ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NATURAL

SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

ASSESSMENT OF FISH VALUE, PROSSESSING AND

HANDLING IN LAKE CHAMO FISHERY CO-ORPERATIVE,

ARBA MINCH, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA.

PREPARED BY ID

MURAD ADEM 1818/12

ADVISOR

GETASEW AMSALU

ARBAMINCH

Sep 2023

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Above all thanks to Allah for his priceless help during the entire period of my
study, without his will it cannot be true.

Next my greatest thank goes to my respectful adviser Getasew Amsalu (MSc) for
his guidance, advice and critical comments to the successful accomplishment of
this study. His support is really difficult to be expressed in words, thanks.

I would like to thanks to my Parents for their financial and non-financial

support in my academic life from starting up to completion.

I would also like to thank all the staff and students in Arbaminch FISHERY CO-
OPERATIVE for their help during data collection.

Finally, my best friends deserve my gratitude thanks who supported me morally

and financially during the entire time of my study.

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 Contents

CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................4

1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................4

Background of the Study......................................................................................................4

1.2 Statement of Problem:....................................................................................................6

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:..........................................................................................8

1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY...................................................................................8

1.4.1. General objective....................................................................................................8

1.4.2 Specific objectives...................................................................................................8

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY...............................................................................8

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY..............................................................................................9

CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................9

2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................9

2.1. FISHERIES RESOURCES OF ETHIOPIA...................................................................9

2.2. FISH PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA..........................................................................10

2.3. FISH MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION..............................................................18

CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................20

3, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................................20

3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA...................................................................20

3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN.................................................................................................20

3.3. DATA COLLECTION METHODS............................................................................21

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 3.4 SOURCE OF DATA....................................................................................................21

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES.....................................................22

3.6. Data Analysis...............................................................................................................23

CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................24

4.Data Presentation and Interpretation....................................................................................24

4.1 Socio demographic character........................................................................................24

4.2. Characters related with fish value................................................................................26

4.3 Characters related with fish processing and handling...................................................26

4.4. Characters related with Lake Chamo fishery cooperatives...........................................28

CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................................31

5. Conclusion and Recommendation......................................................................................31

5.1. Conclusion...................................................................................................................31

5.2. Recommendation.........................................................................................................33

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................34

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 ABSTRACT

The aim of this research was to assess the processing and handling of fish value on
Lake Chamo in Ethiopia. As one of the largest lakes in the country, Lake Chamo plays
a vital role in supporting the fisheries sector and providing livelihoods for local
communities. However, inefficient processing and handling practices can significantly
impact the overall value of fish and limit the economic benefits generated from this
valuable resource. This study employs a mixed-methods approach to investigate the
current practices and challenges related to fish processing and handling on Lake
Chamo. The research focused on several key aspects, including post-harvest losses,
processing techniques, transportation, storage facilities, and value addition practices.
By examining these factors, the research aims to identify the gaps and bottlenecks in
the fish value chain and propose recommendations for improvement. The findings of
this study were contributed to a better understanding of the current status of fish
processing and handling practices on Lake Chamo. Moreover, it will help
policymakers, government agencies, and local communities develop strategies and
interventions to enhance the value of fish and improve overall efficiency in the value
chain. Furthermore, the research has provided valuable insights for fishery
stakeholders, including fisher folk, fish processors, traders, and consumers, by
exploring opportunities for value addition, market development, and sustainable
utilization of the lake's resources. Additionally, it will contribute to existing literature
on fisheries management, post-harvest losses, and value chain analysis in Ethiopia.
Overall, this research intended to shed light on the challenges and opportunities
related to fish processing and handling on Lake Chamo in Ethiopia. It aims to provide
evidence-based recommendations that can potentially improve fish value and the
socio-economic conditions of the local communities dependent on the lake's
resources.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Ethiopia is a country in the horn of Africa endowed with numerous aquatic resources,
including over 20 natural lakes, 12 large river basins, over 75 wetlands, and 15
reservoirs. Micro and macro-dam construction and river impediment have created
innumerable large and small water bodies. Both inland capture fisheries and
aquaculture activities are concentrated around the many lakes and rivers in the
Rift Valley(Alayu Y. et al., 2015).

Ethiopia is the largest livestock populations in the Africa. The livestock sector
accounts for over 26 percent of agricultural GDP (2009/10) and 8 percent of
export earnings in 2010 (National Statics, 2010) and can produce over 51,500 t of
fish per annum. However, their exploitation and consequently their contributions to
food security and growth in the country are minimal despite the technologies capable
of resolving the problems of livestock and fisheries production.

Ethiopia being a land locked country its fisheries are entirely based on inland water
bodies, lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Most lakes are situated in the East African Rift
Valley system though the biggest one, accounting for 50% of the total water area,
Lake Tana, is not. The rivers all radiate out of the central highlands which act as a
giant water catchment area. Most Rift Valley lakes and the river Awash are poor in
fish species. Their fauna is dominated by the Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), the
African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) and a few cyprinids mostly Barbus sp. The barbs

6
of Lake Tana are noteworthy because they may represent several species or even a
unique cyprinid species flock. The two southern most lakes (Abaya and Chamo) and
the major rivers, such as the Blue Nile and the Omo, have a much more diversified
fauna reminiscent of that found in the Nile and the rivers and lakes of East Africa.
(PROJECT NEWS, 1998).

The fish fauna of Lake Chamo, and that of Lake Abaya, is Soudanian species (Beadle,
1981). This is belived to be due to a free passage of the Nile fauna up into Lake
Abaya and Chamo as a result of previous inter-conection of Lakes Abaya, Chamo,
Chew Bahir and Turkana with the Nile system. As a result, the fish funa in Lakes
Chamo and Abaya is the most diversified in the reft valley Lakes, and is composed of
more than 20 species. Out of this species, Latesniloticus, O. niloticus, Labeohorii,
Bagrusdocmac, Clariasgariepinus and Barbus species are of great economic
importance to the Lake fishery association (LFDP, 1996).

The demand of fish is increasing from time to time on the market and the supply is
vice-versa. Most fish species found on the local market are very little in quantity,
undersized and not satisfactory to the buyers. Currently the resource in LakeChamo is
in undesirable state due to high number of fishers and gears involved and use of small
mesh size, which capture breeding stocks and juveniles.

In Ethiopian demand for fish is higher than supply especially, in fasting season and
if it not fasting season supply is higher. This is because of religious influences on
consumption patterns; the demand for fish is only seasonal. During lent, Christians
who abstain from eating meat, milk, and eggs consume fish, since fish is the substitute
of meat (AssefaMitikeJanko,2013).

In Lake Chamo, there are many numbers of fishers and fishing gears (boat, nets and
long line). With these fishing gears many species of undersized fish have been
harvested and the fish production is decreasing from year to year. This reduction of
fish production leads to fear of the future life of the fish species in the lake.

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In Lake Chamo there is no any document which are related to fish value, processing
and handling, therefore there are lack of trained man power and modern fishing gears
and vessels or boats and also there is lack of aid or government fund for the sector. To
identify and document existing fish processing that along Lake Chamo. It must be
give good awareness about how to handle the fresh fish after capturing to the
societies.

This project is help to identify the legal and illegal fishery association that are existing
in Lake Chamo, as well as it is a new work so it give a detail information’s about
Lake Chamo fishery association there handling processing of fish.

1.2 Statement of Problem:

Assessing the Processing and Handling of Fish Value on Lake Chamo in Ethiopia
Lake Chamo in Ethiopia is a significant freshwater body, known for its rich fish
biodiversity and the livelihoods of local communities dependent on fishing activities.
The fish caught from Lake Chamo holds substantial economic value to these
communities and the wider fishery industry. However, concerns have been raised
regarding the processing and handling practices of the fish, potentially leading to a
decline in value and quality.

Inadequate Processing Facilities: The existing processing facilities around Lake

Chamo may not be equipped with modern technology and infrastructure required for
efficient and hygienic fish processing. This can result in substandard products,
diminishing their value in the market and threatening the livelihoods of fishing
communities.

Poor Handling and Preservation Techniques: There is a lack of knowledge and skills
among fishermen and processors concerning proper handling and preservation
techniques. Factors such as inadequate cold chain management, improper packaging,

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and insufficient storage facilities lead to spoilage, compromising the quality and value
of the fish.

Health and Safety Concerns: Inadequate sanitary practices during the processing and
handling of fish pose health risks to both the workers and consumers. Unhygienic
conditions can lead to the spread of foodborne illnesses and contamination, further
limiting the marketability and value of the fish.

Limited Market Access:The fish processed and handled in Lake Chamo might face
challenges in reaching wider markets due to limited transportation infrastructure and
poor market linkages. This restricts the opportunities for obtaining better value for
products, inhibiting the overall economic growth and development of the fishing
communities.

Environmental Impact: Improper processing and handling practices may contribute to

environmental degradation, such as the inadequate disposal of fish waste and the
release of harmful pollutants into the lake. If not addressed, these practices could
significantly harm the biodiversity of Lake Chamo, affecting fish populations and
future fishing prospects.

Research Objectives: The assessment aims to evaluate the processing and handling
practices of fish caught from Lake Chamo, identifying the key challenges and
recommending potential solutions. The study will also explore the economic, social,
and environmental implications of the current practices and provide recommendations
for improved fish value processing and handling techniques.

By addressing these issues, this assessment intends to contribute to the sustainable

development and enhancement of the fishery sector on Lake Chamo, ultimately
improving the livelihoods of fishing communities and conserving the area's natural
resources.

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1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
What are the key determinants of fish production?

What are the determinants that affect the utilization of fishery resources?

What are the challenges and opportunities of small scale fishermen operating in Lake
Chamo?

1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1. General objective

The general objective of this study is to assess fish value processes and handling in
Chamo Lake.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

To identify the challenges and opportunities of small scale fishermen operating in the
lake.

To assess the challenges and opportunities of fish production in lake chamo.

To identify the determinants that affects the utilization of fishery resources in the
study area.

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to give awareness for fishermen towards the use of
improved fishery resource management practice for fish production quality. This
study will identify the major determinants of fish production. In addition, the study
will contribute the perception of fisherman on fish production on Lake Chamo and for
other peoples and professionals. Even though the fisherman have unreached
knowledge of fish production, it will not considered and understood in the study area

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therefore our research will propose to deal with the fisherman perception of fish
production.

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will address determinants of fish production in Chamo lake Arbaminch
town. It will also address the fish production and the factors that hinder fisher men
from using improved ways of fish production practices.

1.7. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Different problems might face us during data collection and these problems will affect
our study. The major problems will be lack of resources, people perception for
supplying available information, financial limitations and time will be constraints that
might face us in conducting the study.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. FISHERIES RESOURCES OF ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia is endorsed with a number of lake and driver which are believed to
be promising potential of different fish stock most rift valley harbor African cat
fish (clarias garipinus) Nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) and a few cyprinids
mostly Barbus species .annual fisheries potential at the major lakes, reservoirs
and major ricers. Since 1993 is estimated to be 10-15 thousand tones and cat chin the
year 1993 was estimated to be 8thous and tones (16% of potential) (Habte etal, 2002).

Ethiopia fishery is undeveloped due to low level of economy absence of fisheries

legislation, in effective and ministration set up and lack of experience. Based on the
facts Ethiopian fisheries may not seem to manage but some stock (tilapia and Nile
perch on some lake) (Hawassa and chamo) show sign of over fishing and tilapia of
Lake Chamo are probably at full exploitation. Most notable is the lack of legal
provisions to monitor fishing activities through fisheries regulations and lack of
clearly designee enforcement agency (golubtsove etal; 2002).Fisheries management
in Ethiopia would have great Contribution to the economy. This because fisheries. It
makes possible evaluation over exploitation (FAO-2002).

2.2. FISH PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA

Aquaculture is a food production technology where by fish or other aquatic organisms
are grown in managed system that produce greatly harvest than would natural occur.
It Ethiopia over 200 species of fish are known to occur in lake hivers. The major lakes
of fish diversity found in Ethiopia are chamo, abaya, hawassa, shalla, langano abijata,

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Ziway, koka, tana (FAO, 2000). Development and management of aquatic resources
in Ethiopia is largely at the early stage commercial fishing is new practices in
Ethiopia lakes and it was started in the 19505. The production in most Ethiopia yield
(30-40%) of an average (fao-2001). Ethiopia contains more than 1000km2 of land
water bodies such as lakes and rivers. These water bodies are home to the varied
species of fishes. The major rivers include Abay, awash, baro, gibe. Omo,tekezze and
Wabi sheBelle.

Fishery resources of those rivers are not properly exploited and neither the
current Production any estimate of potential is known currently. The rift valley
lakes (Lake Hawassa, Chamo, Abaya, Langano and ziway) are major source of fish
production in Ethiopia (hable etal 2002).

2.2.1. The principal fish species and abundance

The Ethiopia rift valley lakes are home for about 30different native species at fish
found. However the distribution at fish diversity within the rift valley lake is
extremely uneven. The Awash River bas in alone comprises eleven fish species which
is about 37% of the fish found in Ethiopia rift valley and the southern Ethiopia rift
valley lake such as lake abaya and chamo comprises 20 fish species (golubtsav et
al,2002, golutsav and Mina 2003).

2.2.2. Fish handling and processing

Because of its high protein content, fish is one of the most perishable foods that can
be spoiled easily if not properly preserved, particularly in tropical and subtropical
climates (k.ames etal 1991). Fish can still be subjected to a range of spoilages even if
traditional preservation techniques have been used (I.J Claus and A.R etal 1996).
Fishes, like other commercial commodities, are needed to be transported from landing
sites to places where they can be sold or utilized by the consumers. Because of their
perishable nature, fish need very careful attention to maintain quality and avoid
spoilage. Ethiopia mostly experiences a traditional stage in fish handling and
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preservation techniques. The fish captured are taken from on-site immediately and
reach the market by traditional means of transportation without any preservation
facilities to keep them fresh. The traditional means of fish preservation and
transportation contributed much to the low quality of preserved fish and short lifespan
of fish products. According to Dorgi and Gala, 64.8% of the surveyed fishery
cooperatives in the Arba minch city lack access to transportation services and the
fishers used to carry their products to reach nearby market places on foot. Few of
them with little access to transportation use bicycles and car transport. For the fishery
sector to succeed in promoting the local and national economy, all stakeholders
should participate in providing all the necessary services required to get the best out
of the sector. In modern fish processing plan, especially the small scale ones. Flake
ice generation dominate as flake ice ensures major contact surface with fish product
are delivered direct to shop where they should be placed in cold stores. Good trade
practices indicate that retailer should only keep one day tock of cooled fish or fish
production such as fillets, beheaded and gaited fish.

2.2.3. Socio- economic importance of fishery

In Ethiopia Sustainable fisheries management is crucial to food security, poverty

alleviation and economic growth. Fisheries are thus acknowledged as an important
strategy in the drive for poverty reduction. It helps to promote greater economic
development in Ethiopia. In 2010 Ethiopia realized about USD 14,000,000 from its
capture fishery while a total of 40,000 livelihoods were positively impacted upon by
the fishery sector in the same year (Assefa, 2014). 12 Fish plays a vital role in
domestic trade as well as in import and export market. The Ethiopian cross border fish
trade is currently not properly documented. The country imports significant amounts
of fish from neighboring countries though some of these imports end up being

14
exported to Sudan through the porous border with neighboring South Sudan. The per
capita fish supply is around 200 g, significantly below the mean 2.6 kg per capita per
year for the East African sub region (FAO, 2015). Although most fish traders do not
have access to basic cold chains with ice and insulated containers, a few basic fish
handling and preservation institutions which are equipped with electricity and
freshwater supplies are available in the Ethiopian fisheries. By such a ways many
people are engaged in this sector as source income. As a result of the general shortage
of basic cold chains, consequently, fish marketers concentrate their trade during
religious fasting periods when there is more demand (Ann et al., 2013). Consumption
of fish has several health, nutritional, environmental and social advantages over other
terrestrial animal meat. Even when consumed in small quantities, fish often comprises
a nutritionally important part of many people’s diets in developing countries. It is a
vital source of protein and micronutrients, and improves the quality of protein in
largely vegetable and starch-based diets by providing essential amino acids. Fish
provides nutrients and micronutrients that are essential to cognitive and physical
development, especially in children, and are an important part of a healthy diet. As an
affordable animal source of protein in some of the poorest countries, fish is the
primary source of nutrition, creating growing demand for this staple. Therefore,
fisheries are regarded as an important sector in the effort to increase animal protein
consumption and achieve food security for the growing population (FAO, 2014).
National fish demand is somewhat seasonal, as religious observances exert strong
influence on fish consumption patterns. During Lent, for example, Christians,
especially of the Coptic Orthodox Church, who are required to refrain from eating
meat, milk and eggs, resort to fish as a substitute? The domestic fish demand is
significantly robust during two short periods of the year when the Orthodox Church
encourages fish consumption. These periods are the fasting seasons in February to
April, and two weeks in August, totaling about 80 days. Large quantities of fish are
consumed at periods of religious fasting in the cities, around major fish production
areas such as the Great Rift Valley lakes, and major towns, particularly in Zeway,
15
Arba Minch, Bahir Dar and the capital Addis Ababa (FAO, 2015). 13 Employment in
the fisheries sector has grown more rapidly than both world population and
employment in agriculture. A considerable workforce is employed, both directly and
indirectly, by Ethiopia’s capture fisheries which also help in sustaining local
communities. Whereas 4052 persons were employed directly by the sector in 2010, a
total of 9148 others benefited from indirect employment offered by the sector.
Therefore, sector is a good means to create job opportunities for rural, pre-urban and
urban unemployed and under employed people. This is especially so around the Great
Rift Valley and areas surrounding the lakes, reservoirs, rivers and other small water
bodies with major fishing activities (Alazar, 2016). The rural areas of Ethiopia where
substantial fishing takes place benefit from the economic activities of the fishers and
their related operations. In those areas, much more than in the urban and per-urban
centers, fisheries are increasingly recognized as an alternative means of addressing the
problems of food security and poverty, consistently with the rural development
objectives of the sector. There is a national awareness that rural areas and the
agricultural sector, which support more than 80 percent of the total population, are the
basis for bringing about rapid and equitable economic growth and development in the
country (FAO, 2014)

2.2.4 Opportunities of Fish Production

Attractive fish prices at local market for better profit; the presence of diversified fish
species; and inhabitants‟ traditional knowledge for fisheries and good consumption
habit are considered as occasion for the sector escalation. In addition, availability of
gotera/kefo a locally made fishing gear which has a hive like structure is the best
practice for fish catch. Because fishers let small fishes out to the water body while
they are collecting their catches. This system enables fishers to be selective or non-
selective which depends on the size and preference of the fishers. Fishers have a good
practice in the post-harvest processing, which is either fresh or gutted when there is
demand for fish or sun-dried form during surplus of production (FAO 2015). In
16
addition, the future fishing villages‟ offers homogeneous and less dispersed pastoral
communities which are ideal for social mobilization for poverty alleviation programs.
Reservoir fisheries require minimal initial investment and provides quick returns
compared to other economic activities. Access to microfinance facilities, which have
received strong internal and external support, will therefore promote rapid
development of fisheries, especially for the benefit of women and youth. It does not
also require sophisticated skills and knowledge for the entry and coping up with
operation at small scale level. The regional pastoral extension program can rigorously
conduct an extension service and provide training to the communities not only this
while the supply from capture fisheries is lagging behind, the demand for fish is
growing in Ethiopia, this offers opportunities for Aquaculture businesses to play a
role in improving fish production and expanding the fish markets opportunities much
land is suitable for aquaculture in Ethiopia and for most system (earthen pond,
concrete pond, cage in lake and more). Absence of social and culture taboo in fish
consumption is also another asset for fish production in Ethiopia (Erkie, et al., 2016).
The current global concern for integrated watershed management; global and local
support for conservation of natural resources; and policy provisions of Environmental
Protection Authority of Ethiopia can be taken as opportunity to the eco-development
of lake- wetland ecosystem. The highly productive nature of the lake and its potential
to harbor mammals, reptiles, and birds in harmony makes the lake Chamo fortunate to
pay attention. The hospitality to maintain and preserve Nilotic species that were
supposed to be remained at the time of connected river network of Abaya-Chamo
Chewbahir-Turkana- Nile basin calls for strong consideration for conservation. The
lake- wetland resource could be taken as a fertile ground to establish aquaculture and
crocodile ranching using finger ponds for commercial fishing. Such approaches would
potentially reduce the pressure on natural lake resource, reduce overexploitation,
promote sustainable utilization and also can also be used as alternative means to
generate income. Besides, the resource from fish processing (fillet) considered as
waste‟ could be used as a cheap source of protein to feed people under proper
17
sanitation. It may also be used as feed for poultry and crocodile ranching
establishments as win-win principle of eco- sanitation. Such establishments can be
used as training centers of the fishery community to create awareness for its eco-
development. The regular flow of inputs from upstream of the watershed, the
existence of permanent rivers (Kulfo and Sille) and the spring waters emanating from
the dense groundwater forest made the lake wetland ecosystem to harbor unique
habitats for terrestrial, wetland and aquatic species that have economic and scientific
significance. NechSar National Park and Arbaminch University being in close
proximity to this area provides a golden opportunity to monitor Lake Limnology and
conduct researches on ecological and catchment treatment options. This would result
in sustainable utilization of Chamo lake-wetland ecosystem. It can be concluded that
with sustainable utilization of resource a participatory management plan that
considers the social values and indigenous knowledge is important for the fish
production of the region. Hence, an integrated watershed management, which is
sensitive to the lake- wetland catchments, as well as, upstream and downstream
linkages needs to be considered (Alemayehu and Hailemicael).

2.2.4. Challenges of Fish Production

Like for most of Africa, Ethiopia is riddled with poverty, economic stagnation and
environmentally unsustainable practices, all of which pose serious constraints to
fisheries development. However, ample opportunities exist for the sector to help
reverse national development challenges by making a significant contribution to
poverty alleviation, economic growth, better nutrition and ecological improvement.
Dual problems of food security and poverty are major and immediate challenges .for
Ethiopia where about 45 percent of the people live below the poverty line, with the
level of impoverishment being worse in rural areas where 85percent of the population
live (FAO, 2015). Several studies have shown that the growth of fisheries catches

18
worldwide has slowed down since the 1970s, and indeed reversed since the late 1980s
(FAO, 2002; Paul yet al. 2002). The decline is 9 due to several factors; overfishing,
ecosystem changes due to destructive fishing practices, discarding of by-catch, and
pollution of coastal waters. The reality is, however, quite the opposite. Many nations
choose to become competitive in the race for the last fish, through expansion and
modernization of fishing fleets that go fishing farther, deeper, and stay longer at sea
(Pauli and Maclean, 2003). According to (FAO 2015) sewage of factories and
agriculture are the sources of major pollutants affecting Ethiopian water bodies and
their fishes this poses serious constraints fisheries. The extraction of minerals from
Lake Abijata could have negative effect on fish stocks, just as the effluents from the
tannery at Koka Reservoir and the textile industries at Hawassa and Arba Minch can
affect the fisheries. Also, the increasing rate of deforestation could result in increased
drying up of water bodies and increase in water turbidity. Further, the dam on River
Omo has negatively affected the anadromous fish which migrate from Lake Turkana
to spawn in the Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. According to
FAO (2015), Ethiopia’s fishery production has been overexploited due to lack of
adequate knowledge and skills of the fisher men towards integrated fish product they
are not able to maximize their productivity. Because fisheries technology is
continuously changing, many skills are needed for use of these techniques by the
fisher men in increasing production. For this reason it is necessary to arrange timely
training programmers to acquire necessary knowledge and skills in different aspects
of improved integrated fish product. A well trained integrated fish farmers able to
ensure more fish production. Meenambigai and Seetharaman (2003) asserted that
training is the most singular factor affecting individuals‟ attitude, productivity,
improvement, minimization of risks. So, adequate training is essential for the
integrated fishermen on integrated fish product. And also due to Inadequate legal and
policy frameworks have largely given rise to poor fishery resource exploitation
resulting, in some cases, in the overfishing of some important species, such as the
Nile perch in Lake Chamo, and tilapia in Lakes Awassa and Ziway. Though there are
19
fishery laws and regulations currently in place, these legislations are inadequately
implemented. These include: declining fish stocks in the natural water bodies, conflict
between various users of fisheries resources, cross-border fishing and trade conflict,
fish marketing, fish quality and post-harvest issues, lack of a comprehensive fisheries
policy and a fisheries master plan, low funding levels for the department and slow
capacity building and staff motivation. These coupled 10 with lack of proper
extension services in the rural areas can adversely affect the output of the projects
(FAO, 2007). A. J. Solomon Raju 2010).

2.2.6. Factors affecting fish production

The different factors which affects aquatic organism living in the system an
anthropogenic activities which are made in catchment of the reservoirs affect the
water quality as well as quantity siltation of reservoirs is now becoming a
well-known phenomenon in Ethiopia which are already experienced in almost all
hydroelectric power generation reservoirs, siltation also affect the fish community
by reducing food organisms, depleting. The amount of oxygen for decomposing of
organic materials, increasing the turbidity of the water which reduces the euphoric or
photo synthetic zone (stamina than, 2001).

2.3. FISH MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION

2.3.1 Fish demand and supply

Fresh fish is produced in the Great Rift Valley lakes and in some other northern parts
of the country. Price wise, too, fish is relatively expensive compared with the local
prices of vegetables and grains on a unit weight basis, but it is frequently less costly
than alternative animal protein sources. With increased marketing efforts and increase
in supply, the demand for the fish product could be tremendously increased from the
current level. The demand for fish is higher than supply especially, in Ethiopian
fasting season and if it not fasting season supply is higher. This is because of religious

20
influences on consumption patterns; the demand for fish is only seasonal. During lent,
Christians who abstain from eating meat, milk, and eggs consume fish, since fish is
the substitute of meat [14]. Even if the available stocks of these fishery waters will be
fully exploited in the near future, both current and future demand for fish by the
population cannot be met. For instance, total demand for fish in 2003 is about 67
thousand tons, which is envisaged to grow nearly to 95 thousand tons in 2015 and 118
thousand tons in 2025. To fill this gap, therefore, new alternative fish supply sources
must be found [15]. In Ethiopia, most the fishing so far takes place in lakes (85%)
with only 15% in the rivers. The total catching was about 10, 00 and16, 770stones
in 2004 and 200819 respectively. It is becoming apparent that demand for fish is
increasing in Ethiopia and the market is not sufficiently supplied with fish. The fish
demand in the country is page higher than the available fish in the market (MOARD,
2009).

2.3.2. Marketing price of fish

The price of fish varies depending on the type of fish species; fish size, transportation,
the color of fish and quality of fish play a very important role in marketing of fish.
The common type of fish, Nile perch is sold for birr 30 per kg in the retail shops of
Addis Ababa (alem, 2001).

2.2.3 Marketing Constraints of Fish Production

The major marketing constraints faced by the fishermen are physical access to
landing points, collector boat collection points and road side traders, price also
insufficiently remunerative to fishers particularly reflecting the high costs of landing
to the caught fish and loss of quality because of limited options for conservation and
distance from trading points. These will be explored clearly that acts as a braked of
fishing activity rapidly increase the effort level of fishing and this also causes for
dawn ward the profitability of fishermen of Ethiopia and other developing Countries
21
(Share Alike L,2014). Currently, in Lake Chamo there are 17 different landing points;
access to this landing point is often difficult. Fishing techniques are also very few
motorized boats and the predominant boat is the reed (papyrus) tanqwa. It is even
difficult to obtain certain materials for nets (lead rope and floats).Gill 8 nets are the
most common, but there is also some use of costs nets and line fishing. Even if, the
fishermen also don’t live by the Lake side but they will comp for periods of up to one
month. The selection of a camping site is based on the availability of collecting boats
and the expected catch on the nearby fishing grounds. There are about thirty camping
sites, but only twenty are regularly occupied. Out of these twenty only three are
accessible by land which is very difficult for fishermen in supplying on the right time
to the market this also makes inefficient benefits from the Lake (WARMO, 2014).

Limited lake side access and vitalities (electricity clean water and
communication) restricted the point at which can be landed and contributes to
relatively high cost for land fish distance. Current instability in trading relationship
and fishing activity combine with highly competition, suggest that margins are
relatively low. A number of market participants also indicate capital constraints like
large cold storage facilities and transport (dereje, 2002).

CHAPTER THREE

3, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The research was conducted at Lake Chamo wholly situated in SNNP in Gamo Zone
in ArbaMinch. ArbaMinch received its name for the abundant local springs which
22
produce a groundwater forest. Located at the base of the western side of the Great Rift
Valley, ArbaMinch consists of the uptown administrative centre of Shecha and 4
kilometers away the downtown commercial and residential areas of Sikela, which are
connected by a paved road. On the eastern side of Sikela is the gate to Nechi sar
National Park, which covers the isthmus between Lake Abaya to the north and Lake
Chamo to the south.[4] Buses and taxis connect the uptown and downtown parts; both
parts have schools. Kulfo River flows through the town, and drains into Lake
Chamo.ArbaMinch,

3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN

the study was conducted to investigate determinants of fish production in Chamo
Lake. Two districts (Arbaminch Zuria and Mirab Abaya are selected due to the
presence of many fisherman's living and there potentiality. The study will be designed
in the way by which the respondents could be selected from the fisherman's of the two
district found near and fisherman's in the lake and also cooperatives which operate in
the lake.

3.3. DATA COLLECTION METHODS

To collect data from production actors this study adopted both qualitative and
quantitative approaches. Following this approaches the data will be collected from
different sources. Before the preparation of survey instruments (questionnaire and
checklists) and data collection both reliability and the precision of data will taken into
consideration. The survey instruments like questionnaires of semi-structure, KII
(Information from key informant), focus group decisions, field observation and
literature reviews are employed. The pre-prepared instruments (questionnaires and
checklists) will pre-tested, then appropriate modifications will made upon it and the
required data from both primary and secondary sources will be collected through
extensive personal interviews and field observation.

23
3.4 SOURCE OF DATA
3.4.1 Questionnaires

Structure questionnaire was include open- end and close- end questions and face-to-
face interview will be applied to household respondents. The close and open-end
format questions will be conducted and distributed to the selected sample fisherman's
to get information. The close end format questions will enable the respondents to
select one option that will meet the reviews, while the open end questions will give
opportunity to the respondents to express their perceives, feeling, and problems
concerning with study. The questionnaire first will be designed in English and it will
be translated into Amharic language. The questionnaires will use to get the
information require for the determinant of fish production in lake chamo.

3.4.2. Interview

We were used semi- structure interview because of its flexibility and make clear when
there is ambiguity. The interview was conducted with fishery cooperatives and
fisherman's living the two selected districts using purposive sampling techniques
because those are expected to have better knowledge and information regarding to
determinant of fish production in the study area that helps to achieve the objectives of
the study.

3.4.3 Field Observations

Field observation were made for understanding households’ handling practices

through their traditional ways of fish production in the districts Arbaminch zuria and
mirab abaya.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Simple Random sampling techniques is utilized to the respondents. This gives equal
chance for each and every respondents to avoid sample bias and ensure that the results

24
be reliable and enough to be generalized. The sampling technique play enormous role
for the accuracy and validity of information. Sampling is the procedure of selection a
sample of population from the 500 total population of the organization. Selecting
sample is fundamental for research study. Because taking the total population
impossible due to time constraint. So the sample techniques will be used. Therefore,
we have to determine sample which representative for the total population. Yamane
(1967:886) provides a simplified formula to calculate sample size of finite population,
which used to determine the sample size for this study paper.A9% confidence level is
assumed for this formula to determine the sample size. At e= 0.009. The sample size
will be determine by the following formula n=N/1+N (e) 2

Where:

n= is sample size

N= is the population size

e= is the level of precision

To draw the sample of respondent’s technique of multi-stage sampling is used.

Starting from the first stage, Arbaminch Zuria and Mirab Abaya districts are drowned
purposely for there were many fishermen. In the second stage, fishermen are listed in
each selected landing site and categorized as fishermen cooperatives. In the third
stage, from each district, two fishermen cooperatives were selected randomly. Finally,
through proportion to the size of fishermen cooperatives following the sampling
procedural formula of Yamane (1967) sample of 222 fishermen is selected.

n=N/1+N (e) 2

=500/1+500(0.009) 2

=222

25
Where n = required sample size (222), N = total fishermen who catch fish (500), e =
0.009

3.6. Data Analysis

The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of the explanatory variables (both
qualitative and quantitative) by using simple Microsoft excels software. Simple
central tendency of mean, frequency distribution and percentage was calculate

CHAPTER FOUR

4.Data Presentation and Interpretation

In this chapter data are presented and interpreted. The total number of respondents is
Field observation, survey and interview was used to collect the data.

4.1 Socio demographic character

Out of 40 fisheries participated in the survey, questionnaires from all fisher man
respondents were considered for analysis making the response rate 100%. All 40
fisher mans were in the age of between 18 and >49 years. From the total participants
all 40(100%) were male.

26
Of the fisherman's the majorities 15(37.5%) were >15 year in their fishing work
experience. From the total fishermen more than half were members of cooperatives
34(85%) followed by private fisher 6(15%). Majorities of the fisherman's have fishing
work by experience 24 (60%) and 12(30%) were work by taking trailing the last
4(10%) work by using trailing and experience. Out of 40 fisherman's 7(17.5%) were
used modernized motorized boats, 15(37.5) used traditional papyrus boats and the
majorities 18(45%) were used both modernized and traditional boats.

Table1. Shows the socio demographic characteristics of fisherman's work in Lake

Chamo

Table 1. Socio demographic characters

No. Socio Demographic characters Frequency(N=40) Percentage

(%)
1 Sex Male 40 100%
Female 0 -
2 Age 18-28 5 12.5%
29-38 17 42.5%
39-48 8 20%
>49 10 25%
3 Fishing work 1-5 year 7 17.%
experience 6-10 year 7 17.5%
11-15 year 8 20%
>15 years 15 37.5%
4 Fishers backgrounds Co-operative 34 85%
member 6 15%
Private fisher
5 Work profession by Trailing 12 30%
Experience 24 60%
Both 4 10%

27
6 Do you have other Yes 0 -
means of income No 40 100%
7 Life span of fishing 6-9 month 24 60%
gears and boats 1-2 year 5 12.5%
>2 year 4 10%
I don’t know 7 17.5%
exactly
8 Mesh size Large 11 27.5%
Small 4 10%
Medium 25 62.5%
9 Type of boat for Modernized 7 17.5%
fishing activity motorized boats
Traditional papyrus 15 37.5%

boats
Both 18 45%

4.2. Characters related with fish value

In order to do this research we prepare 60 questionnaire papers, from this 60
quatinonaris the 40 papers are prepared for the fisheries that are found in lake chamo .
From 40 papers 6 papers are filled by the illegal or private fisheries which are label in
table ( Table 2)bellow:

Table 2. Characters related with fish value

No. Characters related with fish value Frequency Percentage

1 Do you eat fish? Yes 40 100%
No 0 -
2 Did the fish give you Yes 40 100%
some values? No 0 -

28
3 What type of value you Nutritional 12 30%
get from the fish? Economical 11 27.5%
Recreational 0 -
All 17 42.5%
4 Are the fish is relative Yes 35 87.5%
expensive compared with No 5 12.5%

local price of vegetables

and grains?
5 Is fishing your permanent Yes 40 100%
job? No 0 -

4.3 Characters related with fish processing and handling

Table 3.Characters related with fish processing and handling

No. characters related with fish processing and Frequency Percentage

handling
1 The objects which touch Yes 40 100%
fishes are safe long lasting No 0 -
&non-corrosive?
2 Are fish being iced Yes 0 -
quickly after landing? No 40 100%
3 Are the fish kept away Yes 40 100%
from oil & fuel on boat? No 0 -
4 Does the equipment’s Yes 36 90%
don’t damage the fish No 4 40%
while touching?
5 Are the fish being Yes 0 -
disinfected by any No 40 100%
chemicals quickly after
landing?
6 Are the fish being smoked Yes 0 -
and salted after landing? No 40 100%
7 Is the fish protected from Yes 40 100%
29
 contamination? No 0 -
8 Is the fish stored in clean, Yes 40 100%
well maintained and easy No 0 -
to clean container?
9 Is the fish handled well Yes 40 100%
during selling? No 0 -
10 Fishing activity Full time, > 40 100%
25days/month 0 -
Regularly, 10 – 25
days/month 0 -
Regularly, but < 10
days/month 0
Only during fasting 0
season
Occasionally when
time allows

4.4. Characters related with Lake Chamo fishery

cooperatives
In Lake Chamo there are six fishery cooperatives from the six the three are which
means ( Arba Minch fishery cooperatives , Leto fisheri cooperatives and Chamo
primary fisheris coopratives) are found in the city of Arba minch the rest three ( sego,
harora boche and wezeka fisheri cooperatives) are found outside of the city.

There for, for doing our research we take the three fishery cooperatives which are
found in the city as a sample. From prepared 60 questionnaires the 20 papers are filled
by this 3 cooperatives. From the 20 papers 14 papers are filled by A.M.F.C and the 3
are filled by L.F.C an the rest 3 are filled by C.P.F.C as shown in the table below
( Table 4).

Table 4 . Characters related with Lake Chamo fishery cooperatives

No. Characters related with Lake Chamo fishery Frequency Percentage

30
 cooperatives (%)
1 Co-operatives name Arba Minch fishery 14 70%
co-operatives
Chamo fishery primary 3 15%
co-operative society
Leto fishery co- 3 15%
operatives
2 Members of co-operatives At the beginning
Male
Female
At current time
Male
Female
3 Do you buy fish from Yes 0 -
individual fishers? No 20 100%
4 What type of fishing Modernized motorized 0 -
equipment your supplier boats
used? Traditional papyrus reed 7 35%
boats
Both 13 65%
5 Are the fisher men trained in Yes 20 100%
good hygiene practice? No 0 -
6 Did the fish handlers wear Yes 0 -
clean cloths and rubber No 20 100%
boats?
7 Did the fisher men are well Yes 18 90%
trained in good fish handling No 2 10%
and in good storage
practice?
8 Did you pay monthly or Yes 14 70%
daily salary to fishermen? No 6 30%
9 Which type of fish is the Tilapia 14 70%
most preference by the Catfish 6 30%
customer? Nile perch 0 -
Bagrus 0 -
10 The amount of fish Tilapia
harvested in kg/day on the Nile perch

31
 current time? Catfish
Bagrus
11 The current price of fish as Increasing 20 100%
compared to the last years is Decreasing 0 -
……… and how much?

Secondary data results from fishery cooperatives shown in figure 2 and bellow in
figure 3

Figure 2. Total fish catch (Nile perch, Tilapia, Barbus, and Catfish) in Lake Chamo in
2014 to 2023 (in Kgs)

Figure 3.
Total fish
value (Nile

32
perch, Tilapia, Bagrus and Catfish) in Lake Chamo from 2014-2023 (in Ethiopian
Birr)

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on the finding the following conclusion was drawn and recommendation was
forwarded.

5.1. Conclusion
Standing from the findings, in the study area; quantity of fish, fish price, access to
market information, credit service, total family size and educational level were the
major factors that affect fish market supply. Cooperative fisheries who catch more
fish can supply the market in high amount. Additionally, price of fish found to be
significant determinants of fish market supply. The size and type of fish play an
important role on the price of fish in the market. In the same manner, having market
information, the probability of quantity supplied is increased; if the cooperative
members get information. As a result, the cooperative members have information
about to whom they sell their product. Similarly, availability of credit enlarges their
chance to buy improved fishing material and supplied more fish to the market.
However; the cooperatives do not get any credit service to support their work. Also,
33
total family size decreases the cooperative members to supply their fish product to the
market. Large number of family size requires much spending for their daily
consumption. That means an increase in family size especially the non-working
member put pressure on consumption than production which in turn decreases the
marketable supply of fish product. Likewise, those fishery cooperative members who
had formal education determines the readiness to accept new technology and easy to
get supply, demand and price information and this enhances them willingness to
produce more and increase volume of sales.

 Availability of fish stock: The abundance and availability of fish in Lake Chamo
directly impact the utilization of fisheries. If the fish stock is depleted or there is a
decline in the number of fish, it can limit the processing and handling activities.

 Fishing regulations and policies: The existence and enforcement of fishing

regulations and policies play a crucial role in the utilization of fisheries. Effective
regulations can ensure sustainable fishing practices, prevent overfishing, and
promote responsible processing and handling of fish.

 Technological capacity: The level of technological advancements in fish

processing and handling can significantly impact utilization. Access to modern
equipment, facilities, and efficient processing techniques can enhance
productivity and improve the overall utilization of fisheries.

 Infrastructure: Adequate infrastructure, such as cold storage facilities,

transportation networks, and processing plants, is essential for the efficient
utilization of fisheries. Lack of infrastructure can limit the ability to preserve and
transport fish, leading to spoilage and reduced utilization.

 Market demand: The demand for fish and fish products, both domestically and
internationally, can affect the utilization of fisheries. High demand can drive

34
 increased processing and handling activities to meet market needs, while low
demand can result in underutilization and potential waste.

 Skill and knowledge capacity: The availability of trained personnel with skills
and knowledge in fish processing and handling techniques can greatly impact
utilization. Adequate training and education in proper handling, processing, and
value-added activities can improve overall efficiency and utilization of fish
resources.

5.2. Recommendation
Fisheries are a crucial sector for food security, livelihoods, and economic growth in
Ethiopia, particularly around Lake Chamo. However, the processing and handling of
fish value along the fish supply chain remain a significant concern. This
recommendation highlights the importance of conducting research to assess the
processing and handling practices of fish value, with a focus on Lake Chamo in
Ethiopia. This research aims to identify existing challenges, propose potential
solutions, and provide recommendations to enhance fish processing practices and
increase the value of the fish industry in the region.

 Market information is important factor that promote fishery sector thereby

increasing marketable surplus and ultimately income from fishery. Therefore, the
Woreda and City trade and industry office in collaboration with Zonal trade and
cooperative offices should give timely and reliable market information as well as
training about the importance of market information and usage for the fishery
cooperative members in order to revise the selling price of fish to better get
surplus over sale of fish.

 Credit service was found to be significant factor that affect fish market supply.

Therefore, attention should be given by government to create access to credit for

35
fishery cooperative members. Additionally, since credit access help the cooperatives

to buy necessary materials; which in turn improve their product supply to the market,

micro-finance institutions should address credit access for fishery cooperative

members.

 Large household size affects the amount of fish supplied to the market, because
their amount of production is small and used for household consumption.
Therefore, zonal, Woreda and city administration offices should support fishery
cooperative members to catch more fish than their household consumption.

 Education was found to be an important factor enhancing the market supply of

fish. Therefore, the City Cooperative and education office in collaboration with
the woreda Cooperative, education and agricultural office should support the
fishery cooperatives by promoting adult education for those members who did not
attend formal education.

36
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