1. DEFAULT DIRECTORIES IN LINUX AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATIONS.

/bin Contains common Linux user commands, such as ls, sort, date, and chmod.
/boot Has the bootable Linux kernel, initial RAM disk, and boot loader configuration
files (GRUB).
/dev Contains files representing access points to devices on the systems. e.g hard disk. Users can
access these devices directly through these device files.
/etc Contains administrative configuration files. If the user has proper permission, can be edited with
any text editor.
/home Contains directories assigned to each regular user with a login account. (The root
user is an exception, using /root as his or her home directory.)
/media Provides a standard location for automounting devices (removable media in par-
ticular). For example, a USB drive with a volume name of mine would be mounted
on /media/mine.
/lib Contains shared libraries needed by applications in /bin and /sbin to boot
the system.
/mnt A common mount point for many devices before it was replaced by the stan-
dard /media directory. Some bootable Linux systems still use this directory to
mount hard disk partitions and remote filesystems.
/misc A directory sometimes used to automount filesystems upon request.
/opt Directory structure available to store add-on application software.
/proc Contains information about system resources.
/root Represents the root user’s home directory. The home directory for root does not
reside beneath /home for security reasons.
/sbin Contains administrative commands and daemon processes.
/sys Contains parameters for such things as tuning block storage and
managing cgroups.
/tmp Contains temporary files used by applications.
/usr Contains user documentation, games, graphical files (X11), libraries (lib), and a
variety of other commands and files that are not needed during the boot process.The /usr directory is
meant for files that don’t change after installation
/var Contains directories of data used by various applications. It also contains all system log files
(/var/log) and spool files in/var/spool . The /var directory contains directories
and files that are meant to change often.
2.SERVER IMPLEMENTATIONS OF LINUX,THE ASSOCIATED CONFIGURATION FILES AND
DAEMONS.
 Ubuntu server.an open-source Debian-based Linux operating system, developed
by Canonical. It is, without a doubt, the most popular Linux distribution out there, and
many other distributions have been derived from it. Ubuntu server is efficient for building
top-performance, highly scalable, flexible, and secure enterprise data centers.
 Red Hat Enterprise Linuxan open-source Linux distribution developed by Red Hat, for
commercial use. It is based on Fedora, which is a community-driven project: a great deal of
software that is available on RHEL is first developed and tested on Fedora.
 SUSE Linux Enterprise serveris an open-source, stable, and secure server platform built by
SUSE. It is developed to power physical, virtual and cloud-based servers. It is well suited
for cloud solutions with support for visualization and containers.
 CentOS Linux serveris a stable and open source derivative of Red Hat Enterprise Linux
(RHEL). It is an all-round community-supported distribution and is therefore operationally
compatible with RHEL.
 Debian.is a free, open-source and stable Linux distribution maintained by its users. It ships
in with over 51000 packages and uses a powerful packaging system. It is being used by
educational institutions, business companies, non-profit and government organizations.
 Oracle Linux server.is a free and open-source Linux distribution packaged and distributed
by Oracle, intended for the open cloud.
 Mageia.s a free, stable, secure Linux operating system that is developed by a community. It
provides an enormous repository of software including integrated system configuration
tools. Importantly, it was the first Linux distribution to replace Oracle’s MySQL with
MariaDB.
 ClearOsis an open-source Linux distribution derived from RHEL/CentOS, built
by ClearFoundation and marketed by ClearCenter. It is a commercial distribution
 intended for small and medium enterprises as a network gateway and network server, with
an easy-to-use web-based administration interface.
 Arch Linuxis also a free and open-source, simple, lightweight yet secure Linux distribution.
It is flexible and stable; provides the latest stable versions of most software by following a
rolling-release pattern and uses both official package and community-supported package
repositories.
 Slackware Linux. free and open-source, powerful Linux distribution that strives to be most
“Unix-like” in design simplicity and stability as well. It was created by Patrick
Volkerding in 1993 and is best suited for Linux users who aim at technical proficiency.

3.USER MANUAL OUTLINING STEP BY STEP PROCESS OF SETTING UP A WEB SERVER

WITHIN LINUX.
 Update kali linux
sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y
sudo apt install apache2 -y
sudo service apache2 start
sudo service apache2 status
verify that apache server working correctly in Kali Linux, open your browser, type
your server IP address
4.DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING PROTOCALS AND HOW THEY ARE IMPLEMENTED WITHIN
LINUX (SAMBA,NFS,SMTP,POP,SNMB,FTP)
SAMBA is an open source implementation of the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol.It implements
open source versions of protocols used to share files
and printers among Windows systems as well as authenticate users and restrict hosts.
SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and it’s used for transmitting electronic mail.
It’s platform-independent, so long as the server can send ASCII text and can connect to port 25 (the
standard SMTP port).
NFS(network file system).allows remote hosts to mount file systems over a network and interact with
those file systems as though they are mounted locally. This enables system administrators to
consolidate resources onto centralized servers on the network.
POP(post office protocol)The POP protocols verify the user's login name and password, and move the
user's mail from the server to the user's local mail reader.
SNMP(simple network management protocol)was designed in 1990 to read and write structured data
on devices attached to a network, such as how much free RAM there is.
FTP(file transfer protocol)FTP server works with the client-server architecture to communicate and
transfer files.FTP is a stateful protocol, which means connections between clients and servers stay open
during an FTP session.