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Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Chapter 6
Skeletal System:Bones
and Joints
Lecture Outline
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Figure 6.11
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Extracellular Matrix 1
Extracellular Matrix 2
Diaphysis:
Shaft
compact bone
tissue (on outside)
Epiphysis:
ends spongy bone tissue
Articular cartilage:
covers epiphyses
reduces friction Figure 6.2a
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Epiphyseal plate:
site of growth
between
diaphysis and
epiphysis
Medullary cavity:
center of
diaphysis red or
yellow marrow
Figure 6.2b
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Periosteum:
membrane around
bone’s outer
surface
Endosteum:
membrane that
lines medullary
cavity
Figure 6.2a
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Figure 6.2
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Bone Marrow 1
Bone Marrow 2
Location:
outer part of
diaphysis (long bones)
and thinner surfaces
of other bones
Osteon:
structural unit of
compact bone
includes lamella,
lacunae, canaliculus,
central canal, osteocytes
Lamella:
rings of bone matrix
Figure 6.2c
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Lacunae:
spaces between lamella
Canaliculus:
tiny canals
transport nutrients
and remove
waste
Central canal:
center of osteon
contains blood vessels Figure 6.2c
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Figure 6.3
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Figure 6.4
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Bone Cells
Osteoblasts: responsible for the formation of
bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.
Osteocytes: cells that maintain bone matrix and
form from osteoblast after bone matrix has
surrounded it.
Osteoclasts: contribute to bone repair and
remodeling by removing existing bone, called
bone reabsorption.
Bone Formation
Ossification is the formation of bone by
osteoblasts.
Bone formation that occurs within connective
tissue membranes is called intramembranous
ossification.
Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline
cartilage is called endochondral ossification.
Both types of bone formation result in compact
and spongy bone.
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Intramembranous Ossification 1
Intramembranous Ossification 2
Figure 6.5
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Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral bone formation is bone formation
within a cartilage model.
The cartilage model is replaced by bone.
Initially formed is a primary ossification center,
which is bone formation in the diaphysis of a
long bone.
A secondary ossification center is bone
formation in the epiphysis.
Figure 6.6
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Figure 6.7
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Bone Remodeling
Bone remodeling involves:
• removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and
• deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
• occurs in all bones
• responsible for changes in bone shape, bone
• repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and
• calcium ion regulation
Bone Repair 1
Bone Repair 2
Figure 6.8
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a) (top and bottom) ©Andrew F. Russo
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Calcium Homeostasis
Figure 6.10
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Foramen:
• hole
• Example - foramen magnum
Fossa:
• depression
• Example - glenoid fossa
Process:
• projection
• Example - mastoid process
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Condyle:
• smooth, rounded end
• Example - occipital condyle
Meatus:
• canal-like passageway
• Example - external auditory meatus
Tubercle:
• lump of bone
• Example - greater tubercle
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Axial Skeleton 1
Axial Skeleton 2
Cranial Bones 1
Frontal bone
• Anterior part of cranium
Parietal bones
• Sides and roof of cranium
Occipital bones
• Posterior portion and floor of cranium
Temporal bones
• Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium
• Temporomandibular joint
Cranial Bones 2
Sphenoid bone
• Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior
portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium
anterior to temporal bones
• Sella turcica
Ethmoid bone
• Anterior portion of cranium, including medial
surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae
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Facial Bones 1
Maxillae
• Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate,
part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye
orbits
• Maxillary sinus
Palatine bones
• Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of
nasal cavity
Facial Bones 2
Zygomatic bones
• Cheek bones
• Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit
Lacrimal bones
• Medial surfaces of eye orbits
Nasal bones
• Form bridge of nose
Facial Bones 3
Vomer
• In midline of nasal cavity
• Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal conchae
• Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity
Mandible
• Lower jawbone
• Only movable skull bone
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The Skull 1
Figure 6.12
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The Skull 2
Figure 6.13
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (b) ©Eric Wise
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The Skull 3
Figure 6.15
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel
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The Skull 4
Figure 6.16
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Paranasal Sinuses 1
Paranasal Sinuses 2
Figure 6.14
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Hyoid Bone 1
Hyoid Bone 2
Figure 6.17
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Vertebral Column 1
Vertebral Column 2
7 cervical vertebra
12 thoracic vertebra
5 lumbar vertebra
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
Atlas:
• 1st vertebra
• holds head
Axis:
• 2nd vertebra
• rotates head
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Vertebral Column 3
Figure 6.18
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Vertebra
Figure 6.19
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Figure 6.20
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Sacrum
Figure 6.21
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Thoracic Cage 1
Thoracic Cage 2
Figure 6.22
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Pectoral Girdle
Figure 6.23
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Figure 6.25
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (d) ©Trent Stephens
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Humerus:
• upper limb
Ulna:
• forearm
Radius:
• forearm
Carpals:
• wrist
Metacarpals:
• hand
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Figure 6.23
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The Humerus
Figure 6.27
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Figure 6.28
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Figure 6.29
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Pelvic Girdle
Where lower limbs attach to the body
Pelvis:
• includes pelvic girdle and coccyx
Ischium:
• inferior and posterior region
Ilium:
• most superior region
Acetabulum:
• hip socket (joint)
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Pelvis
Figure 6.32
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Hip Bones
Figure 6.33
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Comparison of the Male Pelvis
to the Female Pelvis
Figure 6.34
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Femur:
• thigh
Patella:
• knee cap
Tibia:
• large lower leg
Fibula:
• small lower leg
Tarsals:
• ankle
Metatarsals:
• foot
Phalanges:
• toes and fingers
Figure 6.31
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Figure 6.35
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Figure 6.36
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Figure 6.37
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Articulations
Articulations (joints) are where two bones come
together.
Joints can be classified structurally as fibrous,
cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the major
connective tissue type that binds the bones
together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is
present.
Joints are also be classified in functional categories
according to their degree of motion as
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
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Figure 6.39
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Figure 6.40
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Figure 6.41
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Types of Movement 1
Flexion: bending
Extension: straightening
Abduction: movement away from midline
Adduction: movement toward the midline
Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms down
Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up
Rotation: movement of a structure about the long axis
Types of Movement 2