has go to area by area and read the energy
meter of every house and handover the bills. According to that reading consumer
paid the bill. Many times errors like extra billing amount or notification from utility
are given even bills are paid regularly. To overcome this drawback we proposing
an IoT Based prepaid Energy meter. This system consists of ADE7758 meter
circuit, Atmega328p microcontroller and Wi-Fi module. This meter is monitor the
unit consumed and transfers the unit as well as cost over the internet. It give alarm
to user if consumption reaching near to set point. If consumption is going beyond
the set point system will cut power. Also it detects demand theft using balance
current method.(Patil et al., 2020)
India uses electromechanical or electronic energy meters. The main problems with
these energy meters are recovering the electricity bills and more manpower being
used in billing processes. An IOT-based prepaid energy meter would be able to
address some of the challenges currently available in the existing energy meter.
Smart Metering with its unique performance with the Internet of Things (IoT) tends
to be an efficient system for electricity management. This can reduce human errors
and helps to retrieve the real-time meter value via IOT and send it to the customer’s
36
mobile phone through IOT. This energy meter consists of ATMEGA328, a Current
sensor, and a Wi-Fi module. It also consists of a mobile app through which
consumers can monitor the electricity used by them. The India uses
electromechanical or electronic energy meter. The main problem of this system is
that person from utility has go to area by area and read the energy meter of every
house and handover the bills. According to that reading consumer paid the bill.
Many times errors like extra billing amount or notification from utility are given even
bills are paid regularly. To overcome this drawback we proposing an IoT Based
prepaid Energy meter. This system consists of ADE7758 meter circuit,
Atmega328p microcontroller and Wi-Fi module. This meter is monitor the unit
consumed and transfers the unit as well as cost over the internet. It give alarm to
user if consumption reaching near to set point. If consumption is going beyond the
set point system will cut power. Also it detects demand theft using balance current
method.(Patil et al., 2020)
India uses electromechanical or electronic energy meters. The main problems
with these energy meters are recovering the electricity bills and more manpower
being used in billing processes. An IOT-based prepaid energy meter would be able
to address some of the challenges currently available in the existing energy meter.
37
consumers can monitor the electricity used by them.

38
39
The following researches and studies discuss electricity consumption in different
countries like Taiwan, Japan, and Malaysia. These studies aim to forecast or
analyze the electricity consumption in a certain area of the country.

40
The research entitled “The Determinants of Household Electricity Consumption in
Taiwan: Evidence from Quantile Regression”, showed that the effects of
demographic, socioeconomic, and household dwelling characteristics on
household electricity consumption may differ across quantiles and may change
over time. This study found that household income and household size were
significant in all quantiles for each year. The characteristics of high-electricity-
consuming households were also identified. Households with higher income,
larger household sizes, and more elderly members consumed more electricity. In
terms of dwelling attributes, larger housing areas, homes with more appliances,
and owner-occupied, business-used, and multi-floor houses contributed to higher
household electricity consumption (Hsiu-Hang, 2014). This study infers that
consumers can be a factor in a household's electricity consumption. Being a
university, most of the electricity consumers on the campus are students and
professors which affects the total power usage since they use electricity most of
the time for school activities.
In a study entitled “Electricity Consumption Forecasting in Thailand Using an
Artificial Neural Network and Multiple Linear Regression,” an artificial neural
network (ANN) and a regression model are applied to forecast long-term electricity
consumption in Thailand. Maximum ambient temperature and electric power
demand are used as inputs to predict electricity consumption. According to the
forecasting results by the regression and ANN models of the study, the electricity
consumption in Thailand in 2015 is almost 188,552 to 174,394 gigawatt-hour
(GWh), and it can reach 216,986 to 188, 137 GWh by 2020 (Panklib, 2015).
41
A study entitled “A Comparative Analysis of Techniques for Forecasting Electricity
Consumption”, showed that there is a pattern for electricity consumption over the
years in the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UMS). Using the actual monthly
electricity consumption data over the period between 2009 and 2012, a modified
Newton’s model was proposed for forecasting electricity consumption. It is found
that consumption is high at certain periods and low at other periods and shows an
upward trend for electricity consumption. An increase in electricity consumption
could be because more heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems are put
into use because of the increase in the student’s population (Ozoh, 2014).
Analysing the electricity consumption in UMS in Malaysia is quite the same as this
study on forecasting the electricity consumption of PUP-Sta. Mesa.
The research in Japan entitled “The Measurement of Electric Consumption of
Devices and the Estimation of CO2 Emission Related to Food Consumption at
Households,” clarifies the amount of electric energy consumption related to food
consumed in households. The first phase of the study was to measure the amount
of electric energy used while cooking with the use of a rice cooker, microwave, and
electric pot. They are considered to be the main source of electricity while cooking.
The electricity consumption of the three major household electric cooking devices;
electric rice cooker, microwave, and electric pot were estimated at 276 kWh per
household per year, which was 14.4 KWh per year and accounted for 5.0% of
Japanese household electricity consumption (Sato et al., 2012).

41
BIBLIOGRAPHY
42
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Venkatesh, V. and Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology
acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science,
46 (2), pp. 186-204
Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu (2012). Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information
Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology. MIS Quarterly, 361, 157.
Licensee ( 2020). MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this
content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Sasane Nikita (2007). IOT Based Energy Meter Billing and Monitoring System-A
Case Study, International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and
Science
Mohammad Kamrul Hasan (2021) Research Article | Open Access Volume 2021 |
Article ID 6544649 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6544649 Internet of
Things-Based Smart Electricity Monitoring and Control System Using
Usage Data
43
CDAsia (1997): An Act prescribing the Intellectual Property Code and establishing
the Intellectual Property Office, Republic Act No. 8293 | GOVPH
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/06/06/republic-act-no-8293/
Ismail, Y. (2019). Introductory Chapter: Internet of Things (IoT) Importance and Its
Applications. In the Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart
Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90022
Brown, T. (2020). The Importance of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT). ITChronicles. https://itchronicles.com/information-and-
communication-technology/the-importance-of-information-and-
communication-technology-ict/
Sandhu, R. (2021). What is Arduino and Should I Use It? Lifewire.
https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-arduino-2495652
.González-Zamar et al., (2020) IoT Technology Applications-Based Smart
Cities https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/9/8/1246
Omkar V. Joshi , Mansi D. Mahajan (2024) Prepaid Energy Meter based on IOT
https://www.ijrti.org/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJRTI1903004
.Patil et al.,( 2020) Pervasive Computing and Applications, ICPCA . 2nd
International Conference onA Smart Card Based Prepaid Electricity System

44
Sato et al., (2012). International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems
(ICDCS) IoT Based Prepaid Energy Meter
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9075749
KENT ADRIAN P. PARDILLO
Cabangkalan Cogon, City Of Naga, Cebu
Mobile Number: 09358590823
E-mail Address: ken340569@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Date of Birth : January 23, 2003

Place of Birth : Cabangkalan, Cogon City of Naga, Cebu
Age : 20
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Prescilliano P. Pardillo
Occupation : Construction Worker
Mother’s Name : Carmelita L. Pardillo
Occupation : Housewife
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
College Level
Cebu Technological University-Naga Extension Campus
Course: BIT - CT
2021-2024
Senior High School

Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy
Minglanilla, Cebu
2019-2021
Junior High School

Cogon National Highschool
Cogon City of Naga, Cebu
2014-2019
Elementary Level
Guindaruhan Elementary School
Minglanilla, Cebu
2008-2014
JANE CHRISTY B. DEGUMA
Purok 19 Calavera, Pangdan, City Of Naga, Cebu
E-mail Address: janechristydeguma30@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Date of Birth : May 30, 2000

Place of Birth : Pangdan, City of Naga, Cebu
Age : 23
Gender : Female
Father’s Name : Domingo B. Deguma
Occupation : Person With disability
Mother’s Name : Romana B. Deguma
Occupation : Dish Washer
College Level
Course: BIT - CT
2021-2024
Senior High School

Naga National Senior High School
West Poblcaion, City of Naga, Cebu
2016-2018
Junior High School

Naga National High School
2012-2016
Elementary Level
Pangdan Elementary School
Pangdan, City of Naga, Cebu
2006-2012
MARLOU A. MATA
Purok Bonifacio West Poblacion, City Of Naga, Cebu
E-mail Address: marloumata51@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Date of Birth : March 13, 2001

Place of Birth : West Poblacion, City of Naga, Cebu
Age : 22
Gender : Male
Father’s Name : Rolando G. Mata
Occupation : None
Mother’s Name : Mary Grace A. Mata
Occupation : Housewife
College Level
Course: BIT - CT
2021-2024
Senior High School

Naga National Senior High School
2019-2021
Junior High School

Naga National High School
2014-2019
Elementary Level
Naga Central Elementary School
West Poblacion, City of Naga, Cebu
2008-2014

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IOT - BASED PREPAID ELECRICITY BILLING METER

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS ADVISORY COMMITTEE

JD CAPE BEVERLYN G. GENOBIAGON, LPT

MARIA CHRISTINA A. FLORES, LPT, MSME

JOLO VAN CLYDE S. ABATAYO, RL, MLIS GLENN A.TRINIDAD, Ph.D.

MERIAM A. ENALDO, MIT ABRAHEM P. ANQUI, MIT

JD CAPE BEVERLYN G. GENOBIAGON, LPT

MARIA CHRISTINA A. FLORES, LPT, MSME

JOLO VAN CLYDE S. ABATAYO, RL, MLIS GLENN A.TRINIDAD, Ph.D.

MERIAM A. ENALDO, MIT ABRAHEM P. ANQUI, MIT

Date of Design Hearing: June 25, 2021

MARIA CHRISTINA A. FLORES, LPT, MSME

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . iii

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE . . . . 1

Rationale of the Study . . . . . 1

Theoretical Background of the Study . . . 4

Statement of the Problem . . . . . 13

Significance of the Study . . . . . 14

Scope and Limitations of the Study . . . 15

Flow of the Study . . . . . . 18

Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . 20

Statistical Treatment of Data . . . . 23

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES . 26

TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE

1 Distribution of the Respondents . . . . 19

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE

1 The Theoretical Framework of the Study . . . 4

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

consumed. These meters need to be manually read by people in order to provide

monthly/quarterly bills. We are here to propose an IOT-based prepaid energy

eliminates the need for manual electricity meter reading tasks.

become cost effective as well as an elegant one. Visayan Electric Company is

improvement of the revenue collection did not yield satisfactory results. It is

is a lot of wastage of power in the consumer’s side due to lack of planning of

electrical energy, energy saving, promoting of smart energy management as well

as an innovation towards further improvement to proven existing system. The

consumption may exceed its productions or generations. By realizing such idea,

the time of both electricity authority and consumer.

Theoretical Background of the Study

This study is anchored to the Modified Technology Acceptance Model by

particular technology is associated with a positive image), and voluntariness (i.e.,

technology). Overall, the Modified TAM model provides a more comprehensive

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) includes several constructs and

technology. The following is a summary of the key constructs and relationships

included in the Modified TAM model:

particular technology would be free from effort or easy to learn.

3) Attitude towards using: A user's positive or negative evaluation of using a

4) Behavioral intention to use: A user's intention to use a particular technology,

control over their ability to use a particular technology.

6) Subjective norms: The influence of others' opinions on a user's beliefs and

attitudes towards using a particular technology.

7) Image: The extent to which using a particular technology is associated with a

positive or negative image.

8) Voluntariness: The degree to which a user is free to choose whether or not to

Perceived behavioral control is also proposed to directly influence behavioral

influence attitude towards using and/or behavioral intention to use indirectly. In

summary, the Modified TAM model provides a comprehensive framework for