Networking devices:

Repeater: Regenerate a signal

OLD: A repeater is a device that boosts/regenerates the data signals of the network. Limited intelligence
and may lead to signal degradation.

NEW: A more advanced device that not only extends the range but also intelligently manages the
network by selecting the optimal frequency channels, reducing interference, and improving overall
performance.

Hub: concentrate connections and may regenerate a signal

OLD: The Hub is less intelligent and has less cost thus, it can Broadcasts data to all connected devices,
leading to potential network congestion as all devices receive the same data. It is used in local area
networks (LAN) and Operates at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.

NEW: SWITCH Operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) and makes forwarding decisions based on MAC
addresses. It intelligently forwards data only to the device that needs it, reducing network congestion
and improving overall efficiency.

Bridge: Convert network transmission data formats as well as perform basic data transmission
management.

OLD: The bridge is a device that connects two LAN’s operate at the data link layer, connecting network
segments using MAC addresses with limitations in scalability and manual configuration.

NEW: the modern wireless bridge extends connectivity wirelessly, using radio frequencies and featuring
advancements such as higher data rates, multiple frequencies, and various operational modes. also
includes technologies like mesh networking for self-healing wireless networks and Software-Defined
Networking (SDN) for dynamic and programmable bridging with centralized control.

Router: Routing and other services

OLD: Traditional routers primarily focused on routing data between different networks. Has Basic
routing functions, limited security features, and often slower data transfer speeds.

NEW: Advanced routing capabilities, robust security features (firewall, intrusion detection/prevention),
Quality of Service (QoS) support for optimized data traffic, and support for the latest wireless standards
(Wi-Fi 6/6E) providing Wi-Fi connectivity for devices like smartphones, laptops, and IoT devices.

Modem
OLD: Modems traditionally converted digital data from a computer to analog signals for transmission
over telephone lines.

NEW: Fiber optic modems are designed to work with high-speed fiber-optic broadband, offering
significantly faster data transfer rates compared to traditional modems.

NIC

OLD: Traditional NICs provide basic network connectivity for devices.

NEW: Smart NICs have additional processing capabilities, offloading specific tasks like encryption,
enabling better performance and efficiency in data centers.

Gateway

OLD: The traditional gateway facilitates communication between different networks and operates at
multiple OSI model layers, involving protocol translation. Commonly used to connect local networks to
the internet, it translates between internal and internet protocols.

NEW: modern gateways, often integrated into routers, provide diverse functionalities as internet entry
points. They primarily handle IP-based protocols, offering built-in security features like firewalls and VPN
capabilities. Modern gateways integrate routing functions, wireless connectivity, and user-friendly
device management interfaces. They support IPv6, addressing address exhaustion issues, and offer
Quality of Service (QoS) features for traffic prioritization.

OSI model layers - The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven layers that computer
systems use to communicate over a network. was the first standard model for network communications.

data link layer - the second layer from the bottom in the OSI, responsible for the node-to-node delivery
of data establishes and terminates a connection between two physically connected nodes on a network.
Its major role is to ensure error-free transmission of information.

Quality of Service (Qos) - is the use of mechanisms or technologies that work on a network to control
traffic and ensure the performance of critical applications with limited network capacity.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) - Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an approach to networking

that uses software-based controllers or application programming interfaces (APIs) to communicate with
underlying hardware infrastructure and direct traffic on a network.

physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model - defines electrical and physical specifications for devices.
defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium
mesh networking - A mesh network is a local area network topology in which the infrastructure nodes
(i.e. bridges, switches, and other infrastructure devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-
hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route
data to and from clients.

optimal frequency - the number of contacts on target customers which helps you to achieve your
objectives.

OSI model: Describes seven layers for network communication, the first standard model.

Data Link Layer: Second layer, ensures error-free node-to-node data delivery.

Quality of Service (QoS): Uses mechanisms to control network traffic and maintain critical application
performance.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Utilizes software-based controllers to communicate with hardware

and direct network traffic.

Physical Layer (Layer 1): Defines electrical and physical specifications for devices and their relationship
with the transmission medium.

Mesh Networking: Local area network topology where nodes connect directly, dynamically, and non-
hierarchically, efficiently routing data.

Optimal Frequency: Refers to the number of contacts with target customers to achieve objectives.

OSI model: It's a way to understand how computers communicate, using seven layers.

Data Link Layer: Ensures data gets from one device to another without errors.

Quality of Service (QoS): Keeps important applications working well on a busy network.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Uses smart software to control how data travels in a network.

Physical Layer (Layer 1): Deals with how devices physically connect and send information.

Mesh Networking: A network setup where devices connect directly, making data transfer more efficient.

Optimal Frequency: The right number of customer interactions to achieve goals.

REFERENCE:

https://www.itrelease.com/2021/06/types-of-network-devices/

https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/software-defined-networking.html.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking

https://blog.actando.com/is-optimal-frequency-still-relevant-in-a-multi-channel-market#:~:text=What
%20is%20optimal%20frequency%3F,you%20to%20achieve%20your%20objectives.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-link-layer/

https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/qos-quality-of-service

https://www.imperva.com/learn/application-security/osi-model/