Manual Interpretación Mapas - WEB-1

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ORIGINAL PEOPLES AND
AFRODESCENTS OF NICARAGUA
ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS
Credits
Coordinator and technical team Funding sources

MSc. Mark Williamson The process of consensus and updating of the national map of indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples was
MSc. Maria Jose Mendoza carried out with the financial support of IUCN, URACCAN and APRODIN. The final phase of updating, editing and
Engineer Luis Valerio printing this Manual and Map was carried out with the financial contribution of IBIS Denmark through the
Licda. Rachel Garcia Management of the Empowerment of Civil Society in Central America Program (GESCCA).
MSc. Victor del Cid
Lic. Javier Mendoza
Engineer Walter Castro
Ing. Rudy Salas Clarifications
Technical Edition
MSc. Victor del Cid
The basic
teeth criterion for the
of Nicaragua is preparation of the
that of use and map of Indigenous
occupation. and
In the case ofAfro-descendant
the land areas ofterritories
the
Caribbean Coast, information from the 23 territories titled until 2016 was used. , and
Graphic Edition
For the marine area the main criterion was traditional use. The criteria for the 22 Pue-
Eng. Francisco Saballos
Originating in the Pacific, Central and North is the perception of current possession, use and
occupation of the Land, protected by royal titles, remeasured titles, certificates and public
records of these collective properties.
The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of its authors. Its
content does not necessarily reflect the opinion of IBIS Denmark.
Recognitions and thanks
Thisparticipation
Manual and andthe mapsofwere
support preparedand
the indigenous thanks
Afro- to the
descendant territorial governments of the Caribbean Coast
and the formal and traditional authorities members of the Council
of Indigenous Peoples of the Pacific, Central and North of
Nicaragua who contributed their valuable knowledge. To the
URACCAN university, which coordinated the first phase of this
exercise, and especially to the IUCN, which kindly supported the
preparation of the map of indigenous peoples, natural ecosystems
and protected areas of Central America and which has provided
the GIS database, the initial platform for the preparation of the
document. To the institutions and organizations: APRODIN,
CONADETI, MARENA (SINIA) and INAFOR for their contributions and information provided.
INDEX
Acronyms and Acronyms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
I. Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
II. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
III. GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
IV. ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE ORIGINARY PEOPLES AND
AFRODESCENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven
4.1. Geomorphology of Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven
4.1.1 Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven
4.1.2. The Pacific, Central and North. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.3. Demography of Native Peoples and Afro-descendants. . . . . 13
4.1.4 The multiethnic nature of Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.5 Profile of the Native Peoples and Afro-descendants of the
Caribbean coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Miskitu people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Sumu-Mayangna people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Mayagna Ulwa people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Rama Town. . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Afro-descendant Peoples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Creole people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Garifuna people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.6 Governance institutions on the Caribbean Coast. . . . . . . . . . . twenty
Community governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . twenty-one
4.1.7 Profile of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Central and North. . . . . 24
Native peoples of Chorotega, Nahoa, Xiu-Sutiaba and Matagalpa descent 25
Identity elements of the native peoples of the Pacific, Central and North. . 27
4.1.8 Governance institutions in the Pacific, Central and North. . . . 30

V. The cartography and ethnomapping . . . . . . . . . . . 31

process. 5.1 cartography and ethnomapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2 The preparation of the 2015 ecosystem map. . 31 . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 The map of marine ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.4 The information layer on protected areas in
Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.5 Coastal areas. . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SAW. Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.1 The Territories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.2 Natural Ecosystems of Indigenous Territories and
Afro-descendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.2.1 Coniferous forests. . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2 Broadleaf Forests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.2.3 Areas without natural vegetation. . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.4 Forest cover vs. areas without natural vegetation for each TI. . 40
6.2.5 The ecosystems found in indigenous territories and
Afro-descendants of Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.3 Marine Ecosystems. 6.4 Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Four. Five
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Four. Five
VII. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.1 Maps, an instrument to strengthen Governance
and Public Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
VIII. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.1 Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.2 Laws and Decrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.3 Web Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

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Acronyms and Acronyms
AMASAU Awas Tigni Mayagnina Sauni Umani INIDE National Institute for Development Information
APPRODIN INRA Nicaraguan Institute of Agrarian Reform

Association of Promoters and Defenders of Rights
Indigenous people of Nicaragua
IPILC Institute for Linguistics Promotion and Research and
BICU Bluefields Indian & Caribbean University Cultural Revitalization
BOSAWAS Bocay, Saslaya, Waspuk MAGFOR Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
CONADETI National Territorial Demarcation Commission MARENA Ministry of the Environment Natural Resources
AVE Autonomous Regional Council ILO International Labor Organization
CIDT Intersectoral Territorial Demarcation Commission OTR Rural Titling Office
UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights PGR Attorney General's Office
FADCANIC RACCN North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region

Foundation for the Autonomy and Development of the Coast
Nicaraguan Caribbean
RACCS Southern Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region
GTI Indigenous Territorial Government
SINAP National System of Protected Areas
GTR–K Kriol Branch Territorial Government
YOU
Indigenous Territories
INAFOR National Forestry Institute
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
INEC Nicaraguan Institute of Statistics and Census
URACCAN University of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast
INETER Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies Nicaraguan
06 | ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS
I. Presentation
TheAfro-descendant,
unit of analysisits
ofnatural
this document is and
ecosystems the protected
Indigenous Territory and
areas,
which are the layers or themes that are analyzed in the maps. The Terri -
torium is defined in Law 445 as the geographical space that covers the entire
place where a group of indigenous or ethnic communities lives that make up
a territorial unit where they develop, according to their customs and traditions.
When indigenous and Afro-descendant communities talk about their lands
and territories, they express that for them it is the main legacy of their
ancestors, the beginning and the end, the place where everything that is
needed to live is found.
The territory is water, trees, fauna, flowers, medicine, the place of sacred
sites, where they hope to remain forever.
Mayangnas, Ulwas Miskitus, Ramas, Creoles and Garifunas, on the

Caribbean Coast; Chorotegas, Nahoas, Sutiabas and Matagalpas in the
Pacific, Central and North. Native Peoples and Afro-descendants conceive
their vital space or territory in different ways; for these native peoples, it is the
extensive space of land and water with its varied and rich natural resources,
where their communities with their own life, identity, language, culture are
found. , their own governance structure and where they live according to their
worldview and spirituality. Basis of this way of life is harmony with nature.
race, therefore, respect for Mother Earth is one of the principles that is learned
from childhood.
The territory is the space where traditional knowledge related to the

land, the rational use of natural resources, forms of social organization,
resolution of community public order issues and administration of justice are
preserved and developed .
hS
ola
ra:rozatag d P
E
Inc. The territory also has an economic aspect; Indigenous and Afro-
descendant people plant the land, fish on the coasts and in
ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS | 07
I. Presentation
rivers, extract wood, hunt in the forest, pan gold, make crafts. Governance by the People and their authorities; to the National Strategy to
The territory is a sacred place for the living beings that live in it, and Reduce Deforestation in a process of dialogue and efforts aimed at finding
everything that exists in it has a material and spiritual meaning. viable solutions for Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendants.
Since 1986, when a new Political Constitution was promulgated, the

State of Nicaragua recognizes the multiethnic nature of the country, the Knowing the material and intangible heritage that the Indigenous and
existence of Indigenous and Afro-descendant Peoples and their right to Afro-descendant Territories possess is essential to continue this wonderful
maintain and develop their identity, culture and organization. It also exploration of the harmonious cultural thought of those who have offered us
recognizes the right to communal ownership of land and establishes the a unique space for historical reflection and the opportunity to also stimulate
Autonomy regime for the Caribbean Coast. other knowledge and challenges not yet known. discovered by the craft of
language, research and its notable divergences and borders of culture,
An important milestone in the life of the Indigenous Peoples and ethnicities and education. This is not a mission accomplished, it is just a
Afro-descendants of the Caribbean is the promulgation of a law for the relevant aspect of what remains to be done, said and expressed. This is the
demarcation and titling of their territories in response to their historical dimension of many challenges to be concluded in which the authorities and
demands. The process began in 2003, and they were titled until this year. the people are involved.
As of 2016, 23 territories that represent approximately 54.7% of the
Caribbean Coast. In the case of the Pacific, Central and Northern Region of
the country, the Native Peoples are in a process of recovering their identity
based on the historical rights of their territories and their organizational structures.
The territories of use, occupation and titled territories of Nicaraguan Justo Ruiz Garcia High Hooker Blandford
indigenous and Afro-descendant groups represent approximately 32% of the Coordinator Rector
total surface of the country. PCyN National Council URACCAN University
This document summarizes an intense and participatory process of

ethnomapping that allowed scientific and traditional knowledge to be Isidro Diaz Gomez Sergio Pivaral Leiva
systematized . The information on the Indigenous and Afro-descendant President Country Director
Territories of Nicaragua has the purpose of contributing to the strengthening and exercise of APPRODIN IBIS in Nicaragua
II. INTRODUCTION
The current map is divided into four main themes: 1) Indigenous Zones,
ThisNicaragua.
document entitled Native
Ethnography, Natural Peoples and
Ecosystems andAfro-descendants
Protected Areas, of 2) Protected Areas, 3) Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems and 4), some
is based on the update of the Map of Indigenous Territories, Protected species of fauna that are iconic in the world and that are threatened or in
Areas and Natural Ecosystems of Nicaragua that illustrates, determines, danger of extinction.
defines and updates the map of indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica
developed by National Geographic and the University of the Autonomous In order to maintain coherence with the 2002 National Geographic map,
Regions of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast - URACCAN - in 2002. There the theme of terrestrial and marine ecosystems remained basically the same
were months of dialogue, workshops, meetings and focus groups with Native criteria; On the other hand, as part of the methodological process, the
Peoples and Afro-descendants and collection of official information that was corresponding government agencies were asked to provide details and
carried out by national researchers in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras , evidence on the official use of the land and protected areas in order to
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Belize, with the coordination of IUCN visualize the changes that have occurred since the time that has passed
and the advice of Dr. Mac Chapin, precursor of ethnomapping in Mesoamerica. until the last map. . Hence, the protected areas indicated are those that have
been officially registered by the Government of Nicaragua.
The update project began in April 2014, sponsored by the International In the case of land use (terrestrial ecosystems), we worked from the official
Union for Conservation of Nature - IUCN - with URACCAN as its national map of land uses and forests of Nicaragua dating from October 2015; This
counterpart, an initiative motivated by the common interest of updating the layer was reclassified into seven different categories, from natural
information of all layers (Territories, Forests, Protected Areas), included in environments such as broadleaf forests, conifers, pine savannahs, and
the first map. wetlands to areas without natural vegetation that are identified as areas of
anthropogenic uses.
The process of collecting data concerning the use made by indigenous
peoples of the lands they occupy was carried out with exhaustive To establish the relationship between the natural environments, the
consultation with different indigenous peoples, in coordination with traditional areas designated for conservation and the indigenous and Afro-descendant
and formal authorities . Consultation workshops were held in different territories of Nicaragua, using the Geographic Information System – GIS –
indigenous peoples of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean and an overlay of the different layers of ecosystems, protected areas and
Pacific, Central and Northern Coasts to learn about their vision of the nature territories was carried out . The main findings show that indigenous territories
and use of the land, as well as its ownership and ownership. The objective in Nicaragua represent 32% of the country's total area; In the Autonomous
of this consultation was to define the nature and extent of land use rather Regions of the Caribbean Coast, until 2016, 23 titled territories are confirmed,
than solely providing information on land ownership or ownership . which is equivalent to 54.7% of the Caribbean Coast.
II. Introduction
III. GOALS
Regarding the list of Protected Areas, 72 protected

areas have been established, of which 37 are indigenous This consensus
document has
tothe purpose ofgovernance
strengthen contributing to
in the
thedialogue
People'sprocesses and
Territories
and Afro-descendant territories . Likewise, in Nicaragua, Natives and Afro-descendants of Nicaragua, with the active participation of men,
according to the Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies women and youth of the communities, with a view to achieving development with
(INETER: 2015), there are 44,910. 24 km2 of forests, of identity, Good Living, based on the conservation and sustainable use of natural
which 23,049.9 are located in indigenous and Afro- ecosystems and protected areas. Likewise, fulfill the objective of providing scientific and
descendant territories, and represents 51.3% of the traditional information on the use of land and its potential. Another objective is that the
national forest cover. application of this cognitive technical resource contributes to strengthening shared
management practices of protected areas in indigenous territories of the Caribbean
Coast, and co-management in the Pacific, Central and North
The recognition of these realities must serve to

promote dialogues between the indigenous and Afro- Among the main recipients of this tool for participatory territorial planning in
descendant peoples themselves, and between them and indigenous and Afro-descendant communities are the following institutions and people:
the environmental and regional authorities of Nicaragua;
dialogues to develop models of participatory governance
of protected areas throughout the country. Likewise, this • Communal and Territorial Governments of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean
data can contribute to the fulfillment of other protection Coast and the Special Regime Zone of Alto Wangki-Bocay.
objectives and international environmental regulations , • Councils of Elders and Administrative Boards of Peoples
as well as those related to the effective application of Originating from the Pacific, Central and North.
the rights granted to indigenous and tribal peoples, • Intercultural community universities of the Caribbean Coast.
including Convention No. 169. of the ILO, the International • Public and Private Universities.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial • Educational Centers throughout the country.
Discrimination (CERD); the rulings and recommendations • Municipal, regional and national government bodies.
of the Court and the Inter-American Commission on • National and international scientific community.
Human Rights (IACHR), the United Nations Declaration • International Cooperation Organizations.
on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Convention on
Biological Diversity and several of its protocols and
guidelines.
IV. ETHNOGRAPHY OF ORIGINAL AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES
4.1. Geomorphology of Nicaragua
Due to its geological, climatological and ecological characteristics, Nicaragua

is divided into three Natural Regions: The Pacific Region, comprised of the
southwestern part of the country; the Central Region, formed by the Segovian Massif,
geologically the oldest soils in the country. The Caribbean Region, formed by an
extensive plain that descends from the Central Plateau to the Caribbean coast, which
extends under the waters of the Caribbean Sea, forming the continental shelf of
Nicaragua.
4.1.1 Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast
The area of the Autonomous Regions includes the Caribbean Coast, located on the
great Atlantic plain with 551 km of coastal coastline; a plain comprised by the lower
RACCN
course of the Coco or Wangki River to the north, the Punta Gorda River to the south,
with an extensive network of navigable rivers, among which are the Wawa, Kukalaya,
Prinzapolka, Grande de Matagalpa and the Escondido.
This plain extends into the mountainous sector of the center of the country.
In addition to the mouths of the large rivers on the Caribbean coast, there are
RACCS
important formations, bays and wetlands that contribute to the development of aquatic
fauna. The region has large areas of humid tropical forests of enormous significance
for their economic potential and for the conservation of the ecosystem and biodiversity,
which are of great nutritional, commercial and scientific value. It also has the most
important gold deposits in the country, which are located in the municipalities of Siuna,
Bonanza and Rosita, known as the Mining Triangle.
ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS | eleven
IV. ETHNOGRAPHY OF ORIGINAL AND AFRICAN DESCENT PEOPLES | 4.1. Geomorphology of Nicaragua
The North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCN) and the For the territories and communities of Alto Wangki-Bocay, the Government of
South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCS) have an area of Reconciliation and National Unity issued Decree No. 19-2008, published in La
59,566 km², equivalent to 43 percent of the country's land area. Gaceta No. 83 of May 5, 2008, declaring a Special Development Regime for three
indigenous territories. located in the Upper Wangki and Bocay basin: Mayangna
The North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region has an area of 32,159 km². Sauni Bu, Miskitu Indian Tasbaika Kum and Kipla Sait Tasbaika, with a territorial
The territory includes the adjacent islands and keys (Cayos Miskitos). area of 2,735 km2 . With this Decree,
The population of the RACCN is multicultural, Miskitos, Sumu-Mayangnas, Creoles a new Miskitu and Mayangna indigenous jurisdiction of the Upper Wangki and
and mestizos live together in the different municipalities. Bokay Basin is created that integrates the Mayangn Sauni Bu, Miskitu
IndianTasbaika Kum and Kipla Sait Tasbaika territories, composed of 67 Indigenous
The South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region has an area of 27,407 km². Communities and more than 28 thousand inhabitants, with administrative
Its territory also includes the adjacent Islands and Cays, among which are Corn headquarters in the Community of San Andrés de Bocay.
Island, Little Corn Island and Pearl Cays. Its limits are: To the north with the North
Atlantic Autonomous Region; to the East, with the Caribbean Sea; to the South,
with the Department of Río San Juan and, to the West, with the Department of 4.1.2. The Pacific, Central and North
Chontales. The region is home to the largest number of Afro-descendant
populations (Creoles and Garifunas) in Nicaragua; there is also an indigenous The Pacific Region is flat, separated by a line of active volcanoes located parallel
Ulwa, Rama, Miskitu, and mestizo population in the region, which is the majority. to the Pacific coast between the Gulf of Fonseca
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and Lake Cocibolca. It was the first to be exploited and where most of the country's with a height of 2,107 meters above sea level and the Kilambé hill with 1,750
population is. meters above sea level. It comprises three subregions: the Segovian plateau, the
stepped mesas and interior plains, and the mountain ranges and intervening river
It is located in the western part of Nicaragua, with an area of 18,555 km² valleys. The Segoviana, Dariense and Chontaleña mountain ranges are made up
(excluding Lakes Xolotlán and Cocibolca), and occupies 15.4% of the national of a set of aligned hills, fillets and ridges that stand out from the valleys, plains and
territory. The limits of the region are: to the west and southwest, the Pacific Ocean; plains because they are made up of very hard rocks.
to the east and northeast, the departments of the Interior Region (Nueva Segovia,
Madriz, Jinotega, Matagalpa, Boaco and Chontales); to the north, the Gulf of The central region has an abundance of water sources and is the place where
Fonseca and the Republics of El Salvador and Honduras; to the southeast, the the Coco or Wangki River and the Grande de Matagalpa River are born; It has
Republic of Costa Rica. mineral resources such as gold and silver in the municipalities of Murra, El Jicaro
and Macuelizo and the Santo Domingo branch and also has coniferous forests and
From northwest to southeast, the region is crossed in its middle part and a variety of forest resources. (Incer, 2003: 8.-58)
throughout its entire length by a chain of volcanoes, including San Cristóbal with
1,745 meters high, Momotombo with 1,191 meters, Mombacho with 1,222 meters In the Pacific, Central and North region, the indigenous Chorotegas of the
and Concepción. with 1,610 meters. To the north are extensive plains that separate Pacific, Chorotegas of the West, Chorotegas of the Center and Chorotegas of the
the Pacific Ocean mountain range and the Horno Mountain Range. North live; The Nahoa and the Xiu Sutiaba also in the Pacific and the Matagalpa in
Big. the north. These are the four ancestors that live in 22 towns where they maintain
their own forms of organization and traditional use of natural resources.
The regional hydrography is characterized by the presence of small rivers ,
among them: the Río Negro and the Estero Real, which flow into the Gulf of
Fonseca; and the Tamarindo, Soledad and Brito rivers, in the Pacific Ocean. The
Region has two lakes: Lake Nicaragua or Cocibolca, with an area of 8,264 km² and 4.1.3. Town Demographics
an elevation of 31 meters above sea level, and Lake Managua or Xolotlán, which Native and Afro-descendant
occupies an area of 1,040 km².
Nicaragua has an area of 130,375 km², including lakes and lagoons.
With an elevation of 39 meters above sea level and a depth of no more than Its geopolitical division is organized into 15 departments, 2 autonomous regions.
30 meters. It has high quality soils, especially in the Departments of León and According to the VIII Population Census and IV Housing Census of 2005, the
Chinandega, which are the departments with the greatest irrigation potential due to national population is 5,142,098 people, with a population density of 42.7 inhabitants/
their groundwater basins. km².
The Central Region covers an area of approximately 42,400 km², forming a The native and Afro-descendant population of the Caribbean Coast is 158,617
series of stepped plateaus, cut by basins of important rivers. The heights of these people. The majority indigenous people of the Caribbean Coast are the Mis-Kitu,
plateaus range from 600 meters in the upper course of the Coco River, to 200 with an estimated population of 120,817 people; followed by the Sumu-Mayangna
meters in front of the San Juan River, passing through mountains of relative height, people, with 9,756 people; the Rama town with 4,185 inhabitants and the Ulwa
among which the Mogotón Hill stands out. town with 698. The Creole population totals 19,890 people and the Garifunas are
3,271.
In the Pacific, Central and North region, the native population is stimulated without discrimination to produce wealth and all of them within
made up of 92,304 people and is 1.8% of the national population. The their free functioning must fulfill a social function.
largest population is the Chorotega, with 46,002 people; Next are the
Matagalpa with 15,240; the Xiu-sutiaba with 19,949 and the Nahoas, The Art. 8 of the Constitution reaffirms the multiculturalism of Nicaragua and the
with 11,113 members. common history with the rest of the countries that made up the Central American
Federation until 1838:
4.1.4 The multiethnic nature of Nicaragua Article 8. The people of Nicaragua are multiethnic in nature and an integral
part of the Central American nation.
The Political Constitution of the Republic recognizes in its articles 5, 8 and 89 the
multiethnic nature of Nicaragua; recognizes the existence of Native Peoples and Linguistic rights are adopted in article 11:
their right to maintain their identity and culture, have their own forms of social
organization, manage their local affairs and maintain communal forms of ownership Spanish is the official language of the State. The languages of the
of their lands. communities of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua will also have official use in
the cases established by law.
Article 5. The principles of the Nicaraguan nation are freedom, justice,
respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, On September 7, 1987, the National Assembly of the Republic of Nicaragua
recognition of indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples of their own identity approved Law No. 28 – Statute of the Autonomy of the Regions of the Atlantic Coast
within a unitary State and indivisible, the recognition of different forms of of Nicaragua. This Statute establishes the Regime of Autonomy of the Regions
property, free international cooperation, respect for the free self-determination where the Communities of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua live and recognizes the
of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, solidarity practices, and the rights and duties that correspond to its inhabitants, in accordance with the Political
values and ideals of Nicaraguan culture and identity. Constitution.
The right of the communities of the Caribbean Coast to communal ownership of

The State recognizes the existence of indigenous and Afro-descendant land is endorsed in Art. 89:
peoples, who enjoy the rights, duties and guarantees set forth in the
Constitution and, especially, those of maintaining and developing their Article 89. The communities of the Caribbean Coast are an indissoluble
identity and culture, having their own forms of social organization and part of the Nicaraguan people and as such enjoy the same rights and
administering your local affairs; as well as maintaining the communal forms have the same obligations.
of ownership of their lands and the enjoyment, use and enjoyment, all in
accordance with the Law. For the communities of the Caribbean Coast, the The communities of the Caribbean Coast have the right to preserve and
autonomy regime is established in this Constitution. develop their cultural identity in national unity; provide themselves with their
own forms of social organization and manage their local affairs in accordance
The different forms of property: public, private, associative, cooperative , with their traditions.
community, communal, family and mixed must be guaranteed and
odheaP
r:eosdtiw LJ
The State recognizes the communal forms of land ownership of the Nicaraguan policy, which guarantees the indigenous peoples and ethnic communities
communities of the Caribbean Coast. It also recognizes the enjoyment, use of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua the effectiveness of their forms of communal property.
and enjoyment of the waters and forests of its communal lands.
To legalize the communal ownership of the lands and territories that have Law 445 establishes the criteria for shared management of protected areas located
traditionally been occupied by the indigenous peoples and ethnic communities of the on indigenous communal lands:
Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, on December 13, 2002, Law 445, Law of the Communal
Property Regime of the Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Communities of the Autonomous Article 28. The Management Plan for protected areas on ethnic
Regions of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua and the Bocay, Coco, Indio and Maíz indigenous communal lands will be made jointly with the indigenous
Rivers. This Law came into force on January 23, 2003, and published in the Official communities involved and MARENA, for which the forms of traditional
Gazette. This law complies with article 180 of the Constitution use of natural resources used by the communities will be taken into account. communities.
fifteen
ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS |
4.1.5 Profile of the Indigenous and Afro-descendant

Peoples of the Caribbean Coast
Miskitu People
Along with the Mayangna and Rama peoples, the Miskitu belong to the broad macro-
Chibcha linguistic category. The current Miskitu people are the product of the mixing of
Miskitu Amerindians with Europeans and African slaves, thus generating a
transformation of their phenotype. This town is located on the Northern Caribbean
Coast, from Cabo Gracias a Dios in the North, to the mouth of San Juan de Bocay,
mainly on the banks of the Wankgí or Coco river (municipality of Waspám), on the coast
from Cabo Gracias to God to the Barra del Río Grande de Matagalpa (including the
coastal strip of the municipalities of Waspám, Puerto Cabezas and Prinzapolka).
Also, in the Tasba Raya sector in the municipality of Waspám, and in the northern and
southern plains of the municipality of Puerto Cabezas.
There are Miskitu communities around the mining communities of Siuna, Rosita
and Bonanza, and on the banks of the main rivers of the Northeast Atlantic. (Fadcanic:
2010)
The Miskitu maintain their own language, customs, form of organization and their
own methods of agricultural and livestock production, and in some cases artisanal
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mining or güirisería stands out. They practice a subsistence economy, based mainly on
the cultivation of basic grains, cocoa, musaceae, livestock and other species.
simple life of hunters and gatherers. Currently they are dedicated to subsistence
agriculture, hunting and fishing. According to the writings of Conzemius (1932), the
Sumu-Mayangna Village Sumu Mayangna possibly constituted one of the most numerous peoples in Central
America in the colonial period, currently four ethnolinguistic groups are identified:
The Mayangnas are also descendants of the Chibchas. The Mayangna people are a Panamahka, Twahka, Yusku and Ulwa. The Sumu-Mayangna communities are settled
minority population within the ethnic groups of the North Atlantic; (Fadcanic: 2010) It is on the banks of the largest rivers on the Caribbean Coast and the most important in the
unknown how long there has been a Sumu-Mayangna presence in Nicaragua and RACCN, such as the Waspuk, Wawa, Uliwas or headwaters of Prinzapolka, Umrawás,
particularly on the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast. Their culture has been determined by Walakwás or Lakus, Bambana, Amak- Bocay, all of which flow into
the rivers, mountains and jungles, managing to develop a
the Caribbean Sea of Nicaragua. They are organized politically-administratively Rama Town
in territories and communities, with a coordination body called the Government
of the Sumu-Mayangna Nation. The composition of the Sumu - Mayangna The Rama are direct descendants of the Voto aborigines and other Chibcha-
nation is made up of the following Territories: speaking Indo-American groups that at the time of the Spanish conquest
dispersedly populated the Southeast of Nicaragua and the Northeast of Costa Rica.
1. Mayangna Sauni As
2. Mayangna Sauni Bu The Rama people have their ancestral territory south of Bluefields. It
3. Mayangna Sauni Bas includes the island of Rama Kay, Punta Gorda and Monkey Point. Its territory
4. Mayangna Sauni Arungka has an area of 4,842.56 km2 . Its population is approximately 4,185
5. Mayangna Sauni Tuahka inhabitants, equivalent to 1.7% of the total population of the Region distributed
6. Mayangna Awastingni in six communities: Rama Cay, Wiring Cay, Sumu Kaat, Tiktik Kaanu
7. Mayangna Sauni Umra Bangkukuk , Indian River. The most populated is the community of Rama Cay,
8. Mayangna Sauni Walakwas located on a small island within the Bluefields lagoon. Among their economic
9. Mayangna Sauni Karawala practices is artisanal fishing, combined with subsistence agriculture and
harvesting. Their language is in danger of extinction, although in recent years a
The Mayangna ethnic group still preserves its ancestral native language quite dynamic cultural revitalization process has been promoted based on the
(sumu-mayangna ), its customs and cultural traditions. The forms of production fight for their territorial rights,
of the Mayangna communities are based on fishing, hunting and survival
agriculture. Occasionally they sell their labor force and also their crafts made of
tunu (rubber stick).
Mayagna Ulwa Village
The Ulwa people are located in the RACCS, in the communities of Kara and
Karawala, which are also home to some people from the Miskitu, Creole and
Garífuna people, as well as Chinese descendants. The majority have adopted
the Miskitu language as well as many customs and traditions of this people, but
recently they have undertaken the revitalization of the Ulwa culture and
language . The most precise population data comes from the community
diagnosis carried out by the National Demarcation and Titling Commission
(CONADETI, 2005.)
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Karawala is the main community of the Ulwa people and where its largest
population is located. This community belongs to the municipality of Desemboca-
dura del Río Grande.
According to the PADA1 of the Rama Kriol territorial government, the principles Communal, and all are obliged to act in accordance with the provisions of the “Statute
that govern the government and administration of the Rama and Kriol territory are of the Rama and Kriol Territory”.
democracy , autonomy, multiethnicity, multiculturalism, self-determination, solidarity,
equity, respect for the memory of our ancestors, not discrimination due to religious Communal autonomy and territorial autonomy are compatible. The Territorial
beliefs, development of the territory, unity and constant communication between Statute of the Rama and Kriol Territory indicates the different powers of both authorities.
communities.
The Rama and Kriol communities make up an inter-ethnic territory founded on the
historical alliances between the population of the Rama people and the Kriol communities Afro-descendant Peoples
south of Bluefields. They are governed in accordance with their own traditions and
customs and based on their self-determination.
Creole Village
The Rama and Kriol territory is organized into two levels of government with
complementary powers: a) the Rama and Kriol territorial government (GTR-K), with Its origins date back to the end of the 16th century, with the arrival of Europeans and
differentiated legal personality and jurisdiction over the entire inter-ethnic territory, and Africans to the Caribbean Coast and their interaction with the Amerindian population.
b) the governments of the indigenous and ethnic communities that make up the territory. The Creoles settled mainly in the area of Bluefields, Pearl Lagoon and Corn Island. In
the Northern Caribbean, this group is currently concentrated mostly in the capital city
of Bilwi (municipality of Puerto Cabezas), but there is also a good number of Creole
The GTR-K is the territorial authority. It represents the 9 communities, administers families settled in the mining sector of the region (Siuna, Bonanza and Rosita). .
the territory and is the executive body of the Territorial Assembly. It is made up of 18
members, two per community, chosen from among the members of the communal
authority. It has a President, who legally represents the GTR-K, and a group of directors
(president, vice-president, 1. secretary, 2. secretary-treasurer, fiscal, 1. member, 2.
member and members) designated by internal election from among its members.
The Territorial Assembly constitutes the highest instance of territorial government

and is the meeting of communal authorities gathered to make decisions on matters
specific to the territory in accordance with Law 445 and the Statute of the Rama and
Kriol Territory. The GTR-K has Committees created by the Territorial Assembly in
accordance with its needs and possibilities and maintains various coordination bodies
with official institutions. Each of the 9 communities is governed by an Internal Regulation
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Autonomous plan for the development and administration of the Rama and Kriol territory (PADA)
The Creoles preserve their Kriol2 language ; They mainly practice

the Moravian and Anglican religion. Its main economic activities are
fishing and agriculture; A significant number is dedicated to qualified
work in State institutions and private companies.
The total Creole population on the Caribbean Coast is estimated at about 18,890
people. More than 50.0% of this total resides in the city of Bluefields. In the municipal
seats of Corn Island, Laguna de Perlas and Bilwi (Puerto Cabezas), there are also
important centers of Creole population.
Garifuna People
The Garífuna or “Black Caribbean” communities are of Arawak origin and language,
they come from the mixture of the Igneri (Arawakos) who inhabited the Islands of Saint
Vincent (Yuruméina) and Dominica and the Kallinagu (or Caribbean) of Guyana.
Caribbean or Galibi, whose language was from the Kallina family. They are mainly
dedicated to fishing and agriculture, although remittances sent by migrants have
become one of the main sources of family income. The Nicaraguan Garífuna live in the
Laguna de Perlas Basin, Orinoco and other surrounding communities in the Southern
Caribbean. The Gariganu (plural of Garifuna) live in communities located along the
Caribbean Coast of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, in a multinational
territory that they consider their Related Territory. With the establishment of networks
between these countries, the Garífuna have experienced an important process of
cultural revitalization, which includes the recovery and reaffirmation of the language
and other cultural practices. (Sambola, 2009).
Garifuna communities have an institutional system of cooperation

and community organization, structured around a common good.
2
There are two perspectives to refer to the language of the Creole people; Some
linguists use the name Kriol as their native language, however, other people linked
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to the academic environment maintain that the Creole language is Creole English.
Officially, the word Creole is used to refer to the people, and Kriol to name their
language.
articulated in their historical demands as a people. This institutional model is based

on the family and, in a broader concept, on the community. Social relationships and
ties include those established as a member of the community and extended family
relationships and community relationships, on a smaller scale. The common good
is the cohesive and organizing element of the community cooperation system, it is
inclusive and governed by the principle of equality and social equity that strengthen
associative relationships based on trust, solidarity, reciprocity and belonging.
The search for the common good is also linked to the protection and appropriate
use of the heritage and ecosystem that guarantees economic, social, cultural and
community reproduction (UNDP 2005).
In Garifuna communities the main traditional authority is the judge.

Local leaders are responsible for compliance with and respect for these norms and
intervene when transgression of the principles and norms affect the community
social order. (Sambola, 2009).
4.1.6 Governance institutions on the Caribbean Coast
oA
NAC:C hU
toR P
As a result of the process of autonomy, recognition and exercise of rights, Native
Peoples and Afro-descendants have strengthened their rearticulation, reconstituting
traditional indigenous territories in order to protect territories and natural resources
against the advance of the agricultural frontier, migration to the regions autonomous, Territorial Demarcation and Titling. 2) The municipal, recognized and regulated by
the delivery of supplementary titles and the granting of permits and concessions on Law 40 of municipal autonomy, which establishes that the municipalities of the
natural resources in communal territories. The government of these territories Autonomous Regions are governed by both Law 40 and the Law of Autonomy. 3)
corresponds to territorial authorities elected by the territorial assembly. The regional level, established in Law 28 of Autonomy, and.
4) The national level that is governed by the Political Constitution of Nicaragua.
The territorial assembly is the highest authority of the territory and is convened
according to the procedures established by the group of communities that make up Law 445, in its Art. 3, paragraph 5, defines the Territorial Authority (Indigenous
the territorial unit. Territorial Government) as follows:
In the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast and in the Special Zone of It is the intercommunal authority, elected in an assembly of traditional
Development of the Alto-Wangki-Bocay, a government system composed of four communal authorities that represents a set of indigenous or ethnic
levels of government operates: 1) The community and territorial, recognized by the communities that form a territorial unit, an election that will be carried out
Political Constitution, Law 28 (Statute of Autonomy) and Law 445 of in accordance with the procedures that are adopted.
twenty
| ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS
The government of a territory is exercised by the territorial authorities tration of justice, community organization and health established and respected
elected by the Territorial Assembly, it is the highest authority and is convened in the communities. The most important leaders are the following:
according to the established procedures (internal statutes of each territory) by
all the communities that comprise it. Representatives of each community Communal or territorial judge (Wihta/Wistah)
participate with voice and vote in the Territorial Assembly.
• Resolves and carries out prior mediations extrajudicially, especially
The Community Council: It is made up of the community authorities and in cases where the law allows it3 .
its function is to make urgent decisions that are the responsibility of the • Provides follow-up and controls the cases it handles through prior mediation,
community . This Community Council is chaired by the Council of or extrajudicially, which are recorded in a book of minutes.
Community Elders who convenes the ordinary Community Assembly. • Resolves cases of robbery, theft, insults, slander, threats, minor damage to
property, quarrels or fights, disrespect for communal and territorial
The Communal Assembly: Constitutes the highest authority of the indigenous authorities and some cases of rape, cattle rustling or witchcraft. Crimes
and ethnic communities. The legal representation of the communities involving adults are referred to ordinary courts, the Police or the Public
corresponds to the communal authorities . The community assembly is the Ministry.
meeting of all the native people of the community and those who assume to be • This communal or territorial judge imposes sanctions according to customary
part of it, by their own acceptance and express recognition of the community, law, such as the performance of communal works, fines, return of what
according to their customs and traditions. was stolen, repair of damage caused and sometimes even expulsion from
the territory.
The Territorial Assembly: It is the highest authority of the territory and is • Can act as an authority on family issues, such as celebrating marriages and
convened according to the procedures established by the set of communities dealing with issues related to separation, ensuring the harmony of the
that make up the territorial unit. indigenous family4 .
Community governance
The community is the most characteristic traditional autonomous space for

indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples. It is made up of the government 3
According to the new Penal Code, Law No. 641, which was approved on November
structures over the main aspects of community life: justice, spiritual life and
13, 2007, official positive law must coordinate with community judges when imposing
economic, social and cultural reproduction. This role is assumed in indigenous penalties for crimes and misdemeanors committed by members of Indigenous Peoples.
communities by the councils of elders, the ditalyang, sukias, buyeis, healers, and Ethnic Communities of the Atlantic Coast, within the communities and among
midwives and communal judges [wihta (miskitu) /wistah (mayangna)]. Decisions community members, does not exceed the sentence of five years in prison. In these
cases the victim has the right to choose the state justice system. Art. twenty.
are made in the community assembly.
4
The Family Code (Law 870) gives power to indigenous community judges to act as
authorities in family matters, which is established in Art. 4. “In the case of indigenous
At the community level there is also the trustee who is responsible for the
and Afro-descendant peoples,” the authorities Territorial and communal authorities will
community for relations with the non-indigenous world in terms of aspects linked also be competent and will be governed by particular regulations in accordance with
to the territory and its resources. They have ecological standards, administration customary, indigenous and Afro-descendant law.
ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS | twenty-one
Community or territorial trustee Table 1: Basic information on the indigenous and Afro-descendant territories of
the Caribbean Coast.
• Represents the territory together with the coordinator in relation to the care and
administration of communal assets, especially natural resources (wood). Do not give
Surface
Autonomous Region,
Communities Population Titled or by
Department, owner
• Signs agreements for the exploitation of natural resources with legal and natural persons. Municipality and Territory
(hectares)
It has the responsibility of caring for and conserving the forest and fauna.
North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region
• Authorizes community members to extract wood for domestic use, when they are going to
Waspam Municipality
build or repair housing. Likewise when communal houses, schools, clinics, or other
buildings for communal use are built. It keeps track of the hectares exploited for timber Wangki Maya Tasbaya 22 16,596 138,881.86
and reforested by people authorized to exploit it.
Wangki Twi–Tasba Raya twenty-one
18,117 162,181.60
Wangki Li Aubra Tasbaya 18 7,991 88,434.78

The communal or territorial Treasurer .
Li Lamni Tasbaika Kum 26 9,103 138,227.00
• Has the responsibility of keeping the money resulting from the sale or lease of any resource Kipla Sait Tasbaika Kum* 14 5,164 113,597.00
or communal property.
Awas Tingni Mayangnina
• The money resulting from the sale or rental of communal property must be kept in a bank 3 1,164 73,394.00
Sauni Umani (AMASAU)
account, using it when authorized by the territorial assembly. All expenses incurred
must be duly supported with invoices and documents. You must keep track of your Municipality of Puerto Cabezas
income and expenses using an account control book. He must render an account when
Tawira 17 15,829 304,425.03
the assembly requests it.
Ten Communities twenty-one
9,736 288,658.61
Karata 5 13,181 85,374.00

The communal or territorial Secretary .
Waupasa Twi 12
• Performs the activity of notary or notary, documenting the processes in a book of minutes,
Tasba Pri 29 8,484 147,425.00
also the discussions, agreements of the communal, territorial meetings and the territorial
or communal assemblies, to guarantee record of everything agreed upon by members Prinzapolka Municipality
of the structure, assemblies . territorial entities and legal entities in general.
Prinzu Awala 19 5,372 414,955.40
Prinzu Auhya Un 9
* This territory is part of the Alto Wangki/Bocay Special Zone.
Do not give
Surface
Autonomous Region,
Department, owner
Municipality and Territory
(hectares)
Bonanza Municipality
Mayangna Sauni As 16 10,000 163,810.00
Mayangna Sauni Arun-gka-

8 4,743 48,723.14
Matungbak
Municipality of Rosita
Tuahka 14 8,718 54,556.36
Municipality of Siuna
Mayangna Sauni Bas 1 870 43,241.4
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Southern Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region
Municipality of the Mouth of Río Grande and La Cruz de Río Grande
Awaltara Luphia Nani Tas-berry Do not give

Surface
16 7,753 241,000.00 Autonomous Region,
Department, owner
Municipality and Territory
Municipality of Laguna de Perlas (hectares)
Twelve indigenous and Afro- Jinotega Department

descendant communities in the
Alto Wangki-Bocay special zone
Laguna de 12 8,795 466,000.00
Pearls Municipality of Wiwili de Jinotega
Bluefields Municipality Miskito Indian Tasbaika

14 3,452 69,055.00
kum
Rama and Kriol Territory 35 1,936 484,256.00
Municipality of San José de Bocay
Black/Creole Territory
4 94,050.00
Bluefields Mayangna Sauni Bu 9 1,186 102,425.00
Source: Own elaboration based on data from CONADETI (2012-2015) and the diagnoses of the territories.
* This territory is part of the Alto Wangki/Bocay Special Zone.
4.1.7 Profile of the indigenous peoples

of the Pacific, Central and North
In the
22Pacific, Central
indigenous andwho
peoples Northern
identifyregions of the
themselves ascountry there
Chorotega are settled
descendants,
Nahoa, Xiu-Sutiaba and Matagalpa. These towns have their origins in pre-
Hispanic cultures. Its origins have not been defined by the limitation of primary
sources, but different studies of historical, linguistic approaches -
cos, archaeological and anthropological, have allowed the emergence of theories
that contribute to the construction of the origin and history of these populations.
In pre-Hispanic cultures there were groups of people speaking various

languages, to the extent that the Spanish were finding these po-
Blations identified them with the name of their chief or grouped them according
to the language they identified, this caused the pre-Hispanic populations to be
called with different names.
The Chorotegas were the first to arrive in Nicaragua from Mexico in several
waves of migration dating from the 7th to the 15th centuries.
According to Incer Barquero (1998:126), toponyms with similar etymological roots
were found both in Nicaragua and in the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, which res -
supports the hypothesis that the Chorotegas are originally from Southern Mexico.
This group was the most numerous upon the arrival of the Spanish compared to
other groups, which were settled on the Pacific coast in two large groups, the
first located on the northern shore of Lake Managua and the León plain up to the
ocean. peaceful, and the second from the meri shore -
5
dional from Lake Managua to the Pacific coast.
The Nahoas, also called Náhuas, Niquiranos or Nicaraos, arrived in

Nicaragua in three migratory waves between the 12th and 15th centuries. The
first migration came from Ticomega and Maguatega, two towns near Cholula
(Mexico), the second originated from the fall of Tula in
ivehaM
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5
Taken from the book “We Yes Exist” (2012:33)
Mexico and has links with the Toltecs and Chichimecas and the last migration of Mexica or Table 2: Basic information on the territories of the peoples of the Pacific and north-central
Aztec affiliation who settled on the isthmus of Rivas. areas of Nicaragua.
The Xiu-Sutiaba, also known as Maribios, are linguistically identified with the Hokano Indigenous Ancestry/
No. Municipality
People Department Region Population
group of California. It is assumed that they arrived in Nicaragua around the 11th century,
when they settled between Chinandega and León, in the territory known as Sutiaba. Nahoa Ancestry
San Juan del

1 Ostional
South
The Matagalpa appear in some texts such as Chontal-Matalgapa or Cacaoperas, and
are linked to migratory groups from the north and south of the continent. There is no San Jorge Nicarao-calí
2 Saint George
reference to the dates of the migrations, but archaeological-anthropological research on
the Matagalpa is currently being promoted, which will offer more scientific information as
3 Nagualapa Salt Flats Tola , 000
twenty
a contribution to elucidating their origin. Rivas

population
4 Veracruz del Zapotal Rivas
5 Nancimi Tola
Native people of Chorotega descent, Urbaite–Las pilas and its

6 High grace
Nahoa, Xiu-Sutiaba and Matagalpa hamlets
In the Pacific, Central and North of Nicaragua there are 22 peoples of the ancestry Pacific Chorotega Ancestry
lufecaeP
Chorotegas, Nahoas, Xiu-Sutiaba and Matagalpa, settled in 8 departments and 33 Masaya
municipalities, as presented in the following table: 7 Monimbo
The conception
68 , 000
Masaya Saint John of
8 Saint John of the East inhabit-
East you
9 Nindirí Nindirí
Xiu Ancestry
49 , 000
10 Sutiaba Lion Sutiaba inhabit-
you
Western Chorotega Ancestry

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Chinan- 5000
11 The Old Man The old
dega inhabitants
Indigenous Ancestry/ Indigenous Ancestry/

No. Municipality No. Municipality
People Department Region Population People Department Region Population
Matagalpa Ancestry Northern Chorotega Ancestry
Matagalpa New
16 Mozonte Mozonte
Segovia
Saint Dionysus
98 , 000 Telpaneca
San Ramon
12 Matagalpa inhabit- 17 Li Telpaneca San Juan del Río
aplagataM
The Dahlia you Coco
Terrabona 55 , 500
18 Saint Luke Saint lucas
htroN
They inhabit-
Esquipulas Saint Anthony of padua you
zirdaM
19 Somoto
retneC
Chorotega Ancestry of the Center
Sébaco Saint Joseph of

13 Sébaco 20 Cusmapa
Cusmapa
San Isidro
21 Santa Barbara Somoto
aplagataM
Very very
14 Very Very 22 Totogalpa Totogalpa
Matiguás 37,500
8 De- 333,000
Jinotega They inhabit-
22 indigenous peoples parta - 33 PCN municipalities
15 Jinotega Saint Mary of ments you
agetoniJ
Ghost
Source: Gabriela Olguín Martínez, Base study on the living conditions of the indigenous peoples of the
Pacific, Central and Northern Nicaragua, ILO (2006).
ivehaM
P
J
ivehaM
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azo:rodetno
azo:rodetno
According to the 2005 INIDE census, the indigenous population of these Identity elements of the native peoples of the Pacific, Central and North
regions is 92,304 inhabitants, but the towns claim that their population is higher.
According to Olguín (2006), the total population is 333,000 inhabitants, a figure According to ILO Convention 169, indigenous peoples are those who “descend
accepted by these populations because it was a study prepared with them based from populations that lived in the country or in a geographical region to which the
on their own community censuses, and it is from these figures that the previous country belongs at the time of conquest or colonization, who retain all their own
table was worked on and with the that these peoples identify themselves. social institutions.” , economic, cultural and political, or part of them.” The native
peoples of the Pacific, Central and North have historical continuity since pre-
As can be seen, the ancestry with the largest population is the Chorotega Hispanic times and present specific identity criteria that build their community as
with 166,000 people and is the one that is most geographically dispersed and a consequence of their context and history, which are not necessarily the
that is why it has been sub-classified into: Chorotegas of the Pacific, Chorotegas traditional criteria expressed by other native or Afro-descendant groups. .
of the West, Chorotegas of the Center and Chorotegas of the North. Followed by
the Matagalpas, the Xiu-Sutiabas and, in a smaller population, the Nahoas.
The pre-Hispanic origin: Although these processes are still being investigated
and elucidated, the origin of these populations has been demonstrated with
various evidence as well as their historical continuity since before the arrival
of the Spanish, conquest, colony and formation of the Republic of Nicaragua.
Self-identification: Awareness of indigenous or native identity is a

fundamental principle in these peoples, in addition to being a fundamental
right, self-identification is creating and maintaining collective identity,
building indigenous (original) communities fundamentally linked to origin and kinship. .
Osejo, Palacios, are castes of the families that live in the indigenous town of
Sébaco, or Ñamendy, Mendoy, Hondoy, Ñurinda, Galán, lineage of the
Chorotega families of the Pacific, so to talk about the family trunk is to talk
about their ancestry. , which is why they self-identify as indigenous.
Furthermore, genetically, the members of the towns mostly self-identify with
the name of the town where they were born, thus those born in Mozonte
identify themselves as a member of the indigenous caste of Mozonte because
all their ancestors come from there. Furthermore, worldview and spirituality
is an identity criterion present in these peoples and is manifested in multiple
ways and actions, mostly not written, but transmitted orally from generation
to generation (APRODIN, 2011).
Traditional justice: These populations preserve elements of traditional justice

which is applied by the Councils of Elders or Monéxicos and the Boards of
Directors depending on the case being addressed. It is characterized by
mediation, the value of words and compensation for damage to maintain
harmony among community members.
Territory: Land is the main element of indigenous identity, however, in the Pacific,
Central and North, the occupation of the territory has not always been the same.
Regarding history, there have been changes, since the territorial occupation
of the time before the arrival of the Spanish, in which the towns were
distributed in chiefdoms as a territorial unit, with their own authorities.
Territorial possession was determined by occupation and use, in a mental
scheme, over the extent of the territory of each chiefdom. Indigenous
legislation established that land could only be accessed
communal, divided into areas of housing, firewood collection and

common use for communal agricultural production.
With the conquest, in the third decade of the 16th century, the
chiefdoms were suppressed and the Spaniards imposed villages,
towns and cities as a new territorial order, but they took back from the
indigenous legislation the communal forms of land ownership to
ensure the hand of construction site. They established the ejidos,
which were lands located around the towns, commonly used for
collecting firewood, timber, and crops; Another part was destined as
communal lands. They also established the encomienda and the
distribution of the indigenous people, dividing the population among
the conquerors and later among those who arrived from Spain, in the
lands assigned to conquerors and colonizers, measured in caballerias
and peonies.
During the colony, the indigenous communities maintained

communal ownership of the land, which they retained until after
independence. They achieved this by maintaining the organization of
indigenous families into castes that transmitted property rights from
one generation to another, by inheritance, but without being able to
sell. The indigenous peoples, with tenacious persistence, managed to
get the colonial authorities to sell them territories that they had in
possession through Royal Property Titles. With the constitution of the
Republic of Nicaragua in 1838 and the organization of the registry
offices, these titles were formally registered.
Troubled years followed for indigenous property through laws and

decrees with the governments in power that affected the loss of large
portions of land in the hands of third parties and although they have
been dispossessed of their ancestral lands, the indigenous peoples of
the Pacific, Central and North, maintain a close relationship with their
lands based on the perception of possession and use of them,
protected by royal titles, remeasurement titles, certificates and public
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records of these collective properties.

(Romero, 2009).
4.1.8 Governance institutions Of the 22 towns, 17 have updated their statutes, which are the regulations
in the Pacific, Central and North that govern the town, including its governance system which specifies their
functions, as well as the duties and rights of the members of the town.
In these towns, the Great Assembly is the highest authority of a town, made indigenous caste. These statutes are in accordance with the new national
up of the population that belongs to the indigenous caste and the different and international legislation on indigenous law.
expressions of authority of the indigenous government. In addition to the
Great Assembly, there are the traditional authorities, which are the Councils In a process of institutional strengthening, these 22 towns were organized
of Elders or Monéxicos made up of the elders and wise men of each into the National Council of Indigenous Peoples of the Pacific, Central and
community, these being positions for life and generally have a Cacique or Northern Nicaragua, as the only representative body, which is made up of
Mayor of Vara as coordinator. Together they must guarantee compliance the 22 towns through a duly authorized authority. supported and delegated
with the mandates of the Great Assembly, which seeks the conservation of by its people. Since 2012, this body has promoted processes that are
traditions, worldview and spirituality. contributing to human development with identity.
The formal authorities are the so-called Administrative Boards of

Directors who execute what the Council of Elders or Monéxico mandates,
and the periods are limited depending on what each town stipulates, in some
cases, it is two years, in others, it is of four years. They are elected by popular
vote.
In Laws No. 40 and 261, Reforms and Incorporations to Law No. 40,
“Municipality Law”, La Gaceta No. 162, of August 26, 1997, the authorities
that operate in indigenous communities are described. of the Pacific, Central
and North, as well as the election procedure:
Article 68. Formal authorities are understood to be those called

Boards of Directors and which arise from the legislation on the matter
and from formal election processes. They are traditional authorities
in indigenous communities, those that are governed by tradition and
custom, such as the so-called Councils of Elders, Councils of Reform,
Mayors of Vara or other denomination, whose election or appointment
is not subject to official regulations. .
Article 69. It will be up to the respective Municipal Councils, in

accordance with the laws of the matter, to ensure, recognize and
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certify the election of the community authorities of the communities
located in the territorial scope of the Municipality.
V. The cartography and ethnomapping process
5.1 cartography and ethnomapping
The basic criterion for the elaboration of the ethnographic map is that of use and In the case of the Pacific, Central and Northern Nicaragua, the land use
occupation. It is understood that the occupation of a territory by an indigenous information indicates the areas in which they live and the use they make of that
people or community is not restricted to the core of their habitation houses; "On land for food or hunting. The information collected through interviews and
the contrary, the territory includes a physical area made up of a nucleus of workshops, together with field work data, was fundamental for the definition of
houses, natural resources, crops, plantations and their surroundings, linked as the borders and land use of each indigenous people.
much as possible to their cultural tradition." To this end, the participatory mapping methodology was applied to identify new
indigenous territories that have been legalized to date (considering the
To this same extent, the relationship between indigenous peoples and their Caribbean of Nicaragua), as well as others that have been historically used and
territories is not limited to specific villages or settlements; Territorial use and occupied by indigenous peoples.
occupation by indigenous and tribal peoples “goes beyond the establishment of
specific villages and includes lands used for agriculture, hunting, fishing,
gathering, transportation, culture and other purposes. The rights of indigenous 5.2 The preparation of the 2015 ecosystem map
and tribal peoples cover the territory as a whole”, this was the main criterion
used for the population of the Pacific, Central and North. The 2015 ecosystem map is an adaptation made to the 2015 National Land
Cover and Use Map published by INETER and made based on satellite images
On the Caribbean Coast, the territories titled in Law 445 are incorporated, called RapidEye from different years, combined with field data collected in 2015.
and in the case of coastal marine use, the use and occupation criteria defined
above are included, in addition to the criteria established in the Coastal Law that
grants the communities coastal areas of the Caribbean, the exclusive use of the The adaptation of the 2015 ecosystem map was carried out to give
three nautical miles adjacent to the coastline, for the exclusive use of indigenous continuity to the Map of Indigenous Peoples, Protected Areas and Natural
communities, in addition to the marine use criteria established in law 445. Ecosystems in Central America, published by IUCN in February 2016, which
shows that most of the forests are within or bordering territories of indigenous or
Afro-descendant peoples due to the traditional management and use they make
The process of collecting data related to the use of indigenous peoples of of their natural resources.
the lands they occupy was carried out through exhaustive consultation in
workshops in different indigenous and Afro-descendant towns. The objective of The 17 land cover and use classes on the INETER map were reclassified
this consultation was to define the nature and extent of land use rather than just into 7 categories of natural ecosystems that are described below:
providing information on land ownership or ownership.
V. The mapping and ethnomapping process | 5.2 The preparation of the 2015 ecosystem map
Broadleaf forest: these are na - Wetlands: Includes anega lands -

natural areas greater than or equal to 0.5 two, which may be temporarily flooded
ha with a predominance of broadleaf and partially covered by aquatic vegetation.
timber trees greater than 5m in height and They meet -
20cm in diameter at breast height. They are located on the sea edges and
Mangrove and forest plantations were low areas in the interior of the territory.
included in this category .
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Coniferous forest: These are ma - Lowland Pine Savanna: Tie -
yors or equal to 0.5ha dominated by the flat to slightly undulating lands, located
species Pinus sp. with a density greater less than 300 meters above sea level
than 50 trees/ha. where natural grasses and herbaceous
plants predominate, where -
There are scattered pine and/or broadleaf
trees , with crowns that cover 5 to 10% of
the ground.
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o:oirtesolia
Mixed forest: Forest with the presence of Areas without natural vegetation: It is in -
broadleaf and coniferous trees, or includes all land dedicated to agricultural
broadleaf with palm (yolillo) and/or bamboo. and livestock activities, as well as
populated areas and those that naturally
Bodies of water: Whether natural, such lack vegetation.
as lakes, lagoons, rivers, they remain - formation like lava, volcanic cones.
te, or artificial ones like dams.
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o:oirtesolia
V. The mapping and ethnomapping process | 5.3 The map of marine ecosystems
5.3 The map of marine ecosystems 6 5.4 The information layer about
protected areas in Nicaragua
Regarding the information on ecosystems and animals and marine data, it was
collected and systematized from several different sources, including: interviews with Protected areas are territories defined to conserve natural beauties or unique
fishing communities, scientific publications, databases of the World Conservation biological riches. The country has a system of protected areas (SINAP), administered
Program of the United Nations Environment Program . Monitoring Center (UNEP- by MARENA (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources).
WCMC), State of the World's Sea Turtles (SWOT analysis) and consultations with the
scientific community.
The ecosystems and marine animals were divided into groups of four main dishes: The categories of protected areas present in the country are described below:
sea turtles, manatees, coral reefs and seagrasses . All accumulated data was filtered
through scientific publications and expert opinions to present an accurate and detailed
marine ecosystem map. The data on the manatee was collected from workshops Table No. 3: Categories and definition of protected areas
with fishermen, compared with scientific publications and the holding of the symposium
with part of its population in Mesoamerica.
No. Categories Definition
For categorization, it was divided into high-density populations and small Surfaces that have unaltered representative eco-
populations. Populations that are considered high density are those larger than 30 regions and eco-systems, ethnic values and
individuals or a major population. Sea turtle data was collected through workshops 1 Biological reserve important species, intended mainly for scientific
with locals and cross-referencing data with the state's World Sea Turtle Database of research activities and/or ecological monitoring.
turtle nesting sites. Nesting sites are classified by the number of species to visualize
diversity. Data on the world's coral reefs and seagrasses collected by the United
Terrestrial and/or aquatic surface, little intervened
Nations Environment Program are extrapolated and cross-referenced with scientific
and suitable for protecting the ecological integrity
advice and publications to demonstrate confidence in its accuracy7
2 Natural park of one or more unique and representative
ecosystems and habitats, sites and features of
cultural-historical interest.
Surface containing natural and historical cultural

Data on coral reefs and seagrasses from the United Nations National Monument features of outstanding or exceptional value due
3
Environment Program were extrapolated and cross-referenced from scientific opinions to their representative or aesthetic qualities
and publications to declare confidence and accuracy in precision.
Territory that contains one or several cultural,

Historical monument historical or archaeological features of national or
4
6
co international importance associated with natural
Taken in full from the updated IUCN map report
areas.
7
Methodology used in the Central American map published by the IUCN
V. The cartography and ethnomapping process | 5.4 The information layer on protected areas in Nicaragua
No. Categories Definition No. Categories Definition
Terrestrial and/or aquatic surface subject to active Biosphere Reserves are terrestrial and/or aquatic
intervention to guarantee the maintenance of the territories with high and diverse values of natural and
habitat and/or to satisfy the needs of certain resident cultural biodiversity of national and international
Wildlife Refuge
5 or migratory animal species or communities of importance, which contain one or more protected
national or international importance, unique, areas, which, when comprehensively managed,
threatened and /or in danger of extinction. achieve sustainable development. It is made up of
one or more core zones, a buffer zone and a
transition zone, depending on the case.
Land and/or aquatic surface that protects some
species of wildlife due to the quality of their genetic
Biosphere reserves
resources, which are of national interest and that 9
Reserve of genetic Biosphere Reserves are terrestrial and/or aquatic
6 can be used for genetic improvement programs of
resources territories with high and diverse values of natural and
species of flora or fauna. economic or nutritional
cultural biodiversity of national and international
interest.
importance, which contain one or more protected
areas, which, when comprehensively managed,
Surface of land and/or marine or lake coastal achieve sustainable development. It is made up of
surfaces conserved or intervened that contain one or more core zones, a buffer zone and a
species of fauna and/or flora of interest that generate transition zone, depending on the case.
7 Nature reserve environmental benefits of national and/or regional
interest. The so-called Forest Reserves will be
understood as Natural Reserves. Source: Decree 01-2007, Regulation of Protected Areas of Nicaragua.
Surface of land, coasts and/or seas, as the case

may be, in which the interactions of humans and
nature over the years have produced an area of
character defined by cultural practices, with important
Protected land and/or aesthetic, ecological, and/or cultural, and which often
8
seascape houses a rich biological diversity and whose
protection, maintenance and evolution requires
safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction.
3. 4 | ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS
V. The cartography and ethnomapping process | 5.5 Coastal areas
5.5 Coastal areas

The law for the development of coastal
zones , Law No. 690 in its article 33
establishes the declaration of public utility
for right of way, in accordance with article
44. Provision that is not applicable to
the Regions Autonomous of the
Caribbean Coast. In this regard, article
33 of Law No. 445 establishes that the
indigenous and ethnic communities of
the Atlantic coast, islands and keys have
the exclusive right to use maritime
resources for community and artisanal
fishing, within the three miles adjacent
to the coast and twenty-five miles from
the adjacent keys and islands. This
situation must improve in relation to
coastal communities; With the recent
ruling of the Court of The Hague, the
sovereignty of Nicaragua is recognized
over an additional extension of the
territorial sea of approximately 90 thousand square kilometers.
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SAW. Findings
6.1 The Territories

With the promulgation of the
law of territorial demarcation
and titling as responses to the
historical demands of the
Native Peoples and Afro-
descendants of the Caribbean,
until this year of 2016, 23
territories have been titled,
representing approximately
54.7% of the Coast. Caribbean.
In the case of the Pacific,
Central and Northern Region
of the country, the Native Peoples are in a recovery process
of identity based
in the historical rights of their
territories and their
organizational structures,
encountering 22 peoples in
use and occupation of territorial spaces.
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SAW. Findings | 6.1 The Territories
Map No.1: Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples in Nicaragua

LEGENDS
500000 650000 800000 950000
Native and Afro-descendant
peoples of the Caribbean
Creole
NATIONAL MAP
Mayangna
OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 13
Miskito
AND AFRICAN DESCENTS 12
10
18 19 14 Miskito and Afro-descendants
twenty
Miskito Mayangna
Republic of Honduras
eleven
17
2
4 Miskito Mayangna Ulwas

6 8
Rama & Creole

4 3 9
4 4
fifteen
1550000
17 1550000
5
NORTH CARIBBEAN COAST AUTONOMOUS REGION
twenty-one
twenty-one
Native peoples of the Pacific, center and north
twenty-one
NEW SEGOVIA JINOTEGA

Chorotega
28
8
37
Nahoas
MADRIZ 26
7
31 35
32
Matagalpa
25
Xiu
3. 4
Gulf of ESTELI 25 Marine use territory

Fonseca 22
22
24
36
MATAGALPA 38
29
Caribbean 22
INDIGENOUS AND AFRO TERRITORIES
DESCENDANTS OF THE CARIBBEAN COAST
INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES
FROM THE PACIFIC, CENTRAL AND NORTH
Creole Territory 1.
1400000
CHINANDEGA
LION
BOACO
Sea 16
Bluefields Afrodescendant Creol Territory
1400000
Mayangna Territories 2.
Chorotega
24. El Viejo
25. Jinotega
25. Jinotega - Pantasma 26.
Lake Awas Tingni Mayangnina Sauni Umani 3. Mayangna
SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN COAST AUTONOMOUS REGION Li Telpaneca 27.
Four. Five
of Sauni Arungka 4. Mayangna Sauni

Managua Monimbó
As 4. Mayangna Sauni Bas
28. Mozonte
6. Mayangna Sauni Bu
29. Muy Muy
CHONTALES 1 30. Nindirí
30
MANAGUA MASAYA Miskito Territories 7. 31. San Antonio de Padua 32.
41
27
Prinzu Awala 8. San José de Cusmapa 33. San
33 GRENADE
Prinzu Auhya Uh 9. Juan de Oriente 34. San
FACE
Lake Tasba Pri Indigena 10. Lucas 35. Santa
Ocean of
Tawira 11. Bárbara 36. Sébaco
Twi Yahbra. 37. Totogalpa
Peaceful Nicaragua
43
12. Wangki Li Aubra Tasbaya 13.
41 39
Wangki Maya Tasbaya 14.
44 42
Matagalpa
Georeference RIVAS Wangki Twi - Tasba Raya 15.
38. Matagalpa
1250000
UTM coordinate system Waupasa Twi
1250000
SAN JUAN RIVER Nahoas

Spheroid Word Geodetic System 1984 23 Miskito and Afro-descendant Territories 39.
40
Nancimí 16. Twelve
Zone 16 North indigenous and Afro-descendant communities of the
Laguna de Perla basin
1:2,429,489 40. Ostional 41. Salinas de Nagualapa 42. San
GIS editing and design: Jorge Nicaraocalí 43. Urbaite Las Pilas
17. Karata
9 4.5 0 9 18 27 36 Four. Five 54km Costa Rica Republic Marcos Williamson, Luis Valerio
October 2016 Miskito and Mayangna Territories 18.
Kipla Sait Tasbaika Kum 19. Li 44. Veracruz del Zapotal Xiu
Lamni Tasbaika Kum 20. Miskito
45.
500000 650000 800000 950000 Indian Tasbaika Kum 21. Tuahka
Sutiaba
Miskito Mayangna Ulwas Territory 22.

Awaltara Luphia Nani Tasbaya Rama and
Creole Territory 23. Kriol

Branch
SAW. Findings | 6.2 Natural Ecosystems of Indigenous and Afro-descendant Territories
6.2 Natural Ecosystems of the Territories

Indigenous and Afro-descendant
In general, it can be said that, according to the criteria used in this study, Nicaragua has
34.4 percent of land covered by some type of forest, with these representing approximately
51% in the indigenous and Afro-descendant territories of the country.
Table 3: Ecosystems in Nicaragua
Ecosystems Area (km²) %
broadleaf forest 41973.29 32.2
coniferous forest 2163.12 1.7
Mixed forest (palm/bamboo) 666.08 0.5
Areas without natural vegetation 66435.62 51.0
Wetlands 3774.91 2.9
Lowland pine savanna 3999.33 3.1
Natural or artificial bodies of water 11361.07 8.7
Total 130373.42 100.0
It was found that the largest remnants of forest ecosystems are found in the
Indigenous and Afro-descendant Territories located in the Caribbean.
broadleaf forests of the country, the territory of the Creole Branch being located in the
RACCS, which has the greatest representation of this type of ecosystem, while in the case
of conifers, the Wangki Maya Tasbaya territory is the most representative.
In the case of the Pacific, Central and Northern territories of the country, the territory
of the Matagalpa has the largest remnants of broadleaf forest areas in this sector, while
the territory of Mozonte located in the north of the country, has the better representation
of coniferous forests (see map #2)
F :doeatL
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500000 650000 800000 950000

LEGENDS
Ecosystems 2015
NATIONAL MAP
ECOSYSTEMS NATIONAL
coniferous forest MAP OF
ECOSYSTEMS OF NICARAGUA
FROM NICARAGUA broadleaf forest
Mixed forest (palm/bamboo)
Natural or artificial bodies of water
Republic of Honduras Legend
Wetlands
Lowland pine
Ecosystems savanna
2015
!H BILWI
1550000 AUTONOMOUS REGION NORTHERN CARIBBEAN COAST 1550000 coniferous
Areas forest vegetation
without natural
broadleaf forest
JINOTEGA
Mixed forest (palm/bamboo)
NEW SEGOVIA
OCOTAL ! Natural or artificial bodies
H of water
Wetlands
MADRIZ
!H SOMOTO
Lowland pine savannah
Areas without natural vegetation
ESTELI
Gulf of ESTELI
Fonseca !H JINOTEGA !H
MATAGALPA !H
MATAGALPA
Caribbean Georeference
UTM coordinate system
Spheroid Word Geodetic System 1984
Zone 16 North
1400000
CHINANDEGA !
H CHINANDEGA
LION
BOACO
H
BOACO !
Sea 1400000
10 5 0
Mexico
10
Guatemala
1:2,600,000
twenty
Honduras
30 40 fifty 60km
H LEON ! Lake
SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN COAST AUTONOMOUS REGION
of GIS edition andThe Savior
design: Marcos Williamson, Luis Valerio Caribbean Sea
NICARAGUA
October 2016
Managua
MANAGUA !H
JUIGALPA !H Ocean
BLUEFIELDS Peaceful Costa Rica
CHONTALES
MANAGUA MASAYA ! !H Panama
MASAYA H GRENADE !H
GRENADE
!H
JINOTEPE Lake
Ocean CARAZO of
Peaceful Nicaragua
RIVAS !
Georeference
H
RIVAS
UTM coordinate system
Spheroid Word Geodetic System 1984
1250000 1250000
Zone 16 North
SAN JUAN RIVER
1:2,600,000
SAN CARLOS !H
10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60km
Source of information:
INETER: Land use map 2015, adapted
to ecosystem classes Costa Rica Republic
IUCN
GIS edition and design: Marcos Williamson, Luis Valerio
500000 650000 800000 950000 October 2016
6.2.1 Coniferous forests 6.2.3 Areas without natural vegetation
• Of the national total, 68.2% (147,464.6 ha) is found within the 20 Indigenous • According to official figures, Nicaragua has 6,643,562.0ha, of which 16.8%
Territories (IT) that have this type of ecosystem (13 in the Caribbean and 7 in (1,180,093.0ha) is located in the 47 TIs.
the North Center). • 5.8% (388,461.0ha) are in the North Central Pacific TIs and 11.0% (729,632.0ha)
• 64% (139,061.6ha) is located in 13 of the 24 TIs of the Caribbean region and 3.9% in the Caribbean TIs.
(8,403.0ha) in 7 of the 23 of the Pacific, Central and North regions. • Of the total in the 47 TIs, 65.3% are in the Caribbean and 34.7%
• Of the total in the 20 TIs, 94.3% are in the Caribbean and 5.7% in the IT of the North Central Pacific.
in the IT of the Pacific, Central and North. • In the Caribbean region, the TIs that have the highest percentage (of the region's
• Of the total Caribbean region, the TIs that have the greatest amount of this type of total) are Prinzu Awala with 19.1% (139,385.7ha), followed by the territory of
forest are Wanki Maya Tasbaya with 33,904.8ha (24.4%) and Wanki Twi – the “Twelve communities” with 17.8% (130,214.8ha), Prinzu Auhya Uh has
Tasba Raya with 33,770.7ha (24.3%). 7.1% (52,037.9ha), Tasba Pri Indigenous Matrix owns 7.0% (51,226.8ha), the
• Of the total of the Pacific and North Central region, 3,774.8ha (44.95) is located in rest of TI have less than 7% each.
Li Telpaneca, 2,780.9ha (33.1%9 in Mozonte and 1,041.8ha (12.4%) in • For the Pacific, Central and North, 29.2% (113,312.2ha) are in Mata-galpa, 12.6%
Matagalpa. (49,070.3ha) in Muy Muy, 9.8% (37,931.3ha) are in Sutiaba and the rest of TI
have less of 8% each.
6.2.2 Broadleaf Forests

6.2.4 Forest cover vs. areas without
• Of the national total, 50.2% (2,105,750.8ha) is within the natural vegetation for each IT
47 TI.
• 2.1% (90,047.1ha) is in the 23 TIs of the North Central Pacific and 48.1% • At a general level, it was found that the 47 TIs have 52% (2, 253, 215.4ha) of their
(2,015,703.7ha) in the 24 TIs of the Caribbean. territory covered with forests (broadleaf or coniferous) and 26% (1, 118,093.0ha)
• Of the total in the 47 TIs, 95.7% are in the Caribbean and 4.3% with areas without natural vegetation. .
in the IT of the North Central Pacific. • 57% of forest is the surface covered with forest in the Caribbean TIs and 19.3% of
• Of the total of the Caribbean, 322,494.5ha (16.0%) is in TI Rama Kriol, 184,016.8ha areas without vegetation. At the individual level, 5 have more than 90% of their
(9.1%) in “Twelve communities and Afro-descendants of the pearl lagoon basin, territory with some type of forest, 2 have more than 80% and 4 more than 70%.
161,765.9ha (8.0%) are in Awaltara Luphia Nani Tasbaya and the rest of TI Tasba Pri Indigenous Matrix has 32.1% of its territory with forest and 64.1%
own less than 8% each. without natural vegetation.
• In the Pacific and North Central region, Matagalpa has 28,485.1ha (31.6%9), Muy • In the case of the Pacific, Central and North, 19.8% is forest cover and 77.9% is
Muy has 17,214.3ha (19.1%), Sutiaba has 7,874.5ha (8.7%), and the rest of TI areas without natural vegetation. Only 3 of the 23 TIs have a considerable
has less than 7% each. one. coverage percentage, Ostional with 57.7%, Nancimí with 52.7% and Veracruz
del Zapotal with 46.2%. Totogalpa has 95.5% of its territory as areas without
natural vegetation, followed by Nindirí with 93% and San Luca with 90%.
6.2.5 The ecosystems found in the indigenous and Afro-descendant territories of Nicaragua
SURFACE OF ECOSYSTEMS BY INDIGENOUS AND AFRODESCENT TERRITORY
Mixed Natural Lowland

Areas
broadleaf forest or pine
Name/Region/ Ecosystems Wetlands without Grand Total
coniferous forest
forest (palm/ artificial savanna
natural vegetation
bamboo) bodies of water
Caribbean coast 139061.6 2015703.7 51778.3 165074.9 277764.5 402308.9 729632.0 3781323.9
Awaltara Luphia Nani Tasbaya 5964.1 161765.9 10125.5 16086.1 50462.6 244404.2
Awas Tingni Mayangnina Sauni Umani

21.9 58986.8 3.3 115.0 1.0 29.0 14706.9 73863.9
(AMASAU)
Twelve indigenous and Afro-descendant

communities of the Pearl Lagoon basin 184016.8 58075.8 3802.5 130214.8 376109.9
Karata 16.8 9109.4 2647.8 3817.6 4040.4 11164.3 3038.8 33835.1
Kipla Sait Tasbaika Kum 109484.5 876.1 3028.2 113388.8
Li Lamni Tasbaika Kum 1.4 119655.4 1011.1 131.0 17153.7 137952.6
Mayangna Sauni Arungka-Matungbak 24605.8 82.0 1.0 23811.2 48500.0
Mayangna Sauni As 149669.8 471.8 13668.5 163810.1
Mayangna Sauni Bas 40486.2 157.0 2597.2 43240.4
Mayangna Sauni Bu 90459.9 345.3 3935.8 94741.0
Miskito Indian Tasbaika Kum 60734.9 607.4 3708.5 65050.8
Prinsu_auhya.uh 6861.3 145879.5 10424.2 21930.6 99008.4 35386.8 52037.9 371528.7
Prinzu Awala 14760.0 131038.6 3732.7 4826.6 112295.6 8763.9 139385.7 414803.1
Tasba Pri Indigenous Matrix 25629.8 2441.6 143.1 456.9 51226.8 79898.2
Tawira 16053.0 36125.5 473.3 33208.0 20704.1 157778.8 14157.2 278499.9
Bluefields Creole Territory 49885.1 9765.4 2954.5 29976.4 92581.4

Areas
coniferous forest
natural vegetation
Rama and Kriol Territory 322494.5 21548.1 14103.2 2260.4 46219.0 406625.2
Tuahka 389.2 45982.7 540.9 4636.7 14385.4 65934.9
Twi opens 10 communities 25976.7 19700.7 4059.9 622.4 1455.5 72687.8 34636.4 159139.4
Wangki Li Aubra Tasbaya 1076.5 75331.2 1010.1 81.9 11287.4 88787.1
Wangki Maya Tasbaya 33904.8 15935.3 574.2 1580.6 4191.2 67188.8 13244.3 136619.2
Wangki Twi - Tasba Raya 33770.7 91506.2 536.2 17328.2 20168.9 163310.2
Waupasa Twi 265.2 47219.2 5873.2 1123.2 5739.2 31899.4 36580.4 128699.8
Pacific, Central and North 8403.0 90047.1 0.0 8610.7 2838.0 0.0 388461.0 498359.8
Jinotega 5732.4 3809.7 18851.4 28393.5
Jinotega –Pantasma 2094.2 44.3 7369.4 9507.9
Li Telpaneca 3774.8 2646.4 160.3 30402.3 36983.8
Matagalpa 1041.8 28485.1 374.3 113312.2 143213.4
Monimbo 2268.9 35.0 3538.5 5842.4
Mozonte 2780.9 1516.3 86.5 13172.9 17556.6
Very very 17214.3 471.8 49070.3 66756.4
Nancimi 1752.3 1.0 1574.0 3327.3
Nindirí 1029.0 9.3 4.9 13881.3 14924.5
Ostional 2241.3 5.3 1638.7 3885.3
Nagualapa Salt Flats 200.5 4.6 79.8 968.3 1253.2
Saint Anthony 146.8 1365.8 1512.6

Areas
coniferous forest
natural vegetation
Saint George Nicaraocali 303.2 38.0 2051.4 2392.6
San José de Cusmapa 533.0 3840.2 31.1 16648.0 21052.3
Saint lucas 78.5 1792.1 58.4 17669.5 19598.5
Saint Barbara 199.2 1282.1 1481.3
Sébaco 5.3 3687.3 193.2 41.0 29262.3 33189.1
Saint John of the East 276.7 50.0 661.0 987.7
Sutiaba 7874.5 531.0 1030.3 37931.3 47367.1
Totogalpa 188.7 528.7 5.6 17080.3 17803.3
Urbaite - Las Pilas 717.4 692.8 95.7 1989.0 3494.9
Veracruz del Zapotal 947.0 1101.6 2048.6
Virgin of the Hato 4553.3 2008.5 1586.3 7639.4 15787.5
Grand Total 147464.6 2105750.8 51778.3 173685.6 280602.5 402308.9 1118093.0 4303472.0
National Total 216312.0 4197329.0 66608.0 1136107.0 377491.0 399933.0 6643562.0 13037342.0
SAW. Findings | 6.3 Marine Ecosystems
500000 650000 800000 950000 ¶[ LEGENDS

Indigenous and Afro-descendant Territories of
NATIONAL MAP of indigenous, the Caribbean Coast
Afro-descendant territories and ¤[
13
Indigenous Territories of the Pacific, Central and North
natural ecosystems Republic of Honduras
Territory Marine use
12 10
FROM NICARAGUA
18 19 14
Ecosystems 2016
twenty
coniferous forest Natural or artificial bodies of

17
¤[
eleven
2
4 water
6 8 broadleaf forest
4 3
Wetlands
9 Mixed forest
4 15
¤[
17
(palm/bamboo) Lowland pine savanna
1550000 1550000
5 21
NORTH CARIBBEAN COAST AUTONOMOUS
REGION 21 21
twenty-one
Areas without natural vegetation
JINOTEGA
NEW SEGOVIA
¤[ Marine animals
28
8 Manatees Turtles: 3 Species
MADRIZ 37
26
7 High density manatees
31 35 Turtles: 4 Species
32
25 nesting sites Turtles: 5 Species
¶[ ¶[ 3. 4
turtles Corals
¶[¶[ Gulf of ESTELI 25
Fonseca ¶[ 22 Turtles: 1 Species Seagrasses
¶[ MATAGALPA
Caribbean 22
22
Turtles: 2 Species
38
36
29
¤[
24 INDIGENOUS AND AFRO TERRITORIES INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES
1400000
¶[
24
CHINANDEGA
LION
BOACO
Sea 16
¤[ ¶[
Creole Territory 1.
1400000
Chorotega
Ocean ¶[ Lake
Bluefields Afrodescendant Creol Territory 24. El Viejo
Four. Five
of
SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN COAST AUTONOMOUS REGION 25. Jinotega
Peaceful ¶[ Managua
Awas Tingni Mayangnina Sauni Umani 3. Mayangna
Li Telpaneca 27.
Sauni Arungka 4. Mayangna Sauni
Monimbó
As 4. Mayangna Sauni Bas
28. Mozonte
CHONTALES 1 6. Mayangna Sauni Bu
MANAGUA 30 MASAYA
¶[ 27
29. Muy Muy
33
GRENADE ¤[ Miskito Territories 7.
30. Nindirí
31. San Antonio de Padua 32.
Lake Prinzu Awala 8. San José de Cusmapa 33. San
FACE
of Prinzu Auhya Uh 9. Juan de Oriente 34. San
¶[ ¶[ ¶[ ¶[ Nicaragua
¶[ Tasba Pri Indigena 10.
Tawira 11.
Lucas 35. Santa
Bárbara 36. Sébaco
Georeference 43
41 39 Twi Yahbra. 37. Totogalpa
UTM coordinate system 44 42
RIVAS
12. Wangki Li Aubra Tasbaya 13.
1250000
Spheroid Word Geodetic System 1984 Wangki Maya Tasbaya 14.
1250000
Matagalpa
Zone 16 North SAN JUAN RIVER Wangki Twi - Tasba Raya 15.
23 38. Matagalpa
Waupasa Twi
1:33,761,329 40 ¶[ ¶[ Nahoas
125 62.5 0 125 250 375 500 625 750 km Miskito and Afro-descendant Territories 39.
Nancimí 16. Twelve
indigenous and Afro-descendant communities of the
1 cm = 26 km Costa Rica Republic 40. Ostional 41. Salinas de Nagualapa 42. San
Jorge Nicaraocalí 43. Urbaite Las Pilas
GIS
60 90 edition and design: Marcos Williamson, Luis Valerio 0 15 30
120
October 2016
¶[ ¤[ 17. Karata
Kilometers ¶[ ¶[ ¶[ ¶[ ¶[ ¶[¶[ ¶[ Miskito and Mayangna Territories 18.
¶[ ¤[ Kipla Sait Tasbaika Kum 19. Li

Lamni Tasbaika Kum 20. Miskito
44. Veracruz del Zapotal Xiu
500000 650000 800000 950000 45.
Indian Tasbaika Kum 21. Tuahka
¶[ Sutiaba


Branch
SAW. Findings | 6.3 Marine Ecosystems
6.3 Marine Ecosystems in nine management categories (MARENA, 2007). The protected areas that make up
SINAP vary greatly in size, from very small areas of less than 100 hectares to areas of
The coastal coast of Nicaragua is made up of 463 km of coastline in the Caribbean and more than 500,000 hectares. Protected areas have been created by executive decrees
372 km in the Pacific. In the Caribbean, the ecosystems are a true mosaic, each one and vary in management categories from Biological Reserve, the strictest category, to
representing the natural coastal systems of the tropics. In the marine zone, there is a Protected Land and/or Marine Landscape, with greater intervention for the use of natural
wide representation of coral reefs, extensive areas of seagrasses, and 454 km of coral resources.
reefs, these being considered the best preserved in Central America (MARENA, 2001).
These conditions are conducive as potential habitats for manatees and turtles, species
that are icons of conservation in these environments. In 1958, the first protected area in Nicaragua was created, the Cosigüina Peninsula
Wildlife Refuge, which currently contains much of the important fauna and floristic
wealth.
Sea turtle nesting phenomena occur on both the Caribbean and Pacific beaches , In 1979, two more areas were established and their number increased successively
with the beaches of La Flor, Chacocente and Juan Venado Island on the Pacific coast to a total of 72 today, covering 3,330,521.4 ha. There are also three biosphere reserves:
being the most important in the massive nesting of the Paslama turtle (Lepidochelys Bosawás, Sureste and Isla de Ometepe, which cover an area of 2,232,968.5 ha.
olivacea) and to a lesser extent the Tora turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). In the Caribbean
of Nicaragua, the El Cocal beaches, south of Bluefields and the Pearl Cays, are reported
to be the most important for the nesting of the Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) In the Pacific there are 25 protected areas that add up to a total of 278,522.4ha
and the Tora turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). (8.4% of the national total), of which four are Wildlife Refuges, three are national parks,
one genetic resources reserve and 17 are nature reserves.
The territory of marine use of the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean covers
extensive areas where community members carry out fishing, where the largest sighting
No. NAME MANAGEMENT CATEGORY AREA (ha)
sites of manatees (Trichechus manatus) are located , especially in the Miskitu
communities on the coasts, in the same way there are nesting sites in these Caribbean 1 Masaya Volcano National Park 5469.0797
territories, however on the beaches of La Flor within the territory of use of the town of
2 Zapatera Archipelago National Park 12490,5011
Ostional and the island of Juan Venado, of the indigenous town of Sutiaba, are sites
where part of the massive nesting occurs in the sector. Pacific of the country 3 Maderas Volcano National Park 2637,4561
4 The Flower Wildlife Refuge 7349,7089
5 Escalante River Chacocente Wildlife Refuge 29604.5335

6.4 Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories
6 Chocoyero The Witcher Wildlife Refuge 279.1348
The National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) of Nicaragua is 7

Peña Inculta-Is-tián Wetland
Wildlife Refuge 1097.9955
made up of all 72 protected areas, covering a territorial area of
2,208,957.00 Ha (equivalent to 17% of the national territory) and made up of
ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS | Four. Five
SAW. Findings | 6.4 Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories
No. NAME MANAGEMENT CATEGORY AREA (ha) In the central and northern region there are 25 protected areas that add up to a total of
213,650.0ha (6.4% of the national total), of which one is a genetic resource reserve, one
Reserve of Genetic Resources
8 Plains of Apacunca 1576.3036 protected terrestrial landscape, one national monument and 22 are nature reserves.
9 Juan Venado Island Natural reserve 13217.4923

CATEGORY OF
No. NAME AREA (ha)
Mo-motombo Momotombito DRIVING
10 Natural reserve 14906.9621
Volcanic Complex
Reserve of Genetic
26 Yucul 5584,5244
Pilas Volcanic Complex Resources
eleven Natural reserve 11569.4014
The hole
Landscape Land
27 Miraflor-Moropotente Tables 28705.9408
Teli-ca-Rota Volcanic Complex Protected
12 Natural reserve 9808.0248
28 Cerro Apante Natural reserve 1962.2894
13 Delta Estero Real Natural reserve 86149,6478
29 Arenal Hill Natural reserve 1415,1997
14 Estero Padre Ramos Natural reserve 21420.9483
30 Cerro Cumaica Cerro Alegre Natural reserve 13463,3154
15 Support Lagoon Natural reserve 4172,4866
31 Cerro Datanlí El Diablo Natural reserve 5873,4876
16 Asososca Lagoon Natural reserve 119.4229
32 Cerro Guabule Natural reserve 6408,7577
17 Nejapa Lagoon Natural reserve 227.5200
33 Kuskawas Hill Natural reserve 5084,4608
18 Tiscapa Lagoon Natural reserve 28.8638
34 Cerro Mombachito La Vieja Natural reserve 894.1649
Mecatepe lagoons and
19 Natural reserve 2463.9791 35 Cerro Musún Natural reserve 4786.6657
Manares River
36 Cerro Pancasán Natural reserve 581.5617
20 Chiltepe Peninsula Natural reserve 2552,5275
37 Cerro Quiabúc-Las Brisas Natural reserve 14627.4794
San Volcanic Complex
twenty-one Natural reserve 17629.4687
Cristobal - Casitas 38 Cerro Tiséy Estanzuela Natural reserve 9754.2927
22 Tisma Lagoon System Natural Reserve 13840,4171 39 Cerro Tomabú Natural reserve 818.3973
23 Concepción Volcano Natural reserve 5219.9432 40 Cerros de Yalí Natural reserve 5123.0247
24 Cosigüina Volcano Natural reserve 14123,1826 41 Fila Cerro Frío La Cumplida Natural reserve 5146,8546
25 Mombacho Volcano Natural reserve 567.3125 42 Row Masigue Natural reserve 6059.9295
CATEGORY OF No. NAME MANAGEMENT CATEGORY AREA (ha)

No. NAME AREA (ha)
DRIVING
56 Cerro Silva Natural reserve 292451.9621
43 Yasika River Falls Natural reserve 410.7027
57 Wawashang Hill Natural reserve 224928.5799
44 Serranía Dipilto and Jalapa Natural reserve 32555.7589
58 Kligna Natural reserve 4243.3966
45 Sierra Amerrisque Natural reserve 19194.8565
59 Limbaika Natural reserve 4897.4559
46 Sierra Quirragua Natural reserve 10812.3778
60 Karawala Plains Natural reserve 4293,3594
47 Tepesomoto-La Pataste Natural reserve 10068,8361
61 Makantaka Natural reserve 2510.4988
National Monument
48 Somoto Canyon 163.4010 62 Pis Pis Natural reserve 4385.8369
63 Punta Gorda Natural reserve 63792.1488

49 Peñas Blancas Massif Natural reserve 11598.8413
64 Serranía de Yolaina Natural reserve 17347.0790
50 Cerro Kilambé Natural reserve 12554.9215
65 Yulu Natural reserve 4413.2180
66 Pearl Keys Wildlife Refuge 146946.0791

In the Caribbean region there are 22 declared protected areas that add up to a total
of 2,838,349.1 ha (85.2 of the national total), which indicates that it is the region with the 67 The Guatuzos Wildlife Refuge 44247.6663
greatest natural values that Nicaragua has and according to various studies the
68 San Juan River Wildlife Refuge 43518,3414
indigenous peoples have lived together harmoniously for a long time. One is a marine
biological reserve, another is a biological reserve, one is a national monument, one is a 69 Rio Indio Corn Biological Reserve 316720.6198
historical monument, three are wildlife refuges and 15 are nature reserves.
Immaculate Conception
70 of Mary Fortress Historical monument 3671.4799
No. NAME MANAGEMENT CATEGORY AREA (ha)
Miskito Cays and Strip Solen-tiname Archipelago

51 Marine Biological Reserve 856729.3410 71 National Monument 17949.9060
Immediate Coastal
52 Bosawas Natural reserve 680617.9527 72 Cerro Saslaya National Park 63286,8037
53 Alamikamba Hill Natural reserve 3809.6064

Many protected areas in the country safeguard large areas of biomass fragmented
54 Banacruz Hill Natural reserve 27047.7296 in other parts of the country and/or the region. Such is the case of most protected areas
55 Cerro Cola Blanca Natural reserve 10540.0230 on the Caribbean Coast and in the mountains of the north and center of the country.
500000 650000 800000 950000

LEGENDS
NATIONAL
Departmental MAP OF
header
National Map of Areas PROTECTED AREAS
Departmental boundary
Protected and Reserved AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES
Biosphere Reserve
Nicaragua Biosphere FROM NICARAGUA
Legend
51 Management categories
51
Republic of Honduras Monument Biological
head Historical Reserve !H Departmental
Biological
52 Reserve
Monument
Departmental
Biosphere
limit National Marine
65
55 BILWI ! Reserves Natural Reserve
H
1550000
62 1550000
58
54 Terrestrial Landscape
Management categories Resource Reserve
72
JINOTEGA Protected
Historical monument Genetics
NEW SEGOVIA
44
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE NORTH CARIBBEAN COAST National Park Monument
!H OCOTAL
National
fifty
59 Refuge of Life
MADRIZ !H 53 Protected Landscape
SOMOTO 48 Bosawas Biosphere Reserve Wild
National Park
47
Wildlife Refuge
40 49
61
ESTELI 27 31
Biological Reserve
Gulf of JINOTEGA 33
Fonseca 37 H ESTELI ! !H 41 Marine Biological Reserve
60
39 29 MATAGALPA ! 43 32
38
24
14
13
CHINANDEGA
8
H 28
MATAGALPA
26 36
46
35
Caribbean
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN COAST
Natural Reserve
Protected Area of the PACIFIC
Reserve of Genetic Resources
1400000
!
H CHINANDEGA
twenty-one
LEON ! 12
12
eleven
LION
30
BOACO BOACO !H 42
Sea 57
66
and northern pacific
protected areas
1 Masaya Volcano
2 Zapatera Archipelago
1400000
protected areas of the central
26 Yucul
27 Tables of Miraflor-Moropo-ja Immediate Coastal
protected areas of
Caribbean
51 Cayos Miskitos and Fran-
H Lake 3. 4 3 Volcano Maderas tente 52 Bosawas

10 Source of information:
9
of 4 The Flower 28 Cerro Apante 53 Alamikamba Hill
MARENA; Limit of protected areas
Managua 20 5 Escalante Chacocente River 29 Arenal Hill 54 Banacruz Hill
MANAGUA ! Four. Five 6 Chocoyero The Witcher 30 Cerro Cumaica Cerro Alegre 55 Cerro Cola Blanca
16 18H17
JUIGALPA ! 7 Peña Inculta-Istián Wetland 31 Cerro Datanlí El Diablo 56 Cerro Silva
22 H CHONTALES BLUEFIELDS ! 8 Plains of Apacunca 32 Cerro Guabule 57 Wawashang Hill
MASAYA ! H
MANAGUA 6 9 Juan Venado Island 33 Kuskawas Hill 58 Kligna
1 H 15
GRANADA !H 59 Limbaika
10 Mo-motombo Momotombito 34 Cerro Mombachito La Vieja
MASAYAGRANADA 25 !H Volcanic Complex Mexico 35 Cerro Musún 60 Karawala Plains
JINOTEPE Lake 56 11 Pilas El Volcanic Complex 36 Cerro Pancasán 61 Makantaka
Guatemala
CARAZO 19 2 of 37 Cerro Quiabúc-Las Brisas 62 Pis Pis

Ocean Hole Honduras
12 Teli-ca-Rota Volcanic 38The

Cerro
Savior Tiséy Estanzuela 63 Punta Gorda
64 Caribbean Sea
Georeference Complex 39 Cerro Tomabú NICARAGUA 64 Serranía de Yolaina
Peaceful Nicaragua
UTM coordinate system 5 7 13 Delta Estero Real 40 Cerros de Yalí 65 Yulu
RIVAS ! 23 63
H Río San Juan Biosphere Reserve 14 Estero Padre Ramos 41 Ocean
Row Cerro Frío La Cumplida 66 Pearl Keys
Spheroid Word Geodetic System 1984 3
RIVAS Ometepe Island Biosphere 15 Support Lagoon 42 RowPeaceful
Masigue 67 The Guatuzos
Zone 16 North Costa Rica
16 Asososca Lagoon 43 Yasika River Falls 68 San Juan River

Reserve
1:2,600,000
1250000 1250000
Panama
17 Nejapa Lagoon 44 Serranía Dipilto and Jalapa 69 Indian River Corn
10 5 0 10 twenty 30 40 fifty 60km 71 SAN CARLOS !H 18 Tiscapa Lagoon 45 Sierra Amerrisque 70 Fortress of the
4
69 19 Mecatepe Lagoons and 46 SierraGeoreference
Quirragua Immaculate Conception of
70 Manares River 47
UTMTepesomoto-La Pataste
coordinate system Maria
Source of information: 67 SAN JUAN RIVER
20 Chiltepe Peninsula 48 Somoto
Spheroid CanyonSystem 1984
Word Geodetic 71 Archipelago of
MARENA; Limit of protected areas 49 MassifsZone 16 North
of Peñas Blancas Solentiname
GIS edition and design: Marcos Williamson, Luis Valerio
Costa Rica Republic 21 San Volcanic Complex
Cristobal - Casitas 50 Cerro Kilambé
1:2,600,000 72 Cerro Saslaya
October 2016 10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 km
68 22 Tisma Lagoon System
23 Concepción Volcano GIS edition and design: Marcos Williamson, Luis Valerio
500000 650000 800000 950000 October 2016
24 Cosigüina Volcano
25 Mombacho Volcano
500000 650000 800000 950000

LEGENDS
National Map Territories Departmental header
Indigenous and Afro-descendant Indigenous and Afro-descendant Territories of the

Caribbean coast
People, Protected Areas of Nicaragua 13
Indigenous Territories of the Pacific, Central and North
12 10
18 19 14
Departmental boundary
Territory Marine use
twenty
Republic of Honduras 2 17 eleven

Biosphere Reserves
4
6 8 Management categories
4 3 9
!H BILWI
4
fifteen 17 Monument Biological Reserve
5
1550000 1550000
twenty-one
Historical
twenty-one
Biological Reserve
twenty-one
Monument Marine
National Natural reserve
OCOTAL
28 !H
8
Terrestrial Landscape Resource Reserve
37 26 !
H SOMOTO 31 7 Protected Genetics
35
32
25 National Park
3. 4 Refuge of Life
25
Gulf of ESTELI ! Wild
Fonseca H !H 22
JINOTEGA 22
24
MATAGALPA
36
!H 38
29
Caribbean 22 INDIGENOUS AND AFRO TERRITORIES
INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES
Creole Territory 1. Chorotega
1400000
Ocean
!H
CHINANDEGA
BOACO !
Sea 16
Bluefields Afrodescendant Creol Territory
1400000
Awas Tingni Mayangnina Sauni Umani 3. Mayangna

24. El Viejo
25. Jinotega
H
!H Li Telpaneca 27.
Peaceful 45 LION Lake Sauni Arungka 4. Mayangna Sauni
Monimbó
of As 4. Mayangna Sauni Bas
28. Mozonte
Managua 6. Mayangna Sauni Bu
29. Muy Muy
MANAGUA !H
30. Nindirí
!H BLUEFIELDS Miskito Territories 7. 31. San Antonio de Padua 32.
JUIGALPA 1
!H Prinzu Awala 8. San José de Cusmapa 33. San
30 ! Prinzu Auhya Uh 9. Juan de Oriente 34. San
H MASAYA 27 33 GRENADE !H
Tasba Pri Indigena 10. Lucas 35. Santa
!H
Tawira 11. Bárbara 36. Sébaco
JINOTEPE
Lake Twi Yahbra. 37. Totogalpa
of 12. Wangki Li Aubra Tasbaya 13.
Georeference Wangki Maya Tasbaya 14.
Matagalpa
UTM coordinate system RIVAS ! 43 Nicaragua Wangki Twi - Tasba Raya 15.
41 39 38. Matagalpa
Waupasa Twi
Spheroid Word Geodetic System 1984 H
44 42
Nahoas
Zone 16 North Miskito and Afro-descendant Territories 39.
Nancimí 16. Twelve
1250000
1:2,600,000 30 indigenous and Afro-descendant communities of the

1250000

SAN CARLOS !H 40. Ostional 41. Salinas de Nagualapa 42. San
10 5 0 10 twenty 40 fifty 60km 23 Jorge Nicaraocalí 43. Urbaite Las Pilas
17. Karata
40
Miskito and Mayangna Territories 18.

Information source:
Kipla Sait Tasbaika Kum 19. Li 44. Veracruz del Zapotal Xiu
CONADETI; Limit of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean and Afro-descendants. Costa Rica Republic Lamni Tasbaika Kum 20. Miskito
45.
MARENA; Map of protected areas GIS edition and Indian Tasbaika Kum 21. Tuahka
Sutiaba
design: Marcos Williamson, Luis Valerio October 2016

500000 650000 800000 950000
Branch
Of the 72 protected areas established, 39 are located within the

indigenous and Afro-descendant territories of the country, 17 of
them in the Nicaraguan Caribbean territories and 22 in the
Pacific, Central and North, and represents 87.2% of the total
surface areas of the 72 AP.
In indigenous Caribbean coast

17
87.2%
72 39 and Afro territories
decendents
22
Peaceful,
Center and
of the 72 AP
North
odheaP
r:eosdtiw LJ
PROTECTED AREAS
According to MARENA8 , Within

the framework of SINAP, there are 15 physically Matagalpa has 100% of the surface of Cerro Arenal, Salto Yasika and
demarcated protected areas and 3 in the process of demarcation; There are two Yucul, in addition to 87.3% of Cerro Guabule. Muy Muy has 100% of the surface
(2) biosphere reserves officially recognized by UNESCO; There are also eight of Cerro Pancasán.
(8) RAMSAR sites of international importance. On the other hand, there are 31
protected areas with approved management plans and 23 protected areas with In the Caribbean, only 3 TIs have no impact on AP, these are Awas-tigni
management plans and in the approval process at different stages of progress Mayagnina Sauni Umani, Tasba Pri and Wanki Twi – Tasba Raya. The 20 TIs
and two protected areas have formulated management plans that have not have 56.7% (1,560,872.4ha) of the total surface area of the 17 APs.
necessarily been approved by Ministerial Resolution.
Four APs have an impact on the Rama and Kriol Territory and three on
Of the 72 protected areas, 37 are in 33 TIs, of which 20 are in the North Awaltara Luphia Nani Tasbaya and Waupasa Twi, the rest of TI has two or one AP.
Central Pacific and 17 on the Caribbean Coast. 55.7% (1,616,735.7ha) of the 37
AP are at 33 TI. Awaltara Luphia Nani Tasbaya has 100% of the surface of Makantaka and
Llanos de Karawala, the same situation occurs with Prinzu Awala with Limbaika
Of the 22 TIs in the North Central Pacific, only 13 have protected areas, and Cerro de Alamikamba, and the same situation exists with Waupasa Twi with
adding up to a total of 55,883.3ha, which means 36.7% of the total PAs. Kilgna and Yulu.
Matagalpa is the TI that has an impact on 6 protected areas, followed by Muy
Muy with 4 AP, the others have 2 or 1 AP. 72.5% of the surface of Bosawás (493,316.0ha) is within 7 TIs,
96.4% of Cola Blanca is in two TIs, 51.6% of Cerro Banacruz is in two
TIs and only 1.4% (902.6ha) of Cerro Saslaya is inside Mayagna Sauni Bas.
8
Analysis of Conservation Gaps in Nicaragua, 2010.
fifty | ORIGINARY AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES OF NICARAGUA | ETHNOGRAPHY, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PROTECTED AREAS
Details by town and ethnic group are described in the following table:
SURFACE OF AREAS PROTECTED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTH PACIFIC
Batteries Herd
Jinotega Monimbo
Mozonte
Very
Ostional
Cusmapa
East Sutiaba
Total
Protected areas Matagalpa Saint
Urbaite-
Virgin
(ha)
Saint Saint
Somoto Canyon 0 37.8 37.8
Cerro Apante 1328.3 1328.3
Arenal Hill 1415.2 1415.2
Cerro Cumaica - Cerro Alegre 1157.3 1157.3
Cerro Datanlí - El Diablo 191.2 191.2
Cerro Guabule 5550.6 809.9 6360.5
Cerro Pancasán 581.6 581.6
Padre Ramos Estero 9864.1 9864.1
Fila Cerro Frío - La Cumplida 4172.4 4172.4
Juan Venado Island 2989.9 2989.9
The flower 94.8 94.8
Support Lagoon 581.8 318.3 900.1
Peña Inculta - Istián Wetland 917.9 917.9
Yasika River Falls 410.7 410.7
Serranía Dipilto and Jalapa 4961.1 4961.1
Sierra Quirragua 3407.5 3407.5
Tepesomoto - La Pataste 4641.7 3106 7747.7
Concepción Volcano 211.7 211.7
Masaya Volcano 29.7 3519.3 3549
Yucul 5584.5 5584.5
SURFACE OF AREAS PROTECTED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTH PACIFIC
Herd
Mozonte
Nindirí
Ostional
East Sutiaba Total
Protected areas
Jinotega Monimbo Very Cusmapa
Matagalpa Saint Virgin
(ha)
Urbaite-
Saint Saint
Marine Conservation Zone

1.5 1.5
(Estero Padre Ramos)
Marine Conservation Zone (Juan

296.1 296.1
Venado Island)
Marine Conservation Zone (La

56.9 56.9
Flor)
Grand Total 191.2 18461.7 611.5 4961.1 5956.3 3519.3 151.7 4641.7 3143.8 318.3 3286 1129.6 9865.6 56237.8
hSP
E
lhiW
M
P
ola
d
:ooactiorla
ra:rozatag
nossm

ochaC
P
J
:orototdclheiC
P
V
d
soe ta
olro
:b ivehaM
P
J
ivehaM
PJ
azo:rodetno
azo:rodetno
SURFACE OF PROTECTED AREAS BY AFRODESCENT TERRITORY
protected areas
Indigenous and Afro- White
descendant Territories
Bosawas
Immediate
Cerro
Cerro
Alamikanba
Pearl
Saslaya
Miskito Banacruz
Cays
Caribbean coast 493316 356701 517 3810 13944 10159 903 202664
Awaltara Luphia Nani Tasbaya
Twelve indigenous and Afro-descendant

communities of the Pearl Lagoon basin 517
Karata 33711
Kipla Sait Tasbaika Kum 111329
Li Lamni Tasbaika Kum 92689
Mayangna Sauni Arungka-Matungbak 1765 9544
Mayangna Sauni As 92682 616
Mayangna Sauni Bas 36663 903
Mayangna Sauni Bu 94741
Miskito Indian Tasbaika Kum 65126
Prinsu_auhya.uh 66809
Prinzu Awala 3810
Tawira 193020
Bluefields Creole Territory 56137
protected areas
Yulu
Limbaika Karawala Plains

Makantaka
General total (ha)
Wawashang Fat
San
Indian
212139 4243 4898 4293 2511 11091 222035 13216 4413 1560852
863 4293 2511 7667
211276 211794
33711
111329
92689
11309
93297
37566
94741
65126
66809
4898 8707
193020
56137
protected areas
Indigenous and Afro- White
descendant Territories
Bosawas
Immediate
Cerro
Cerro
Alamikanba
Pearl
Saslaya
Miskito Banacruz
Cays
Rama and Kriol Territory 146526
Tuahka 12179
Twi Aubra 10 communities 23562
Wangki Li Aubra Tasbaya 86
Wangki Maya Tasbaya 15364
Waupasa Twi 24235
National Total for each AP 680618 856729 146946 3810 27048 10540 63287 292452
protected areas
Yulu
Limbaika Karawala Plains

Makantaka
General total (ha)
Wawashang Fat
San
Indian
11091 222035 13216 392868
12179
23562
86
15364
4243 4413 32892
224929 4243 4897 4293 2510 63792 316721 43518 4413
VII. Conclusions
7.1 Maps, an instrument to strengthen Governance and Public Policies
“A map is a visual instrument, we can have ministers, indigenous The maps can be understood as an effort to translate and share different
peoples, researchers around a map and everyone can understand it. worldviews and knowledge, it is an interpretation of indigenous and Afro-
It is not like a report that must be read to understand the situation, a descendant ways of life, so that it can be understood by people and state
map can have everyone exchanging opinions on what it shows.” and non-governmental entities.
Mac Chapin (2014).
The Map of the Native Peoples and Afro-descendants of Nicaragua,
Maps have existed for a long time in the Native and Afro-descendant using GIS (Geographic Information System) technology, official information
Peoples, each culture knew the territory it occupied and represented it through and traditional knowledge, summarizes fundamental data for community and
drawings as in the ancient memorials or in the abundant petroglyphs in the territorial planning, for monitoring the effects of climate change , for the
native territories. Or in the collective memory that has been preserved from application of the National Avoided Deforestation Strategy , to harmonize
the ancestors to the present day. scientific knowledge with traditional knowledge , for the protection of the
rights established in international treaties and the safeguards of indigenous
You can learn the history of each country by reading the maps and the rights.
way in which they have been transformed along with the political processes.
In the case of Nicaragua, with the delimitation and titling of the Indigenous For the indigenous and Afro-descendant communities that participated in
Territories in the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast, cartography this participatory cartography, the expectation regarding the scope of these
has become an indispensable instrument to interpret the current use of maps is that they translate into the strengthening of their own governance,
natural ecosystems and protected areas based on of technical and political and that on the part of the State of Nicaragua, the public policies necessary
purposes, both of the Communal and Territorial Governments, as well as of to guarantee the effective exercise of the right to collective ownership of land
the Municipal, Regional Governments and the National Government. Likewise and compliance with the right to shape their way of living based on their
in the Pacific, Central and North, the experience of participatory mapping has material and immaterial resources.
been important for the planning of Human Development plans with Identity
based on the use of their lands.
VIII. Bibliography
8.1 Books
APRODIN (2011). Ancestral knowledge, diagnosis of Traditional Medicine, basis National Development Institute (INIDE; 2007b). National, Departmental
of the identity of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Central and and Municipal Population Estimates and Projections , 2007
Northern Nicaragua. First edition, Managua, Nicaragua. Revision .
APRODIN (2013). We do exist! The struggle of the indigenous peoples of the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses. (2002a). III National Agricultural
Pacific, central and northern Nicaragua for their self-determination. First Census. Final results. Atlantic Autonomous Region
edition, Managua, Nicaragua. North. Volume 17.
Carey, Robert (1997). Expansion of the Saslaya National Park. A strategy for the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (2002b). III National Agricultural
protection of the southern core area of BOSAWAS. The Nature Census. Final results. Autonomous Region of the South Atlantic. Volume18.
Conservancy (TNC-Nicaragua).
FADCANIC (2000) Physiographic and demographic characterization of the regions Kirkland, Samuel (2003). Indigenous cultures of Nicaragua. Hispa-mer
autonomous communities of the Caribbean of Nicaragua. Editorial, first edition, Managua, Nicaragua.
North Atlantic Autonomous Regional Government (2013). Regional Atlas, Kinloch, F (2008). History of Nicaragua. Third edition, Editorial IHNCA,
Autonomous Region of the North Atlantic. Prepared within the framework Managua, Nicaragua.
of Territorial Planning and Development promoted by the North Atlantic
Autonomous Regional Government (GRAAN) with the technical and Nietschmann, Bernard (1973). Between Land and Water: The subsistence ecology
financial assistance of the German Development Cooperation (GIZ). of the Miskito Indians, Eastern Nicaragua. Seminar Press.
Incer, Jaime. (nineteen ninety five). Dynamic geography of Nicaragua, Jaime Olguín, Gabriela (2006). Baseline study on the living conditions of the indigenous
Incer Bar-quero. Editor, Hispamer Editorial. Managua. peoples of the Pacific, North and Central Nicaragua. International Labor
Organization, first edition, San José, Costa Rica.
National Institute of Development Information (INIDE; 2007ª).
C in so 2005. VIII Population Census and IV Housing Census. Rizo, Mario (2011). Li Telpaneca in his story. First Edition, Managua, Nicaragua.
VIII. Bibliography | 8.2 Laws and Decrees
United Nations Development Program (UNDP; 2005). Human Development Report . American Convention on Human Rights, San José, Costa Rica, 22
The Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast. Does Nicaragua assume November 1969.
its diversity? First Edition, Managua, Nicaragua.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,
Heritage Program for the Revitalization of the indigenous people of Sutia-ba, León Resolution 61/295, approved by the General Assembly on
(2012). It had history and life. 1st ed, Managua, Nicaragua. September 13, 2007.
Sambola Kensie 2009. Territoriality of the Orinoco community from the GAZETTE, OFFICIAL NEWSPAPER
Garifuna worldview
• Political Constitution of Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua, 2000.
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo (1997). Indigenous organizations: emerging actors • Statute of Autonomy of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast of
in Latin America”, ECLAC Review. August 1997. Nicaragua, Law No. 28, Managua, Nicaragua, 1987.
• General Law of the Environment and Natural Resources, Law No. 217, Managua,
Roldan Ortega, Roque (2000). Legality and ethnic rights on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua, 1996.
Nicaragua. Gala Foundation. • Law for the Development of Coastal Zones, Law No.690, Managua, Nica-
Ragua, 2009.
Ruiz y Ruiz, Frutos (1925). Official report of visit to the Caribbean Coast. • Law of the Communal Property Regime of the Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic
Communities of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua
Romero, Jilma (Coord.) (2009). Our Communities. A historical look at the indigenous and the Bocay, Coco and Indio Maíz rivers, Law No. 445, Managua, Nicaragua, 2003.
peoples of the Pacific, Central and Northern Nicaragua. • Regulations to Law No. 28 Law of Autonomy, Decree No.3584, Ma-
Unan-Managua. nagua, Nicaragua, 2003.
8.2 Laws and Decrees 8.3 Web Pages
Convention on indigenous and tribal peoples in independent countries, Convention Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (2014) National System of
169, adopted at the 76th session of the General Conference of the Protected Areas, available at: http://www.marena.gob.ni/gene-ralidades-
International Labor Organization, June 27, 1989. sinap-menu-dgap-335, reviewed on January 14, 2014 .
This publication was produced with the financial support of IBIS Denmark, within the framework of the
execution of the Management of the Empowerment of Civil Society in Central America (GESCCA) Program.

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ORIGINAL PEOPLES AND

Coordinator and technical team Funding sources

Recognitions and thanks

Acronyms and Acronyms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06

4.1.1 Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven

4.1.2. The Pacific, Central and North. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.1.3. Demography of Native Peoples and Afro-descendants. . . . . 13

4.1.4 The multiethnic nature of Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1.5 Profile of the Native Peoples and Afro-descendants of the

Mayagna Ulwa people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1.6 Governance institutions on the Caribbean Coast. . . . . . . . . . . twenty

Community governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . twenty-one

Native peoples of Chorotega, Nahoa, Xiu-Sutiaba and Matagalpa descent 25

4.1.8 Governance institutions in the Pacific, Central and North. . . . 30

V. The cartography and ethnomapping . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.3 The map of marine ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5.4 The information layer on protected areas in

5.5 Coastal areas. . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2 Natural Ecosystems of Indigenous Territories and

6.2.1 Coniferous forests. . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.2 Broadleaf Forests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

6.2.3 Areas without natural vegetation. . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.5 The ecosystems found in indigenous territories and

and Public Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

8.2 Laws and Decrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8.3 Web Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Acronyms and Acronyms

APPRODIN INRA Nicaraguan Institute of Agrarian Reform

BOSAWAS Bocay, Saslaya, Waspuk MAGFOR Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

AVE Autonomous Regional Council ILO International Labor Organization

CIDT Intersectoral Territorial Demarcation Commission OTR Rural Titling Office

UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights PGR Attorney General's Office

FADCANIC RACCN North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region

Mayangnas, Ulwas Miskitus, Ramas, Creoles and Garifunas, on the

The territory is the space where traditional knowledge related to the

Since 1986, when a new Political Constitution was promulgated, the

This document summarizes an intense and participatory process of

Regarding the list of Protected Areas, 72 protected

The recognition of these realities must serve to

IV. ETHNOGRAPHY OF ORIGINAL AND AFRODESCENT PEOPLES

4.1. Geomorphology of Nicaragua

Due to its geological, climatological and ecological characteristics, Nicaragua

4.1.1 Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast

The right of the communities of the Caribbean Coast to communal ownership of

4.1.5 Profile of the Indigenous and Afro-descendant

Mayagna Ulwa Village

The Territorial Assembly constitutes the highest instance of territorial government

The Creoles preserve their Kriol2 language ; They mainly practice

Garifuna communities have an institutional system of cooperation

articulated in their historical demands as a people. This institutional model is based

In Garifuna communities the main traditional authority is the judge.

4.1.6 Governance institutions on the Caribbean Coast

The community is the most characteristic traditional autonomous space for

Wangki Li Aubra Tasbaya 18 7,991 88,434.78

Karata 5 13,181 85,374.00

* This territory is part of the Alto Wangki/Bocay Special Zone.

Mayangna Sauni As 16 10,000 163,810.00

Mayangna Sauni Arun-gka-

Tuahka 14 8,718 54,556.36

Mayangna Sauni Bas 1 870 43,241.4

Municipality of the Mouth of Río Grande and La Cruz de Río Grande

Awaltara Luphia Nani Tas-berry Do not give