MARITIME ENGLISH for DECK DEPARTMENT

Semester II

(N II B)

Lecturer: SIWI WORO HERNINGSIH, S. Pd., M. A.

siwiworo83@gmail.com
or
poltekonline20@gmail.com

Mobile Phone No. 081328856498

 CHAPTER 1
CARGO WORK

Targets Topics Implementation

Grammar a. Present Simple Cadets’ Presentation (Cadets
b. Present Continuous work in pairs/ groups)
c. Past Tense
d. Past Participle
Vocabulary Maritime Verbs
Verb+ing
Phonology a. Revision of word
and sentence stress
b. Revision of rising
and falling intonation
Communication Skills a. Listening
b. Speaking
c. Reading
d. Writing
SMCP (Standard Marine SMCP: Present Continuous
Communication Phrases)

Reading Comprehension
Different Types of Cargo

Merchant ships are designed to carry cargo. This cargo may be divided into two basic types:
bulk cargo and general cargo. Bulk cargo consists of a single commodity. This commodity is
usually carried loose. General cargo consists of a variety of goods. These goods are packaged
separately. Bulk cargo is carried in specially designed vessels, therefore stowage presents few
problems. With general cargo stowage presents many problems, because each item has its
own type of packaging and characteristics.

Bulk cargo can be divided into liquid or dry bulk cargo. Liquid bulk cargo is carried in
tankers. Most tankers are designed to carry crude oil or its refined products, such as fuel oils.
The oil is carried in tanks. These are connected by a system of pipes to a central manifold.
The cargo is pumped on board at the loading port by shore pumps. At the discharging port the
ship pumps the oil ashore using her own pumps. Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulk carriers.
The cargo is carried in self-trimming holds. Dry bulk cargo includes grain, iron-ore, coal and
sugar. It is loaded automatically by buckets on a conveyor belt system or through large tubes.
Although the cargo stows itself, it is important to maintain the ship’s stability and to make
sure that the cargo will not move during the voyage. Dry bulk cargo is unloaded by huge
grabs on cranes or by giant suction tubes.

General cargo can be divided into containerized, non-containerized and refrigerated cargo.
Non-containerized cargo presents most stowage problems, because each commodity has its
own type of packaging and characteristics. Goods may be in bags, bales, cases or steel drums.
Individual pieces of machinery may not be packaged at all. Some cargoes such as tobacco
and rubber have a strong odour and will taint delicate cargoes such as tea and rice. Other
cargoes such as cement and fertilizers are dusty and leave a residue behind them. Heavy
cargoes must not be stowed on top of fragile cargoes. This can cause problems if the heavy
cargo has to come out first. General cargo is loaded by cranes and the ship’s own derricks.
Non-containerized cargo is carried in multi-deck vessels. To help with the problem of
stowage many types of general cargo are now being put into containers of standard
dimensions. A container is 8 feet high and 8 feet wide (2.44 m x 2.44 m) and is usually 20
feet or 40 feet (6.1 m or 12.2 m) in length. They are carried in specially designed container
ships and loaded and unloaded by special cranes from the quayside. The containers are
stowed both above and below deck. Perishable cargoes such as meat, fruit and dairy products
are carried in ships with refrigerated holds. These holds are designed to keep food at the
correct temperature. Some food such as fish is frozen solid, other food such as fruit is only
chilled. Mutton and lamb are stowed fore and aft, beef when chilled is hung on hooks. Eggs
and butter are easily tainted. Fruit needs good ventilation. Refrigerated cargo is loaded by
cranes and derricks.
Task 1
Complete this diagram to form a summary of the basic types of cargo.

Cargo

Bulk General

Non-
Liquid Dry Containerized Refrigerated
Containerized

Task 2
Complete this table to summarize some more information in the passage.

Type of cargo examples Type of ship How (un)loaded

liquid bulk crude oil, fuel oils Tankers pumped through

pipes

dry bulk bulk carriers

containerized container ships

non-containerized

refrigerated
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL CARGO

WHY SHIPS?

Logistics is all about using the right type of resources for the right results. Ships have
undergone significant specialization in the 20th century, with each type having unique
features suited for the carriage of different types of commerce. A basic understanding of ship
types is a prerequisite to entering the growing field of maritime logistics. Here is a table
which explains each ship type and its unique features.

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL CARGO

General cargo ships are the oldest type of cargo ships. The basic concept of these ships was
the carriage of all types of general cargo together. The cargo loaded in such ships varies in
shape and size. Hence segregation of cargoes and their proper lashing is of paramount
importance in such ships.

The cargoes include vehicles, machinery, bagged goods, steel, food products, forest products,
containers, etc. These ships are often equipped with their own cargo-handling equipment. The
hatch covers are designed to bear heavy loads.

Pallets are wooden tray-like structures supported by bearers. When loaded, the whole load
can be moved by mechanical means, such as a forklift. Pallets are available in certain
standard sizes, where 40" × 48" is the most common among them. The use of pallets
eliminates package handling and reduces labour usage, but it does not overcome crushing
damage, the stowage factor is increased due to loss of space and there can be a reduction in
stability.
DETAILED VIEW OF THE GENERAL CARGO SHIP

A detailed view of the General Cargo ship and its equipment and parts that you must
familiarize:

GENERAL CARGO SHIP HOLD

The General Cargo Ship holds where you carry cargo need to be studied carefully. Look at
the arrangement of the various decks within the hold space. Look at the ways the cargo is
separated and held in position. It is important that cargo is not shifted during the sea voyage.
Any collection of water or other liquid from the cargo hold bilge or wells must be pumped
out and kept under scrutiny during shipment.
BASICS OF GENERAL CARGO

General cargo ships carry various forms of cargo. The capacity of a cargo hold is expressed
differently for different types of cargo. Some are measured by weight, some by volume.

General cargo ships are the oldest form of cargo ships which used to carry various forms of
cargo at the same time but in smaller parcels. Goods carried individually, unitized or
palletized in boxes, barrels, bales, crates, packages or bundles, are called general cargoes.
Such cargo is generally carried in non-specialized compartments. These ships have their own
arrangements for loading and discharging cargo. You will generally find a lot of
combinations of derricks, cranes, purchases etc on the decks of these ships to facilitate the
operations.

There are two basic standards for measuring cargo and determining the freight payable. There
are some cargoes which have largely broken stowage (like heavy machinery) while some
have a very small stowage factor (like cotton), and freight cannot be charged on the same
basis.
Thus for some cargoes freight is charged on a volumetric basis while on some by weight.
Hence, cargoes are divided into measurement cargo and deadweight cargo. The illustration
below explains the measurement of cargo.

CARRIAGE AND STOWAGE

Once the cargo is loaded onboard, it becomes the responsibility of the carrier, to carry the
cargo and discharge it safely. In order to ensure safe delivery, the cargo has to be stowed
appropriately to avoid any damage during the course of the voyage. Preparation for a good
stowage has to be done in advance of loading the vessel. The carriage of cargo must be in
accordance with the stability criteria at all stages during the voyage.

Stowage is an important aspect of cargo carriage. The principal factors considered for proper
cargo stowage are the safety of the ship and all on board, the safety of cargo and port rotation.
To ensure the safety of the ship you must:

 Stow the cargo, keeping in mind the stability characteristics of the vessel
 Avoid excessive bending or shearing stresses while loading
 Keep in mind the weather conditions during the loaded voyage
 Follow the load line or any special port requirements
 Position the cargo properly for easy securing of the hatch covers, doors to
spaces, and others
 Keep in mind the stacking height of the cargo for clear visibility during
navigation and watch-keeping
 In conjunction with junior cargo officers, the Chief Officer should ensure that all
cargo is stowed correctly and secured in the stowed position against all expected
ship movement when at sea
 When hazardous parcels, livestock, or valuables are loaded, documentation on
such cargoes shall be obtained and administered by the Chief Officer
 To prevent cargo handlers or stevedores from falling in the space between the
bulkheads and the stowed cargo, precautions such as suitable rails, grids or nets
 should be erected, especially where vessels have been built with corrugated
bulkheads

IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases

In November 2001, the twenty-second Assembly adopted the IMO Standard Marine
Communication Phrases (SMCP) (resolution A.918(22)) and recommended a wide
circulation to all prospective users and all maritime education authorities.

The IMO SMCP replaced the "Standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary" (SMNV) adopted
by IMO in 1977 (and amended in 1985).

The SMNV was developed for use by seafarers, following agreement that a common
language - namely English - should be established for navigational purposes where language
difficulties arise and the IMO SMCP has been developed as a more comprehensive
standardized safety language, taking into account changing conditions in modern seafaring
and covering all major safety-related verbal communication.

The IMO SMCP includes phrases which have been developed to cover the most important
safety-related fields of verbal shore-to-ship (and vice-versa), ship-to-ship and on-board
communications. The aim is to get round the problem of language barriers at sea and avoid
misunderstandings which can cause accidents.

The IMO SMCP builds on a basic knowledge of English and has been drafted in a simplified
version of maritime English. It includes phrases for use in routine situations such as berthing
as well as standard phrases and responses for use in emergency situations.

Under the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and

Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978, as amended, the ability to understand and use the
SMCP is required for the certification of officers in charge of a navigational watch on ships
of 500 gross tonnage or above.
SMCP is part of marine communication and more specific, that means that all people being
involved in communication from ship to shore, shore to vessel, ship to ship and on board
ship. Should use these standardize phrases as often as possible as a safety language in
relevant situations. SMCP is divided into External communication phrases used for
communication on ship to shore, shore to ship, ship to ship and on board communication
phrases used for communication on board with multi lingual crews. According to IMO SMCP
has seven principles:

a. Principle 1: KISS (Keep It Short and Simple.

b. Principle 2: Avoid Synonyms and give preference to word with Latin root.
c. Principle 3: Avoid contracted forms.
d. Principle 4: Produce fully worded answers to “ yes/no” Questions
e. Principle 5: Produce one phrase for one event.
f. Principle 6: Combine invariable with variables.
g. Principle7 : Avoid ambiguous words.

Task 1
Complete these SMCP by using the verb in brackets in the correct form.

1. MV Jane is spilling crude oil. (spill)

2. MV Keele is manoeuvring with difficulty. (manoeuvre)
3. We are filling the ballast tanks. (fill)
4. We are transferring fresh water from no. 2 tank to (transfer)
no. 4 tank.
5. The tide is rising – It is 3 hours before high water. (rise)
6. We are discharging the ballast tanks. (discharge)
7. Temperature in container 12 with IMO-Class 3 goods (increase)
is increasing rapidly.
8. I am flooding below water line. (flood)
9. I am sinking after collision. (sink)
10. Pipeline is leaking oil in position XX – wide berth (leak)
requested.

Task 2
Answer these questions
Remember Principle 3 of the SMCP: Avoid contracted forms.

No. QUESTION ANSWER

1. Is vessel still making way? Yes, vessel making way ahead.
2. Are you pumping? No, I am not pumping.
3. Is the anchor holding? Yes, the anchor is holding.
4. Are you dragging anchor? Yes, I am dragging anchor.
5. Are you discharging? Yes, I am discharging.
6. Are you receiving? Yes, I am receiving.
7. Is vessel making way? No, vessel not making way.
8. Are you dredging anchor? No, I am not dredging anchor.
9. Is tide falling? Yes, tide is falling.
10. Are the anchors holding? No, the anchors are not holding.

Task 3
Use these information for forming correct SMCP. Remember all verb forms should be in
Present Continuous.

No. Information to be delivered

1. Say that you come for help (start with “I”) I am proceeding to your assistance.
2. Say that the wind is getting stronger (start Wind is increasing.
with “I”)
3. Say that you come from NNE (start with I am approaching from NNE.
“I”)
4. Say that a vessel comes into the fairway at Vessel is entering the fairway at
buoy 6 (start with “vessel”) buoy 6.
5. Inform that you will have buoy 6 on your We are passing buoy 6 on port side.
port side when moving ahead (start with
“we”)
6. Say that a vessel’s course is different from Your course is deviating from the
the radar reference line (star with “your radar reference line.
course”)
7. Say that a vessel is not conform with You are not complying with traffic
 traffic regulation (start with “you”) regulations.
8. Say that a vessel goes out of radar screen You are leaving my radar screen.
(start with “you”)
9. Ask where he comes from (start with From what direction are you
“From what direction”) approaching?
10. Say that a vessel steers a course which is You are steering a dangerous
dangerous (start with “you”) course.

Note:
Thursday/ February 29, 2024
N II a
Classroom …
Maritime English Class

All materials will be sent to email address: singasari321@gmail.com (N II B)

The cadets who are absent : ………………………

Cadets’ Presentation:
To be planned: Friday/ March 1, 2024

Targets Topics Implementation

Grammar a. Present Simple Cadets’ Presentation (Cadets
b. Present Continuous work in pairs/ groups)
c. Past Tense
d. Past Participle

Deck Department
Class: N II A (Each group consists of max 3 cadets)
Group 1: ………………………, ………………………………, ………………………
Group 2: ………………………, ………………………………, ………………………
Group 3: ………………………, ………………………………, ………………………
Group 4: ………………………, ………………………………, ………………………
Group 5: ………………………, ………………………………, ………………………
Group 6: ………………………, ………………………………, ………………………
Group 7: ………………………, ………………………………, ………………………