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TH He Total 7 Chemactive Com
TH He Total 7 Chemactive Com
QUESTIONSHEET 1
(a) (i) B 1
(ii) D 1
(iii) C 1
234
He / 2 α
4 4
(b) Th +
90 2
2
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(ii) different numbers of neutrons 1
e.c
TOTAL / 7
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QUESTIONSHEET 2
(a) alpha radiation would not be able to pass through the cardboard 1
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Note: A popular type of question. A variation of this is the monitoring of thickness of metal sheets
w.c
TOTAL / 6
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GCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 3
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(c) large nucleus bombarded with neutrons 1
nucleus splits in two 1
more neutrons released 1
e.c
large amount of energy released 1
Note: If the neutrons released from the splitting of a nucleus bombard other nuclei,
a chain reaction results. A controlled chain reaction occurs in a nuclear reactor.
ctiv
TOTAL / 11
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QUESTIONSHEET 4
Note: 39 hours is three half-lives. To find the answer, halve the mass three times.
β / -10 e
131 0
(ii) Xe + 2
54 -1
TOTAL / 9
GCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 5
protons neutrons
Rn 86 134
Na 11 13
P 15 17
Sr 38 52
C 6 8 5
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(b) (i) C/carbon 1
(ii) P/phosphorus 1
e.c
TOTAL / 7
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QUESTIONSHEET 6
TOTAL / 7
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GCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 7
14
(a) (i) carbon-14/C-14/14C/ 6
C 1
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(iv) 5700 years (+/- 200 years) 1
e.c
ctiv TOTAL / 8
QUESTIONSHEET 8
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TOTAL / 8
GCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 9
(a) nucleus 1
neutrons/protons 1
protons/neutrons (different from previous answer) 1
electrons 1
(b) random 1
emission 1
of radiation 1
from (atomic) nucleus 1
om
Note: The only atom that does not have neutrons in its nucleus is hydrogen.
When an atom emits radiation it gives out alpha or beta particles or loses energy
(gamma radiation). This is a random process – you can’t predict exactly when it will happen.
e.c TOTAL / 8
ctiv
QUESTIONSHEET 10
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Note: It is a common mistake to think that since a beta particle is an electron, it must be an orbital electron.
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TOTAL / 9
GCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 11
Note: Radiation ionises atoms/molecules in materials through which it passes. This can happen in living cells
and damage them. There are annual limits on the amount of radiation to which a worker in the industry should
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be exposed.
TOTAL / 5
e.c
QUESTIONSHEET 12 ctiv
(a) radioactive emission is a random process/not constant 1
therefore count rates vary 1
(b) 87 + 92 + 81 + 84 + 80
5 1
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(ii) lower 1
w.c
Note: To measure the true activity of a source, the background radiation should be measured and subtracted
from the average count rate for the source.
TOTAL / 6
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QUESTIONSHEET 13
(a) radiotherapy 1
(b) gamma 1
Note: Alpha and beta radiation would not be suitable as they would be absorbed before reaching the tumour and
so damage healthy tissue.
TOTAL / 6
GCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 14
om
(ii) half-life is longer than length of experiment/
half the atoms could not decay once during experiment 2
e.c
do not try to open container/keep in lead-lined container/
replace in locked cupboard when finished 2
TOTAL / 9
ctiv
QUESTIONSHEET 15
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(a) (i)
50
% background 40
he
radiation dose 30
20
w.c
10
0
dental chest skull pelvis spine leg arm
X-ray source
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(ii) 5 1
QUESTIONSHEET 16
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(b) (i) concrete/lead lined concrete 1
TOTAL / 8
QUESTIONSHEET 17
e.c
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(a) Two from
can damage (living) cells/cause mutation
can cause cancer
can burn flesh
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(b) alpha/α 1
less likely to reach living cells 1
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Note: Beta and gamma radiation can reach internal tissues and be absorbed.
TOTAL / 6
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GCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 18
(a) uranium/plutonium 1
om
TOTAL / 7
e.c
QUESTIONSHEET 19
(a) (i)
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70
60
Units of radiation 50
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per year
40
30
he
20
10
w.c
0
Cornwall Sussex Derbyshire Scotish Highlands North Yorkshire
Area
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(b) 60 / 6 1
= 10 1
TOTAL / 7
GCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY
ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES
QUESTIONSHEET 20
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fossil fuels are running out – alternative needed
radiation little compared to background
chances of accidents very small
very little fuel needed to produce much energy 2
e.c
(c) Two from
X-rays
treatment of cancers
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tracing passage of blood or urine through organs
sterilising instruments 2
TOTAL / 8
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w.c
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