CAT Forklift V180C V200C V200C STR

V225C Service Manual

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DescriptionCAT Forklift V180C V200C V200C STR V225C Service ManualSize:
16.6 MBFormat: PDFLanguage: EnglishBrand: CAT CaterpillarType of Machine:
ForkliftType of Manual: Service ManualModel: CAT V180C V200C V200C STR
V225C ForkliftDate: 2010Content:SENB8324-00 Engines: 3208 and 3208T
Vehicular Engines for V550, V620, V700, V800 and V925 Lift TrucksSENB8498-00
Lift Trucks Electrical System, SchematicsCat Pub List Publication List (Service,
Operator, & Parts Manuals)Mast Tilting Angles Mast Tilting AnglesREF-18-0001C
How To Determine Correct Mast Rails Lift Cylinders And Mast
HosingREF-18-0001C How To Determine Correct Mast Rails Lift Cylinders And
Mast Hosing (Spanish)REF-18-0002C How To Locate Fluid
CapacitiesREF-18-0002C How To Locate Fluid Capacities
(Spanish)REF-18-0003C How To Use A Pick ListREF-18-0003C How To Use A
Pick List (Spanish)REF-18-0007C Abbreviations And Acronyms ListREF-18-0008C
Diagnostic Trouble (Error) CodesThis part manual inlcude all spare parts number
you need inside this model, for you easier in fixing your forklift replace new spare
part hight performance.This service manual is a guide for servicing Cat Lift Trucks.
For your convenience the instructions are grouped by systems as an easy
reference.This Original Instructions (Operator’s) Manual describes operating
procedures, daily checks and simple maintenance for safe usage of your Cat lift
truck.SERVICE MANUALCHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION1.1 Model
View1.2 Models Covered1.2.1 Lift Truck Nomenclatures and Definitions1.3 Serial
Number Locations1.4 Dimensions1.5 Technical Data1.6 PerformanceCHAPTER 2
COOLING SYSTEM2.1 Specifications2.2 Structure2.3 Removal and
Installation2.3.1 Fan Belt Removal2.3.2 Suggestions for Removal2.3.3
Installation2.4 Inspection and Adjustment2.4.1 Fan Belt Inspection2.4.2 Fan Belt
Tension2.4.3 Connecting Hoses2.4.4 Coolant2.4.5 Radiator CapCHAPTER 3
ELECTRIC SYSTEM3.1 Chassis Electrical Devices Wiring Outline3.1.1 Harnesses
Layout3.1.2 Components Layout3.2 Structure3.2.1 Console Box3.2.2 Major
Electrical Components3.2.3 Table of Lamps3.3 Console Box3.3.1 Disassembly3.4
Battery Maintenance3.4.1 State of Charge and Electrolyte Specific Gravity (S.G.)
Adjustment3.4.2 Specific Gravity Reading and State of Charge3.4.3 Charging
Precautions3.5 Instrument Panel3.5.1 Instrument Panel Screen Element3.5.2
Basic Screen Display3.5.3 Basic Operation3.5.4 When An Error Occurs3.5.5
Warning Lamps3.5.6 Optional Functions3.5.7 Hour Meters3.5.8
Troubleshooting3.6 Wire Color3.6.2 List of Wire Colors3.7 Troubleshooting3.7.1
Starter System3.7.2 Gauges3.7.3 Lighting System3.8 Electrical
SchematicCHAPTER 4 CONTROLLERS4.1 Outline4.2 Main Functions4.2.2
Instrument Panel4.2.3 VCM (Vehicle Control Module)1-M4.2.4 ECM (Gasoline
Engine Control Module)4.2.5 Remote Input/Output Units4.2.6 GSE Connector4.3
Service Tool Functions4.3.1 Service Tool Menus4.3.2 Service Tool Box4.4 Mast
Interlock System4.4.1 Function4.4.2 VCM1-M Controller, Mast Interlock System
Checking Procedure4.4.3 Active Test Inspection Procedure4.5 Driving Interlock
System4.5.1 Function4.5.2 Driving Interlock System Checking Procedure for
Powershift T/M Lift Trucks4.5.3 Active Test Inspection Procedure4.6 Seat Belt
Warning Lamp4.6.1 Function4.6.2 Seat Belt Warning Lamp Checking
Procedure4.7 Parking Brake Warning Buzzer and Lamp4.7.1 Function4.7.2
Parking Brake Warning Buzzer/Lamp Checking Procedure4.7.3 Parking Brake
Warning Buzzer/Lamp Checking Procedure with Key in OFF Position4.8 Harness
Codes4.9 Controller Details4.9.1 VCM1-M Controller4.9.2 Seat Switch/Seat Belt
Switch4.9.3 Parking Brake Switch4.9.4 Direction Lever4.9.5 Speed Sensor4.9.6
T/M Solenoid4.9.7 Unload Solenoid4.9.8 Lift Lock Solenoid4.9.9 Warning
Buzzer4.9.10 Warning Buzzer Relay4.9.11 Warning Buzzer Circuit4.9.12
Instrument Panel4.10 Error Codes and Troubleshootings4.10.1 Error Code
Display4.10.2 Diagnosis Table (F Code)4.10.3 Error Codes and
Troubleshooting4.11 Locations of Sensors and SwitchesCHAPTER 5 POWER
TRAIN5.1 Removal and Installation (MC Models)5.1.1 Removal of Engine and
Transmission Assembly5.1.2 Removal of Engine and Transmission Assembly (for
Gasoline-Engine Lift Trucks)5.2 Removal and Installation (FC Models)5.2.1
Removal of Engine and Transmission AssemblyCHAPTER 6 POWERSHIFT
TRANSMISSION6.1 Structure and Functions6.1.1 Transmission6.1.2 Torque
Converter6.1.3 Control Valve6.1.4 Hydraulic System Schematic of Powershift
Transmission6.2 Removal and Installation6.2.1 Removal6.2.2 Installation6.3
Control Valve6.3.1 Disassembly6.3.2 Reassembly6.4 Input Shaft Assembly6.4.1
Disassembly6.5 Oil Pump Assembly6.5.1 Disassembly6.5.2 Reassembly6.6
Inspection and Adjustment6.6.1 Oil Pressure Measurement6.6.2 Clutch (Inching)
Pedal Adjustment6.6.3 Inching Cable, Adjustment6.7 Troubleshooting6.8
Tightening Torque6.9 Service DataCHAPTER 7 FRONT AXLE AND REDUCTION
DIFFERENTIAL7.1 Structure7.1.1 Front Axle7.1.2 Reduction Differential7.2
Removal and Installation7.2.1 Front Wheels7.3 Front Axle7.3.2 Reduction
Differential7.4 Disassembly and Reassembly7.4.1 Front Axle7.4.2 Reduction
Differential7.5 Troubleshooting7.6 Service DataCHAPTER 8 REAR AXLE8.1
Structure and Functions8.1.1 Rear Axle in General8.1.2 Structure of Each
Component8.1.3 Steering Cylinder8.2 Removal and Installation8.2.1 Rear Wheel
and Rear Axle Assembly8.3 Disassembly and Reassembly8.3.1 Wheel Hub,
Disassembly and Reassembly8.3.2 Knuckle (King Pin), Disassembly and
Reassembly8.3.3 Steering Cylinder, Disassembly and Reassembly8.3.4 Tie Rod,
Disassembly and ReassemblyCHAPTER 9 BRAKE SYSTEM9.1 Structure9.1.1
Brake System9.2 Disassembly and Reassembly9.2.1 Master Cylinder9.2.2 Wheel
Brakes9.2.3 Wheel Cylinder9.3 Inspection and Adjustment9.3.1 Automatic
Adjuster Test9.3.2 Manual Adjustment9.3.3 Parking Brake Cable Adjustment9.3.4
Brake Pedal Adjustment9.3.5 Brake Lines Bleeding9.3.6 Braking Performance
Test9.3.7 Parking Brake Lever9.4 Troubleshooting9.5 Service DataCHAPTER 10
STEERING SYSTEM10.1 Structure and Functions10.1.1 Steering System10.1.2
Steering Valve10.1.3 Steering Column10.2 Disassembly and Reassembly10.2.2
Steering Wheel and Steering Valve, Removal and Installation10.2.3 Steering
Wheel10.2.4 Steering Valve10.2.5 Tilt Lock Lever10.3 Steering Valve10.3.1
Disassembly10.3.2 Reassembly10.4 Troubleshooting10.5 Service DataCHAPTER
11 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM11.1 Structure and Functions11.1.1 Outline11.2
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram (For Models With MC Control Valve)11.3 Hydraulic
Circuit Diagram (For Models With FC Control Valve)11.4 Hydraulic Tank11.5
Hydraulic Pump (Gear Pump)11.6 Control Valve11.7 Flow Regulator Valve (for
Models with FC Control Valve Only)11.8 Down Safety Valve11.9 Lift Cylinder11.10
Tilt Cylinder11.11 Disassembly and Reassembly11.11.1 Hydraulic Pump11.11.2
Lift Cylinder11.11.3 Tilt Cylinder11.11.4 Flow Regulator Valve11.11.5
Piping11.11.6 Suction Strainer and Return Filter11.12 Inspection and
Adjustment11.12.1 Hydraulic Tank11.12.2 Control Valve11.12.3 Descent
Test11.12.4 Forward Tilt Test11.13 Troubleshooting11.13.2 Hydraulic System
Cleaning After a Component Failure11.14 Service Data11.15 MC Control
Valve11.15.1 Structure and Operation11.15.2 Control Valve, Removal and
Installation11.15.3 Disassembly and Assembly11.16 FC Control Valve11.16.1
Structure and Operation11.16.2 Disassembly and AssemblyCHAPTER 12 MAST
AND FORKS12.1 Simplex Mast12.1.1 Mast System12.2 Structure and
Functions12.2.1 Simplex Mast (5A15C to 5A33C)12.2.2 Mast Operation12.3
Removal and Installation12.3.1 Mast and Lift Bracket Assembly12.4 Disassembly
and Reassembly12.4.1 Simplex Mast Disassembly12.4.2 Simplex Mast
Reassembly12.5 Removal and Installation of Mast Rollers and Strips without
Removing12.5.1 Simplex Mast12.6 Inspection and Adjustment (Simplex
Mast)12.6.2 Forks12.6.3 Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment12.6.4
Checking Chain Elongation12.6.5 Adjusting Clearance Between Lift Bracket Roller
and Inner Mast12.6.6 Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment12.6.7 Mast Strip
Clearance Inspection and Adjustment12.6.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment12.6.9 Right and
Left Lift Cylinder Stroke Inspection and Adjustment12.7 Troubleshooting (Simplex
Mast)12.8 Service Data (Simplex Mast)12.9 Duplex Mast12.9.1 Mast System12.10
Structure and Functions12.10.1 Duplex (Dual Full-Free Panoramic) Mast (5B15C
to 5B33C)12.10.2 Mast Operation12.11 Removal and Installation12.11.1 Mast and
Lift Bracket Assembly12.12 Disassembly and Reassembly12.12.1 Duplex Mast
Disassembly12.12.2 Duplex Mast Reassembly12.13 Removal and Installation of
Mast Rollers and Strips without Removing12.13.1 Duplex Mast12.14 Inspection
and Adjustment (Duplex Mast)12.14.1 Inspection and Adjustment (Duplex
Mast)12.14.2 Forks12.14.3 Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment12.14.4
Checking Chain Elongation12.14.5 Adjusting Clearance Between Lift Bracket
Roller and Inner Mast12.14.6 Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment12.14.7 Mast Strip
Clearance Inspection and Adjustment12.14.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment12.14.9 Right
and Left Lift Cylinder Stroke Inspection and Adjustment12.15 Troubleshooting
(Duplex Mast)12.16 Service Data (Duplex Mast)12.17 Triplex Mast12.17.1 Mast
System12.18 Structure and Functions12.18.1 Triplex (Triple Full-Free Panoramic)
Mast (5C15C to 5C33C)12.18.2 Mast Operation12.19 Removal and
Installation12.19.1 Mast and Lift Bracket Assembly12.20 Disassembly and
Reassembly12.20.1 Triplex Mast Disassembly12.20.2 Triplex Mast
Reassembly12.21 Removal and Installation of Mast Rollers and Strips without
Removing12.21.1 Triplex Mast12.22 Inspection and Adjustment (Triplex
Mast)12.22.2 Forks12.22.3 Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment12.22.4
Checking Chain Elongation12.22.5 Adjusting Clearance between Lift Bracket
Roller and Inner Mast12.22.6 Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment12.22.7 Mast Strip
Clearance Inspection and Adjustment12.22.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment12.22.9 Right
and Left Lift Cylinder Stroke Inspection and Adjustment12.23 Troubleshooting
(Triplex Mast)12.23.1 Troubleshooting (Triplex Mast)12.24 Service Data (Triplex
Mast)12.24.1 Triplex MastCHAPTER 13 SERVICE DATA13.1 Maintenance
Schedule13.2 Maintenance Note13.2.1 Brake System13.2.2 Cooling System13.2.3
Electric System13.2.4 Engine System13.2.5 Frame and Chassis13.2.6 Fuel
System13.2.7 Hydraulic System13.2.8 Ignition System13.2.9 Intake
System13.2.10 Front End Section13.2.11 Steering and Axle System13.2.12 T/M
and Drive System13.2.13 Wheels and Tires13.2.14 General13.3 Tightening
Torque for Standard Bolts and Nuts13.4 Periodic Replacement Parts13.4.2
Location of Periodic Replacement Parts13.5 Lubrication Instructions13.5.1
Lubrication Chart13.5.2 Fuel and Lubricant Specifications13.5.3 Adjustment Value
and Oil Quantities13.6 Special Service Tools13.6.1 Special Service Tools
(Standard Tools for Both MC and FC LiftTrucks)13.6.2 Special Service Tools (for
FC Lift Truck Only)13.6.3 Special Service Tools (for Powershift
Transmission)OPERRATION MANUALCHAPTER 1 SAFETY RULES AND
PRACTICES1.1 SAFETY SIGNS AND SAFETY MESSAGES1.2 WARNING
SYMBOLS AND LEVELS1.3 OPERATOR QUALIFICATIONS1.4 SAFETY
GUARDS1.5 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATING LIFT
TRUCK1.6 DAILY INSPECTION1.7 OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITY1.8
GENERAL1.9 NO RIDERS1.10 TRAVELING1.11 LOADING1.12 DOCKBOARDS
(BRIDGE PLATES), TRUCKS AND RAILROAD CARS1.13 SURFACE AND
CAPACITY1.14 FUEL HANDLING1.15 INSTALLATION OF ATTACHMENTS1.16
IN CASE OF TIP-OVER1.17 TRANSPORTING LIFT TRUCK1.17.2 APPROACH
ANGLE, DEPARTURE ANGLE AND GANGWAY1.17.3 HOISTING (LIFTING) UP
THE TRUCK1.18 FUNCTION TESTS1.19 TRACTION BAR1.20 POSITION OF
DATA AND CAPACITY PLATES AND DECALS1.21 DATA AND CAPACITY
PLATES AND DECALS1.21.2 DATA PLATE1.21.3 IDENTIFICATION
NUMBERS1.21.4 CAUTION DRIVE DECAL (IN CASE OF TIP-OVER
DECAL)1.21.5 WARNING DRIVE DECAL (TRAINED AND AUTHORIZED)1.21.6
PINCH POINT DECAL1.21.7 CAUTION FORK DECAL1.21.8 MAST WARNING
DECAL1.21.9 CAUTION DRIVE DECAL (OPERATION)1.21.10 RADIATOR
WARNING DECAL1.21.11 COOLING FAN WARNING DECAL1.21.12 ADJ LPG
WARNING DECAL1.21.13 LPG LATCH WARNING DECAL1.21.14 LPG FUEL
WARNING DECALCHAPTER 2 OPERATING CONTROLS AND FUNCTIONS2.1
APPLICATIONS2.2 APPLICATION FOR CAT LIFT TRUCKS2.3 PROHIBITED
APPLICATIONS FOR CAT LIFT TRUCKS2.4 MAIN COMPONENTS2.5 METERS,
INDICATORS AND WARNING LIGHTS2.5.2 LCD2.5.3 OPERATION
BUTTONS2.5.4 ! MULTIPURPOSE WARNING LIGHT2.5.5 MALFUNCTION
INDICATOR LIGHT-ENGINE CHECK WARNING2.5.6 OIL PRESSURE
WARNING LIGHT2.5.7 CHARGE WARNING LIGHT2.5.8 PARKING BRAKE
WARNING LIGHT2.5.9 SEAT BELT WARNING LIGHT2.5.10 METER
DISPLAY2.5.11 WATER TEMPERATURE GAUGE2.5.12 FUEL GAUGE2.5.13
TRANSMISSION POSITION2.6 MALFUNCTION AND WARNING
INDICATIONS2.6.2 MAST INTERLOCK WARNING2.6.3 LPG LEVEL
WARNING/LPG RACK LOCK WARNING2.6.4 TORQUE CONVERTER FLUID
TEMP WARNING2.6.5 RADIATOR LEVEL WARNING2.6.6 AIR CLEANER
WARNING2.6.7 SERVICE REMINDER DISPLAY2.6.8 DISPLAYS WHEN
MALFUNCTION OCCURS2.7 DRIVER RECOGNITION MODE2.8 LPG
REMAINING TIME MANAGEMENT2.9 SWITCHES2.9.2 HORN BUTTON2.9.3
REAR RIGHT GRIP WITH HORN BUTTON2.9.4 IGNITION SWITCH2.9.5
LIGHTING AND TURN SIGNAL SWITCHES2.9.6 MAXIMUM SPEED CHANGE
SWITCH (OPTION)2.9.7 THROTTLE SENSITIVITY ADJUST SWITCH
(OPTION)2.9.8 BACK-UP OPERATION LIGHT SWITCH (OPTION)2.10
OPERATING CONTROLS2.10.2 SELECTOR LEVER2.10.3 PARKING BRAKE
LEVER2.10.4 INCHING BRAKE PEDAL2.10.5 BRAKE PEDAL2.10.6
ACCELERATOR PEDAL2.10.7 CARGO-HANDLING CONTROL LEVERS2.10.8
ANSI/ITSDF STANDARDS FOR LIFT TRUCK CLAMP ATTACHMENTS2.10.9
STEERING CHARACTERISTICSCHAPTER 3 OPERATING THE LIFT TRUCK3.1
OPERATION3.2 INSPECTION BEFORE OPERATING3.3 LIFT TRUCK
OPERATING PRECAUTIONS3.4 PRECAUTIONS FOR COLD AND HOT
WEATHER3.5 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES3.6 LPG LIFT TRUCK
STARTING3.7 PROCEDURE FOR JUMP STARTING EFI ENGINES3.8
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION3.9 LOADING3.10 TRANSPORTING LOADS3.11
UNLOADING3.12 CLIMBING3.13 STOPPING AND PARKING THE LIFT
TRUCK3.14 FORKS3.15 SEAT ADJUSTMENT3.15.1 SUSPENSION SEAT
OPERATOR’S WEIGHT ADJUSTMENT3.15.2 FORWARD AND BACKWARD
CONTROL LEVER3.15.3 BACKREST INCLINATION ADJUSTMENT3.15.4
LUMBAR ADJUSTMENT3.15.5 SWIVEL SEAT3.16 SEAT BELT3.17 TOP
PANEL3.18 TILT STEERING WHEEL3.19 SERVICE RELEASE LATCH3.20
RADIATOR COVER3.21 REARVIEW MIRROR (OPTION)3.22 LPG CYLINDER
(TANK) HOLDERCHAPTER 4 GENERAL CARE AND MAINTENANCE4.1 WET
CELL BATTERY CARE AND MAINTENANCE4.2 BATTERY SPECIFIC
GRAVITY4.3 DAILY INSPECTION4.4 OPERATOR’S DAILY CHECKLIST
(SAMPLE)4.5 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION4.5.1 ENGINE OIL LEVEL4.5.2
REFILLING ENGINE OIL4.5.3 ENGINE COOLANT LEVEL4.5.4 REFILLING
ENGINE COOLANT4.5.5 COOLING SYSTEM BLEEDING INSTRUCTIONS4.5.6
BRAKE FLUID LEVEL4.5.7 REFILLING BRAKE FLUID4.5.8 AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION FLUID LEVEL4.5.9 REFILLING AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
FLUID4.5.10 HYDRAULIC OIL LEVEL4.5.11 REFILLING HYDRAULIC OIL4.5.12
STEERING WHEEL PLAY4.5.13 WHEEL AND TIRE4.5.14 TIRE
REPLACEMENT4.5.15 CHECKING MAST4.5.16 CHECKING LIFT CHAIN4.5.17
FORK INSPECTION4.5.18 FORK REPAIR4.5.19 CHECKING HORN4.5.20
CHECKING LIGHTS4.5.21 CHECKING CARGO-HANDLING CONTROL
LEVER(S)4.5.22 CHECKING BRAKE PEDAL4.5.23 PEDAL FREE PLAY4.5.24
CHECKING PARKING BRAKE LEVER4.5.25 CHECKING TOP PANEL
LOCK4.5.26 FUSES4.5.27 CHECKING AIR CLEANER4.5.28 CHECKING FAN
BELT4.5.29 DRAINING OF TAR FROM THE VAPORIZER4.5.30 PRECAUTIONS
FOR USING LPG4.5.31 RECOMMENDED LPG FUEL TYPE4.5.32 CYLINDER
(TANK) SIZE4.5.33 LPG CYLINDER (TANK) REPLACEMENT4.5.34 REFILLING
LPG CYLINDERS (TANKS)4.5.35 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND
LUBRICATION SCHEDULE4.5.36 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND
LUBRICATION SCHEDULE FOR EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM4.5.37
LUBRICATION CHART4.5.38 RECOMMENDED LUBRICANTS4.5.39
RECOMMENDED SAE VISCOSITY CHART4.5.40 PUTTING LIFT TRUCK IN
STORAGE4.6 SIDE SHIFT4.6.1 OVERVIEW OF SIDE SHIFT4.6.2 MAIN TERMS
USED IN THIS SECTION4.6.3 SAFETY RULES AND PRACTICES4.6.4 SIDE
SHIFT CONTROL LEVER OPERATION4.6.5 SIDE SHIFT OPERATION4.6.6
DAILY CHECKS AND SIMPLE MAINTENANCECHAPTER 5
SPECIFICATIONS5.1 MODEL IDENTIFICATION5.1.1 MODEL VARIATION
(LONG MODEL CODE) BREAKDOWN5.2 MAIN TRUCK5.2.1 MAIN TRUCK –
2C7000 AND 2C8000/2C8000-SWB5.3 MAST5.3.1 2C7000 AND
2C8000/2C8000-SWB5.4 FUEL AND OIL CAPACITY5.5 ENGINE5.6 ENGINE OIL
CAPACITY5.7 NOISE LEVELCAT FULL PROGRAM: ” CLICK HERE “CAT PDF
FULL COLLECTION: ” CLICK HERE “
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decided there public attention will concentrate. There will be the
stress upon government.

GREY SILVER, THE MAN BEHIND THE FARM BLOC

As Congress becomes more important better men will be drawn into

it. There will be a gain to public life in this country from emphasis
upon the parliamentary side of government. As it is now only one
prize in American politics is worth while and that is the Presidency.
And there is no known rule by which men may attain to it.
Candidates for it are chosen at random, from governing a State,
from an obscure position in the Senate, from the army, it may be; in
no case does it come as the certain reward of national service.
And if, as happened when Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Wilson were made
President, really able men attain the office, they may serve their
country only four years, or eight years at most, and then must retire
from view. In England, for example, similar men are at the head of
the government or leading the opposition for the greater part of a
lifetime. English public life would inevitably look richer than ours
even were it not richer, for when they breed a statesman in England
they use him for years. We discard him after four or eight years. We
have not the system for developing statesmen and when by chance
we find one we waste him.
We put our faith in the jack-of-all-trades and the amateur. We have
the cheerful notion that the "crisis produces the man." This is
nothing more than the justice illusion which is lodged in the minds of
men, an idea, religious in its origin, that no time of trial would arrive
unless the man to meet it were benignantly sent along with it, a
denial of human responsibility, an encouragement to the happy-go-
lucky notion that everything always comes out right in the end.
The world, in going through the greatest crisis in history has
controverted this cheerful belief, for it has not produced "the man"
either here or elsewhere. No one appeared big enough to prevent
the war. No one appeared big enough to shorten the war. No one
appeared big enough to effect a real peace. And no one appeared
big enough to guide this country wisely either in the war or in the
making of peace, which is still going on.
Only in parliamentary life is there enough permanency and enough
opportunity for the breeding of statesmen. We shall never have
them while the Presidency with its hazards and its wastes is stressed
as it has been in recent years.
And Congress itself must be reformed before it will encourage and
develop ability. The seniority rule, to which reference has been made
before, must be abolished before talent will have its opportunity in
the legislative branch.
One of the first things that aggressive minorities would be likely to
do is to reach out for the important committee chairmanships.
Already the seniority rule has been broken in the House, when
Martin Madden was made Chairman of the Appropriations Committee
instead of the senior Republican, an inadequate person from
Minnesota.
And in any case the seniority rule will be severely tested in the
Senate. If Senator McCumber is defeated in North Dakota and
Senator Lodge is defeated or dies, Senator Borah will be in line to be
chairman of the important Foreign Relations Committee. When
Senator Cummins, who is sick, dies or retires and Senator Townsend
is defeated, which now seems likely, Senator LaFollette will be in line
to be chairman of the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce.
Both irregulars will then attain places of vast power unless the
seniority rule is abrogated.
Thus even the machine in the Senate will soon be under pressure to
do away with the absurd method of awarding mere length of service
with power and place.
Minorities when they determine to take the Senate and the House
out of the enfeebled grasp of incompetent regularity will inevitably
find precedents already established for them.
A richer public life will come from the breakdown of the safeguards
of mediocrity and from the stressing of the legislative at the expense
of the executive branch of the government. Both these results are
likely to follow from the effective appearance of minority interests in
Congress.
 CHAPTER XII
THE HAPPY ENDING

I have hesitated a long time over writing this last chapter, because
of the natural desire to give to my book a happy ending.
One may write critically of America and things American, but only if
one ends in a mood of hopeful confidence. There is so much youth,
so much latent power here, that one cannot fail to have faith that
the spirit of man will gain some enlargement from the experiment in
living which we are carrying on in this country.
And even if that were not true, egotism requires us to believe that
we are ever going forward to better things; for how should "the
forces" have the effrontery to establish so splendid a people as
ourselves upon so rich a continent, while reserving for us nothing
but a commonplace career, that of one of the many peoples who
have from time to time occupied the fairer regions of the earth?
At least we shall fill a place in history alongside Greece and Rome;
we feel it as the imaginative young man feels in himself the stirrings
of a future Shakespeare, Napoleon, or Lincoln.
The human mind refuses to conceive of so much power coming to
ordinary ends. The justice illusion which men have found so
indispensable a companion on their way through time requires the
happy ending. As it is only right and fair that when the forces send
us a crisis they should send us a man equal to it, so it is only right
and fair that when they put so great a people as ourselves in the
world they should prepare for it a splendid destiny.
I subscribe heartily to this doctrine. It is as convincing as any I have
ever seen based on the theory which we all cheerfully accept, that
man is not master of his own fate, that he does not need to be, that
he had better not be, that he reaps where he does not sow, reaps,
indeed, abundant crops.
In the preceding chapter, working toward the happy ending, I have
brought my characters to the verge of felicity: the perfect union
between minorities and majorities, which is the aim of all social
order, is in sight.
I have based my minorities upon self-interest, thus introducing into
our government the selfish interests banished therefrom twenty
years ago. Their banishment was an achievement of virtue. Their
reintroduction is the accomplishment of good sense. They are the
great reality while the world thinks as it does.
Since someone somewhere, in a treatise on economics probably,
penned the phrase "enlightened self-interest," we have all more or
less become enamored of the idea that wisdom—enlightenment—
reposes in the bosom of selfishness. Justice requires that wisdom
should be somewhere. The reasoning runs like this. The world
cannot get on without wisdom. Justice demands that the world
should get on. Therefore there is wisdom in the world. We know it is
not in ourselves or in our neighbors. We feel, therefore, that it must
be in the bosom of perfect selfishness. And as we cast our eyes
about us we think we know where the bosom of perfect selfishness
is, and we feel assured.
Sometimes, of course, we place it in the heads of all mankind, it
being a thing that no one man has and no few men have, but which
is one of those mysterious properties of the aggregate which does
not inhere in the individuals composing the aggregate; a sort of
colloidal element that comes from shaking men up together, though
all are without it before the mixing and shaking.
Some would place it, as Mr. Wilson seems to in a famous passage on
minorities, in the breasts of the enlightened few. When the few
disagreed with him, he threw them and their wisdom in jail.
But wherever it is, it is sure to be found in a system which preserved
the old parties representing the general mind of the country along
with the new vertical political organizations, representing the
minorities, thrusting up like volcanoes upon the placid plane of
politics that Mr. Harding once delighted to survey.
You have in this combination the spontaneous wisdom of the
masses, if that is where wisdom generates. You have the wisdom of
the few, if you believe in impregnation from above, and you have
the wisdom of selfishness, if you believe as most of us do in the
enlightenment of self-interest. And no one ever located wisdom
anywhere else than in these three places, for the first, as I might
easily demonstrate, is the modern democratic name for the wisdom
of God; the second is the wisdom of men; and the third is the
wisdom of the serpent; beside which there are no other wisdoms.
This you will admit is moving rapidly and without reserve toward the
happy ending. But I think every writer of a novel has stuck his
tongue in his cheek as he wrote those benedictory words, "And they
lived happy ever after." And I stick my tongue in my cheek as I think
of Mr. Gray Silver, the effective director of the farmers' vertical
political trust sitting in the Senate, leading it perhaps in place of
Senator Lodge of Massachusetts.
To Mr. Lodge's petulant, imperious gesture—the sharp handclap for
the pages—would succeed Mr. Silver's fixing gesture, that of a
country merchant smoothing out a piece of silk before a customer at
a counter. Mr. Silver as he talks performs one constant motion, a
gentle slow moving of both hands horizontally, palms down.
Mr. Silver is a lobbyist with the powers of a dictator, or a dictator
with the habits of a lobbyist, whichever way you wish to look at it. A
former farmer, member of the West Virginia legislature,
representative of farm organizations at Washington, he rules the
Senate with more power than Mr. Lodge has or Mr. Harding has, but
always with the gentle touch of a general-storekeeper, spreading the
wrinkles out of a yard of satin.
But even this little lobbyist has a certain definiteness which public
men generally lack. His feet are firmly placed upon reality. He speaks
for a solid body of opinion. He is a positive rather than a negative
force. He represents a fairly united minority which knows what it
wants, and men are strong or weak according as they are or are not
spokesmen of a cause; and the selfish interest of a group easily
takes on the pious aspect of a cause.
It is always better to deal with principals than with agents. Gray
Silver, Colonel John H. Taylor, the Apollo of the soldiers' bonus lobby,
perfect ladies' man in appearance, who is full of zeal also for a
cause, that of those who did not make money out of the war and
who should in common justice make it all the rest of their lives out
of the peace, and Wayne B. Wheeler, the fanatic leader of the drys,
are all more real men than those who do their bidding in the Senate
and the House.
No, if I put my tongue in my cheek as I write the words "lived happy
ever after," it is because I see only a measure of improvement in the
freeing of men from existing political conventions which will come
from the effective emergence of minorities. A richer public life will
result from increased vitality of the legislative branch. But a rich
public life, no; for that requires men. You cannot fashion it out of
Lodges, Watsons, Curtises, Gillettes, Mondells, Hardings, Hugheses,
and Hoovers, or even Gray Silvers, Taylors, or Wheelers.
And we do not breed men in this country. If the test of a civilization
is an unusually high average of national comfort, achieved in a land
of unparalleled resources, whose exploitation was cut off from
interruption by foreign enemies, then this experiment in living which
we have been conducting in America has been a great success; if it
is a further freeing of the human spirit, such as finds its expression
in the rare individuals who make up the bright spots in all past
human history, then its success is still to be achieved.
Many blame the dullness and general averageness which afflicts us
upon democracy. There is democracy and there is timidity and
stupidity; there is the appeal to low intelligence; the compulsion to
be a best seller rests upon us all. Post hoc propter hoc.
I am going to blame it upon the mistake Euclid made in his theorem
about two parallel lines. This was an error of Euclid's, modern
mathematics proves, unless you assume space to be infinite. Having
committed ourselves to Euclid, we committed ourselves to a space
that was infinite. Space being regarded as infinite, man was little,
relatively.
Euclid having made his mistake about the parallels, it followed
inevitably that Mr. Harding should be little.
I use Mr. Harding only by way of illustration. You may fill any other
name you like of the Washington gallery into that statement of
inevitability and do it no violence. And this very interchangeability of
names suggests that you must go further back than democracy to
find the cause of today's sterility.
Besides, we have had infinite space, in our minds; but have we ever
had democracy there? De Gourmont writes that no religion ever
dies, but it rather lives on in its successor. Similarly, no form of
government ever dies; it survives in its successor. A nation does not
become a democracy by writing on a bit of paper, "resolved that we
are a democracy, with a government consisting of executive,
legislative, and judicial branches chosen by majority vote."
Government, however organized, is what exists in the minds of the
people, and in that mind is stored up a dozen superstitions, handed
down from primitive days, gathering force from time to time as new
names are given to them and new "scientific" bases are found for
them.
We laugh at the divine right of kings, but we could not accept self-
government without bestowing on it an element of divinity. We have
the divine right of Public Opinion. We can hardly print these words
without the reverence of capital letters. The founders of modern
democracy knew there could be no government without a
miraculous quality. Formerly one mere man by virtue of ruling
became something divine. The miracle grew difficult to swallow. You
could regard this one man and see that he was a fool and had too
many mistresses. He was the least divine-looking thing that could be
imagined. Very well then, put the divine quality into something
remote. All men by virtue of ruling themselves became divine.
An immense inertia develops between theoretical self-government
and the practical reluctance of humanity to be governed by anything
short of the heavenly hosts. I don't know whether this reluctance
springs from racial modesty, the feeling that man is not good enough
to govern himself, or from racial egotism, the belief that nothing is
too good to govern him; but it is a great reality. The little men at
Washington are will-less in the conflict.
To overcome this inertia, minorities whose interests cannot wait
upon the slow benevolent processes of determinism or upon the
divine rightness of public opinion, form to prod the constitutional
organs of government into action. Mr. Gray Silver, the silk smoother,
and Mr. Wayne B. Wheeler, the Puritan fanatic, are both just as much
parts of the government as is Mr. Harding. So, too, is every one of
the hundred and more lobbies which issue publicity at Washington.
We recognize this plurality of our institutions in our common speech.
We refer habitually to the "invisible government," to "government by
business," to "party government," to "government by public
opinion." We have little but inertia, except as outside pressure is
applied to it.
The little men at Washington live in all this confusion of an
excessively plural government. They are pushed hither and yon by
all these forces, organized and unorganized, mental and physical,
real and imaginary, that inhibit and impel self-government. They lean
heavily upon parties only to find parties bending beneath their
weight. They yield to blocs and lobbies. They watch publicity and put
out their own publicity to counteract it.
Like the ministers of crowned fools, they gull the present
embodiment of divine right and cringe before it. They are everything
but the effective realization of a democratic will.
All this sounds as if I were getting far from my happy ending, and
you begin to see me asking the old question, "Is democracy a
failure?" But no, it is too soon to ask it. Wait a thousand years until
democracy has had a real chance. A revolution—no really optimistic
prognosis can be written which does not have the world revolution in
it—a revolution will have to take place in men's minds before this is
a democracy.
I would absolve myself from the taboo of this word. Property is a
grand form of clothes. A property revolution, such as the Socialists
recommend, would be little more important in setting men's minds
free for self-government, than would putting women in trousers be
in setting women's minds free for the achievement of sex equality.
Some German—I think it was Spengler—writing about some
"Niedergang," I think it was of western civilization—all Germans like
to write about Niedergangs—demonstrated that every new
civilization starts with a new theory of the universe, of space and
time. That is, it starts with a real revolution.
Well, then, here is the true happy ending; Einstein is giving us a new
theory of the universe, knocking the mathematical props from under
infinity, teaching us that man largely fashions the world out of his
own mind.
Man again tends to become what the old Greek radical called him,
"The measure of all things." Once he is, and it will take a long time
for him to admit that he is, there may be a real chance for
democracy and for the emergence of great individuals, who are after
all the best evidence of civilization.
You see the happy ending is Einstein and not the farm bloc.
Meanwhile we have the farm bloc, one sign of vitality amid much
deadness, a reassertion of the principle which the Fathers of the
Constitution held, that there must be room for the play of minorities
in our political system.
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