LESSON 23:

GENDER INEQUALITY
IN MARRIAGE AND
CRIMINAL LAWS
INTRODUCTION
Gender inequality in marriage refers to the
unequal distribution of rights, responsibilities, and
power between men and women within the
institution of marriage.
In the context of criminal laws, gender inequality
refers to the biased treatment of individuals based
on their gender within the legal system. It involves
disparities in how crimes committed against women
are addressed, as well as unequal representation
and access to justice for women.
INTRODUCTION
Objectives of the Presentation:
1. To raise awareness about the existence and impact
of gender inequality in marriage and criminal laws.
2. To explore the consequences of gender inequality in
these areas, including its effects on individuals, families,
and society as a whole.
3. To examine specific laws and legal frameworks that
contribute to gender inequality in marriage and criminal
justice systems.
4. To highlight efforts and initiatives aimed at
addressing gender inequality in marriage and criminal
laws.
5. To emphasize the importance of promoting gender
equality, justice, and human rights within these spheres.
6. To encourage individuals and organizations to take
action towards creating more equitable and inclusive
societies.
 GENDER INEQUALITY
IN MARRIAGE
Unequal distribution of household responsibilities:
Women often bear a disproportionate burden of domestic
chores and caregiving responsibilities. - Traditional gender
roles dictate that women should handle tasks such as
cooking, cleaning, and childcare, limiting their
opportunities for personal and professional growth.
 GENDER INEQUALITY
IN MARRIAGE
Limited decision-making power for women: Women may
have limited or no say in important family decisions, such as
financial matters, education, healthcare, and family
planning. - Decision-making power is often concentrated in
the hands of men, reinforcing gender hierarchies and
undermining women's autonomy.
 GENDER INEQUALITY
IN MARRIAGE
Lack of financial independence for women: Women may
face economic dependence on their spouses, resulting in
limited control over financial resources and decision-
making. - Gender pay gaps, occupational segregation, and
societal norms contribute to women's lower earning
potential and financial vulnerability.
 GENDER INEQUALITY
IN MARRIAGE
Gender-based violence within marriage: Domestic
violence and intimate partner violence are prevalent forms
of gender-based violence within marriages. - Women may
experience physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, often
perpetuated by their spouses, leading to severe physical and
psychological consequences.
 CONSEQUENCES OF
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
MARRIAGE

Gender inequality in marriage has significant negative consequences for individuals,

families, and society as a whole. Some of these consequences include:

1. Emotional and psychological consequences for women:

- Women experiencing gender inequality in marriage may suffer from low self-esteem,
feelings of powerlessness, and emotional distress.
- Lack of autonomy and control over their lives can lead to stress, anxiety, and
depression.
 CONSEQUENCES OF
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
MARRIAGE
2. Limited opportunities for personal and professional growth:
- Gender inequality in marriage often restricts women's access to education, career
advancement, and personal development.
- Limited opportunities for women to pursue their interests and goals can hinder their
personal growth and fulfillment.

3. Reinforcement of harmful gender stereotypes:

- Gender inequality in marriage perpetuates traditional gender roles and stereotypes,
portraying women as subordinate and men as dominant.
- This reinforcement of gender stereotypes can limit individuals' choices and
perpetuate societal norms that restrict gender equality.
 CONSEQUENCES OF
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
MARRIAGE
4. Impact on children's perceptions of gender roles:
- Gender inequality within marriages can shape children's understanding of gender roles
and expectations.
- Children growing up in households characterized by gender inequality may internalize
and replicate these unequal dynamics in their own relationships.

Addressing gender inequality in marriage is crucial for promoting the well-being of

individuals, fostering healthy relationships, and achieving gender equality. By
challenging and dismantling gender stereotypes, promoting equal decision-making, and
providing opportunities for personal and professional growth, we can create more
equitable and fulfilling marital relationships for all individuals involved.
 LAWS CONTRIBUTING TO
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
MARRIAGE
1. Unequal property and inheritance rights:
- Laws that grant men preferential treatment in terms of property ownership,
inheritance, and land rights contribute to gender inequality in marriage.
- In many jurisdictions, women have limited or no rights to inherit or own property,
which can perpetuate economic dependence and limit their financial independence.
2. Laws regarding marital rape:
- Some legal systems do not recognize marital rape as a crime or have limited provisions
for prosecuting such cases.
- This lack of legal protection denies women the right to bodily autonomy and
reinforces the notion that consent is not necessary within the context of marriage.
 LAWS CONTRIBUTING TO
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
MARRIAGE
3. Divorce and custody laws that favor men:
- In certain jurisdictions, divorce and custody laws may favor men, placing women at a
disadvantage during divorce proceedings.
- Biased laws can result in unequal distribution of assets, limited alimony or child support,
and limited access to children, further perpetuating gender inequality in marriage.
4. Lack of legal protection against domestic violence:
- Insufficient legal protection against domestic violence enables the continuation of
abusive behaviors within marriages.
- Inadequate laws, loopholes, or lack of enforcement can make it challenging for victims
to seek justice and protection from abusive partners.
 EFFORTS TOWARDS
ADDRESSING GENDER
INEQUALITY IN MARRIAGE

Efforts to address gender inequality in marriage have gained momentum through

various initiatives and movements. Here are some examples:

1. Advocacy for legal reforms to ensure equal rights and protections:

- Organizations and activists advocate for legal reforms aimed at eliminating
discriminatory laws and promoting gender equality in marriage.
- These efforts seek to address issues such as property rights, inheritance laws, marital
rape legislation, divorce and custody laws, and legal protections against domestic
violence.
 EFFORTS TOWARDS
ADDRESSING GENDER
INEQUALITY IN MARRIAGE
2. Education and awareness campaigns to challenge harmful gender norms:
- Awareness campaigns and educational programs are conducted to challenge harmful
gender norms and stereotypes that perpetuate inequality in marriages.
- These initiatives aim to promote healthy relationships, respect, and equal decision-
making between partners.

3. Support services for survivors of domestic violence and marital rape:

- Organizations and support networks provide safe spaces and support services for
survivors of domestic violence and marital rape.
- These services include counseling, legal aid, shelters, and helplines to ensure the
safety and well-being of survivors and empower them to seek justice.
 EFFORTS TOWARDS
ADDRESSING GENDER
INEQUALITY IN MARRIAGE
4. Programs promoting women's economic empowerment and financial independence:
- Initiatives focused on women's economic empowerment aim to enhance their
financial independence and reduce economic disparities within marriages.
- These programs provide access to education, vocational training, entrepreneurship
opportunities, and microfinance to help women gain economic autonomy.

By combining legal reforms, education, support services, and economic empowerment,

societies can work towards dismantling gender inequality in marriages. These efforts are
essential to promoting equal rights, fostering healthy relationships, and creating a more
equitable and inclusive society for all individuals involved in marital relationships.
 GENDER INEQUALITY IN
CRIMINAL LAWS

-Gender inequality within criminal laws refers to the unequal treatment of

individuals based on their gender within the legal system. It encompasses biases,
disparities, and gaps in the way crimes committed against women are addressed,
as well as limited representation of women within the criminal justice system.

Examples of gender bias in criminal laws include:

1. Lighter sentences for crimes against women:

- In some cases, perpetrators of crimes against women may receive lighter sentences
compared to crimes committed against men.
- This gender disparity in sentencing can undermine the severity of crimes against women
and perpetuate a culture of impunity.
-
 LAWS CONTRIBUTING TO
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
MARRIAGE

2. Inadequate legal protection for victims of gender-based violence:

- Legal systems may have gaps or inadequate provisions to address gender-based
violence, such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and harassment.
- Insufficient legal protection can hinder victims' access to justice, perpetuate victim-
blaming attitudes, and discourage reporting of such crimes.
3. Limited representation of women in the criminal justice system:
- Women are often underrepresented in key roles within the criminal justice system,
such as judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement officers.
- This lack of representation can result in a system that does not fully understand or
respond to the unique needs and experiences of women.
 CONSEQUENCES OF
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
CRIMINAL LAWS
-Gender inequality in criminal laws has significant implications
that impact individuals, communities, and societies. Here are
some of the consequences:

1. Underreporting of gender-based crimes:

- Gender inequality within criminal laws can contribute to
underreporting of crimes, such as domestic violence, sexual
assault, and harassment, against women.
- Fear of stigma, victim-blaming attitudes, and lack of faith in
the justice system can discourage survivors from seeking legal
remedies and reporting these crimes.
 CONSEQUENCES OF
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
CRIMINAL LAWS
2. Impunity for perpetrators of gender-based violence:
- Gender inequality in criminal laws can result in lenient sentences or
impunity for perpetrators of gender-based violence.
- This lack of accountability can perpetuate a culture of violence and
undermine efforts to address and prevent gender-based crimes.

3. Lack of access to justice for women:

- Gender inequality within criminal laws can create barriers that limit
women's access to justice.
- Inadequate legal protections, biases within the legal system, and
lack of resources and support services can hinder women's ability to
seek justice and obtain redress for crimes committed against them.
 CONSEQUENCES OF
GENDER INEQUALITY IN
CRIMINAL LAWS
4. Perpetuation of gender stereotypes and discrimination:
- Gender inequality in criminal laws can reinforce harmful gender stereotypes and
discriminatory practices.
- Biased treatment of victims and perpetrators based on gender can perpetuate
societal norms that undermine gender equality and contribute to the
marginalization of women.

-Addressing gender inequality in criminal laws is crucial for ensuring justice,

protecting the rights of survivors, and challenging societal attitudes and norms. It
requires comprehensive legal reforms, awareness campaigns, capacity-building for
law enforcement and judicial officials, and the establishment of support services for
survivors. By addressing these consequences, we can work towards a legal
framework that promotes gender equality, protects the rights of all individuals, and
fosters safer and more inclusive communities.
 EFFORTS TOWARDS
ADDRESSING GENDER
INEQUALITY IN CRIMINAL LAWS
Efforts to address gender inequality in criminal laws have been underway through
various initiatives and movements. Here are some examples:
1. Advocacy for legal reforms to ensure gender-sensitive laws and policies:
- Advocacy groups and organizations work towards legal reforms that promote gender equality within
criminal laws.
- These efforts aim to eliminate biases, close legal gaps, and ensure that laws and policies are sensitive
to the needs and experiences of survivors of gender-based violence.
2. Training programs for law enforcement and judicial officials on gender issues:
- Training programs are conducted to raise awareness among law enforcement officers, judges,
prosecutors, and other legal professionals about gender issues and their impact on the criminal
justice system.
- These programs promote understanding of gender biases, encourage gender-sensitive
practices, and enhance the ability of officials to respond effectively to gender-based crimes.
 EFFORTS TOWARDS
ADDRESSING GENDER
INEQUALITY IN CRIMINAL LAWS
3. Creation of specialized units to handle gender-based crimes:
- Specialized units, such as gender-based violence units or sexual assault response teams, are
established within law enforcement agencies to handle cases of gender-based crimes.
- These units are equipped with specialized knowledge, resources, and sensitivity to address
the unique challenges and dynamics of gender-based crimes.
4. Support services and legal aid for survivors of gender-based violence:
- Support services, including counseling, shelters, helplines, and legal aid, are provided to
survivors of gender-based violence.
- These services aim to ensure survivors have access to justice, receive appropriate
support, and are empowered to navigate the legal system.
 CONCLUSION
-Key points discussed include:
Laws contributing to gender inequality in marriage,
such as unequal property and inheritance rights,
inadequate legal protection against domestic
violence, laws regarding marital rape, and divorce
and custody laws that favor men.
Gender bias in criminal laws, including lighter
sentences for crimes against women, inadequate
legal protection for victims of gender-based violence,
and limited representation of women in the criminal
justice system.
The consequences of gender inequality in marriage
and criminal laws, such as underreporting of gender-
based crimes, impunity for perpetrators, lack of
access to justice for women, and the perpetuation of
gender stereotypes and discrimination.
CONCLUSION
Addressing gender inequality requires collective
action and concerted efforts from various
stakeholders. It is essential to advocate for legal
reforms that ensure equal rights and protections,
challenge harmful gender norms through education
and awareness campaigns, provide support
services for survivors of gender-based violence,
and promote women's economic empowerment
and financial independence.

“Together, let us take action and strive for a

society where gender equality is not just an
aspiration but a reality.”
 LESSON 24:
CRITIQUE ON THE
REPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD
AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
ACT OF 2012
INTRODUCTION
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Act of 2012, Republic Act No. 10354, also known as
the RH Law, is a landmark legislation in the Philippines
that aims to provide comprehensive reproductive
health services to its citizens. The law was enacted on
December 21, 2012, after a long and contentious
debate regarding its provisions and implications.
The purpose of this presentation is to critically
examine the Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012, Republic Act No.
10354, and discuss its potential strengths and
weaknesses. By exploring different perspectives and
analyzing the law's impact, we aim to foster a deeper
understanding of its implications for individuals,
families, and society as a whole.
 REPUBLIC ACT 10354

-referred to as the RH Law, is a legislation in the Philippines

that aims to promote and protect the reproductive health
rights of individuals, especially women and couples. The
law recognizes the importance of responsible parenthood
and seeks to provide accessible and comprehensive
reproductive health services to all Filipinos.
 THE KEY OBJECTIVES
OF THE RH LAW

PROVIDING PROMOTING SEX

IMPROVING
UNIVERSAL ACCESS
MATERNAL AND EDUCATION AND
TO FAMILY
CHILD HEALTH CHILD HEALTH
PLANNING METHODS
 PROVIDING UNIVERSAL ACCESS
TO FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

The law ensures that individuals and couples have access to

a wide range of contraceptive methods and information to
make informed decisions about their reproductive health.
 IMPROVING MATERNAL AND
CHILD HEALTH

-The RH Law aims to reduce maternal and infant mortality

rates by providing essential maternal and child health
services, including prenatal care, skilled attendance during
childbirth, and postnatal care.
 PROMOTING SEX EDUCATION
AND CHILD HEALTH

-The law mandates the inclusion of age-appropriate

reproductive health education in schools to empower
individuals with accurate information about their sexual
and reproductive health. It emphasizes the importance of
informed decision-making and responsible behavior.
 THE CONTROVERSY
SURROUNDING THE LAW

VIOLATION OF
ETHICAL IMPLEMENTATION FINANCIAL
RELIGIOUS IMPLICATIONS
CONCERNS CHALLENGES
FREEDOM
 VIOLATION OF RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM

-Some religious groups and individuals argue that the RH

Law violates their religious beliefs by promoting
contraceptive methods that they consider morally
objectionable.
 ETHICAL CONCERNS

-Ethical concerns: Critics raise ethical objections to certain

provisions of the law, such as the promotion of
contraceptives, arguing that it undermines traditional
family values and promotes a culture of promiscuity.
 IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES

-The effective implementation of the RH Law has

encountered obstacles, including limited access to
reproductive health services in remote areas, lack of
awareness and education, and resistance from certain
sectors of society.
 FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS

-Critics express concerns about the financial burden of

implementing the RH Law, questioning the allocation of
resources and whether they could be better utilized in other
areas of healthcare.
 CRITIQUES

VIOLATION OF
ETHICAL IMPLEMENTATION FINANCIAL
RELIGIOUS IMPLICATIONS
CONCERNS CHALLENGES
FREEDOM
 CRITIQUE-1 (VIOLATION OF
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM)

Contraceptive Use: Some religious groups object to the

promotion and provision of contraceptives, considering
them morally objectionable. They argue that the RH Law
undermines their religious teachings on the sanctity of life
and the natural order of procreation.
 CRITIQUE-1 (VIOLATION OF
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM)

Conscience Rights: Individuals and healthcare professionals

who hold religious or conscientious objections to certain
reproductive health services, such as the provision of
contraceptives or performing sterilizations, express
concerns that the law may compel them to act against their
deeply held beliefs.
 CRITIQUE-1 (VIOLATION OF
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM)

Abortion-related Concerns: Certain religious groups oppose

provisions in the RH Law that they perceive as indirectly
endorsing or facilitating access to abortion services. They
argue that the law's broad reproductive health framework
may undermine their stance on the protection of unborn
life.
 CRITIQUE-2 (ETHICAL
CONCERNS)

Moral Objections: Critics argue that the emphasis on

contraception within the RH Law undermines traditional
family values and promotes a culture of promiscuity. They
contend that such measures may lead to a devaluation of
the institution of marriage and the importance of
responsible parenthood.
 CRITIQUE-2 (ETHICAL
CONCERNS)

Natural Law and Procreation: Certain ethical perspectives

prioritize procreation within the context of marriage as a
fundamental aspect of human nature. Critics argue that the
RH Law's focus on contraception deviates from this
perspective and places undue emphasis on individual choice
over the natural order of reproduction.
 CRITIQUE-2 (ETHICAL
CONCERNS)

Moral Hazard: Some critics express concerns that the

availability of contraceptives and reproductive health
services may lead to a false sense of security and increased
risk-taking behavior, including engaging in unprotected sex
or engaging in sexual activity at a younger age.
 CRITIQUE-3 (IMPLEMENTATION
CHALLENGES)

Limited Access to Services: Rural areas and marginalized

communities often face barriers in accessing reproductive
health services, including contraceptives, due to
geographical constraints, inadequate infrastructure, and
limited healthcare facilities.
 CRITIQUE-3 (IMPLEMENTATION
CHALLENGES)

Lack of Awareness and Education: A significant challenge

lies in ensuring that individuals are aware of their
reproductive health rights and have access to accurate
information. The lack of comprehensive reproductive health
education programs and limited awareness campaigns
hinder the proper understanding and utilization of the
services provided under the RH Law.
 CRITIQUE-3 (IMPLEMENTATION
CHALLENGES)

Sociocultural Factors: Deeply rooted sociocultural norms

and stigmas surrounding reproductive health topics, such as
family planning and contraception, may contribute to
resistance or reluctance in accepting and utilizing the
services provided by the law.
 CRITIQUE-4(FINANCIAL
IMPLICATIONS)

Cost of Contraceptives and Services: Critics argue that the

provision of contraceptives and other reproductive health
services can place a significant financial burden on the
government and healthcare system. They question whether
the costs associated with implementing the RH Law could
be more effectively allocated to address other healthcare
needs, such as improving access to primary care or
combating communicable diseases.
 CRITIQUE-4(FINANCIAL
IMPLICATIONS)

Sustainability and Long-Term Funding: Critics express

concerns about the sustainability of funding for the RH
Law's provisions. They argue that relying heavily on
government funding may not be a viable long-term solution
and that alternative funding mechanisms should be
explored to ensure the continuity of reproductive health
services.
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of
2012, Republic Act No. 10354 (RH Law), encompasses several
key provisions aimed at promoting reproductive health and
ensuring access to necessary services.
 THE KEY
PROVISIONS
REPRODUCTIVE MATERNAL
ACCESS TO
HEALTH HEALTH
CONTRACEPTIVES EDUCATION
SERVICES

FAMILY PREVENTION AND MATERNAL AND

PLANNING MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORN HEALTH
PROGRAM STIs CARE IN EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS
 ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTIVES

-The RH Law guarantees universal access to

contraceptives, including both natural and modern
methods, to all individuals and couples who seek them.
- It mandates the inclusion of a full range of contraceptive
methods in the essential health care package provided by
the government.
 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
EDUCATION

-The law requires the integration of age-appropriate

reproductive health education in schools.
-It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive and
accurate information on topics such as puberty,
reproductive anatomy, sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), and responsible sexual behavior.
 MATERNAL HEALTH
SERVICES

-The RH Law aims to improve maternal health outcomes

by providing accessible and quality maternal health
services.
-It includes the provision of prenatal, childbirth, and
postnatal care, ensuring that pregnant women receive
appropriate medical attention and support throughout
their reproductive journey.
 FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM

-The law mandates the establishment of family planning

programs at the national and local levels.
-These programs aim to ensure the availability and
accessibility of family planning methods, counseling, and
services to individuals and couples who wish to plan their
families.
 PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF
STIS

-The RH Law emphasizes the prevention and management

of sexually transmitted infections.
-It promotes the provision of information, counseling,
testing, and treatment for STIs, including HIV/AIDS.
 MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH
CARE IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

-The law requires the provision of maternal and newborn

health care services in emergency situations, ensuring
that even during crises, essential reproductive health
services are available.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (RH Law) has been the
subject of critique and debate on various fronts. Religious
groups and individuals have raised concerns about the
law's potential violation of religious freedom and freedom
of conscience, specifically regarding the promotion of
contraception. Ethical concerns have been voiced
regarding the impact on traditional family values and the
perceived moral hazards associated with reproductive
health measures. Implementation challenges, such as
limited access to services and lack of awareness, have
posed obstacles to the effective realization of the RH
Law. Additionally, financial implications and resource
allocation have been points of contention.
CONCLUSION
However, it is important to note that the RH Law also brings about
positive outcomes and benefits, including:
1. Improved Reproductive Health: The RH Law aims to provide universal
access to contraceptives and reproductive health services, leading to
improved maternal and child health outcomes, reduced maternal
mortality rates, and increased access to family planning methods.
2. Empowerment and Informed Decision-Making: Through the
inclusion of reproductive health education in schools, the law
empowers individuals with accurate information, enabling them to
make informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health.
3. Gender Equality and Women's Rights: The RH Law recognizes the
importance of women's rights and addresses gender inequalities by
promoting access to reproductive health services, including family
planning and maternal health care.
4. Public Health Impact: By providing comprehensive reproductive
health services and addressing sexually transmitted infections, the RH
Law contributes to the overall public health of the population,
promoting healthier communities.
In a comprehensive evaluation of the RH Law, it is necessary
to consider both the concerns raised and the positive
outcomes achieved. Ongoing dialogue, continuous
monitoring, and targeted interventions can help address the
criticisms and challenges while maximizing the potential
benefits of the law for the well-being of individuals and the
society as a whole.
LESSON 25:
GENDER AND
LABOR
INTRODUCTION
Initially, children knows nothing
about work, but society encourages
specific tasks based on sex,
affecting both genders negatively.
Women are expected to care for the
family, while men are expected to
work for the family. Both men and
wpmen should have equal
opportunities to learn and grow,
with all family members contributing
to household chores.
 REPUBLIC ACT 9170

It was also known as the “Magna Carta of Women” that

was enacted in 2009.
This act recognizes the equality of men and women
entails the abolition of the unequal structures and
practices that perpetuate discrimination and inequality.
 EMPLOYMENT
SECTORS
INDUSTRY
AGRICULTURE AND TOURISM
MANUFACTURING

BUSINESS
PROCESSING GOVERNMENT
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
OUTSOURCING SERVICES
 AGRICULTURE
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 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
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 SALIENT POLICIES OM GENDER
EQUALITY IN THE LABOR MARKET
The Philippines has ratified 34 ILO conventions and is party to all of the fundamental United Nations human rights
covenants and conventions. The country's 1987 Constitution has enshrined these rights in Section 3, Article XIII (Bill of
Rights), and in Section 14, Article Il, which ensures fundamental equality of women and men before the law.
Article 3, Chapter 1 of the Labor Code, as well as Republic Acts 6725, 7192, 7877, and 8551, all provide for fundamental
human rights protection, including antidiscrimination provisions, and they ensure fundamental equality, prohibition of
sexual harassment, and temporary special measures. The Philippines' Anti-Sexual Harassment Act No. 7877 of 8
February 1995 is an example of good legislative practice.
The Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act 9710) is an overall legislative framework that articulates the specife rights,
needs, and support required by women in their general and working lives. Although the Magna Carta of Women provides a
good legislative framework implementation issues remain. Filipino women often do not know about their rights.
In 2012, the Philippines became the first country in Asia to ratify the ILO Domeit Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 180). In
early 3013, President Aguino also signed a nevit Republic Act 10361 known as the "Batas Kanambahay" (Domestic
Workers Act) in order to better protect this large group of mostly young, female workers.
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