Lecture # 09/10

Modal Analysis or Eigen Value Analysis

/Period based on Modal Analysis

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 Modal Analysis
Buildings may be analyzed as multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems by lumping
story-masses at intervals along the length of a vertically cantilevered pole.

During vibration, each mass will deflect in one direction or another.

For higher modes of vibration, some masses may move in opposite directions. Or all
masses may simultaneously deflect in the same direction as in the fundamental mode.

An idealized MDOF system has a number of modes equal to the number of masses.

Each mode has its own natural period of vibration with a unique mode shaped by a
line connecting the deflected masses (known as eigenvector).

When ground motion is applied to the base of the multi-mass system, the deflected
shape of the system is a combination of all mode shaped, but modes having periods
near predominant periods of the base motion will be excited more than the other
modes.

Each mode of a multi-mass system can be represented by an equivalent single-mass

system having generalized values M and K for mass and stiffness.
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 Modal Analysis
The generalized values represent the equivalent combined effects of story masses m1,
m2, . . . and stiffness k1, k2, . . . . This concept, shown in Fig.

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 Importance of Modal Analysis
Buildings with symmetrical shape, stiffness, and mass distribution and with vertical
continuity and uniformity behave in a fairly predictable manner a two-dimensional
model is generally sufficient.

Whereas when buildings are eccentric or have areas of discontinuity or irregularity,

the behavioral characteristics are very complex.

Or when the floor plan aspect ratio (length-to-width) of the building is large, torsion
response may be predominant. Thus, three-dimensional methods of analysis are
required as each mode shape is defined in three dimensions by the longitudinal and
transverse displacement and the rotation about a vertical axis.

For moderate- to-high-rise buildings, the effects of higher modes may be significant.
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 Typical Example of Modal Analysis

For a fairly uniform building, the dynamic characteristics can be approximated

using the general modal relationship shown in Table below.

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 Period Calculation by Modal Analysis
The equation of motion for free vibration of a multiple-degree-of-freedom structural
system is

where [K] = the stiffness matrix of the structural system;

[M] = the mass matrix of the structural system;
{v} = the displacement vector of the structural system;
and w = angular frequency.
Or w2 = l = Eigen values
The mass of the roof and the floors is

= 1000/386.4 =2.60 kip-sec2/in

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 Period Calculation by Modal Analysis

 600  400 400 0   2.6 0 0 

   
=  400 400  300 300   w 2  0 2.6 0 
 0 300 300   0 0 2.6 
  

Say w2 = l = Eigenvalues

Setting the determinant equation to zero, that is,

det ([K] –l[M])= {0}

results in the 1st modal frequency w1 = l1 = 5.94 rad/sec,

the 2nd modal frequency w2 = l2 = 15.20 rad/sec,

and the 3rd modal frequency w3 = l3 = 22.43 rad/sec.

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 Period Calculation by Modal Analysis
The fundamental period, T1, of the frame can then be determined to be

2 x 3.142/5.94

T1 = 1.058 sec

T1 = 1.058 sec
Matched with T2 = 0.414 sec
T3 = 0.280 sec
Method B period
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 Eigenvectors corresponding to Eigenvalues
 600  400 400 0   2.6 0 0 
  2 
 400 400  300 300   w  0 2.6 0 
 300   0 2.6 
 0 300   0

1000  2.6w 2 400 0   x1   0 

     
 400 700  2.6w 2 300   x2  =  0 
 300 300  2.6w 2   x  0
 0  3  

 900 400 0  x1   0 
    
 400 600 300  x2  =  0 
 0 300 200    
  x3   0 

 x1   0.296 
    T1 = 1.058 sec
x
 2 = 2 / 3  w1 = 5.94 rad/sec
x   1 
 3  
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Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues based on Matlab
>> k=[1000 -400 0; -400 700 -300; 0 -300 300]

k=

1000 -400 0
-400 700 -300
0 -300 300

>> m=[2.60 0 0;0 2.60 0; 0 0 2.6]

m=

2.6000 0 0
0 2.6000 0
0 0 2.6000

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Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues based on Matlab
>> [phi,w2]=eig(k,m)

phi =

0.1511 -0.3581 -0.4833

0.3430 -0.3581 0.3725
0.4941 0.3581 -0.1108

w2 =

35.2784 0 0
0 230.7692 0
0 0 503.1832

>> w=w2.^0.5

w=

5.9396 0 0
0 15.1911 0
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0 0 22.4317
Modal Masses and Participation factor
by Modal Analysis
Modal Mass Matrix =m =

Participation factor =

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 Participation factor and modal masses
Modal Masses =

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Coefficient Vector =

2.5693
-0.9311
-0.5762

Check,

Mt = 2.5693^2+0.9311^2+0.5762^2 = 7.80 = 3X2.6

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2nd Example based on Modal Analysis

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Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues based on ETABS/MATLAB
6 k/ft

E =3600 Ksi
1.5x1.5
13 ft

6 k/ft

1.0x1.5 E =3600 Ksi

E =3600 Ksi
1.5x1.5
13 ft

35 ft

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 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues based on ETABS/MATLAB

 6.521 0 
m= 
Unit = k-sec2/ft
 0 6.521  (only for given UDL)

 4778 2389 
k = 
Unit = k/ft
 2389 2389 

 11.83   0.2059 0.3331

w=  V =
 30.97  
 0.3331 0.2059 
 0.531 
T = 
 0.203 
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Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues based on ETABS/MATLAB

Mode # 01 Mode # 02

T1 = 0.5447 T2 = 0.2050

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Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues based on ETABS/MATLAB

 0.2059 0.3331
V = 
 0.3331 0.2059 

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Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues based on ETABS/MATLAB

L=phi'*M*[1;1] Mtotal = 3.52^2+0.83^2 = 13.0793

L = -3.5148
-0.8297 Mass participating mass ratio= 3.52^2/(13.08)*100=94.3%

1.0 0 
m= 
 0 1.0 

 1.343 
= 
 2.172 
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