3a Electrical Properties

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO
ABE 313 PROERTIES OF AB

MATERIALS
Electrical Property of AB
Materials
2
Electrical property
• relate to the behavior of materials and
biological entities in the presence of electric
fields or currents
3
Electrical Resistance, Conductance,
Capacitance, Permittivity, Dielectric
Loss, & Impedance
4
Electrical Property: Resistance
Resistance
5
Lets get out of the box!

Water System and Electrical System
Water System Electrical System
Pressure Voltage (volt)
Pipe Wire
Water Velocity Current (electrons/sec, Ampere)
Clog/rust Resistance (ohms)
6
Electrical Resistance
• defined as the opposition that a material offers
to the flow of electric current
• measured in ohms (Ω)
7
Electrical Resistance
• can be calculated as:
where: R = resistance in ohms
𝑳 L = length of the conductor (unit length)
𝑹= 𝝆
𝑪𝑴 CM = cross sectional area (in circular mil)
= D2 (in mils)
1 mil = 0.001 inch
ρ = resistivity in ohms CM – unit length
where: R = resistance in ohms
𝑳 L = length of the conductor (unit length)
𝑹= 𝝆
𝑨 A = cross sectional area (square unit)
ρ = resistivity in ohms – unit length
𝑽 where: R = resistance in ohms

𝑹= V = voltage (volt)
𝑰 I = current (ampere)
8
Electrical Resistivity
• measure of a material's property to oppose the
flow of electric current
• high resistivity means that a material does not
conduct electric charge well
• symbol of resistivity is usually the Greek letter
ρ (rho)
• expressed in Ohm-meters (Ω⋅m) or Ω⋅CM/ft
9

Common Resistivities of Wires
Material Resistivity (Ω·m) Resistance (Ω.CM/ft)
Copper (Cu) 1.68 × 10-8 10.37
Aluminum (Al) 2.82 × 10-8 17.5
Silver (Ag) 1.59 × 10-8 9.9
Gold (Au) 2.44 × 10-8 15.1
Iron (Fe) 1.0 × 10-7 62.0
Nichrome (Alloy) ~1.10 × 10-6 (varies) ~682.5 (varies)
10
Importance of Electrical Resistance

• used in soil moisture sensors and plant sensors
to measure the resistance of the medium or
plant tissue
• aids in assessing plant health, detecting stress,
and optimizing irrigation
11
Sample Calculation:
1. A coil of annealed copper wire has 820 turns,
the average length is 9 in. If the diameter of
the wire is 32 mils. Calculate the total
resistance.
Ans. 6.23 ohms
2. The heating unit per an electric iron has a
resistance of 12 ohms. If the cross section of
the material is rectangular, 0.0045 x 0.125 in
and a total length is 13 ft. Determine (a) the
resistivity of materials in ohms-CM/ft, and (b)
the kind of materials.
Ans. (a) 661.108, (b) Nichrome
12
Sample Calculation:
3. You have a copper wire with a length of 5
meters (m) and a cross-sectional area of 2
square millimeters (mm²). Find the resistance
of this wire when a current of 3 amperes (A)
passes through it.
Ans. o.042 ohms
4. The wire with a voltage of 12 volts (V) applied
across it, and a current of 2 amperes (A) flows
through the wire. Determine the resistance.
Ans. 6 ohms
13

Joule or Ohmic Heating
How does the water

heater works?
14
Electrical Property: Conductance
Electrical Conductance
• measure of how easily electric current can flow
through a material
• quantifies the ability of a material to conduct
electricity and is inversely proportional to
resistance
• the unit of electrical conductance is the
siemens (S), which is equal to one ampere per
volt (A/V)
15
Calculation of Electrical Conductance
𝑰 where: G = conductance in siemens

𝑮= V = voltage (volt)
𝑽 I = current (ampere)
𝟏 where: G = conductance in siemens

𝑮= R = resistance in ohms
𝑹
where: G = conductance in siemens

𝑨 L = length of the conductor (unit length)
𝑮= 𝝈
𝒍 A = cross sectional area (square unit)
σ = conductivity in siemens per unit length
16
Importance of Electrical Conductance

• Soil Salinity Assessment
➢ saline soils have higher concentration of soluble
salts, which increase the soil's electrical
conductivity
• Irrigation Management
➢ used to monitor the quality of irrigation water
since High levels of salts in water can lead to salinity
issues in soils
• Soil Moisture Monitoring
➢ as soil moisture increases, its conductivity
generally increases
17
Importance of Electrical Conductance

• Nutrient Management
➢ electrical conductance can indirectly indicate
nutrient levels in the soil
➢ high soil conductivity may suggest the presence of
soluble nutrients
• Plant Health Assessment
➢ electrical conductivity measurements of plant
tissues can provide insights into plant health and
stress levels
➢ changes in conductivity may be indicative of
disease, nutrient imbalances, or water stress
18
Sample Calculation:
1. A resistor has a resistance of 150 ohms.
Calculate its conductance.
Ans. 0.00667 S
2. A circuit has a current of 0.5 amperes (A)
flowing through it when a voltage of 12
volts (V) is applied. Calculate the
conductance of the circuit.
Ans. 0.04167 S
19
Sample Calculation:
3. A sample of copper wire has an electrical
conductivity of 5.96 x 107 S/m. The wire
has a cross-sectional area of 2 x 10-6 m2.
Calculate the resistance and conductance
of a 2-meter length of this copper wire
when a voltage of 10 volts is applied across
it.
Ans. (a) 0.0168 ohms, (b) 56.6 ohms
20
Electrical Property: Capacitance
Electrical Capacitance
• ability of a component or device, known as a
capacitor, to store electrical charge when a
voltage is applied to it
• measured in farads (F)
• determines how much charge it can store per
unit voltage
21

Transformer
Step up and step down?
22

Transformer: Step Down
23

For example, consider a transformer in which the
number of turns in the primary winding 2500 and
that in the secondary winding is 1500. If the
alternating voltage at the primary of the transformer
is 220V. Used the equation:
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑝 where: Vs, Ns = Secondary voltage and turns
= Vp, Np = Primary voltage and turns
𝑁𝑠 𝑁𝑝
Ans. 132 V
24
Electrical Property: Permittivity
Electrical Permittivity
• fundamental property of materials that
describes their ability to store electrical energy
in the presence of an electric field
• includes both the ability to store energy and
the ability to conduct current
• Could be absolute or relative permittivity
25
Absolute and Relative Permittivity
• Absolute Permittivity
✓ overall measure of a material's permittivity
✓ includes both the material's ability to store
electrical energy (related to the dielectric constant)
and its ability to conduct electric current (related to
conductivity)
• Relative Permittivity or dielectric constant

✓ quantifies a material's ability to store electrical
energy when compared to a vacuum
✓ materials with higher dielectric constants store
more electrical energy when subjected to an
electric field compared to a vacuum
26
Absolute and Relative Permittivity

• Relative Permittivity or dielectric constant
In engineering application, permittivity is generally expressed as relative

permittivity rather than absolute permittivity. And relative permittivity is
also called as “Dielectric constant”.
27
Electrical Property: Dielectric Loss
Dielectric Loss
• measure of how much electrical energy is lost
as heat when an alternating electric field is
applied to a dielectric material
• often represented by the tangent delta (tan δ)
or simply the loss tangent
• occurs because not all of the electrical energy
that goes into the material is stored; some of it
is dissipated as heat due to the internal friction
within the material
• high-quality dielectric materials have low
dielectric loss
28
What is dielectric materials

• non-metallic substance having a high specific
resistance, a negative temperature coefficient
of resistance and a high insulating resistance
• a non-conducting substance that holds
electrical charges
• used in various applications, including electrical
insulation to prevent electrical current leakage,
in capacitors to increase their energy storage
capacity, in microwave ovens to heat food, and
in many electronic devices and circuits
29
Dielectric properties of foods and materials at
2450 MHz.
30

Dielectric Heating
How does the oven

cook your food?
31
Electrical Property: Impedance
Impedance
• measures the opposition that a circuit or device
presents to the flow of alternating current (AC)
• includes both resistance (R) and reactance (X)
32
Importance of impedance
• Soil Moisture Sensing
❖ Impedance-based soil moisture sensors are
commonly used in agriculture. These sensors
measure the electrical impedance of the soil, which
is influenced by its moisture content. As soil
moisture increases, the impedance changes.
❖ impedance-based soil moisture sensors use to
monitor soil moisture levels in real-time. This
information guides irrigation scheduling and helps
conserve water resources.
33
• Electrical System in Farm Equipment
❖ Modern farm equipment, such as tractors and
irrigation systems, often rely on electrical systems
for control and automation. Understanding
impedance is crucial for designing and maintaining
these systems.
❖ Engineers and technicians in agriculture use
impedance measurements to assess the health and
performance of electrical components and circuits
in farm machinery.
34
• Animal Monitoring
❖ In livestock farming, impedance-based sensors are
used for animal health monitoring. These sensors
measure the impedance of body tissues, which can
change with conditions like disease or dehydration.
❖ Impedance measurements can provide early
detection of health issues in animals, allowing for
timely veterinary care.
35
• Pest Detection
❖ Impedance-based pest detection systems have
been developed to monitor for the presence of
pests or insects in agricultural products like stored
grains.
❖ By measuring changes in impedance caused by the
movement of pests, these systems can detect and
alert farmers to potential infestations, helping to
prevent crop losses.
36
• Research and Development
❖ In agricultural research and development,
impedance measurements are used for studying
various electrical properties of plants, soils, and
agricultural materials.
❖ Researchers employ impedance techniques to
investigate the electrical behavior of agricultural
products and materials, leading to innovations in
crop management and processing.
❖ Can be used to determine the extent of injury in
plant tissues due to frost, poisoning by spray, or
other damage, which is based on the fact that when
tissue is dead it has no capacitance and when it is
uninjured and healthy, has resistance and
capacitance comprising an impedance.
37
The Impedance Triangle
38
Sample Calculation:
1. In an AC circuit, a resistor has a resistance of
10 ohms, and a coil has a reactance of 15
ohms. Calculate the impedance of the circuit.
Ans. 18.03 ohms
2. In an AC circuit, a resistor has a resistance of
20 ohms, an inductor has an inductance of 30
millihenrys, and a capacitor has a
capacitance of 50 microfarads. Calculate the
impedance of the circuit. Assume frequency
as 60 Hz.
Ans. 46.69 ohms
39
End!
40

3a Electrical Properties

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3a Electrical Properties

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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

ABE 313 PROERTIES OF AB

Lets get out of the box!

𝑽 where: R = resistance in ohms

Lets get out of the box!

Gold (Au) 2.44 × 10-8 15.1

Iron (Fe) 1.0 × 10-7 62.0

Nichrome (Alloy) ~1.10 × 10-6 (varies) ~682.5 (varies)

Importance of Electrical Resistance

Lets get out of the box!

How does the water

Calculation of Electrical Conductance

𝑰 where: G = conductance in siemens

𝟏 where: G = conductance in siemens

where: G = conductance in siemens

Importance of Electrical Conductance

Importance of Electrical Conductance

Lets get out of the box!

Step up and step down?

Lets get out of the box!

Lets get out of the box!

• Relative Permittivity or dielectric constant

Absolute and Relative Permittivity

In engineering application, permittivity is generally expressed as relative

What is dielectric materials

Lets get out of the box!

How does the oven

The Impedance Triangle

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