EXPERIMENT NO: 03

Objective:
 To Verify Experimentally the Relationship Between Current Voltage and Resistance in A Circuit.
 To Verify Ohms Law
 To Investigate The Cause Of Errors In Measurements

Equipment Required:
 Meter
 Power supply
 Resistors

Theory:
Resistance, Voltage and Current:
From the previous equipment we know that the value of register is not dependent on the circuit in which it
is connected. The value of resistor is a specified amount of resistance will in a given range called the
tolerance of the resistor.
Similarly the voltage of a Volt source such as battery is a power supply can exist independently of any
circuit needs value can be measured within a voltmeter.
On the other hand, electric current cannot exist by itself grant is defined as the movement of electric
charge but to have movement them must be voltage and a path along which the charge can move our
voltage source by itself cannot produce current it is an electric circuit which makes the current flow.
The amount of energy circuit is dependent on the amount of voltage supplied by the voltage source and
on the nature of the conductive path if the but offered little opposition the grantees greater than it would
be in a circuit where there is more opposition to grant opposition to direct grant it’s called resistance can
then be controlled by amount of resistance in a circuit.
So it is possible to develop a mathematical formula for the relationship between V, I and R. The
relationship is now as ohms law

Ohms law:
There are three relationships for ohms’ law
Unknown current I=V/R (in amps)
Unknown voltage V=IR (in volts)
Unknown resistance R=V/I (in ohms)

Procedure:
PART A
Perform the following step to verify the following
I=V/R
 Measure coded resistor with DMM.
 Connect the register in Figure 1.
 I guess the power supply to 10 Volt using DMM(set on its DC voltage models)
 Measure and records the voltage across the resistor
 Look carefully at Fig.2 and be careful while measuring vr1
 Measure and record current through R1 using DMM determine again the current and but this line.

Figure 1

Figure 2

 But this time calculate if using ohms law show calculation

I=V/R
 Write the following poor percentage error and find it for the above calculation current. What
calculation do you make from this calculation?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

PART B
 Perform the following step to verify that
 R=V/I
 Figure 3

 Connect the above circuit by replacing R1 by R2 having a color coding of value

R2:_________
 Using DMM Mayer and record the voltage across R2 and the current following through it
VR2:_________ IR2:___________
 Calculate the resistance of R2 using ohms law. Show calculation. R2:_________
 Remove R2 from the circuit to measure and decode the resistance using DMM.
R2:____________
 Find the percentage error between the measured and calculated value of resistance. What
conclusion do you draw from the above procedure?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

PART C
Perform the following step to verify
V=IR

Figure 4

 Connect the above circuit by replacing R2 by R3 having a color code of value.

R3:___________
 Measure resistance of the resistor making sure that the resister is disconnected from the circuit.
R3:________
 Insert the resistor back into the circuit to measure the current through the resistor.
IR2:___________
 Calculate the resistor voltage using ohms law. Use only the measured value of current and
resistance show calculation.
 V=IR=______
 Now measure this voltage using DMM.
 What is meant by percentage error? Write the formula for it finding percentage error and write
your conclusion depending upon the above calculation.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

PART D
IF THE RESISTANCE IS HELD CONSTANT, INCREASING THE VOLTAGE
WILL INCREASE THE CURRENT.
 Connect the circuit in figure 2(b) Using R1 register set the voltage source to 5 Volt
 We get the current through the resistor using DMM. Record. IR1:______
 Increase the voltage in to 15 Volt and again measure the current through the resistor using DMM
record. I’R1:_______
 Based on the result of this procedure what conclusion can be made about the relationship between
voltage and current for the fixed value of resistance?
 ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 Plot the graph between I and V four fixed value of resistor.

 Find the value of the resistor from the above graph as shown your calculation. What calculation
can be drawn from these calculation?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

IF THE VOLTAGE HELD CONSTANT, INCREASING THE RESISTANCE WILL

DECREASE THE CURRENT.
 Connect the circuit in figure 2(b) using R1 set the voltage source to 5 Volt.
 Measure the current through the resistor using DMM record. IR1:_______
 Change the resistance value in R2 and again measure the current through the resistor record.
IR2:______
  Based on the result of this this procedure but conclusion can be made about the relationship
between resistance and current for a fixed value of voltage.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 Plot the graph between current “I” and resistance “R” for fixed value voltage.

 Find the value of the voltage from the above graph also show your calculation what calculation
can be drawn from these calculation.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

IF THE CURRENT IS HELD CONSTANT, INCREASING THE RESISTANCE

WILL INCREASING THE VOLTAGE.
 Connect the circuit in fig.2 (b) using resistor R1. Adjust the voltage so that the current through the
resistor measure 2ma.
 Measure the source voltage using DMM and record it.
 Change the resistor value to R2. Again adjust the source voltage until the current through the
resistor become 2ma.
 Measure the source voltage using DMM and record it. V source:______
 Based on the result of this procedure. What conclusion would you draw about the relationship
between resistance and voltage of a fixed value of current?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 Plot the graph between voltage “V” and resistance “R” for fixed value of current.
 Find the value of the current from the above graph. Also show your calculation?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
 EXPERIMENT NO: 04
Objectives:
 To Investigate the Characteristic of Series Circuit.
 To Verify Experimentally Using Measured and Related Values Of That:
a. Total Current Resistance Equal to a Sum of Individual Resistance.
b. The Current is the Same at All Points in the Circuit
c. The Current is the Same At All Points in the Circuit.
d. The Sum of Voltage Drop Equals the Source Voltage.
 To Determine the Effect of Changing a Resistor Value, upon Total Circuit Resistance Current and
Distribution of Voltage Drop.
 After Completing the Analysis of Series Circuit, Get Familiar with its Design.
 Connect the Circuit to Ground using the Ground Terminal of a Voltage Source and Use a DMM
to Measure the Voltage between Several Point and Ground.

Equipment Required:
 Meter: digital millimeter (DMM)
 Power supply: DC power supply
 Resistor: any four different valued resistor

Precautions:
Before performing the experiments make sure to read the following carefully

 Never use an ohmmeter on a live circuit. Voltage from a circuit will not only result in an
important measurement but also can damage the ohmmeter.
 For all the calculation, use measured value of resister.
 When measuring voltage, the Volt meter must be connected across the circuit.
 When measuring current you must break circuit and then the emitter must be inserted into the
circuit.

Series circuit:
Two elements are said to be in series if they are connected at a single point and if there are no other
current carrying connection at this point.
 Figure 1

In fig 2 we see that our voltage source V1, register R1, R2 and R3 all connected in series. Trend leave the
position terminals of V1, moves through the resistor and then returns to the negative terminal of the
voltage source.

Figure 2

Since all the circuit elements are in series, so they all will carry the same amount of current.

Procedure (Analysis of series circuit):

PART A
TOTAL RESISTANCE R EQUAL THE SUN OF ALL SERIES RESISTANCE

Figure 3

1. Make a series connections of all the register provided to you.

2. Mayer is individual register using DMM recorded below:
R1:______
 R2:______
R3:______
3. No major the total resistance using DMM and decode below keep in mind that there is no applied
voltage
R total: ______
4. What do you observe from the result of the previous procedure
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

PART B
CURRENT I IS THE SAME IN ALL PARTS OF A SERIES CIRCUIT
5. Connect this circuit of fig three across the voltage source
as shown below carefully set the value of the voltage
source to 15 Volt and record.
V1:_______
6. Break the circuit at point a insert the ammeter and record
the current flowing through the point a.
Ia: ________
7. Break the circuit at point B insert the ammeter and record
the current flowing through point B.
Ib: __________
8. Break the circuit at point C insert the ammeter and record
the current flowing through point C.
Ic: _________
9. Break the circuit at point D insert the ammeter and record the current flowing through point D.
Id: _________
10. What is the conclusion can be drawn from the above procedure?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

PART C
Some of series higher drop equal the applied voltage
11. Connect the circuit of fig 5 set DC supply voltage to 12 volt
12. Set DC supply voltage to 12 Volt measure the voltage drop across
each resistor and record
V1:_______
V2:_______
V3:_______
13. Add the voltage drop together and record.
 V1+V2+V3:________
14. What is the procedure can be drawn from the above procedure?
15. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

PART D
Effect of changing size of resistor in series circuit
16. Connect the circuit as in figure six set the supply voltage to 10
Volt maintain this value even when circuit current changes are
made.
17. The total circuit current and record.
I1:______’
18. Measure the voltage across each voltage and record
V1:_________
V2:_________
V3:_________
19. Disconnect the source voltage and measure the total circuit
resistance. Record it
R1:________
20. Replace the register R1 with the lower value register and repeat
Step 2, 3 and 4 to record the new values below
V1:_______ R1:_______
V2:_______ I1:________
V3:_______ R1:_______
21. Since the value of the register R1 has been decreased in Step 5 keep this in mind answer the
following questions.
22. What has happened to the total circuit resistance?
23. Why?
24. What has happened to the total amount of current?
25. Why?
26. What has happened to the total voltage drop across R1 and R2?

PART E
DESIGN OF SERIES CIRCUIT
Equipment Required:
 Meter
 DC power supply
 The six resistors use in this part of experiment.
DESIGN A SERIES CIRCUIT TO MEET SPECIFIED RESISTANCE
REQUIREMENT
The law for total resistance of series connected resistors can be applied to the solution of the given
simple design problem.

PROCEDURE:
 Refer to table-1. In the first row, R1=2k-ohm. When connected in series, Sum total to 2k-ohm.
Record the rated value in the column for each resistor. For example, If you were to select two
registers that, when connected in series sum total to 1.67k-ohm you would pick R 2 is equal to 470
and R3 is equal to 1.2K ohm you would then write 470 in the R2 column and 1.2K ohm in the R1
column.

R Required Rated Value Of Resistors whose sum will satisfy R R Measured

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

2K

5.3K

7.5K

10K

11K
Table 1

 Connect the chosen registered or step an in register and measure resistance of combination during
DMM record this value in row and the R1 column.
 Repeat step A&B using as many resistor as required (from the group of six) and will they above
table completely.

DESIGNING A SERIES CIRCUIT TO MEET SPECIFIED VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

REQUIREMENTS
Ohms law and the love who totally resistance of series connected register can apply to the solution of this
type of design requirement.

Procedure:
 My name designer series circuit dad will produce a current
of five MA when supplied by 10 volts. The register
chosen for your design must come from the group of
register or one through R6. Record the values chosen in
table two in that 10 Volt row.
 Making sure that the power is off connect the circuit of fig 7
using the resistor combination found in step A and insert the
  Millimeter.

V Circuit current Rates value of the designs resistor, ohm

Applied I, ma
(volts)
Required Measure R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
d

10 5ma

12 4ma

5.5 1ma

8 10ma

11.4 1ma

 Now turn on the power supply and supply it till it read 10volts. Read the value from millimeter
and record the value in the “circuit current, measured”.

 Repeat step “a” through “c” for each of the remaining combination of “V” and “I” in table-2
record all resistor combination and millimeter reading in the table.

 What happened to the voltage drop across R1?

DESIGNING A SERIES CIRCUIT TO MEET SPECIFIED RESISTANCE AND CURRENT

REQUIREMENT
As In the preceding problem, ohms Table 2 law and the formula for finding R1 of series connected
resistor are applied here.

Procedure:
Note
Increasing the register for your circuit, use the actual or measured value rather than the rated value

 Design a circuit that will draw 4M. The only conditions are that the register used in each case
must be from among the six R1 through R6 used in each case must be from among the six R1 used
in other part of this experiment. The voltage should be only where did from 0 to 15 Volt
 Combination one must consist of two resistor. Combination two must consist of three resistor
and combination three must consist of four resistor.
 Record the measured and designed value to be applied to your circuit.
 Construct each of the circuit in step C based on the circuit of figure 7. Record the measured value
in the Table 3. The code also the value of voltage and current measured by the Voltmeter and
millimeter.

Combination Measured Value of the Designed Resistor V applied V

Measured
Designed
Value(Volts) (ma)

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

1(2 resistors)

2(3 resistors)

3(4 resistors)
 EXPERIMENT NO: 05
Objective:
 To Examine the Relationship Between Combination of Voltage Drop and Resistance Value in
Series Circuit and Measure the Voltage with Respect to a Common Reference Point Various
Point in Series Circuit.
 To Determine a General Rule for Calculating the Voltage Across Each Resistor in an Unloaded
Fixed Resistive Voltage Divider.
 To Apply the Voltage Divider Rule in Series Circuit.
 To Design the a Voltage Divider Given Desired Output Voltages with Respect to Common or
Ground Point in a Series Circuit.

Equipment Required:
 Motor: Digital millimeter (DMM)
 Power supply: DC power supply
 Resistor Any five different valued resistor
 Miscellaneous Board brand

THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE:

The voltage across any resistor in a series connected divider is as follows

 First calculate the total resistance

R t =R1 + R2 + R3
 Next solve the current in the circuit
I=V/R t
 Knowing I, find the voltage drop across R1 using ohm’s law
The above is somewhat a longer method for determining the voltage across a resistor the same can be
done in an easier way that is by using voltage divider rule.
The voltage divider rule states that the voltage across an element or across a series combination of
elements in a series circuit is equal to the resistance of the element or series combination of elements
divided by the total resistance of the series circuit and multiplied by the total impressed voltage.
For the circuit shown in figure one we can find the voltage V1, V2 and V3 as
V1=V source [R1/R total]
V2=V source [R2/R total]
V3=V source [R3/R total]
We have thus come across the formula for finding the voltage across any resistor in a series circuit this
formula may be applied to series circuit containing any number of resistors
Conversely, the value of a resistor can be determined given in the total resistance source voltage and
desired voltage drop:
R1=R total [V1/V source]
Using the above, we can design a voltage divider to supply various voltage with respect to common given
that we have a source voltage or group of resistors and the value of desired voltage

PRACTICAL NOTES:
In any given series circuit there’s current that flow through each circuit element resistor and voltage
source is the same. It fits registered not variable register areused, then the voltage drop will be fixed will
be directly proportional to the ratio of the resistors value to the total circuit resistance
If I register point call koman or ground establish it is then possible to measure the voltage at all other
points in the circuit with respect to the this common point with the common point is then relocated to the
point in this circuit the voltage measured with respect to the common point at each other point will be
different the symbol for this common point is shown below and is sometimes called ground.

Procedure:
VERIFY BY MEASUREMENT, THE VOKTAGES BETWEEN VARIOUS POINT IN
A SERIES CIRCUIT
 Connect to the circuit in figure 2. V0ltage source is equal to 10 volts.

 Measure and record below the voltage drop across each resistor.
When measuring VAB the voltmeter probe should be connected to
point A and the common lead to point B this would be expressed as
VAB note that in the subscript AB the first letter A is the point
which the probe is connected and the second letter B is the point to
which the common lead is connected therefore the expression VAB
means voltage at point a with respect to point B
VR1= VAB= ___________
VR2=VBC=____________
VR3=VCD=____________
Figure 2
VR4=VDE=____________
VR5=VEF=____________
  Properly labeled these measured voltage drops on each resistance in figure 3 mark the polarity
use plus and negative to indicate polarity of the voltage drop of each resistor in fog.3. Mark the
polarity (use plus and minus to indicate polarity) of the voltage drop of each in resistor.
 Measure the voltage, Vce between point c and point e. When measuring the voltmeter probe
should be connected to Point C and the common lead to point e. This would be expressed as Vce.
Note that in the subscript C the first letter C is the point to which the probe is connected and this
sub second letters he is the point to which the common lead is connected. Therefore the
expression we see meaning the voltage at Point C with respect to the point E. Record this voltage
V ce=________
 Dose the given expression hold: VCD + VDE =VCE? Writ down the values along with your
conclusion?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 In a like manner, measure and record the following:
VAC: ________ VCA: ________ VDF: __________ VEA: _________
VBF: ________ VCF: _________
 Nothing the relationship between the voltages is measured between two points and the indicated
voltage drop labeled on each register in fig.3, explain how the voltage between two points could
be predicted prior to actually measuring the DMM.

MEASURE THE VOLTAGE WITH RESPEECT TO “GROUND”

 Connect the circuit in figure 3A.(V source=15V)

 Mayer and record below the voltage drop across the resistor. Recall that the
probe is connected to the first subscript node, and the common is connected to
the second subscript node.
V ab=VR1
V bc= VR2
V cd=VR3
V de=VR4
Properly labeled these measured voltage drop on each resistor in figure 4A.
Mark the probe popularity (use plus and minus to indicate polarity) of the
Figure 3A
voltage drop across each resistor.
 Connect the commonly to the DMM to the point with the symbol, which is point E. With the
DMM probe, measure and record voltage at each of the point A, B, C, D, E, A voltage with a
single subscript variable mean that voltage is measured with respect to ground.
VA=____ VB=______ VC=____ VC=______ VD=____ VE=______
NOTE:
 According to the Kirchhoff’s law 1 VB=VDE+VCD+VBC=VBE. Verify where there the
measured value from step 2 and step 3 shown that VB=VDE+VCD+VBC?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 Refer the circuit 4B below connected at point D. Measure the voltage at all
point (A, B, C, D, E) with respect to this new reference point. Record the
measured coltage at each point on the circuit diagram 4B.

VA=_____ VB=______ VC=_______ VD=________ VE=_________

 Repeat the above step three times for fig.4C, 4D and 4E. Be sure to move Figure 3A
the reference point (ground) to agree to schematic, each case

Figure 3B

Figure 4C Figure 4D Figure 4D

Record the result on figures 4C, 4C and 4E.

USE THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE (VDR)

 Next, we’ll be using the voltage divider rule for the previous circuit.
 For the circuit in the Figure 4 be find the voltage with respect to ground common each point
A,B,C,D&E using the VDR. Write the value below the show also the calculation.
VA=______
VB=______
VC=______
VD=______
VE=______

 Repeat the above for the circuit of figure 4C, 4D and 4E.

VA=__________ VA=__________ VA=__________

VB=__________ VB=__________ VB=__________
VC=__________ VC=__________ VC=__________
 VD=__________ VD=__________ VD=__________
VE=__________ VE=__________ VE=__________

DESINING A VOLTAGE DIVIDER

 Oh defer to the circuit in figure 5. R1, R2, R3 and R4 are 1.2K

ohm 5.6 kilogram 3.3K ohm and 9.1K ohm resistors, but not in
that order. Using the VDR in the form that soul food the
resistance are add note for the voltage soil for the necessory
resistor placement or locations that will result in the voltage as
shown Record below the resistor value you determined for:
R1=________ R3=________ Rt=________
R3=________ R4=________ Figure 5
 Connect the resistor in the progression developed step 1.
 Measure the voltage at point A, BC, and D and record:
VA: ________
VB: ________
VC: ________
VD: ________
 Explain how to determine the location of the 5.6 k-ohm resistor in the voltage divider of
figure 5.
 Explain how to determine the resistance size required to any voltage divider, when you are
given the data in the same manner presented above.
 Experiment no: 06
Objective:
 To Apply the “Current Divider Rule” in a Parallel Circuit
 To Design the Current Divider Rule, Given Desired Output Current in Respect to a Common
Point in a Parallel Circuit.
 To Mayer Voltage and Current in a Series Parallel Circuit and Compare with the Calculated
Values. To Apply Both KVL And KCL in Series Parallel Circuit.

Equipment Required:
 Digital multimeter DMM.
 DC power supply.
 Different value to resistors.

PART A
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE

The current divided rule CDR is useful to determining the current flow through one branch of a parallel
circuit.

The general form of the CDR of any current Ix stated that:

Ix=I*req /Rx
The current flowing through the any of the branches is equal to the total current
time the ratio of the equivalent resistance to the resistance of that particular
branch. Figure 1

Where R eq is the total resistance of the parallel branches under examination and I is the total current of
the circuit under consideration

Procedure:
 Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
  With DMM, measure the current in branch A, B and C by inserting ammeter in the series with the
respective branches.
 Record current below:
IA: _______
IB: _______
IC: _______
 Now using current divider rule. Calculate the current in branch A, B&C. Show all the calculation
below:
IA: _________
IB: _________
IC: _________
 Compare the measured and calculated values of current shown in step 2 and 3.
 What conclusion do you made?
______________________________________________________________________________

PART B
DESIGNING THE CURRENT DIVIDER CIRCUIT
Procedure:
 Consider the circuit as shiwn below in fig.
 Refer to the circuit R1R2R3 and R4 are 1.2K-ohm ,5.6K-ohm,
3.3K and 10K ohm resistors
Choosing the CDR in the form of that so that resistance rather
than the voltage sold the necessary resistor locations that will
result in the current as shown in frecoed the resistor value
Figure 3
below you determined
R1:______________
R2:______________
R3:______________
R4:______________
Rt: ______________
 Now connect the circuit as shown above with the register found in Step 2
 With DMM, but yet the total grant and also the current in branches A, B, C&D. Record.
 Explain how to determine the location of 5.6 k-ohm resistor in the CDR of fig above

PART C
Procedure:
 Connect the circuit as shown in the figure when writing the, circuit allow
the convenient Mean of measuring each current and voltage drop.
 With the current meter in series with this entire circuit, set the supply
voltage so that the emitter read exactly 6 mA.
 Measure the voltage source and record.
VDC: __________
 Using the DMM measure each registered voltage drop record the table
one below:

Figure 4
 Resistor R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Voltage
Current
Table 1

 Using the DMM, measure the current flowing each resistor. Record on table 1 above.
Rt: ___________
 Using the same amount of source voltage measured in step 2, calculate the voltage and current
through each of the seven1.2k-ohm.
 Record the values in table 2.

Resistor R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Voltage
Current
Table 2

 Compare the measured voltage and current from the table 1 with the calculated voltages and
current from table 2
Are they in closed agreement?
Series-parallel circuit analysis
 In branch C, how are R5, R6 and R7 relate to each other?
 How are their current lead to branch C?
 How are their voltage drop in branch be related to voltage drop in branch A and C
 What is the relationship between the sums of grunt and branches A, B&C to the current through
R1?
 Why?
 Make a statement that compares the amount of current through each branch ,B&C with the
amount of resistance in branches A,B and C
 Branches B&C are in parallel. Correct
Voltage across parallel branches are same. Correct?
 R3 in the branch B and R5 in the branch C, is a voltage Re and R6 are the same.
 Why (or why not)?

PART D (Analysis by KVL and KCL

 Do you connect the circuit of fig 1 to the source voltage? Make sure that the voltage Source is not
set to the same value as shown in step two of part C
 Wrote the KVL loop equation that will give the voltage at point a in respect to the point B show
this value below and then calculate this voltage VAB
 Using the DMM measured the voltage at point a in respect to the point B make sure that the probe
is at A and common of the meter is at B record
VAB: ___________
 Using the measured current through R1 branch A and branch B right a KCL equation through
branch C show this equation below and then calculate I branch
 Using the DMM measure the current through branch C.
I branch C=____________
 Obtain A resistor equal to Total resistance measured in Step 5 connect this is resistance in this
circuit of figure 2. Set the source voltage to the same value measured in step 2. Label these value
on circuit of fig 2.
A. Calculate the current.
I=V/R=_______
B. Measure the current.
I=___________
C. Notice that this resistor has the same total resistance, same
current and same voltage as the original series-parallel circuit in
fig1. Why, then; could you not use this one resistor to complete Figure 5
all of the procedure in this experiment?

 Connect the circuit in fig.3. Adjust the DC power supply

with the circuit connected.
 Measure the voltage drops and current through each
resistor and record in table 3 below.

Figure 6

Resistor R1 R2 R3
Voltage
Current
Table 3

 Change R2 to a value of 2.2k ohm. Again measure all the voltage drops and current through each
resistor and record in table 4below.

Resistor R1 R2 R3
Voltage
Current
Table 4

 Compare the result of table 4 with table 3. Notice that R2 has been increased. Explain why all of
the currents and voltage have changed.
 Experiment no: 07
Objective:
 To Investigate The Characteristic Of The Parallel Circuit.
 Do Verify Experimentally Using Measured And Calculated That:
a. The Reciprocal Of The Total Resistance Equal The Sum Of The Reciprocal Of The
Individual Branch Resistance.
b. The Voltage Is The Same Across Each Branch Of Parallel Circuit.
c. The Sum Of The Individual Branch Grant Equal The Grant In The Parallel Circuit.
 To Determine The Effect Of Changing A Single Register Value Upon Total Resistance Total
Grant And The Distribution Of Branch Current.
 After The Analysis of Parallel Circuit, Get Familiar with Its Design.
 Use A DMM To Measure The Voltage Between Several Point And Ground.

Equipment Required:
 Meter: Digital multimeter DMM
 Power supply: DC power supply
 Resistor: Any four different valued resistor

Precautions:
Before performing the experiment, make sure you follow the following instruction carefully.
  Never use an ohmmeter on a live circuit. Voltage is from a circuit will not only result in a
improper measurement but can also damage the ohmmeter..
 For all calculation, use measured valued resistor.
 When measuring current, you must break the circuit and then emitted must be inserted in series
with the circuit.
 When Measuring voltage, the world meter must be connected in parallel with the circuit.

Parallel circuit”
A parallel circuit is a circuit in which the register are arranged with their head connected together,
and their tails Connected together. The current in a parallel circuit break up, with some flowing
voltage along each parallel branch and recombining when the branches meet again. The voltage
across each resistor in a parallel is same.

Procedure (analysis of a parallel circuit):

PART A
RECIPROCALS OF THE TOTAL RESISTANCE EQUAL THE SUM RECIPROCAL OF THE INDIVIUAL
BEANCH RESISTANCE
 Make a parallel combination of resistor as shown in the fig.
Below.
 Now measure the total resistance using DMM and record
below. Keep in mind that there is no voltage source connected
R total: _________
 Remove Each registered from the circuit using DMM and Figure 1
Meyer each registered individually and record
R1:______
R2:______
R3:______

 Take the reciprocal of the edge myriad value of register and then all the record.
1/R1+1/R2+1/R3:______
 What conclusion can be made from the above procedure?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Using DMM Measure the current flowing through each resistor and the total current, record.
I1: _______
I2: _______
I3: _______
It: _______
 Add the measured current through R1R2 and R3 recorded above
I1+I2+I3:_______
 What conclusion you made from the above procedure?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 PART B
VOLTAGE “V” IS THE SAME ACROSS EACH BRANCH OF A PARALLEL CIRCUIT
 Connect the corcuit as shown in the figure:
 Carefully set the DC voltage source to 12 volt add record voltage.
V: _______
 Using DMM measure the voltage drop across each register and
record.
V1:_______
V2:_______ Figure 2
V3:_______
 What conclusion you made from the above procedure?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Part C
SOME OF OUR INDIVIDUAL BRANDS GRUNT EQUAL TO THE TOTAL CURRENT I IN A
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
 Connect the circuit of figure across a voltage source set to 12
Volt.

 Use a DMM measure current through each register and the

total current record
I1:________
I2:________ Figure 3
I3:________
It: ________
 Add the measured current through R1, R2, R3 recorded above
I1+I2+I3:________
 What conclusion you made from the above procedure?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Part D
EFFECT OF CHANGING A RESISTOR VALUE IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT
 Connect the circuit as in fig.
Said the discipline voltage to 10 world maintain this value
even when the circuit change are made
 Mayer the current through each resistor and total current
and record
I1:________
I2:________ Figure 4
I3:________
It: ________
 Change the value of R 225K ohm again measure the current through each resistor and the
total current and record
I1:________
 I2:________
I3:________
It: ________
 Compare the result of step three and step four what conclusion you made?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

PART E
DECISION OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Equipment Required:
 Meter: Digital multimeter BMM
 Power supply DC power supply
 DC power supply the six resistor of this part of experiment will be identified as follow
R1 = 1.2 k-ohm R2 = 2.2 k0-ohm R3 = 3.3 k-ohm R4 = 4.7 k-ohm
R5 =5.6K-ohm R6 = 10K ohm
DESIGNING A PARALLEL CIRCUIT TO MEET SPECIFIED RESISTANCE REQUIREMENT
Procedure:
 Refer to table one make a parallel circuit by selecting 3 resistor from R1 through R6 when
connected in a parallel and meet the requirement of RT record the related value on the
column for each resistor.

Rt Rated value of resistance whose sum will satisfy Rt Rt

Required R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Measured
(ohm) (ohm)
1.1k
2.2k
3.3k
4.7k
5.6k

 Connect that user and resistor of step one in parallel and measure the resistance of
combination using DMM record this value in a row one in the Rt measured column.
 Repeat this step one and two using as many resistor as required and fill the table completely.

PART F
DESIGNING A PARALLEL CIRCUIT TO MEET SPECIFIED VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
REQUIREMENT
Ohm law and the law for total resistance of parallel connected resistor can be applied to the
solution of this type of design.
Procedure

 Design A parallel circuit that will produce a current of 1ma when supplied by why would the
resistor must be chosen from the group of resistor from R1 through R6 record the values chosen
in table 2 in 5 Volt row
  Making sure that the power is off, connect the circuit as in figure 2 using the resistor combination
a voltage found in a step a. And insert the milliammeter to measure the total circuit current.

Applied Total circuit current Rated value of the design resistor (ohm)
voltage It (mA)
(volts) Require measure R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
d d
5 1mA
5 2mA
8 10mA
10 5mA
12 3.8mA

 Now turn on the supply and adjust it till it read 5 Volt read the millimeter and record the value in
the “circuit current, measured” column of 5 Volt row.
 Repeat step “a” through “c” for each of the remaining combination of V and I in above table.
Record are resistor combination in milliammeter reading in the table

PART G
DESIGN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT TO MEET SPECIFIED RESISTANCE AND CURRENT
REQUIREMENT
Ohms law and the formula for finding the total resistance of parallel connected resistor are applied here
Procedure
In choosing the register for your circuit use the actual and measured value rather than the rated value

 design a circuit that will draw 4m the register must be chosen for the group of registered from r1
through r6 the voltage should only be varied from zero to 15 bold
 Combination one must consist of two resistors in parallel combination two must consist of three
combination three months consist of resistor in parallel.
 Record the measured and design value to be applied to your circuit.
 Construct each of these circuit. Recod the measured value in the table below. Record also the
value of voltage and current measured by voltmeter and ammeter.

Combination Measured value of designed resistor (ohm) V I

Applied measure
(volt) d
(mA)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
1(2 resistor)
2(3 resistor)
3 (4 resistor)
 Experiment no: 08
Objective:
 To Practically Verify the Technique of Nodal Analysis
 To Practically Verify the Technique of Loop and Mesh Analysis

Equipment Required:
 DMM
 Jumpers
 Resistors
 power supply
 breadboard

Procedure:
PART A (nodal analysis)
First of all considered the following circuit
In the above circuit there are four nodes ABC and GND. Technically connect this circuit on
breadboard and measure all three nodes voltages VB and VC with respect to Gnd.

Va: _________. Vb: __________

Vc: __________
No theoretically calculate node voltage using nodal analysis used accurate
value of all registers in analysis show your calculation below

Figure 1

Va=______ Vb=______ Vc=______

If there are any difference in practical and theoretical result state region for them
Now consider the circuit below
This circuit also contained 4 nodes ABC and GND but here you shall notice voltage source
between A&B so you shall use super node technique to solve this circuit connect this circuit
practically and my year values of voltage of AB and C with respect to GND
Va=_______
Vb=_______
Vc=_______
Now theoretically calculate node voltage using nodal analysis use accurate value of all registers
in analysis show your calculation below
 Experiment No: 9
Objectives:
 To be able To Measure the Voltage across Our Circuit Element Using a Doubly Scripted
Notation for the Voltage.
 To Assign A Doubly Scripted Voltage To A Circuit Element.
 To Write a Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Equation for a Circuit Using Assigned Polarities.

Kirchhoff‘s voltage law:

KVL is commonly states several ways:

 The algebraic sum of the voltage drop around a closed loop equal to zero
 The voltage rises around a closed loop equal the algebraic sum of the voltage drop around the
loop.
In figure the total voltage around loop one sum to zero,. As does the total voltage in loop 2.
Furthermore, the loop which consists of the outer part of the circuit also some to zero.
We can adopt the convention that voltage gain is taken to be positive. Voltage drop will then be
negative.

PART A
THE KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW, WITH SIX ELEMENT, TWO LOOP CIRCUIT
 Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
 Start at point D and go around the DA ECD loop in a
clockwise direction
For example the voltage across R1 can be expressed as VAD
Since we have then two kva loop in a clockwise direction,
now we will do the same to loops, starting at point B, in a
counter clockwise direction
 In this Circuit to right, we will start at point B and go around
the loop in a counterclockwise direction. Notice that entered
the positive end of each element
Figure 1
The circuit equation then this way is
E BA – VAB=0 volts
Verify the above equation using the measurement value of VAB and EBA from step 9 of
-EBA-VAB= __________
 In the circuit to the right, we will start at point B and go around the loop in a
counterclockwise direction. Notice that we entered the negative end of the resistor, and
positive end of the battery.
The KVL done this ways:
EAB-VAB=_________
Verify above equation using the measured value of V&EB from step seven of part a above.
EAB-VAB=_______

Experiment no: 10
Objective:
 Two Be Able to Calculate the Current through Anyone of the Stabilizer in Any Circuit by
Using the Thevenin’s Theorem.
 Verify The Result Followed By Calculation Through Measurement.
 To Develop the Thevenin’s Constant Voltage Equivalent Circuit and to verify Its Validity by
Measurement.
 To Verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in a DC Network.

Equipment Required:
 Digital multimeter
 DC power supply
 Different valued resistor

Theory:
Thevenin’s theorem can be used for two purpose

 To calculate the current through a component in any circuit

 To simplify the analysis of complex network into a standard equivalent network
Suppose data complex network consists of a number of source and resistor connected in any manner
then according to this theorem.
“Any network can be replaced by a single source Vth in series with a single resistance Rth.”

The steps used for thevenin’s theorem are listed below

Step 1. Remove the register R through which you wish to
calculate current or across which you want to know the voltage.
Label these terminal A&. Calculate the voltage across this open
terminal this is VTH or VOC.
Step 2. From the open terminal, calculate the resistance looking
back from the open terminal with all voltage source removed and Figure 1
replaced with a short circuit. This circuit is called RTH
Step 3. The current through are you wish to calculate will be
I=Vth/ (Rth+R)
The voltage across will be
V=IR
= (Vth×R)/ (Rth+R)
Where,
Vth is from the step 1, Rth from the step 2 and R is the value of resistor removed in step 1.
The constant voltage equivalent circuit is developed from the values calculated in the above step.
Procedure:
PART A
Note:
The purpose of this procedure is to practice the step of thevenin’s theorem and compare the resultant
calculation with measured value. Here the theorem is used to find the current through R3.

 Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 2.

 Made the current through R3 and the voltage across R3
using DMM. Record them
IR3:__________
VR3:_________
 Use thevenin’s theorem to calculate the current through
R3 by following this step outlined on the page. Figure 2
Step 1:
a. Refer to the figure 3 which is figure 2 with removed R3 calculate width in figure 3 show all work
in space provided.
b. Where is first step a by measurement correct figure 3 measurement and
record
Vth :_________( measured)
Step 2:
a. Refer to Figure 4 which is figure 2 with R3 removed and the 12
Volt source replaced by a short circuit (a dead voltage source).
Calculate RTH show all work below:
Figure 3
b. Verify above step by measurement. Verify and record all values.
Rth :___________( measured)
c. Draw below the thevenin’s equivalent circuit using your calculated values for Vth and Rth.
Step 3:
a. Calculate IR 3 using the thevenin’s equivalent circuit (the V th and Rth found above).
I=Vth/ (Rth+R)
b. Compare the current measured in step 1 a (original circuit) and the grant calculated in step
three above if they are not reasonably close find the reason for the discrepancy.
________________________________________________________________________

c. Where the circuit of Step 2 see on breadboard. Obtainer registered for Rth as close as possible
to its calculated value.
d. Number here in this circuit the current through R3 and the voltage across R3 in the circuit.
IR3:___________
VR3:__________
e. Compare the results of part d with the measured value of step 1. B if the result are not close.
Find the reason for their discrepancy.
_________________________________________________________________________
 Part B
USE SEVERANCE THEOREM TO FIND THE CURRENT THROUGH R3 IN THE BRIDGE
CIRCUIT OF FIGURE 5.
Do all the thevenin’s theorem step showing all calculation
and diagram on your notes sheet and the last.

Step 1. Solve for Vth:

Vth :___________( calculated)
Step 2. Solve for Rth:
Rth:___________( calculated) Figure 4
Step 3.
a. Calibrate IR 3 using with Highlands equivalent circuit the width and RTH found above.
IR3=Vth/ (Rth+R)
IR3 :__________( calculated)
b. Draw below thethevenin’s equivalent circuit, including R3.
c. Connect the orignal circuit in fig. 5(with all resistor).
d. Measure the current through R3.
IR3 :_________( measured)
e. If measured and calculated current through R3 are not close find the reason for their
discrepancy.
___________________________________________________________________

Part C
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

Theory:
According to the maximum power transfer theorem:
“Maximum power will be delivered from a source to a load when the load resistance is
equal to the resistance of the network as viewed from the output terminal”.
Total resistance of a network = load resistance
Transfer efficiency is the ratio of the power supplied to the load and the total power supplied by the
voltage source. To calculate power efficiency under maximum power transfer.
%efficiency= (pl/ps) ×100
= (i.r1)/ (i.rt) ×100
= [rl/ (rl+rs)] ×100
If rl>>rs, rs-0, % efficiency- 100%
If rl<<rs, rsl-0, % efficiency- 0%
If rl=rs, % efficiency=50%
 This result is quite accepted because the efficiency at maximum power transfer is 50% as ½ of the
total power generated is dissipated in the total resistance of the network. Since efficiency is low so the
theorem is not used in high power circuit. It is normally used in low power circuit like electronics.
Procedure:
1. Given V is equal to 10 Volt and Rs is equal to 3.3 K find the load voltage V and load
current I calculate power dissipated be for each value of the resistance given in the
table.
2. Set up the source voltage V=10 Volt and Rs=3.3 K for each value of resistor or
measure and record the load voltage VL and load current IL. From this calculation
the load power PL. Calculate that table with the measured data .
3. Plot a graph load power PL. Versus load resistance RL from the measured data.
Observation and calculation

No. RL (k-ohm) VL (Volts) PL (mw) IL (ma) % Efficiency

BY DMM By Calculation By DMM (calculation)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10