Karpagam Academy of Higher Education Dept.

EEE
(Deemed to be University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari Post, Coimbatore
Ac. Yr.: 2023– 2024

Answer Key
23BEEC142/23BECS142/
Course Code & Title Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
23BTAD142/23BECY142
Year /Sem I/I CIA I

Q.No. PART – A (9 x 2 = 18 Marks)

Major applications for DC motors are: elevators, steel mills, rolling mills, locomotives, and
1
excavators.
Series Motor
2 Shunt Motor
Compound Motor
First law: It states that whenever there is a change in magnetic flux associated with a coil, EMF is
induced in that coil.
3
Second law: It states that the magnitude of EMF induced in the coil is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux associated with that coil.
Fleming's right hand rule is used to determine the direction of induced current in a coil. If the thumb
4 (direction of motion), index finger (along magnetic field) and middle finger are held mutually
perpendicular as shown in the figure, then middle finger gives the direction of induced emf in the wire.
RMS value of Emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm.
5 Where, Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz).

The three basic configurations of a BJT are (a) common emitter (CE), (b) common base (CB),
8
(c) common collector (CC) or emitter follower.
 Amplifiers provide gains in voltage or current.
 Op-amps can convert current to voltage.
9
 Op-amps can provide a buffer between two circuits.
 Op-amps can be used to implement integrators and differentiators.

Q.No. PART – B (3 x 14 = 42 Marks)

10 a A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. The working principle of a DC machine

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is when electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force
generates a torque that rotates the dc motor. The DC machines are classified into two types such as DC
generator as well as DC motor.
The main function of the DC generator is to convert mechanical power to DC electrical power,
whereas a DC motor converts DC power to mechanical power. The AC motor is frequently used in
industrial applications for altering electrical energy to mechanical energy. However, a DC motor is
applicable where good speed regulation & an ample range of speeds are necessary like in electric-
transaction systems.

Construction of DC Machine

Yoke
Another name of a yoke is the frame. The main function of the yoke in the machine is to offer
mechanical support intended for poles and protects the entire machine from moisture, dust, etc. The
materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast steel otherwise rolled steel.
Pole and Pole Core
The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field winding is winding among pole.
Whenever field winding is energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The materials used for this are
cast steel, cast iron otherwise pole core. It can be built with the annealed steel laminations for reducing
the power drop because of the eddy currents.
Pole Shoe
Pole shoe in the DC machine is an extensive part as well as to enlarge the region of the pole. Because of
this region, flux can be spread out within the air-gap as well as extra flux can be passed through the air
space toward armature. The materials used to build pole shoe is cast iron otherwise cast steed, and also
used annealed steel lamination to reduce the loss of power because of eddy currents.
Field Windings
In this, the windings are wounded in the region of pole core & named as field coil. Whenever current is
supplied through field winding than it electromagnetics the poles which generate required flux. The
material used for field windings is copper.
Armature Core
Armature core includes a huge number of slots within its edge. The armature conductor is located in
these slots. It provides the low-reluctance path toward the flux generated with field winding. The
materials used in this core are permeability low-reluctance materials like iron otherwise cast. The
lamination is used to decrease the loss because of the eddy current.
Armature Winding
The armature winding can be formed by interconnecting the armature conductor. Whenever an armature
winding is turned with the help of prime mover then the voltage, as well as magnetic flux, gets induced
within it. This winding is allied to an exterior circuit. The materials used for this winding are conducting
material like copper.
Commutator
The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to collect the current from the armature
conductor as well as supplies the current to the load using brushes. And also provides uni-directional

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 torque for DC-motor. The commutator can be built with a huge number of segments in the edge form of
hard drawn copper. The Segments in the commutator are protected from the thin mica layer.
Brushes
Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from the commutator and supply it to the exterior load.
Brushes wear with time to inspect frequently. The materials used in brushes are graphite otherwise
carbon which is in rectangular form.
Working of DC motor
The basic working principle of a DC motor is that whenever a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a force. This force is known as the Lorentz force, and it is responsible for
the rotation of the motor's armature.
The armature is a rotating part of the motor that is made up of coils of wire. When current flows through
these coils, they create a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnets
or electromagnets that are also part of the motor. This interaction creates a force that causes the armature
to rotate.
The rotation of the armature is transferred to the output shaft of the motor, which can then be used to do
work, such as driving a pump, fan, or other machine.
(or)
10 b The single-phase motors are more preferred over a three-phase induction motor for domestic, commercial
applications. Because form utility, only single-phase supply is available. So, in this type of application,
the three-phase induction motor cannot be used.
Construction

A single phase induction motor is similar to the three phase squirrel cage induction motor except there is
single phase two windings (instead of one three phase winding in 3-phase motors) mounted on the stator
and the cage winding rotor is placed inside the stator which freely rotates with the help of mounted
bearings on the motor shaft.
Similar to a three-phase induction motor, single-phase induction motor also has two main parts: Stator
and Rotor

Stator
In stator, the only difference is in the stator winding. The stator winding is single-phase winding instead
of three-phase winding. The stator core is the same as the core of the three-phase induction motor.
In a single-phase induction motor, there are two winding are used in stator except in shaded-pole
induction motor. Out of these two windings, one winding is the main winding and the second is auxiliary
winding. The stator core is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss. The single-phase supply is given to
the stator winding (main winding)
Rotor
Rotor of single-phase induction motor is the same as a rotor of squirrel cage induction motor. Instead of
rotor winding, rotor bars are used and it is short-circuited at the end by end-rings. Hence, it makes a
complete path in the rotor circuit. The rotor bars are braced to the end-rings to increase the mechanical
strength of the motor.
The rotor slots are skewed at some angle to avoid magnetic coupling. And it also used to make a motor

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 run smooth and quiet.

Working:
Single-phase AC supply is given to the stator winding (main winding). The alternating current flowing
through the stator winding produces magnetic flux. This flux is known as the main flux.
Now we assume that the rotor is rotating and it is placed in a magnetic field produced by the stator
winding. According to Faraday’s law, the current start flowing in the rotor circuit it is a close path. This
current is known as rotor current.
Due to the rotor current, the flux produced around the rotor winding. This flux is known as rotor flux.
There are two fluxes; main flux which is produced by stator and second is the rotor flux which is
produced by the rotor.
Interaction between main flux and rotor flux, the torque produced in the rotor and it starts rotating.
(or)
11 a (i)
EMF Equation of the Transformer
Let,
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

As, shown in the fig., the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value Φ m from 0. It reaches to
the maximum value in one quarter of the cycle i.e in T/4 sec (where, T is time period of the sin
wave of the supply = 1/f).
Therefore, average rate of change of flux = Φm /(T/4) = Φm /(1/4f)
Therefore, average rate of change of flux = 4f Φm ....... (Wb/s).
Now, Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm ..........(Volts).
Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X average emf per turn.
As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is 1.11
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm.

(ii)
Armature Control Method

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 Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf E b and Eb = V - IaRa. That means,
when supply voltage V and the armature resistance Ra are kept constant, then the speed is
directly proportional to armature current I a. Thus, if we add resistance in series with the
armature, Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also decreases. Greater the resistance in series with
the armature, greater the decrease in speed.

OR
An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device
11 b(i) designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors
between its output and input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting
function or “operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback configurations
whether resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform a variety of different
operations, giving rise to its name of “Operational Amplifier”.

An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two high

impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative or
“minus” sign, (– ). The other input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked with a positive
or “plus” sign ( + ). A third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output port which
can both sink and source either a voltage or a current. In a linear operational amplifier, the
output signal is the amplification factor, known as the amplifiers gain ( A ) multiplied by the
value of the input signal.

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(ii)

12 a A bipolar junction transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that consists of

two p-n junctions which are able to amplify or magnify a signal. It is a current controlled
device. The three terminals of the BJT are the base, the collector, and the emitter. A signal of a
small amplitude applied to the base is available in the amplified form at the collector of the
transistor. This is the amplification provided by the BJT. Note that it does require an external
source of DC power supply to carry out the amplification process.

Construction of Bipolar Junction Transistor

BJT is a semiconductor device that is constructed with 3 doped semiconductor Regions i.e.
Base, Collector & Emitter separated by 2 p-n Junctions.

Bipolar transistors are manufactured in two types, PNP and NPN, and are available as separate
components, usually in large quantities. The prime use or function of this type of transistor is
to amplify current. This makes them useful as switches or amplifiers. They have a wide
application in electronic devices like mobile phones, televisions, radio transmitters, and

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industrial control.

Opeation of Bipolar Junction Transistor

There are three operating regions of a bipolar junction transistor:

 Active region: The region in which the transistors operate as an amplifier.

 Saturation region: The region in which the transistor is fully on and operates as a
switch such that collector current is equal to the saturation current.
 Cut-off region: The region in which the transistor is fully off and collector current is
equal to zero.

Types of Bipolar Junction Transistor

There are two types of bipolar junction transistors:

 PNP bipolar junction transistor

 NPN bipolar junction transistor

PNP BJT

In PNP BJT, the n-type semiconductor is sandwiched between the two p-type semiconductors.
The two p-type semiconductors act as emitter and collector respectively while the n-type
semiconductor acts as a base. This is shown in the figure below

The current enters the transistor through the emitter such that the emitter-base junction is
forward biased and the collector-base junction is reverse biased.

NPN BJT

In NPN BJT, p-type semiconductor is sandwiched between the two n-type semiconductors.
The two n-type semiconductors act as emitter and collector respectively while the p-type
semiconductor acts as a base. This is shown in the figure below.

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 Current entering the emitter, base, and collector has the sign convention of positive while the
current that leaves the transistor has the sign convention of negative.

Function of Bipolar Junction Transistor

BJTs are of two types namely NPN and PNP based on doping types of the three main
terminals. An NPN transistor consists of two semiconductor junctions that have a thin p-doped
anode region and PNP transistor also consists of two semiconductor junctions that have a thin
n- doped cathode region.

The flow of charge in a Bipolar transistor is due to the diffusion of charge carriers between the
two regions belonging to different charge concentrations. Regions of BJT are known as the
base, collector, and emitter.

The emitter region is highly doped when compared to other layers. Both collector and base
layers have the same charge carrier concentrations. Among these junctions, the base-emitter
junction is forward biased, and the base-collector junction is reverse biased. Forward biased
means p-doped region has more potential than the n-doped side.

OR
12 b  These are the fundamental building blocks of the digital system. It produces one output
level I when some combination of input levels is present.
 The three basic types of logic gates AND, OR and NOT Gate.
 A table which lists all variable inputs and corresponding output is called truth table.
 The variables are binary, logic 1 is designated as ON or High State. Whereas logic 0 as
off Low state.

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NOT Gate ( IC 7404 )
A NOT gate is also known as inverter. It has one input and one output. Its output is
complemented of its input.

1. AND Gate ( IC 7408 )

An AND Gate has two or more inputs but only one output. The output assumes logic 1 state,
only when all of its input is at logic 1 state. The output assumes the logic 0 state even if one of
its inputs is at logic 0 state.

2. OR Gate ( IC 7432 )
The OR Gate may have two or more inputs and only output. The output assumes the logic 1
state, even if one of its inputs is at logic 1 state. Its output assumes logic O state, only when
each of its input logic 0 state.

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3.NOR Gate ( IC 7402 )

NOR means NOT + OR, so a NOR Gate is a combination of an OR Gate and NOT Gate. The
output is at logic 1 state, only when each of its input are any in logic 0 level for other
combination of inputs, the output is at logic zero state. It is a universal gate.

4. NAND Gate ( IC 7400 )

NAND means NOT + AND, so a NAND Grate is a combination of an AND Gate and NOT
Gate. The Output logic zero state only when all of its input is in logic 1 level. any for other
combination of inputs the output of NAND Gate is at logic 1 level. It is a Universal gate.

5. XOR Gate ( IC 7486 )

The EX-OR operation is widely used in digital circuits. When both the input is in same logic
state ( 0 or 1 ) the output of EX-OR is in logic 0 state, whereas when the inputs are not in same
logic state i.e., if one of them is zero and the other is 1 the output is in logic 1 state.

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Signature of Faculty Member HoD
(Ponrekha M)

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