Pakistan Studies Paper 1 = = oe Dr Iftikhar-Ul-Haq (0333-4257013) ° 4 ' ‘ ant cc Visiting Teacher Beaconhouse Lahore Grammar School Bridge Education System cel oe Se eh Se ee Aitchison | SICAS The City School 3 © | Sood IchAll rights reserved. No retrieval system or transmitted, ih any form or by any means, électronic, mechanical, _ i of thi is pubcaton may be reprodu i, Stored'in a Photocopying, recording of otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Title ‘Author Published by Price Media & Marketing Partner Legal Advisor For Complaints/Order publisher. O-Level History Notes Dr Hftikhar-Ul-Hag (0333-4257013) 7 MS Books (04235774780) Rs.550/= BearPlex (www-bearplex.com) 0301-4781010 Ali Rafique Shad (Advocate High Court) JURIS CONSULTUS 85-Mall Road Lahore, 25-Mason Road Lahore. 043 3 S6a03636, | O821-4911124 MS Books: 40-G Al Hafeez Shopping Mall Main Boulevard Gulberg Lahore soi :@msbooks. www.mstooks.net: (042-35774780), (03334504507), (03334548651) Si = zi eo ais oaPreface My“ 0 Level Notes on Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies * are the resuit of my rich teaching experience, my constant interaction with the CIE and the results of my-briliiant students many of whom managed to be enlisted among the HIGH "ACHIEVERS/DISTINGTION HOLDERS in both the subjects. These notes will be updated every year in view of the changes in the style and content of the questions in the CIE examinations. Soon some sort of" Practice Books" will also be published to make these subjects as interesting as possible, ‘Almost all the topics have been covered in Question-Answer format so that students may not only leam these answers but also feel their thinking skills stimulated that will Induce curiosity and mi ize the element of rote leaming. When studerits are capable of ‘making "new questions, | feel my mission accomplished. ‘Students as well as teachers should. feel free in contacting me as and when required. Wishing all my students best and Praying for their excellent grades. Good Luck Dr, Iftikhar-ul - HaqTABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 (4600 - 4900) Aa Topic a 1._| Decline of Mughal Rule 7 2.__[ British Govi Replacing EIC 13 3.171857 ~ war of Independence 23 4. [Reformers 31 5.__| Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 42 ¢—[6._[Languages. 43 Section 2 (1900 - 1947) : Tore = 7.__| Partition of Bengal 58 8. [ Foundation of Muslim League 65 9.___[ Motley Minto Reforms 269 G |} Go [World war 1 71 11. [ Lucknow Pact 73 [32._| Mont = Ford Reforms 75 7 =—113.__| Khilafat Movement 82, 14._| Simon Commission 89, 15.__[ Nehru Report 92 46._| Jinnah's 14 Points 96. Y 47._| Round Table Conferences 99 18._| Govt of India 1935 Act. 703. 19. | 1937 Elections 108, \\. [20.”"Tindian National Congress Rule 110 A—{21._| Alama Iqbal & Ch. Rehmat Ait 116 22._| Pakistan / Lahore Resolution 124 23. [Ww 124 24,_| Quit india Movement 126 \O |} (25. [Gandhi, Jinnah Talks 128 26._| Simia Conference 131 27._| 1945 Elections 136 28.__| Cabinet Mission Plan 138 Section 3 (1947 - 1999) 23, _| Problems of Partition 145 30, Kh Nazim ud din, M GM, Iskandar Mirza 153 31._| Ayub Khan 162 32._| Separation of E-Pakistan a 33. |ZA Bhutto 178 34, | Za = ul — Hag 188 35._| Benazir Bhutto 196 36.__| Nawaz Sharif 203 [37 _[ Foreign Relations 213* baitls of pomigak 1596 (Babar Vs. emperar of Deb) A bottle of pe ¥ at “761 (Anmed hah divans vg, 2 abt Oe S| pani p' > tattle of paunipal navathieo)Section 4 (1600-1900 and Lanquages) : : Decline of the Mughal Rule Reasons; ‘Three major factors, with many sub-factors: A, — The nature of the empir 2 * Weak administration: Huge empire; no effective means of communication biw the centre (Delhi) & far off teritories; news of rebellions reached the emperor very late; gradually failing Mansabdari system, esp by the time of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb’s policies: religious intolerance, e.g., demolition of Hindu temples, re- imposition of Jiziya, ban on art, painting, music; his Deccan campaigns; 25 years > against the Marathas & on his retum exhaustion of straight treasury. * Heavy military costs to suppress revolts; diverse regional & cultural groups, often against the Mughal rule; also, foreign invaders, e.g., Afghans, Persians (Ahmed Shah & Nadir Shah) & then the Europeans. Failures in Delhi: * Grouping of courtiers; palace conspiracies, usually due to the succession wars; Ro written law of succession; fight among princes. on death of emperor, & division of courtiers (ministers) in support of different princes; e.g., four sons of Shah Jehan fought over power even when he was alive; Azeb divided empire between three sons but still succession disputes. B. Complacence due to success * Miltary inefficiency: No advancement in military skills & weapons due to a false ‘sense of being inconvincible/indomitable; no organized navy; corruption affected military officers, as it did the rulers; this emboldened the rebel groups ____ Sikhs in the north and Marathas in the south grew stronger with time, * Pleasure seekinghweak later Mughals: rulers & noble's fell into luxurious life style finest garments, expensive jewelry, lavish spending, all as a result Of fabulous wealth accumulated by the early Mughals; all successors of Azeb proved corrupt & inefficient; heavy spending on monumentaf bulldings (e.g., the Taj, Agra), but no scientific research, exploitation of resources and public welfare schemes. * Weak control: highly powerful court nobles and ministers; difficult for weak ruler to control them; neglect of the Mansabdari system led to administratys’ inefficiency; state revenue began to decline, Ka C. The Arrival of the British: ‘* The Gritish EIC already looking for an opportunity to replace @ig’ Mughals; benefits of the Industrial Revolution, large scale. manufacture @theap gocds brought huge wealth; all this resulted in acquiring enough mil ath; British fo take control of were able not only to accelerate the process of ngs India, By Dr. Iftikhar-ulHaq 7 0833-425 7013‘Summary of the Decline of the Mughals Vasiness of the empire © | Wars of succession © Weak and comupt later Mughals © Miltary inefficiency; no strong Navy Intemal revolts & foreign invasions ‘Aurangzeb's policies: religious intolerance, e:g., demolition of Hindu temples,.re- imposition of Jiziya, ban on art, painting, music; his Deccan campaigns; 25 years against the Marathas & on his return exhaustion of straight treasury. ‘* Arrival ofthe British with stronger weapons & better skils ‘* Failure to advance in science and technology ae : : Reasons for Europeans being attracted to India * Splendour & wealth of Indian rulers, especially, the Mughals; wealth needed for various industries in Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolutions; metalwork of india & gold & diamond were in: great demand in Europe. © Discovery of sea routes to India helped trade.flourish biw Europe & India; trade Of spices, cotton, cloth, opium, gold etc; highly profitable trade, for both Indians & Europgans, in the beginning. ° Ml ulers & Indian traders welcomed the Europeans, 16° century onwards. . h first ted spics trade in the East Indies (Indonesia), but the Dutch were ready established there; the British EIC tumed towards India, decided to oust the Dutch, Portuguese & French in order to enjoy monopoly. Reasons for the British renla the Mughals | Conquering Indi A mix of weaknesses of Indian & strengths of the British: 4) Indian Weaknesses: © Highly divided indians © Diverse ethnic groups; tribes, states; religious, linguistic & regiorial divisions. * No commen identity o uniting force; often fought with each other, many seeking British help against rivals © Rich, luxury - loving rulers, least interested in protecting thejr‘yomeland.” 2 ish strengths: © Miitarly & technologically superior to Indians, due 16 16" century onwards; superior wea pons & fighting skill means of communication. ‘* Brought benefits to Indian, e.9., metwork oI million acres of land; built educational &K@ College, Lahore; universities in Lahore, Cal progress & victory, together with a sstrong sense o} © Successful use of their strategy of “divide & rule” 2s bribing Indian rulers & princes. By Dr. Iftkh (0383-4257013eed TS, oo es Who were the Mughals? : or Describe the Mughal Rule. (4) The Mughal rule was founded by Babur in(528>Six great rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, expanded and consolidated their rule 1526 to 1207. During this period. they excelled in literature, music, painting and ‘architecture. building several monuments like the Taj in Agra. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, there were corrupt and inefficient rulers who failed to Tun_the affairs of @ fuge empire. The process of decline continued till the British overthrew them after the 1857. of Independence. The last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah-Zafar, was exiled t Rangoo! and imprigoned. The British thus replaced the Mughals to make Indla their colany- Describe what the Marathas did. (4) Marathas were a'ferocious and militant Hindu community living in the Deccan, south India, They excelled: in guerrilla warfare, and offered stiff resistance to the Mughals. They were especially organised under their dynamic leader Shivaji who laid the foundation of a Maratha Empire in the 1670s, Aurangzeb fought against them for about 25 years but failed to crush them, So, they became a reason of the decline of the Mughals. ‘They defeated a huge Mughal army outside Delhi in 1737, and later ‘occupied it in 1760. They were defeated by the Afghan army of Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1764, in the third battle of Panipat. What were Aurangzeb’s religious policies? (4) +» Aurangzeb was an orthodox Mughal ruler. During his reign, 1658-1707, he eamed hostility and opposition by his non-Musiim subjects. He re-introduced the Jiziya, a-tax levied an non-Muslims that had earlier been abolished by Akbar. He also destroyed some Hindu temples and tried to ban the old Hindu custom of Suttee, burning a widow alive on the cremation ceremony of her husband, He also showed strictness in enforcing Islamic law and tied to fix the length of the beard Muslim men were required to keep. Thus, he became @ controversial figure for the historians. Many tried to defend him while others blamed him for religious intolerance. By Dr. Iftikhar-ulHaq 2 (0333-425 7013Ans. Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb. . (7) ‘Aurangzeb’s successors were inefficient, They proved to be lazy, corrupt and luxury loving and left the state affairs to their courtiers and ministers who were usually selfish. These weak successors became victim to an extravagantilfestyle as a result Of which they falled to run and defend the huge empire effectively. Stale resources were’ spent on personal comfort and so, the empire suffered from financial inefficiencies, . a ‘There was no law of succession due to which the princes often, fought for the throne on the death of the emperor. These wars of succession led to a division of the army with various lobbies supporting various princes. Succession was usually decided by the ability of the individual princes and the support and strength they could get from the courtiers and the army. This infighting incurred. huge loss to-the state exchequer that should have been spent on’ the public welfare schemes ahd consolidating the empire. Invasions by the Persians, Afghans and Europeans further accelerated the process of decline, Nadir Shah Durrani sacked many cities in 1739, and Ahmed Shah Abdali repeatedly attacked India 1748 onwards, Gradually, fighting wars became expensive and the miliary was stretched and suffered from inefficiency and skills. It became hard to defend a vast empire with an orthodox and autdated weapons and fighting tactics. The British fully expiotted these weaknesses of a very rich Mughal Empire that they overran with their advanced weapons, warfare and clever strategies, g inLeleret police By Or. ftikhar-ul-Haq 70 (0383-4257013ee Q: ‘The “spread of Marathan power was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give Teasons for your answer. (14) Ans MajattiaS were the miltant Hindu community concentrated mainly in the southern Indian stata(of Mebrosha) The Maratha Empire was founded by the ferecious Marathan commander Shivaji in. the 1670s/They gradually organized themselves ‘and began to offer stf resistance to the Mughals. They defeated the Mughal army in 1737 outside Delhi ant! had captured the strategic town’ of Malwa’ Ih1738- During the first six decades of the 18" century, they were the mast powerful and established community in India) that was ‘ready to fill in the power vacuum created by the deciining Mughal rufe. Successive, Mughal rulers found it almost impossible to check the rapidly growing Marathan power( Aurangzeb spent about 25 years in the Deccan ‘desperately trying to eliminate the*Marathas. On his return, he found~the state treasury almost empty and this added to his difficulties, However(the mighty Mughal rule did not decline dué to the Maratha factor alone. HistorianS also blame the~prajtidieed_and ‘iifelerant_policieé: of Aurangzeb, who ‘adopted strict measures against the non-Muslims. He imposed the discriminatory Islamic tax Jiziya on the non-Muslims that had earlier been abolished by Akbar, though he tried to defend himself by waiving some other taxes. He also demolished a umber of Hindu temples, and adopted a harsh attitude towards the Sikhs. Being a staunch Sunni ruler, he banned many activities such as painting,, music, drinking, gambling_and dance that had been part of the Indian culture and society. He also {tied to ban the Hindu custom of Suttee, burning widow alive on the cremation of her husband. In order to meet huge expenses of military campaigns, he imposed heavy taxes, and the money collected by taxes was spent on hnurious buildings, a tradition of the Mughal rulers. All this made Aurangzeb very unpopular, and his successors found it quite dificult to rule the empire Weak jGcessors of Aurangzeb fell victim to extravagant and luxiiiduS lifestyles ahd paid litle atiention to the defence and (-RREDTMATEN] Othe empire. They became morally corupt and, comfortloving and CaUIE not overcome the dificulties faced. by various parts of the huge empire This complacence is the usual result of,continued successes of major empires, and the Mughals were no exception to this (Negligence of the weak later Mughals to the state affairs also contibuted tothe fall of the Mughal Ey (The Mughals did not have a definite law:oF'suecession: On the death of an emperor, ‘the princes got engaged in conspiracies, intrigues and making loyal groups that always led to regicidal wars of Succession) Success of a candidate often depended ‘on the support-he-could ost ca uns ree were wasted on mutual fights instead of public welfare and defénce of the empire. Finally, the last nail in the coffin Mughal rule was perhaps driven by the Briteo> who began fo dominate the political horizon of India, 1750 onwards, The tovénttd Mughal Empire was no match to the British supremacy in warfare. The Britishwery skilfully estabished themselves in India and eventually replaced the Mélitals by annexing ail important states between 1757 and 1856. ‘They started theitsictorious joumey from north-eastem India, and moving southwards, they tu the north 3 westem territories of Sindh, Punjab and Kashmir. They also sygsesSfully applied i their famous strategy of “divide and rule” to occupy the Indian subi@astinent. : To conclude, we can say that the power of the Marathas wag‘fie decisive factor in 7 the decline of the Mughals because, if the Mughals had waréiheir support, they might | have jointly averted the ‘process of decline, or at ro ed it down. Instead, pire si 7 Mughals failed to make friends with them and constaptSSe8med their hostility. i [ By 0+. tikharu-Hag 4 (0333-4257013,Q: What was the East India Company? (4) Ans. It was a trading company that was granted the charter of trading rights in 1600 by ‘Queen Elizabeth |. Its first ship landed on the southem Indian town of Surat, in 1608. it was granted permission to trade in India by the Emperor Jahangir in 1612. It began to eam huge profs, and moved its headquerters-. Baribay/Mmbar in. 1664, Gradually, it began.to acquire military power e got its first ictory in the’battle of Plassey, Bengal, in 175 1858 and thus, Q Explain why the EIC became involved in the Indian sub-continent during the 17" century? : ”) «ANS: British were attracted to the Indian Walt afid résourées. With the distovlry of sea ‘Outs 16 India, reports began to reach about Indian riches and resources to England. India became known as the “golden sparrow” because of its fabulous wealth and wurces such as cotton, silk, jute, indigo, jewellery and even the addictive drug Cesium) Britsh needed these to feed their factory industry as they were a fast Industrializing Ration. British also began to think about expending their influence and trade to the Far East and South East Asia. For this they needed a stratigié port in South Asia (Indian sub- continent) as the Indian peninsula was surrounded by a warm water sea where multiple ports could operate throughout the year. Such ports (as founded by the British in a planned way) could greeitly help British expand their trade in multiple directions from India, : Also, British wanted to oust other European colonial powers such as the Dutch, Portuguese and French from India in order to enjoy monopoly of rade in India. Dutch had driven British out of Si ia and British had to tum towards India. By Gaining political control of|india, they could dictate their own trade laws and strengthen their position, Fok Tudicd x Re trod ¢ i “> [By Or. iftikhar-ul-Haq 12 0333-4257013 \ee wees oe British govt, replacing the EIC % * Various steps taken by the British govt, aimed at restricting the EIC, 1770 onwards, after reports of misgovernance & corruption in Bengal. 1773, the Regualting Act: the EIC. now accountable before the British Parliament, EIC to provide a detailed report of is activites tothe Parliament == © Govemor of Bengal (Warren Hastings) was made the Govemor-General,- with the Suthority to ‘superintend & control’ the governor of Bombay & Madras, : Supreme Court was setup in Calcutta, i 1784, Pitt's India Act: © Direct control of the Indian possessions by:Brit govt. +” More powers for the Governor-General; he could now supersede the administration of Bombay & Madras; 3 presidencies under his control; a post of the Commander-in- Chief of the armed forces. * EIC lost most ofits powers, though it continued its trading activities. + Later, police force & civil services, too. © By 19° century, powers of EIC were further limited. * 1858, itwas completely abolished. Reasons: Reports of misgovemance, financial embezzlement, corruption (esp in Bengal) about the EIC (officials), Sunt * Brit govt had to act in time to control this * India was a huge country; political affairs of such a large state couldn't be permanently given to a trading company; India had to be a “jewel in the crown’ matter of prestige. © Threat of Russian attack through Afghanistan: Brit had to secure the north-western borders of India in order to check any Russian advance by way of Aighanistan; a regular Brit army was needed to be stationed along the NW border. By Or. IRtikhar-ul-Haq 13 0333-4257013Q Why were British able to'expand their control over India between 4750 and 1850? or Why were British able to expand their influence in India between 1750 & 18507 (7) Ans: British expanded their influence in India q ind 1850. They gained strength primarily due to the raj ass and Buxar (1764) in northem India, and iysore wars In southem India. These Victories gave them huge and rich areas to rule and to exploit local resources to strengthen their position. While getting control of the conquered states the EIC began to enforce British: system of-adiministratien. This comprised the system of judiciary and governors andthe. ~ Govemor General. This helped the EIC to run the state affairs along the British lines. The EIC also introduced trade laws that favoured its imports and exports as well as local trade, British also had superior sniitary-skillss.and more advanced weapons to which Indian ‘Amy was no match..British were the most important beneficiary of the Industrial Revolution as they began to develop highly advanced weapons. Indians were also a disunited nation and so could not stop British. Q: Why did British government take control from the EIC? (7) Ans: British government wanted to make India its colony. It kriew that political affairs of the Indian Sub-Continent could no longer be run-by a trading company. In a way it was becoming a matter of prestige for the British goverment. Therefore, by passing a series of acts, the powers of the EIC were gradually restricted. Under the Regulating Act of 1773, the EIC was made accountable to Parliament. There were also reports of misimanaigemient:and corruption by the EIC officials, in Bengal and other provinces. The Cofnpany officials forced the newly appointed Nawab of Bengal to give heavy bribe. to them in the form of gifts. They were. involved in financial embezzlement of the revenue of the states they had annexed. This was damaging the repute of the British government. ‘So, in 1813, the EIC lost its ‘monopoly. Other Brish companies wanted ta share in the profits. British also wanted to deploy-a regular army on pee es éouhter the: Russian threat. Russichad beer desperately ooking for acsess to the warm water Sea. By Way of Afghanistan, “it could invade India to reach the ports of the Indian Ocean as Afghanistan had ‘been used by several earlier invaders as a springboard to attack India. Therefore, in order to keep from any such adventure the British government hadi to take control from the 414 (0333-4257013 |Who was Robert Clive? 4) - He was hired as a clerk by the East India Company but soon he joined the Company amy and eamed fame as a brilliant commander. In 1751, he gained his first victory by defeating the Nawab of Camatic in the battle of Afcot, In June 1757, his army defeated the Nawab Siraj-ud-Dauila in the Battle of Plassey and became the governor of Bengal, His third victory was in the battle of Pondicherry against the French in 1761, After retuming to Britain he faced trials on charges of mismanagement and comuption. Though he was acquitted,-being an opium addict he commited suicide, in {TTéat the age of 49, : What was the ‘Black Hole Tragedy’? (4) + Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula decided to punish the British after they had started fortifying themselves at important posts in Calcutta (Kolkata)-in-violation of their treaty with him. He marched on Calcutta and seized the Company's Fort Wiliam in June 1756. The 64 captured British fesidents were locked up in a small room where 23 of them were found dead the following moming. This was used by Robert Cl an excuse to whip up ange aga wab. Clive's army defeated and killed the Battle of Plassey in 1757, Uis redy say, 2 in FeNeee Describe the Battle of Plassey. (4) In 1757, the French encouraged Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula of Bengal to-attack the EIC base at Calcutta. The Nawab captured the city but Robert Clive reached with his amy of 3,000 soldiers and bribed Mir Jafar, one of Sirai's key commanders. Clive defeated the Nawab’s army of 18,000 in the battle. The Nawab's dead body was found in a river after the battle. Mir Jafar was made the Nawab as a reward for ‘tuming against the Nawab and supporting Robert Clive. This victory became the foundation of the British rule in India as Clive became the govemor of Bengal. Who was Tipu Sultan? () Tipu was the Sultan of Mysore in southem India from 1782 to 1799 and was a formidable enemy of the British. The EIC had to launch a strong propaganda ‘campaign to malign his conduct by declaring him “the monster of Mysore”. He was he ie French and defeated the British in the 2% Anglo-Mysore War, and reed the British to accept the iy of Mangalore in 1784. The EIC defeated him in the a Anglo-M in 1789 and @ humilat ty. of Seriigapatam. He desperately sought help from France, Turkey and Afghanistan biif of nd Use” Lord Wellesiey's army defeated and killed him withthe help of Marathas and the Nizam of. Hyderabad in the 4" Anglo-Mysore War in 1799 in his fort of Seringapatam. y Dr. Iftikhar-ulHaq 6 (03334257013ll British troops were killed asset the annexation of Sindh, (4) in Ina rebellion in Afghanistan causing 2 serious damage to the British arestige. In order to undo this damage, they decided to annex Sindh. The Amirs of Sindh had been fiendly to the British, since 1809, under the Treaty of Friendship. They were provoked by. the Brith general Charles Napier so much that they attacked the Britsh Residency in 1843. The British, in tum, attacked A and annexed Sindh by defeating the Amirs the same year. Q: Describe the annexation of the Punjab and the NWF. (4) Ans. After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, there was a political crisis in the Punjab. The Sikhs, violating the Treaty of Perpetu: al Friendship of 1809, attacked the British and were defeated in the Battie of Aliwal in January 1846. They were penalized and forced to sign the Treaty of Lahore. I in the Second Sikh War, 1848-1849, the Sikhs i were defeated again and the Sikh Empire came to end. The British annexed the Punjab and the NWF on 30" March 1 849. Gulab Singh, the ruler of Kashmir, bought ‘he state, and was made the Maharaja of Kashmir as a reward for his support to the British, Q: What was the Doctrine of Laps? (4) Ans. In 1852, Govemor General Lord Dath \ousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse. Under this, if a state ruler died without a nattural/male heir, the EIC would annex the state, Soon the states of Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi were annexed by. the EIC. The indi tulers resented the policy greatly, especially when it was misused to take the state of Oudh in 1856, on the death of its Ni annexed Oudh on the excuse of bad jawab. Though he had many sons, Dalhousie governance. It became a reason of the War of Independence, and was abolished in 1858. * | By Or. iftikhar-ul-Haq 4 eC e S 0333-4257013Q. (a) According to source A what type of man Tipu Sultan wes? (3) Ans. “The British claim that Tipu was a Muslim fanatic and considered himself as the wisest man. In fact, Tipu made offerings in Christian churches and Hindu temples of his loyal subjects. He only destroyed the places of worship of his enemies.” The source presenis Tipu as a mix of opposites. He is shown as an iniolerant Muslim Tules.who did not shaw.tespect to his-non-Musiim subjects, However, at the same time, the source portrays him as a skilled ruler who knew how to treat his loyal non- Muslim subjects while punishing those who created problems for him. Describe the scene of the battlefield. (5) The source shows that a fierce fight is going on between the two armies. Some soldiers from both sides have been killed or wounded as they are seen lying on the ground, Both armies are oblivious to these soldiers and are engaged in the fight. ipu’s amy is fighting with the outdated weapons like swords, spears and shisids whereas the British are equipped with modem weapons like guns. The Gritish soldiers are more smartly dressed against their Indian counterparts. Tipu's crown has fallen on the ground and the British are visibly pressing his army in a decisive way. This seems to be a hard won victory for the British EC. | 8y Dr. Iftikhar-ulHag 17Q Ans: Why were British abie to replace the Mughals as the ruling force of India? @” British were militarily superior to the Indians/Mughal rulers. British were the first and foremost beneficiary of the Industrial Revolution and they soon began to acquire sophisticated weapons while developing other industries. They used these weapons against the Mughals who continued to reply ori outdated weapons and old warfare. They had a strong sense of success. i British also used non-military warfare to establish themseives in India. Their "divide. and rule" policy enabled them to annex various states by keeping their rulers hostile against each other. Indians had been a divided nation and many state rulers sought British help against their rivals without considering their collective interests. Many of them were bribed or threatened by the EIC. By the state of 18" century the Mughals got involved in a unurious style of iife neglecting state affairs, Rulers of several peripheral states became autonomous and they proved an easy target for the British. Weak successors of Aurangzeb gradually distanced themselves from the state affairs that were given in the hands of greedy ‘and selfish courtiers and ministers. These ministers were mainly concemed about iristising the State TundS ahd filing tielir own posksts, They remained ignorant of the EIC acquiring military power. 13 (0333-4257013THE 1857 WAR OF INDEPENDENCE CE @) (3) (4) * Annexation policy of the EIC —+ various means e.g. the “Doctrine of Lapse" by Lord Dalhousie 1852 > capture of Oudh in 1856 —+ local rufers‘felt insecure & “considered the British gresdy'4ahd grabbers © ~~ ‘ * Disrespect of the Mughal rule —+ shifting the royal family from the Red Fort to the Qutub Saheb by Dalhousie * Negligible share of Indians in the civil service + 1834, English replaced Persian as the court language — resentment among Indians to such policies, Cultural (religious & social) * Dominating Brit Culture +arrogant attitude towards Indians — introduction of roads, railways & telecommunication unacceptable to many Indians. * Role of Christian missionaries — preaching & missionary schools —» Indians felt their religious interests threatened Economic: * Indian Resources for Brit industry + huge profits from sale of manufactured goods in India —+ local industry declined + Heavy taxation — unaffordable for poor & small farmers + comupt tax collectors. Military: * Indian made bulk of Brit army, but on lower ranks only — Sepoys & Sawars (cavalry) Insulting attitude of Brit officers towards Indians ‘Overseas journey, not allowed in Hinduism Fear of forcible conversion to Christianity Indian troops in Afghanistan — resented esp by Hindus Greased cartridges — fat of pig & cow eevee Causes of failure of the War of Independence (4) Lack of Unity : @& * Different groups with different interests in different parts of India — Hin a Muslims not united — most princes not willing to restore Mughal rule — Princes wanted restoration of their individual feudal powers e.g. K@Sytir — Power of its ruler depended on Brit rule. SS (2) Lack of support by many provinces : ‘ ° = the revolt was not supported by Punjab & Sindh + congyeSd by troops from Bengal & Central India — they didn’t support these provindeS® (3) Lack of planning & aims: * — Hastily organized effort — no prior planning a@ iene effort — rebels not clear about a common goal & so , were eadly Wverpawered by the Brit + no real sense of national patriotism By Or. Iftikhar-ul-Haq 23 03334257013(4) British strengths: * Highly disciplined Brit army + @ good team of generals with experience in warfare & fighting techniques + Brit had diplomatic skills & retained control over ‘most of territories by keeping varieus groups divided. Effects of the War End.of.the Mughal nile. strict puriishment for the royal family & the last Mughal ruler, Bahadar ShahrZafar Establishment of Brit rule —+ India because a Brit Colony. Harsh penalties for rebels, especially the Muslims — they were held main culprits Public hangings, stitching the dead in pigskins — all respectable posts were denied to them. Brit changed their policy ~ no further annexation, no interference with religious beliefs. Gradual political awakening among Indians —+ rise of leadership and political parties — 1885, INC was founded Brit adopted measures to win Indian confidence + 1877 Queen of England became Emperess India. Reasons fot the British being able to conquer India (1) (2) Indian weaknesses — disunity among various groups — no uniting force, as the Mughal rule in process of decline. * Many rulers sought Brit help against their rivals, instead of considering Brit as common enemy. + Failure of many rulers to reform their states & improve social conditions —+ they lived on their past history & neglected State affairs. British strengths — fuits of the Industrial revolution — advanced technology, Superior weapons, better means of communication and strong confidence about theit success. : * Strong sense of patriotism +. main uniting force, together with a sense of superior culture that they wanted to spread Political belief to make progress & to rule a larger part of the Such beliefs acted as driving force in making successful id conquer india. S y . Oe By Dr. Iftikhar-ul-Haq 24 (0333-4257013,