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The Contemporary World Reviewer

The Contemporary World (Centro Escolar University)

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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD REVIEWER

 It was first introduced in sometime in 1940s.
 Globalization EMERGED forcefully in 1990s. CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION:
(Where there was a formal discussion/ clarity with 1.Technological Advances
regards on what globalization is all about)
 The perception on globalization is more on 2.Policies that encourage international business
trying to westernize the entire world. relations

-When you speak of globalization, it is more on 3.Business Outsourcing

americanizing the world. 4.Education
GLOBALIZATION: Refers to the intensification 5.Mass Media
and expansion of political relations across the
globe ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION:
-A study of the world that we have. This is about 1.Reduce trade barriers such as tariffs
what's happening right now in the world that we
2. Represents free trade
have.
3. Competition among countries
3 DIMENSIONS (The structure or the branches
of globalization): 4. Chance for poor countries to develop
 POLITICAL- It refers to the intensification and 5. Globalization and democracy will go hand in
expansion of political relations across the globe. hand.
(Manfred B. Steger)
DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION:
 ECONOMIC- Refers to the widespread 1.Rich countries will become richer while the
international movements of goods, capital, poor becomes poorer.
services, technology and information.
2.Trade barriers are not really eliminated.
 SOCIAL- Pertains to human interaction within 3.Jobs are lost in developed countries and
cultural communities encompassing topics like transferred to lower cost-countries.
family, religion, work and education.
4.Workers in developed countries like the United
HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION: States face pay-cut demand from employers who
 It a fairly recent concept and vocabulary threaten to export jobs.
5.Large multi-national corporations put-up tax
•Its processes are as old as history itself because
havens in other countries to avoid taxes.
human race always engaged in:
1. Cultural exchange
2.Dissemination of knowledge
3.Trade of goods and services REASON WHY WE HAVE TO STUDY THIS
COURSE?
•Important developments in early part of the To avoid parochialism- the quality or state of
20thcentury accelerated these processes: being parochial especially: selfish pettiness or
narrowness (as of interests, opinions, or views)
-A person with a parochial mentality is narrow-
minded, or not open to new ideas.
 World teaches us more about our society
 Filipinos increasingly interacting with the
world

THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION:  Globalization: Is inherently interdisciplinary

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 See contemporary world through a broad lens -Emergence of global political norms
 Allows us to examine various globalizing
processes -Emergence of corporations
 Forces us to ask questions (re. global citizenship)

FOR THE ECONOMIST:

MANFRED STEGER'S DEFINITION OF
GLOBALIZATION: -Increase free trade
-Globalization refers to the expansion and
FREE TRADE is a policy followed by some
intensification of social relations and
international markets in which countries'
consciousness across world-time and world-
governments do no restrict imports from, or
space.
exports to, other countries.
-He reiterated from that definition the words
-Is exemplified by the European Economic Area
expansion, intensification, and stretching in
and the Mercosur, which have established open
defining economic globalization, political
markets.
globalization, and cultural globalization.
-Speed of trade (milliseconds to trade shares)
-Globalization is always an uneven process.
(nobody will experience globalization similarly. -Global economic organizations (to maintain
There will be differences on how you experience interdependence among countries, prosperity
globalization) among countries, and at the same time, they are
also created in order to protect each other's
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION refers to the
interest)
intensification and stretching of economic
interrelations across the globe. (MANFRED ORGANIZATIONS:
STEGER)
-World Economic Forum
-It is more on characterized by the integration of
the market economy. (The exchange of foods -G20
and services from one border to another border) -International Labour Organization
-Discussing about the technological -United Nations Conference on Trade
enhancement, as well as the presence of human and Development
innovation.
-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
FACTORS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY: Pertaining
to the economies of the world. -Group of Seven

 Natural resources -BRICS

 Infrastructure- (transportation is another -United Nations Economic and Social Council
indicator of a good economy)
 Population -Group of Eight
 Labour -Bank for International Settlements
 Human capital
 Technology -OPEC
 Law -United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs
Political Scientist: "Challenge to the nation- -Regional trade blocks
state."
*EXAMPLES:
-European Union (EU)- A customs union, a
single market and now with a single currency

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-North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) -Formally established on 130 BCE during Han
between the USA, Canada and Mexico Dynasty
-Mercosur- A customs union between Brazil, -Ottoman Empire closed it on 1453 BCE
Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela
-Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) Free Trade Area (AFTA) GALLEON TRADE:

-Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa -Mode of transportation.

(COMESA) -The people in the Philippines were subjected to
-South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) created forced labour and one of the result of the forced
in 2006 with countries such as India and labour is the creation of this ship (that carries
Pakistan commodities from Asia and bringing it in
Acapulco, Mexico.)
-Pacific Alliance- 2013- a regional trade
agreement between Chile, Colombia, Mexico and -Was part of the age of mercantilism.
Peru MANILA- ACAPULCO GALLEON TRADE
-TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP (TTP)- A
proposed free trade agreement being negotiated
during 2013 between Australia, Brunei, Chile, RESTRICTIONS:
Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru,
-Western countries forbade their colonies sa
Singapore, the United States, and Vietnam.
pagbili ng commodities coming from the outside.
FOR THE SCHOLAR OF CULTURE AND
-They tried to increase the tariff (to protect their
COMMUNICATION:
own commodity)
-"Global Village"- Imaginary villages, product of
-They blocked roads/routes.
technology. (the program introduced to us to
technology) -Subsidized exports.
-Communications technology as "shrinking" our
world
MERCANTILISM- was a global trade with
-"Cultural Imperialism"- One culture is multiple restrictions.
influencing the rest of the world.

GOLD STANDARD:
GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD ECONOMICS:
-Introduced this as a way of using it as a
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: currency in the exchange of commodities (para
fair)
-It is a historical process representing the result
of human innovation and technological process. -Gold was believed to guarantee a non-
(According to International Monetary Fund) inflationary, stable, economic environment, a
means for accelerating international trade.
-Refers to the intensification and stretching of
economic interrelations across the globe. GOALS:
(Manfred Steger)
-To create a common system that would allow for
The international trading system took place more efficient trade.
during the time of the SILK ROAD.
-To prevent isolationism of the mercantilist era.
SILK ROAD:
GREAT DEPRESSION: The worst and longest
Oldest international trade route recession ever experienced by the Western
-Linking China to the West world.

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FIAT CURRENCIES: Currencies that are not
backed up by the precious metals and whose
value is determined by their cost relative to other
currencies.
-This system allows governments to freely and
actively manage their economies by increasing
or decreasing the amount of money in circulation
as they see fit.
THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM:
-After two world wars, world leader sought to
create a global economic system.
- Inaugurated in 1944.
-To maintain international peace
-They believe that one of the ways to achieve
this goal was to set up a network of global
financial institution that would promote economic
interdependence and prosperity.
-Economist Friedrich Hayek and Milton
Friedman argued about the government practice
about pouring money into their economies, also
they argued about government intervention in
economies distort the proper functioning in the
market.
NEOLIBERAL POLITICIAN ADVOCATOR:
-President Ronald Reagan
-Margaret Thatcher (Former Prime Minister):
Stated that the problem with household analogy
is that government are not household. For one,
government can print money, while household
cannot.
*Justified their reduction in the government
spending by comparing national economies to
households.

KEYNESIANISM: (John Maynard Keynes)

-He believed that economic crises occur not
when country does not have enough money,
but when money is not being spent and thereby,
not moving.
-His ideas influenced the Bretton Woods
conference.
Global Keynesianism can, perhaps, be
described as an approach to economic which
emphasizes responsible public management of
economic problems in a world-system context.
Keynesianism is more on the active
participation of the government in the economies
of the world.

ANOTHER ECONOMIC PRINCIPLE:

NEOLIBERALISM
Became the codified strategy of the:
-US Treasury Department
-World Bank
-IMF and

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MARKET INTEGRATION -Enacted in the United States which raised tariffs

on imported goods.
-It is the fusing of markets into one.
-Tariffs reduced demand for foreign goods.
GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION
-It means that the price differences between
countries are eliminated as all markets become
one.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION
FIRST MILLENIUM BC
-long distance trade existed for centuries
-Driven buy growing population and income.
-Created a demand for new products.
1820s
• Globalization took off
• Price differences started to close –up because
of:
1. Transport revolution
-steamship
-railroads
- invention of refrigeration
2. Opening of Suez Canal
-slashed the journey time between Europe
and Asia.
EVE OF WORLD WAR I
• Global economy was highly integrated
• Unprecedented flows of capital, goods and
labor across borders
19TH CENTURY ONWARDS
-Technological change helped integrate
markets because of steam
powered transport invention.
GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930s
Governments imposed tariffs which were intended
to switch the demand for domestically produced
goods.
SMOOT-HAWLEY TARIFF

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-Foreign countries retaliated that worsened the Peace Treaty of

Westphalia and the 3. There are
effects of Depression of 1930s. international
Concert of Europe
-It took decades to rebuild the world economy. Various sovereign organization, like the
states and people United Nations
END OF THE 20TH CENTURY desire for greater global (UN), that facilities
cooperation and unity. these interactions.
-Markets are more integrated as transportation cost (facilities? hindi
have continued to fall facilitates? whatevs)
-Most tariffs have been scrapped altogether. -InTeRnATionAl 4. Beyond simply
RelATions (IR): Is the facilitating meetings
1970s
study of between states,
• Trend was toward a freer flow of capital across interconnectedness of international
borders politics, economics, and organization also
law on a global level. take on lives of their
• Liberalization of capital markets, where funds for own.
investment can be borrowed. -
InTeRnATionAlizAT DIPLOMACY-
PROBLEMS IN GLOBAL MARKET ion Considered as the
INTEGRATION second attribute of
-PoliTicAl
global system.
• Institutional Differences between countries GlobAlizATion:
Intensification and -There is the absence
• Incompatibility with democracy and sovereignty. expansion of political of war, bloodshed.
• Removal of institutional variations between interrelations across the
countries. globe.
THE NATION-
• It suffocates countries’ economic development
STATE
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBAL MARKET THE ATTRIBUTES OF
IS
INTEGRATION TODAY'S GLOBAL SYSTEM
COPOS
• Harmonization of institutions across countries. -World politics today ED OF
has four key
• Brings prosperity. attributes. TWO
NON-
A HISTORY OF GLOBAL TREATY OF
POLITICS WESTPHALIA- This was INTERC
1. There are countries
a package of treaties HANGE
-The world is composed or states that are
that ended the 30 years ABLE
of many countries or independent and
European wars of
states, all of them govern themselves. TERMS:
religion (1618-1648).
having different forms of European states – the 2. These countries
government. Some -Not all states are
Holy Roman Empire, interact with each other
scholars of politics are nations and not all
Spain, France, Sweden through diplomacy.
interested in individual nations are states.
and the Dutch Republic
states and examined – agreed to respect one Examples:
the internal politics of another's territorial
these countries. integrity. -The nation of Scotland

INCIDENT IN HISTORY -The nation of Korea

THAT IS RELATED TO -Chinese nation
INTERNATIONALISM-
POLITICAL
Internationalism has
GLOBALIZATION: been brought by the

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STATE is a legal -Citizens have rights over a nation

concept whereas and responsibilities (Claudio, 2018). TERRITORY
NATION is a racial -Can be composed of E -Surface of the earth
concept two or more states. L inhabited
-According to E -Span of territory
SCHOLTE (2000), a M required: more or
NATION E
nation has four less...
-According to (4) general features N
BENEDICT T
1) a large population; S
ANDERSON, is an
"imagined 2) a specific territorial
community." homeland; O
F
-limited by a given
boundary
T
3) unique cultural L H
attributes; F E
4) constitutive O
R S
D T
STATE A
G T
-NASCI- Latin term A E
"birth" or to be born R :
-Refers to a country N
and its government. E PEOPLE
R
-Defined by JAMES -Inhabitants of the
GARNER and other Four (4) elements of state.
authorities. state -Population required-
-Considered as a •a specific population more or less
political community or citizens numerous
because it -Smallest state and
•a specific territory
possesses 4 largest state
elements: people, •an organized
territory, government CLASSIFICATION:
government, and
sovereignty. •internal and external Natural
sovereignty
T and
•Sovereignty is not
O
absolute in practice Artificial
because of the
J development of (are corporations)
A international relations
M and consequently, of -NATURAL: Citizens
E international law and aliens
S
•Nation and state are -CITIZENS: Natural
closely related. It is born and naturalized
W
I the state that rules

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-Largest and smallest FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

states UNDER POLITICAL
-Domains of territory: SYSTEM:
terrestrial, fluvial, Presidential and
and aerial domain. Parliamentary

-Philippines as FORMS OF
an GOVERNMENT UNDER
ADMINISTRATIVE
archipelago and SYSTEM: Federal and
the Unitary
archipelagic concept
of territoriality.
SOVEREIGNTY
GOVERNMENT -Supreme power of
the state to
-Agency in which the
command and
will of the people are
enforce obedience.
established, limited,
and defined. KINDS OF SOVEREIGNTY:
-Government and Internal and External
governance.
CLASSIFICATION OF
-Providing for the
needs of the people SOVEREIGNTY: Legal
and
-Creating and
interpreting the law. Political

KINDS OF
GOVERNMENT: DE
JURE (complete or
lawful government)
and DE FACTO
(incomplete
government)
FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT:

 Democratic
 Presidential
 Republican
 Parliamentary
 Federal
 Constitutional
 Monarchial
 Unitary
 Dictatorial
 Aristocratic, etc.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVEREIGNTY: LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM

-Perpetual The well-known liberal internationalists are

the following:
-Comprehensive
IMMANUEL KANT (German) imagined a form of
-Absolute
"global government."
-Exclusive, etc.
JEREMY BENTHAM (British) advocated the
creation of "international law" that would
govern the inter-state relations.
INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION (Salient
Element) GIUSEPPE MAZZINI (Italian) believed that a free,
unified nation-states should be the basis of an
-Even if the state possess these elements, still, if it equally free, cooperative international system.
is not recognized by other members of
international community, it seizes to be a state. WOODROW WILSON (USA) forwarded the
"principle of self-determination." He became the
notable advocate of the LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM

-A system for international relations. -The League of Nations was founded after WW1
in 1919. There were 58 members. Its main
objective was to maintain world peace through
THE 3 CORE POINTS OF THE WESTPHALIAN TREATY international arbitration. Its primary achievement
is the birth of task-specific international
ARE THE FOLLOWING: organizations like the World Health Organization
A. The principle of state sovereignty; (WHO) and the International Labor Organization
(ILO).
B. The principle of legal equality of states; and
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
C. The principle of non-intervention of one
state in the internal affairs of another. -The Socialist International (SI) was a union of
European socialist and labor parties established
-Origin of present day concept of sovereignty has in Paris in 1889.
its roots to the Treaty of Westphalia
MARX argued that the world is divided into
-Westphalian system was challenged by Napoleon classes. First, the capitalist class or the owners
Bonaparte. of the
-Principles of French Revolution liberty, equality, factories and other means of production. Second,
and fraternity. the proletariat class or those who worked for the
-Napoleonic Code examples. capitalists.

-Anglo Prussian war defeated Napoleon in the -To Marx, the proletariat had no nation. Its battle-
Battle of Waterloo in 1815. cry is "WORKERS OF THE WORL UNITE." He
opposed nationalism because it prevented the
-Concert of Europe (1815-1914). unification of world's workers.
-The main aim was to restore the Westphalian ACHIEVEMENTS:
system. Alliances of "great powers."
-May 1, Labour Day
-These two interstate systems divided the world
into separate, sovereign nation-states. -International Women’s Day
-The Westphalian and Concert of Europe divided -8 hour work day

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