Structure 1.

Introduction to the Particulate Nature of Matter

Matter
Elements & Compounds
• Element: is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom
• Atom : is the smallest part of an element that can be still recognized
as that element.
• Compound: is a pure substance formed when two or more elements
combine chemically. It has different properties than the elements it is
made from.
• Chemical properties shows how something react in a chemical
reaction
• Physical properties are all properties of the substance such as
melting point, density, electrical conductivity
Pure substances and mixtures
Mixtures
• Mixtures contain 2 or more substances mixed together and can be
separated by physical methods.

• Homogenous mixture has the same uniform composition throughout

the mixture & consists of only one phase = evenly distributed.

• Heterogenous mixture does not have uniform composition & consists

of separate phases = not evenly distributed.
Separating Mixtures:
Mixture Method of separation

Solid+solid (powdered mixture) Use some difference in properties

ex. density , solubility, sublimation
& magnetism

Suspension of solid in liquid Filtration or decantation

Liquid+ liquid (immiscible) Use a separating funnel or decantation

Solution of solid in liquid -To obtain solid: evaporation (crystallisation)

-To obtain liquid: simple distillation

2 or more liquids mixed together Fractional distillation

(miscible)

Solution of 2 or more solids in a liquid Chromatography

Solids & Liquids mixtures
A-Insoluble solid in liquid (suspension)

Filtration:
Mixture passes through the filter paper containing micro-pores.
Solid will be trapped in the filter paper as residue while the liquid
passes through and is collected in the conical flask as filtrate
 B-Soluble solid in liquid (solution)
To obtain the solute (solid):
Evaporation:
Heat the solution to evaporate
the solvent. Solid remains in
evaporating dish till complete
dryness.
Crystallization:
1- Solution is partially evaporated to
remove some solvent until solution
becomes concentrated or saturated
or to reach crystallization point. The
crystallization point is checked by
dipping a glass rod & observe crystals.
2-Leave solution to cool at room
temperature, crystals will be formed.
3-Filter the crystals, wash, dry and
gently press between 2 filter papers.
To obtain the solvent (liquid)
Simple Distillation:
Solution is boiled, solvent evaporates into gas leaving solute behind in
flask, and the gas passes down the condenser to condense back into
liquid droplets to be collected as distillate. It’s almost pure.
 Sugar and sand mixture separation process by solvation:
Solvation:
• separates a heterogeneous mixture of two solids based on differences in solubility
• one of the substances is soluble in a solvent, but the other solid is insoluble.
• the solvent molecules (often water) surround the soluble molecules and dissolve the
solid into a solution.
• insoluble solid separated by filtration.
• soluble substance separated from the solution by evaporation.

Figure X. Apparatus for carrying out distillation.
• water boils at 100 °C
• ethanol at 78 °C.
Distillation:
separates a liquid mixture based on the
difference in volatility or boiling points
Steps: e.g. water and ethanol
• Place water ethanol mixture in round
bottom flask
• Heat mixture
• ethanol evaporates first (lower boiling point)
ethanol rises up the distillation column and
passes through the condenser
• ethanol cools and condense back to a liquid
to be collected in a flask
Paper Chromatography:
• Paper chromatography is used to separate the components of a
mixture such as colours in dyes and inks. It can also be used to
identify additives in foods such as flavourings & colourings and green
pigments in leaves. It is widely used in food industry and forensic
science.
• A small spot of the mixture is applied by a dropper/teat pipette on
the pencil drawn base line on a chromatography paper, which is a
special type of filter paper with high absorption power.
• The paper is placed in a solvent ex. water or ethanol, making sure
that the level of solvent is below the base-line.
• The solvent rises up and the mixture begins to separate.
• Spots at different heights appear due to the different solubility of
the components of mixture in solvent.
• The most soluble will travel further up in the paper, the least soluble
will travel less up in paper.
• Wait until the solvent reaches near the end of the chromatography
paper (solvent front)
• The finished chromatography paper with the separated spots is called
chromatogram.
• The number of spots appearing equals the number of different
soluble substances or components in sample.
• A pure substance or sample will produce only one spot.
• An impure sample or a mixture will produce several spots
Paper chromatography:
• separate a mixture of solutes in a solvent.

Steps:
• Dissolve solute mixture in a solvent (mobile phase)
• Place drops of solution on chromatography paper (stationary phase)
• Place chromatography paper so that bottom is suspended in solvent
• Solvent moves up through stationary phase
• Different solutes move through the stationary phase at different rates depending on
their solubility and affinity for the stationary phase
Distillation:
Recrystallisation:
• removes impurities that are mixed in with a solid

Steps:
• impure mixture dissolved in a hot solvent to
make a saturated solution.
• solution is cooled causing the solubility of the
dissolved solids to decrease.
• The desired product forms crystals leaving the
impurities in the solution which is then filtered
to obtain the pure product.

Recrystallisation is used to purify sugar crystals from sugar cane juice and is also used by
pharmaceutical companies to remove any impurities that could contaminate medication.
Solid Liquid Gas

29
P.O.C Solid Liquid Gas
Mass Definite
Volume Definite (fixed) Definite Indefinite , spread to fill the
whole container
Shape Definite No definite shape , it takes the shape of its container
Density High Medium Low
Arrangement of Particles are tightly Particles are closely packed in Particles are loosely packed in
Of particles packed in a regular an irregular an irregular arrangement
fixed lattice arrangement
arrangement
Movement of Vibrate in a fixed Slide past each other Move freely, fast and random
particles position in a slow random movement in all directions to fill any
space they are in.
Intermolecular forces Strong Intermediate Weak

Intermolecular Narrow Intermediate Wide

distances
Compressibility No No/ difficult Can be compressed due to the
big spaces between particles

Fluidity No Can flow easily Can flow easily (diffuse)

Heat and Temperature:
Heating and Cooling Curve:
At A: Solid ice is gaining heat energy but melting didn’t start yet.
At B: Ice particles gained enough energy to break the forces between the particles and melting starts.
Temperature remains constant until all the ice has melted. In this phase, there is a change of state, both
solid and liquid states are present.
0 ℃ = melting point
At C: Liquid water is gaining heat energy and boiling didn’t start yet. Evaporation of liquid particles on the
surface start.
At D: All the water particles has gained enough energy to break the forces holding them and boiling starts.
Temperature remains constant until all the liquid water has boiled. In this phase, there is a change of state,
both liquid and gas states are present.
100 ℃= Boiling point
At E: all liquid water has changed into steam
Sloped line:
• Heat is transformed to kinetic and
potential
• Average kinetic energy of the
particles increase, therefore the
temperature increases
Horizontal line:
• Energy input used to overcome intermolecular
forces and change the state
• Heat is transformed to potential only
• Average kinetic energy of the particles does not
change, therefore the temperature remains
constant
Kelvin Temperature