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Council of the European Union-Рада Європеиського Союзу Європеиського Союзу
Council of the European Union-Рада Європеиського Союзу Європеиського Союзу
18, ex 4
The European Commission takes the lead in proposing legislation to the EU Council and the Parliament. In the
ordinary legislative procedure, the Council, comprised of ministers from member state governments, and the
European Parliament, elected by citizens, have the authority to make amendments and must provide their
consent for the Commission's proposed bills to become law. The Commission also supervises the various
departments and agencies responsible for executing or enforcing EU law.
The "European Council," distinct from the Council and consisting of the Prime Ministers or executive presidents
of member states, serves as the highest political governing body of the EU. It appoints Commissioners and the
board of the European Central Bank. The European Court of Justice, as the supreme judicial body, interprets
and develops EU law through precedent. The Court has the power to review the legality of actions by EU
institutions in accordance with the Treaties and can adjudicate claims for breaches of EU laws brought by
member states and citizens.
The EU, despite lacking a codified constitution, operates under laws that form its legal basis. The key
constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European
Union, agreed upon by all member state governments. These treaties establish EU institutions, outline their
powers and duties, and clarify areas where legislation can occur through Directives or Regulations. The
European Commission initiates legislation proposed to the EU Council and Parliament. In the regular legislative
process, the Council (ministers from member state governments) and the elected European Parliament can
amend and must approve Commission bills. The Commission oversees departments and agencies enforcing EU
law.
The "European Council," distinct from the Council, consists of Prime Ministers or executive presidents of
member states, serving as the highest political governing body. It appoints Commissioners and the European
Central Bank's board. The European Court of Justice, the supreme judicial body, interprets and develops EU law
through precedent. It can review the legality of EU institutions' actions according to the Treaties and decide on
claims of EU law breaches from member states and citizens.
p. 22 ex.4
A. Демократичні ідеали інтеграції для міжнародних та європей ських націй є такими ж давніми,
як і сучасна національна держава. Стародавні концепції європей ської єдності, як правило, були
недемократичними і ґрунтувалися на домінуванні, як, наприклад, імперія Олександра
Македонського, Римська імперія або католицька церква, контрольована Папою Римським у
Римі. В епоху Відродження середньовічна торгівля процвітала в таких організаціях, як
Ганзей ський союз, що простягався від англій ських міст, таких як Бостон і Лондон, до
Франкфурта, Стокгольма і Риги. Ці торговці розробили лексмеркаторія, поширюючи основні
норми добросовісності та чесного ведення бізнесу через свій бізнес. У 1517 році
протестантська Реформація спричинила сто років кризи та нестабільності. Мартін Лютер
прибив список вимог до дверей церкви у Віттенберзі, король Генріх VIII оголосив
односторонній розкол з Римом Актом про верховенство 1534 року, і конфлікти спалахували по
всій Священній Римській імперії, поки Аугсбурзький мир 1555 року не гарантував кожному
князівству право на обрану ним релігію. Це нестабільне врегулювання вилилося в
Тридцятилітню вій ну (1618-1648), в якій загинуло близько чверті населення Центральної
Європи.
p. 22 ex.4
А1
The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which brought peace under the system of
international law developed by Hugo Grotius, is generally recognized as the beginning
of the emergence of a system based on nation-states. Even when the English Civil War
broke out, which ended only with the Glorious Revolution in 1688, when Parliament
invited William and Mary of Hanover to the throne and adopted the Bill of Rights in
1689. In 1693, the London-based Quaker William Penn, who founded Pennsylvania in
North America, argued that a "European diet" or "parliament" was needed to prevent
prolonged wars in Europe. The First World War had devastated European society and
economy, and the Treaty of Versailles failed to provide, through the League of Nations,
either a functioning international security system or any European integration, instead
imposing punitive reparations payments on the countries that lost the war. After
another economic collapse and the rise of fascism triggered the Second World War,
European civil society was determined to create a lasting alliance that would guarantee
world peace through economic, social, and political integration.
p. 24 # 4 Вправа 4.