Calculus 2-Part 1

Lesson 2 Part 1: Limit and Continuity-Partial Derivatives

Nguyen Chanh Tu, DUT

Limit and Continuity

Limit of function of two variables
sin x2 Cy2
Exam 1: f x, y =
x2 Cy2
What is the domain of f x, y ? D={(x,y) in R2 x2 Cy2 s 0 = R2\ O 0, 0

Take a look values of the function f x, y near the point O(0,0). Do you have any comment?
f x, y closes 1 when x, y near the point O(0,0).
sin x2 Cy2
O plot3d , x =K1 ..1, y =K1 ..1 ;
x2 Cy2
 0.96
-1.0
0.86
-0.5
0.76 0.0
x 0.5
0.66 1.0 1.0
0.5
0.56 0.0
-0.5 y
0.46
-1.0

O
(1.1.1)
2 2
x Ky
Exam 2: g x, y =
x2 Cy2
2
What is the domain of g x, y ? D=R \ O 0, 0 .
Take a look values of the function g x, y near the point O(0,0)? Any comment?
 x2Ky2
O plot3d , x =K1 ..1, y =K1 ..1
x2 Cy2
 -1.0
1.0
-0.5

0.5 y
0.0

0.0 0.5

1.0
-0.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
-1.0 0.5 x
1.0

O
O
How can you say about the lim f x, y and lim g x, y ?
x, y / 0, 0 x, y / 0, 0
Sol

Definition
Remarks:
1)

2)
Now let’s look at limits that do exist. Just as for functions of one variable, the cal-
culation of limits for functions of two variables can be greatly simplified by the use of
properties of limits. The Limit Laws listed in Section 2.3 can be extended to functions
of two variables. The limit of a sum is the sum of the limits, the limit of a product is
the product of the limits, and so on. In particular, the following equations are true.

Exams
Exam1

Sol

Exam 2

Sol
Exam 3 (Homework)

Sol

x$y2
O plot3d , x =K1 ..1, y =K1 ..1
x2 Cy4
 0.5

0.25

-1.0
-1.0
-0.5 0.0 -0.5
x 0.00.0
y
0.5
0.5
1.0
-0.25 1.0

-0.5

Exam 4

Sol
Continuity
Definition

Remark
• The intuitive meaning of continuity is that if the point x, y changes by a small amount,
then the value of f x, y changes by a small amount. This means that a surface that is the
graph of a continuous function has no hole or break.
sin x2 Cy2
For example, let f x, y = for x, y s 0, 0 and f 0, 0 = 1 then the
x2 Cy2
function f x, y is continuous at 0, 0 .
 • Using the properties of limits, you can see that sums, differences, products, and quotients of
continuous functions are continuous on their domains.
• Since any polynomial P x, y can be built up out of the simple functions and by
multiplication and addition, it follows that all polynomials are continuous on R2. Likewise,
any rational function is continuous on its domain because it is a quotient of continuous
functions
Exams
Exam 5

Exam 6

Exam 7

Partial Derivatives
Definition
Recall the definition of the function of 1 variable g t .
g a Ch Kg a g t Ch Kg t
g' a = lim and g' t = lim as a function of t.
h/0 h h / 0 h
• In general, if is a function f of two variables x and y. Let a, b is a point in the domain of f . We
denote

f a C h, b K f a, b
fx a, b = lim
h/0 h
 f a, b C h K f a, b
fy a, b = lim
h/0 h

if the limits exist and fx a, b , fy a, b are called the partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y
at a, b .
• If f is a function of two variable, its partial derivatives are the functions fx adn fy of two variables
x and y defined by
f x C h, y K f x, y
fx = lim :
h/0 h
It means that, you can compute as the derivative of function f x, y of single variable
x, keep y as a constant.
• Similarly,
f x, y C h K f x, y
fy = lim
h/0 h
It means that, you can compute as the derivative of the function of single variable y, keep
x as a constant.

Notations for Partial Derivatives

Examples
Example 1.
3 2 3 2
Let f x, y = x Cx y K 2 y , find fx and fy at 1, 2 . You can use formulae of derivatives,
do not neet to use limit.
Sol
differentiate w.r.t. x
x3 Cx2y3K 2 y2 3 x2 C2 x y3
3 2 3 2 differentiate w.r.t. y 2 2
x Cx y K 2 y 3 x y K4 y
Right click and choose Differentiate w.r.t x or y.

Maple commands

O f:=x^3+x^2*y^3-2*y^2;
f := x3 Cx2 y3 K2 y2 (2.3.1.2.1)
O fx:=Diff(f,x);fx:=value(%);
v 3 2 3 2
fx := x Cx y K2 y
vx
fx := 3 x2 C2 x y3 (2.3.1.2.2)
O fy:=Diff(f,y);fy:=value(%);
 v 3 2 3 2
x Cx y K2 y
fy :=
vy
fy := 3 x2 y2 K4 y (2.3.1.2.3)
O subs(x=2,y=1,[fx,fy]);
16, 8 (2.3.1.2.4)

Example 2.
x vf vf
If f x, y = sin , calculate and
x Cy vx vy

Sol
x
cos x
x differentiate w.r.t. y x Cy
sin K
x Cy x Cy 2
x differentiate w.r.t. x x 1 x
sin cos K
x Cy x Cy x Cy x Cy 2

Example 3.
vz vz
Let z be a function of x and y. Find and if we have that x3 Cy2 C6 xyz = 2
vx vy

Sol
We can use implicit differentiation to find these derivatives
Calculating derivatives wrt x and holding y constant ( remember that z is a function of both
x and z) , we obtain
vz
3 x2 C6 yzC6 xy =0
vx
vz x2 C2 yz
Solving we obtain =K
vx 2 xy

We can use implicit differentiation to find these derivatives

Calculating derivatives wrt y and holding x constant ( remember that z is a function of both
x and z) , we obtain

vz
2 y C6 xzC6 xy =0
vy

vz y C3 xz
Solving we obtain =K
vy 3 xy
implicit differentiation 1 y C3 x z implicit differentiation
x3 Cy2 C6 x$y$z = 2 K
3 xy
1 x2 C2 y z
K
2 xy

Maple has a command implicitdiff that allows one to determine these and higher order
derivatives quickly and efficiently
 3 2
implicitdiff x Cy C6 x$ y$ z = 2, z, x
implicitdiff x3 Cy2 C6 x$ y$ z = 2, z, y
3 2
implicitdiff x Cy C6 x$ y$ z = 2, z, y, y
1 y C6 x z
2
(2.3.3.1.1)
3 xy

Higher Derivatives
Definition
If is a function of two variables, then its partial derivatives fx and fy are also functions of two
variables, so we can consider their partial derivatives fx x, fx y , fy x, and fy y, which are called
the second partial derivatives of f. If z = f x, y , we use

v vf v2f v2z
fx x = fxx = f11 = = =
vx vx vx2 vx2

v vf v2f v2z
fx = fxy = f12 = = =
y vy vx vyvx vyvx

v vf v2f v2z
fy = fyx = f21 = = =
x vx vy vxvy vxvy

v vf v2f v2z
fy = fyy = f22 = = =
y vy vy vy
2
vy
2

Example
Find the second partial derivatives of
2
f x, y = x3 Cex$y Ky2
Sol

Theorem
Theorem: [Clairaut] Suppose f is defined on a disk D that contains the points a, b . If the
functions fxy and fyx are both continuous on D, then
fxy = fyx on D.

Geometrical Interpretation of Partial Derivatives

For a function of two independent variables z = f x, y we can interpret the partial derivatives
geometrically.
Consider the surface defined by z = f x, y and intersect it with the plane y = y0, we obtain a curve
with equations y = y0, z = f x, y0 .

5.2

3.2
z
1.2
-5.0
-0.8 -2.5
-5.0
-2.5 0.0
x
0.0
2.5
y 2.5
5.0 5.0

Since this curve lies on the plane y = y0, we can talk about its tangent line. The slope of this line will
v
be the partial derivative of z with respect to x , f x, y0
vx
vf
In like fashion, the partial derivative represents the slope of the tangent line of the curve of
vy
intersection of the surface z = f x, y with the plane x = x0

Maple commands for the plot

x2 y2
Consider the surface given by 6 Kz = C . How can we see plot with Maple commands ?
4 6

with plots : with DEtools : with Student VectorCalculus : with plottools :

O pl21:=implicitplot3d(6-z=1/4*x^2+1/6*y^2,x=-5..5,y=-5..5,z=0..7,style=
patchnogrid,numpoints=10000):
O pl22:=spacecurve([x,2,6-1/4*x^2-1/6*2^2],x=-5..5,thickness=2,color=blue)
:
O pl23:=arrow([0,2,6-2/3],vector([5,0,0]),vector([0,2/3,1]),0.2,0.4,0.1,
color=black):
O pl24:=implicitplot3d(y=2,x=-5..5,y=-5..5,z=0..7,color=magenta,style=
patchnogrid):
O pl25:=spacecurve([0,y,6-1/6*y^2],y=-5..5,thickness=2,color=yellow):
O pl26:=arrow([0,2,6-2/3],vector([0,4,-8/3]),vector([0,2/3,1]),0.2,0.4,
0.1,color=black):
O pl27:=implicitplot3d(z+2/3*y-6-2/3=0,x=-5..5,y=-5..5,z=-7..7,contours=
100,style=contour,color=green,thickness=2):
O

O display({pl21, pl22, pl23, pl24}, axes = framed, orientation = [42, 62]

);

5.2

3.2
z

1.2

-0.8 -5.0
-5.0
-2.5 -2.5
0.0 0.0
y x
2.5 2.5
5.0 5.0

O display({pl21,pl22,pl23,pl25,pl26,pl27});
Homework (9Edi.)
Sec 14.2
I. 1-4
II 5-12 al. 3; 13-18 al. 3; 19-30 al.2; 31-34 al.2; 35-36 al. 1;
III 41-50

Sec 14.3 (9Ed)

I. 1-5; 7-10
II. 6-8 al.2; 9-36 al. 5; 37-40 al. 2; 41-44 al. 2; 47-52 al. 2; 53-56 al. 2; 57-64 al. 3; 72-73 al.1
III 65-68 al. 2; 74-101 al. 10