Air Pollution Advance

Environmental Chemistry
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Email: info@dar−althakafia.com
‫ ‬
‫‪áí†Ôm‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫'&‪%‬אً‪ !"#‬زدא א لאم א‬

‫‪4‬אد"‪3‬אא‪2‬א‪-.%/0- 1‬א‪,‬لא א ‪،+‬א*‪،‬א) (‬
‫א‪* >#‬وא =‪.‬א<;وذ ‪5678‬ل‪@B.‬א ‪@5A‬א‪#‬ول‬
‫‪C ! D‬א‪,‬لא ‪،‬و‪HG‬ولא ‪@5A‬א '‪6-G‬א‪F‬א‪C‬א<;‪E‬א ‪@5A‬‬
‫א ‪%NGO‬ق‪%LM4‬ق‪I7/ '4</‬א =زא‪I‬א ‪/‬دوא<‪I! J‬‬
‫א ‪P=5‬א‪F‬א‪C‬א<;‪.‬‬
‫‬ ‫و'‪E@U‬ن‪3"S"J‬אא ‪%74R0Q‬א‪C‬א‪ 0Q‬א ‪ %/‬א‬
‫‪V‬لא)&‪ -‬א‪F‬א‪C‬א<;‪.‬‬
‫ ‬
‫א ‪١٩‬دא ‪١٤٢٦‬‬
‫אא‪٢٠٠٥ ٢٥‬م‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫ ﺳﻼم ﺣﺳﯾن ﻋوﯾد اﻟﮭﻼﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺣﯾﺎت د‬
https://scholar.google.com/citations?
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salamalhelali@yahoo.com
https://www.facebook.com/salam.alhelali
30TU
https://www.facebook.com/groups/
/Biothesis
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/
/Salam_Ewaid
07807137614
U30T
Þëþa@Ý–ÐÛa
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Environmental Chemistry
Zòß†Ôß@
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Na'#k!0b‫א‬C!-/ (b!0"‫א‬+ " ‫א‬C ! Q- [[h‫א‬I‫א‬1 0h‫א‬
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p'_ ‫א‬6-G‫ض‬1#‫א‬- d‫دא‬bu.1s ‫ א‬H5 ‫א‬IA-Z ‫א‬
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٥
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Zóçë@âbÓc@Éi‰c@µg@ó÷îjÛa@Þba@áîÔm@åØ¹
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Hydrosphare *‫ضא‬1#‫א‬.،*‫א‬.= ‫א‬−R
Biosphere * >h‫א) (א‬−‫ج‬
Atmosphere ;<‫א‬.= ‫א‬−‫د‬
( Lithosphere) @ZHibîÛa@Þba@I@òî™‰þa@ñŠ’ÔÛa@@–@c
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"‫و‬. ‫_ א‬0'4‫[س‬E‫د‬Y0 ‫"א‬،٪٥ ‫א"א‬0 gh0 ‫وא‬
I D%(Nueleotides 'Polyscharides)@_ ‫ط‬a'I‫ذא‬I'Q‫ن‬Q0G
@-YH ‫(א‬Hmic) ‫وאدد‬،%Q[‫وאد‬، 0D‫و‬،( 0Ds
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(I'UGQ ‫)א‬IG H- C‫א‬3=D [[h‫א‬i ia ‫دنא‬/‫אد‬h‫א‬JGb'f
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٦
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‫א‬3"S1Q ‫و‬.CN=‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[٪٨٠%DE‫ن‬#8 ‫(ذ‬Blue Planet)
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M4٪١gh'f،‫א‬3 . v- ‫ א‬N ‫א< لא‬gv0 ٪٢,٤M‫>א‬
‫א‬1g ‫ وא‬gH‫אضא‬% ‫ن‬J'‫אمא‬Z0[h0‫"א‬/ ‫دא* א‬1‫אא‬
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٦٩١٠٠ ٣٠٠ ١
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-0]<‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫ند‬f8 3 .‫ع‬AG1 L‫א‬PD<‫א‬D‫=(و‬o‫و‬1‫א‬%>
٧
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٧−
١٠X٣M4AZH‫ن‬f%i ‫א‬N[‫ق‬- D١٠٠H!H ،;_>‫وא‬
@G0 ‫وא‬،٣S[/‫אم‬%_٠,٠٠١٣M‫ض">א‬1#‫א‬N[-<‫א‬Q ‫א‬.;_
_‫ج‬1xl‫אغא א‬%A ‫ א‬q1G"‫و‬/s'f8 3 ‫ع‬AG1h‫زدא‬x
1‫@א‬QaGI *g<‫وא‬I‫א‬13 ‫نא‬f%DE‫و‬- D٦٠٠M‫>א‬٦٠٠H.‫ض‬1#‫א‬
. o1#‫لא<ذ א‬V;‫و‬s
>Gaseous Blanket‫ ز‬ND@!/‫ض‬1#( )‫لא<;א‬,‫א‬
1‫א‬%!0[‫א‬-JGO >_1|‫אغא‬%A ‫א‬PN|‫' א‬Q ‫א‬I/h‫ضא‬1
vJAH ‫قא‬I/h‫ א‬A5G-@!/;<‫لא‬,‫א‬.‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[- d‫א‬
‫ل‬,‫א‬I/h‫@(א‬HG‫'' (و‬٣٠٠@lE)+!a ‫א‬PN|‫א‬
C‫א‬%!d‫א‬rY، vJAH ‫قא‬I/h‫א‬R%l-، ''٢٥٠٠M4٣٠٠
.( ''١٠٤M4٠,٠١)( Radio waves) /h‫א‬I_‫وא‬
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- d‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[h‫ض‬1#‫_א‬¢‫د‬-£Y0 ‫وא‬،The Green House Effect
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¥IN )‫א‬C!- @d‫لא<;"א‬,‫نא‬EM4o‫א‬3".I H- *s ‫א‬
. _ ‫و‬1 F‫א‬1‫و‬- [[‫א‬0/;3 ‫وא‬،‫ض‬1#‫א‬
‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/A‫و‬E‫د‬P= ‫א‬Na'#C‫א<;[א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬I'QR‫א‬%No‫;א‬E
.‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[- d‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[4‫د‬bcPN61‫א‬DM4;‫¦د‬l
٨
Zôì¦a@õaìa@pbãìØß@
M0 ‫א<ولא‬xo%i ‫א‬N[RJHR%l،.<‫& א‬H‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬I'Q
- D١٦M‫ع>א‬AG1‫א‬0>P D>M407@&GC‫א‬b- A-0Z‫א‬I'Q‫א‬pJ'.(١)
E 8 ‫نذ‬ES1، ‫ل<ذ‬5A'h‫א‬E ‫ع‬AG1h‫אא‬3"E.‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[
;L١٥١٠X٥–٤,٥M‫א<;">א‬C‫א‬F‫وزنא‬.- D١٣٠/io‫وא‬
.‫ض‬1 -Q ‫ نא زنא‬-->‫و;وא‬J;3 ‫وא‬
٩
‫‪ŠzjÛa@|Đ@lìäß@lŠÓ@ÑîÄäÛa@Òb¦a@õaìa@pbãìØß@HQI@Þë†u‬‬
‫‪ôìna‬‬ ‫‪pbãìØ½a‬‬
‫‪æìîÜ½a@óÏ@õŒu‬‬ ‫‪áv§bi@òíì÷ß@òjã‬‬
‫‪òîîöŠÛa@pbãìØ½a@Mc‬‬
‫‪٧٨٠٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٨,٠٩‬‬ ‫)‪(N2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪٢٠٩٤٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠,٩٤‬‬ ‫)‪(O2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‪١٠٠٠‬ﺇﻝﻰ‪٥٠٠٠٠‬‬ ‫–‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,١‬‬ ‫)‪(H2O‬‬ ‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫‪òíìãbrÛa@pbãìØ½a@Ml‬‬
‫‪٩٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٩٣٤‬‬ ‫)‪(Ar‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺠﻭﻥ‬
‫‪٣٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٣٢‬‬ ‫)‪(CO2‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬
‫‪òzîz’Ûa@pbãìØ½a@Mu‬‬
‫‪١٨,٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠١٨٢‬‬ ‫)‪(NE‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻭﻥ‬
‫‪٥,٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٥٢٤‬‬ ‫)‪(He‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫‪١,٨‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠١٨‬‬ ‫)‪(CH4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺎﺩ‬
‫‪١,١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠١١‬‬ ‫)‪(Kr‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﺘﻭﻥ‬
‫‪٠,٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٠٢٥‬‬ ‫)‪(N2O‬‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫‪٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٠٥‬‬ ‫)‪(H2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪٠,٠٨٧‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٠٠٨٧‬‬ ‫)‪(Xe‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻜﺯﻴﺜﻭﻥ‬
‫‪٠,٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٠٠٠٢‬‬ ‫)‪(SO2‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ‬
‫‪٠,٠٠١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٠٠٠١‬‬ ‫)‪(NO2‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪٠,٠١‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٠٠١‬‬ ‫)‪(NH4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫‪٠,١٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٠١٢‬‬ ‫)‪(CO‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭل ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬
‫‪٠,٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٠٠٠٢‬‬ ‫)‪(O3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺸﺤﻴﺢ)‪(Traces‬‬ ‫ﺸﺤﻴﺢ)‪(Traces‬‬ ‫)‪(I2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻴﻭﺩ‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
HAtmospheric StructureI@Zôì¦a@õbäjÛa@
Qe،‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[‫ق‬- D٥٠٠M‫>א‬0>0e;3 ‫لא<;وא‬,‫א‬
0>1‫א‬%d‫א‬I_1‫אًد‬PD-0]0 ‫وא‬، J *1nLHx1EM4! JG
−:"/1#‫א<א‬nLH‫א‬S&/F‫א|אصא‬/.NH@D‫ل‬
\lH0GO >)-AJ ‫א<;א‬.= ‫و"א‬:(Troposphere)PA[ ‫*א‬
.‫ع‬AG1h1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬
٦٠–١٥k‫ع‬AG1‫א‬-<‫ א‬L":(Stratosphere)PA[G‫[א‬h‫*א‬
.(PA[‫و‬g ‫و[()א‬#‫(ودونא‬PA[‫א<;)א و‬.= ‫قא‬- D
k([0‫א<;א‬.= ‫ א‬L"‫و‬:(Mesosphere)PA[‫و‬g ‫*א‬
.PA['#‫وא‬PA[G‫[א‬h‫א‬
1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬xAG%GO >;1‫א‬%d‫א‬.= ‫א‬:(Thermosphere) PA[P ‫*א‬
(D- D٦٥٠M4٨٥k)‫ع‬AG1h
Zôì¦a@õbäjÜÛ@òîîöŠÛa@Õbä½a@ãì@HRI@Þë†¦a
@òíëbàîØÛa@…aì½a ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@Þb© @|Đ@ÖìÏ@ÊbÐm‰üa òÔĐä½a@áa

ñ…ìuì½a@òîîöŠÛa Hòíì÷ß@òu‰…I ßìÜîØÛbi@ā‰þa
H2O, CO2, N2, O2 ‫م‬٥٦–M4١٥ ١١–%A2 PA[‫א و‬
(O3)‫وزون‬E ‫م‬٢M4٥٦− ٥٠–١١ PA[G‫[א‬h‫א‬
NO , O2 ٩٢M4٢− ٨٥–٥٠ PA[‫و‬g ‫א‬
NO+, O+, O2+ ١٢٠٠M4٩٢− ٥٠٠–٨٥ PA[P7
@ZÐìiëÛa@–@@c
.- D١١‫ع‬AG1‫א‬0>0¨‫ضو‬1#‫א‬N[M4R%l#‫א‬NH‫"א‬PA[‫א و‬
‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[/ L،1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1 LI‫א‬- D/P=0‫ن‬EQe;-/ ‫א‬d‫א‬
.<‫א‬-0Q ‫א‬٪٧٠%DEM‫>א‬PA[‫@א و‬Qa.;%#‫א@א‬/ ‫א‬/‫و‬
%7¦I7-;E‫مو_د‬P D>M4r7@&NH‫א‬3"C‫א‬F‫א‬I'Q
v 0' *‫א‬F‫@א‬0Q- %!0J‫אنא‬1‫وא و‬R‫א‬%No ً ‫د‬/‫א‬3"‫و‬.;<‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬
١١
C‫א‬0[h‫(א‬k0 ‫وא‬kZJ0 ‫א‬I‫و‬A0 ‫א‬Ih/H ‫!@א‬d‫א‬I‫א‬1 G
PA[‫א و‬.‫ع‬AG1h‫زدא‬x‫אد‬%N0[lH0GNH‫א‬3"C‫א‬F‫א‬D.k N ‫وא‬
C‫א‬F‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬.<‫א‬P=5 ‫مא‬J_#‫א‬،RiJ ‫א‬،C‫א‬S&/-;0
‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[1‫א‬%>_1‫ضد‬1#‫א‬N[‫ع‬AG1h‫زدא‬xAZHGPA[10 ‫א‬
–1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬HiH‫ن‬E&>Qe(٢)‫א<ول‬.‫م‬٥٦–1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬M4
Uv(‫ع‬AG1h‫زدא‬x‫د‬g ‫א‬E G1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫ند‬E;E)- P=0‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬
0 ‫(وא‬Tropopause)‫ ز‬.%/G0 ‫وא‬PA[‫א و‬E 0'h‫ א‬s ‫ א‬N ‫א‬
‫ن‬QG‫א وز‬NH1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬.- D٢٠M4١٠‫ع‬AG14-‫ن‬QG‫د‬
.C‫א‬0[h‫(א‬H"'‫د‬EH
_1‫ضد‬A©4.(Lapse Rate)‫ ط‬F‫لא‬/!J‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬x1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬P=G
p_‫ طא‬F‫لא‬/!JPA[‫عא و‬AG1h‫زدא‬x1‫א‬%d‫א‬
Hp J ‫ طא‬F‫لא‬/M4p_‫ طא‬F‫لא‬/‫ل‬0'h‫א‬.(Positive lapse rate)
k= ‫א‬k‫د‬D% ‫א‬NH‫و‬EH ‫א‬.= ‫;א‬E)(Tropopause)‫א ز‬I
R'h‫!א‬J"‫ع(و‬AG1h1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬%7U0GhO >-AJ ‫;وא‬-/ ‫א‬
.(Temp Inversion)1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬
ZÐìmaüa@–@@l
_1‫د‬HiHoNH‫א‬3".PA[G‫[א‬h‫!א‬JG‫قא وز‬NH‫א‬
‫ ط‬F‫لא‬/ -[k ;E‫ع‬AG1h‫زدא‬x¢ ‫א‬¥@ ‫عא‬AG1h‫–א‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬
‫د‬g ‫א‬%!0JG3"PA[G‫[א‬h‫א‬NH1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬.(Negative lapse rate)
.‫م‬٢–H"5lEM41‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫@د‬5GO >،- D٥٠0>،‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬x
vJAH ‫قא‬+!a ‫א‬/E‫ص‬50‫א‬M4‫د‬/PA[G‫[א‬h‫א‬¢ ‫א‬M4@ ‫אא‬3"
JH ‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_٥M4١kNH‫א‬3"g D%G;3 ‫وא‬،‫وزون‬#‫א‬N[‫א‬
._NH‫א‬3"C‫א‬F‫א‬. -J ‫ طא‬F‫لא‬/%"¡‫ ل‬J‫א"א‬3"‫و‬Svi-
."¥‫]ق‬hE/ LPA[‫!@א و‬d‫א‬I‫א‬1 G‫و‬piJ ‫_אًوא‬
- d‫!א‬d8 ‫وذ‬ª‫ع‬1D@!/PA[‫ز‬G‫[א‬h‫وزونא‬#‫و_دא‬
'EM4o‫א‬3". vJAH ‫قא‬+!a ‫א‬I/h1s ‫א‬I‫א‬P7U0 ‫ضא‬1#‫א‬
١٢
p J.R%Ns‫א‬PA[‫א و‬DJ ‫א‬PA[G‫[א‬h‫@א‬5A ;1‫א‬%>15!D@!/
l4‫ز‬FNH‫א‬I! J<‫وא‬I *g<‫نא‬fPA[G‫ [א‬HDJ ‫א‬/ N ‫א‬
M4@56-G;E‫ن‬#8 ‫א<;ذ‬6-0 ‫א‬%&'b_‫;و"مو‬g= ‫א‬3"‫و‬.@L
";3 ‫وא‬PA[‫"א و‬P7U0 '1،PN 'D%L«p JlNH‫א‬3"
.R‫א‬%No4%DE‫و‬D%DE
‫ز‬G‫[א‬h‫!א‬JG(‫ع‬AG1‫א‬SD٥٠‫)ق‬% PA[G‫[א‬h‫قא‬0 ‫א‬NH‫א‬
‫د‬1rJ "‫و‬.ً J' ‫"دא‬0 ‫لא ' وא‬0'h‫ א‬L"‫(و‬Stratopause)
.NJ ‫א‬M4ً '7‫ض‬1#‫ א‬G5 ‫א‬I_‫א‬+Q/G"‫و‬.‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[%DE
:(Mesosphere)@ZÐëŒî½a@M@u
.- D٨٥‫ع‬AG1‫א‬M40e‫و‬PA[G‫[א‬h‫قא‬NH‫"א‬PA[‫و‬g ‫א‬
5‫א‬6‫א‬,75‫ود‬%&' ‫*و(א‬+,-‫א‬./‫א‬01234(١)"#$
‫ض‬5:‫א‬3;<=‫@?ع‬5A‫א‬+5‫א‬6‫א‬,75‫د‬B7‫طא‬DE‫لא‬G2(+)
‫ض‬5:‫א‬3;<=‫@?ع‬5A‫א‬+5‫א‬6‫א‬,75‫د‬B I ‫طא‬DE‫لא‬G2(−)
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b'E;E‫ع‬AG1h‫زدא‬x‫ض‬A©h‫א‬M4 '71‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫دد‬/GNH‫א‬3"
N[‫ع‬AG1h1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫(د‬+ Ve lapse Rate)p_‫א‬P=0 ‫لא‬/@¨
0 ‫;א‬%#‫א‬I'Q‫وزونوא‬#‫ ًא‬J'sAZH‫א‬I0J‫א‬M4x_%‫א‬3"‫و‬.‫ض‬1#‫א‬
EH1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬.+!a ‫ א‬vJAH ‫قא‬I/h‫صא‬50‫א‬bHQe
;%E 0'‫ א‬L_G% PA[‫و‬g ‫قא‬،‫م‬٩٢–M‫>א‬M4@5GPA[‫و‬g ‫א‬
M‫;>א‬E)<‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫@د‬lE‫و‬E'‫د‬EI‫ ذא‬N ‫"א‬0 ‫وزوא‬g ‫!א‬JG
.(‫م‬١٠٠–
ZÐìßrÛa@–@…
1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬xAG%GO >،% PA[‫و‬g ‫قא‬0 ‫א‬NH‫"א‬PA[P ‫א‬
x1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬p J ‫ طא‬F‫لא‬/@Ö >،‫ع‬AG1h‫زدא‬x %J
M‫">א‬NH‫א‬3"_G1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬5lE.‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬
<‫א‬I‫א =زא‬.sAZH‫א‬Q ‫=(وא‬s ‫ضא‬A©50GNH‫א‬3".‫م‬١٢٠٠
I/h‫\א‬0Ö >k_‫ و‬H ‫[ א‬DE‫و‬kvJDh‫"א‬NH‫א‬3"‫א_د‬
.U0 ‫א‬6O > / ‫ א‬vJAH‫ق‬A ‫א‬NH‫ א‬J!a ‫א‬
!JG- D١٠٠M4- D٥٠‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬HPA[G‫[א‬h‫قא‬NH‫א‬
NO+, O+, O2+@ _‫א‬I'#‫_א‬GNH‫א‬3"(Ionosphere)PA['#‫א‬
-LA‫وم‬GHia ‫א‬I‫ذא‬%2H/ ‫א‬3". I0JcI'‫و‬Q h‫وא‬.j‫א‬..
NH‫ א_دא‬/ ‫א‬CH ‫א‬.‫و‬%¡p J،‫ دل‬0‫دل‬/G6‫ون>و‬،rl ‫א‬
%&'b_‫و‬. %G>‫وא‬I'QI‫نذא‬QGPA[‫و‬g ‫وא‬PA[G‫[א‬h‫א‬،PA[‫א و‬
.2 !"E PA[‫نא و‬f،;<‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬6-G
(Radiation balnce of the EarthI@Zā‰ÿÛ@óÇbÈ‘üa@æaŒm⁄a
l ‫!א‬H ،bHCg_\0eO >،+!a ‫א‬lN ‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[@ 0JG‫ض‬1#‫א‬

p J، o‫;ل>ود‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬b'‫א‬gG4-£Y‫ض‬1#‫א‬.CsA ‫א‬M4ً '7‫د‬/
J!- %!0J@&G H.‫و‬%¡5lE‫ن‬f8 3 ./‫;א‬1‫א‬%d‫لא‬0'h‫¬ א‬
. d‫א‬
١٤
k.‫م‬٦٠٠٠1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬H‫[د‬#‫א‬SJ<‫@א‬،lN ‫א‬xaG+!a ‫א‬
٣١٥‫ل‬,‫א‬I/‫نא‬Q0٪٩٢،‫ض‬1#‫א‬M4@5G0 ‫ א‬J!a ‫א‬I/h‫א‬
( ''٧٠٠M4٤٠٠)*%‫لא‬,‫نא‬Q3"٪٤٥. ''١٤٠٠M4
rY‫ل‬,‫عא‬/h‫א‬O/ G‫*و‬%‫لא‬,‫א‬I/h‫[[ًא‬4\0¨‫ض‬1#‫א‬
.(‫ون‬%Q ١H5lEx،‫ون‬%Q ٤٠−٢)C‫א‬%!d‫א‬
JH !*l‫אو‬g>J‫لو>א‬1‫א‬g ‫ و>א‬J!a ‫א‬lN ‫! א‬D
+!a ‫א‬r7!J، %G‫ض‬1#‫ج_א‬1[J!a ‫عא‬/a ‫א‬h
<‫א‬M4@5G0 ‫"א‬S"(Solar flux)+!a ‫א‬nG‫ل‬/ !D.(Solar constant)
/#;1‫א‬%d‫א‬¢Q‫א‬. l ‫א‬x%‫א‬/I‫وא‬١٤٠٠M‫א‬1G‫ض‬1 ;-/ ‫א‬
lN ‫א‬3"k.‫م‬/ ‫_لא‬٢٤١٠X٢,٦٨1G‫ض‬1#‫א‬M4@5G0 ‫א‬+!a ‫א‬
٪٥,٢،‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[N[‫א‬+Q/HG٪١٥،‫ض‬1#‫א‬NJ 2‫ @و‬l+Q/H٪٥٠
\0e١,٩l ‫وא‬C‫א‬PZ G‫و‬kZJG‫م‬Z0JG٪٢٧,٨، ‫א‬N[‫\א‬0¨
; >‫"مو‬1‫دو‬p/-;1‫א‬%d‫لא‬0'h‫א‬.%i ‫ وא‬o1#‫א‬IG H ‫א‬N[‫א‬
:GmDA-0«I ¬‫ل‬8 ‫ذ‬S0‫و‬،‫ض‬1 /h‫אنא‬gG‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[4
.;%E‫'אع‬E‫و‬I *g<‫وא‬I‫א‬13 ‫@א‬AG‫ل‬lN ‫ @א‬2G(١)
. *‫א‬F‫@א‬0Q ‫אنא‬1‫لدو‬lN- ;1‫א‬%d‫!@א‬d‫( א‬٢)
.(‫ون‬%Q ٤٠M4٢)C‫א‬%!d‫א‬/#‫א‬NH‫ض‬1#‫א‬lN ‫عא‬/‫( א‬٣)
(‫ون‬%Q ٤٠M4٢)_1|‫א‬C‫א‬%!d‫א‬rYI/‫א‬S&/‫ص‬50‫( אدא‬٤)
@;%EI‫ون(وزא‬%Q ١٦,٣M4١٢)CO2،(‫ون‬%Q ٨−٤)C‫א‬1Z
‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[M4‫ع‬/h‫אא‬3"Cg_6/ '4‫د‬4‫و‬CH4
@) / N ‫ ;א‬n-NHG0 ‫وא‬،<‫א‬P=5 ‫א‬I! J<‫نא‬EM4o
H5 ‫אوא‬1g ‫ن)@א‬J'‫@א‬/ANa'#‫א‬N[‫وא‬E(%i ‫ذאذא‬1،kD‫(א א‬% ‫א‬
/ N ً L،G‫و‬EkZJGP7UGO/ G8 3D‫(و‬H‫د‬#‫وא‬1 = ‫א‬n-NG0 ‫وא‬
.I/4\0¨‫و‬E%a0HG،+Q/HGl0 ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
‫!א و‬JCsA ‫ًא‬07%a0H‫و‬+Q/H;3 ‫(א‬lJ ‫א‬J!a ‫عא‬/‫א‬Cg_
I= ‫زא א‬4. -(lJ ‫عא‬/h‫א‬+Q-‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[1lH/"‫"و‬Albedo"
١٥
- ‫;א‬%#‫א‬Na'#‫ وא‬H5 ‫א‬I -!/ ‫א‬،- r¥‫و‬%/G -pG‫و‬
.‫ و‬#‫א‬P =08 ‫ضوذ‬1 /h‫אنא‬gG‫א‬8 3D%7¦G
Zì¦a@óÏ@ñ…ìuì½a@pbàî¦aë@òíëbàîØÛa@…aì½a
.‫א<ول‬b5 Z-G<‫ !وא_دא‬Q ‫אאدא‬-0«
- D١٠٠0>- D٥٠‫ع‬AG1‫א‬-0 ‫א<א‬NH‫א‬:I'#‫א‬
@ _‫א‬I'#‫وא‬I'‫و‬Q h‫ א‬I0J‫ _د‬8 ‫ذ‬،PA['#‫!א‬JG
vJAH‫ق‬A ‫א‬I/‫א‬.P D H‫ز‬A NH‫א‬3"j‫א‬..NO+, O+, O2+
H،@ - ‫א‬CH7E.<‫' א‬#‫نאאدא‬QG J‫" א‬+!a ‫א‬
x‫د‬Yh‫א‬M4@ ¨ _‫א‬I'#‫نא‬f، vJAH ‫قא‬/#‫مو_دא‬
3"6Y.2EbHr/ '‫א‬0 ‫د א‬/0‫אאدא‬0HGO >،%d‫א‬I'‫و‬Q h‫א‬
. J'xAG%‫אאد‬3"g D%GO >PA[' -AJ ‫א‬nLH‫א‬%DE%J -!/ ‫א‬
ZHRadicalsI@ZôëbàîØÛa@Õ’Ûa@J
،‫ط‬aH ‫א‬M;‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬na ‫א‬8 3D‫ن‬Q0<‫نא‬f،I'#‫א‬.¤
HCO , NO2 , @،(Photo chemical) *s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬GH ‫א‬
;sP‫و‬E;s‫ن‬Q‫ن‬EQe;3 ‫א‬%d‫א‬na ‫א‬.ROO , SO2 , CH3 , HO
.P5l%!5'I‫ذא‬A /s ‫א‬I'‫و‬Q ‫א‬I‫ذא‬I‫א‬13 ‫א‬I!V‫و‬EI‫!@ذא‬a
IAG%a0HG‫و‬،>0‫;א‬%E‫ !و‬Q ‫אאدא‬x@A0Gb'f،M/ ‫א‬bLaH ‫א‬%&'
%d‫א‬na ‫وא>א‬PGp J@J-J0- bH ‫א‬6‫>و‬kd@J-J0 ‫א‬
‫ن‬QGo‫وא‬1‫دو‬p/-sd‫א‬na ‫א‬.HQ!‫א‬A-0Z‫א‬I m‫;א‬U،@J-J0 ‫א‬
.(Photo chemical Smog)*s ‫ !*א‬Q ‫(א‬Smog)‫د‬% ‫א نوא‬
ZHParticlesI@Z@pbàî¦a@J
١٠M4٠,١kA-0«‫م‬v>U<‫א‬I! J<‫א‬A-0«‫'אع‬E_G
!0HJ ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬I -;0lH ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬E0>.‫ون‬%Q
!-D.(Aerosols)R o‫و‬E‫زאز‬1!JG% ‫دوא‬/#‫א‬I‫ذא‬I! J<‫א‬.p/Q‫א‬
‫و‬ER s ‫א_دא‬I! J<‫א‬2 ‫مد‬Z0JG(Particulates)I! J<‫א‬
‫د‬/EI‫ذא‬/ N ‫[[א‬#‫א‬I‫ذא‬Ih[‫و‬%‫!א‬J‫و‬ER s ‫وא‬E‫زאز‬% ‫א‬.‫زאز‬% ‫א‬
١٦
‫א_د‬A-0Z‫א‬I! J<‫א‬.(Aitkin)I! J_!JG‫ون‬%Q ٠,٢%=2E
،‫א ن‬،R s ‫א‬،%G#‫א‬.Q ‫وא‬kD‫دא א‬1،R s ‫א‬،%G#‫!@א‬aG/ N ‫א‬
P= ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬.‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/ANa'#‫@א‬Na'E8 3D0Hl‫زאزوא =!م‬% ‫א‬
SiA ‫א>אقא‬0Hl،j‫א‬..‫ م‬J Q ‫ א‬JDE،d‫ א‬JDE@s
;0)‫א‬I‫א‬1 J ‫دא‬l‫א>אقو‬0HG‫ص‬2% ‫א‬I! J_. _P 0 ‫א‬I -!/ ‫وא‬
C‫א‬1¤‫;و_د‬3 ‫وא‬SO3M4SO2JDE0H‫زאز‬% ‫א‬R o.‫ص‬2% ‫א‬-
.H2SO4‫ن'ط‬Q
‫אد‬PZ G‫دو‬l ‫قא‬%>،I‫א‬1 J ‫دمא‬O/ HGs/ ‫אאدא‬I! J_

HL%Js‫אد‬-;0YH /sI! J_.I‫א‬1g ‫א‬s/ ‫א‬
;1‫א‬%d‫@א‬-i0 ‫א‬v 0'‫ن‬QG3"‫و‬−Polyacrylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
. G H ‫אאدא‬/‫دو‬l ‫ א_دא‬/ ‫א‬IH ‫א‬-
‫زא‬4. i2@Dap JGO >JAH0 ‫زא‬b<‫@א‬Gl<‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
.6-0 ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬ª"N0/G‫א =ز‬I7/ 'h‫א‬1s ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
I! J<."g D%GS"E<‫א‬I! Jv- ‫ !و‬Q ‫وא|אصא‬Svd‫א‬
:GmD<‫دא‬/0"I‫א‬P7U0‫م‬G‫ون‬%Q ١M4٠,١‫ل‬,‫א‬
;1‫א‬%d‫אنא‬gG‫وא‬/h‫אنא‬gG‫א‬-&)‫"مא‬1‫مو‬Gb (١)
.‫ض‬1
C‫א‬1¤ Q0 ‫א‬H ‫א‬PG (٢)
.piJ ‫وא‬R s ‫نא‬QG J (٣)
\0¨lI! J<.;‫لא =ز‬v!- J'v0PIAGp JGl (٤)
S0‫وزون‬#‫@א‬-Y،!.IA0 ‫א‬/ ( [‫@و‬/D@!/G‫و‬I‫א =زא‬
.( [‫@و‬/Dp-2NJ
%d‫א‬na ‫א‬IAG@-G8 3 ،%d‫א‬na ‫א‬-0G‫\و‬0Ï! J<‫( א‬٥)
-J-J0‫א‬
١٧
A N ‫صא‬50h‫لא‬VP=l -5 ‫א‬N[#‫א‬/-I‫صא =زא‬50‫( א‬٦)
l‫ن‬%Q ‫א‬I! J_-\0!‫א‬kvJD#‫א‬،ً!.+!a ‫א‬/E‫=ز‬-
.%d‫א‬kvJDh‫א‬-/A [DE+!a ‫א‬/E\0e
:GmD<‫א‬IA0 ‫'אعא‬EJGI! J<‫( א‬٧)
‫ط‬H ‫وزنא‬#‫وא‬EkvJDh‫א‬N[‫א‬SO3M4SO2JD‫א‬J‫*א‬
*‫(א‬Droplets)
.;P<‫א‬%vd‫א‬R‫א‬%Gx8 0Q ‫'ط>א‬k‫دل‬/0 ‫א‬IAG*
.C‫'طא‬-‫א‬I! J_xNO2‫و‬E(‫وزون‬#‫)א‬O3k@A0 ‫*א‬
.‫زאز‬% ‫وא‬1 = ‫א‬- *s ‫א‬C ! Q ‫א‬IAG*
Reactions in the Atmosphere@Zì¦a@óÏ@pýÇbÐnÛa
6Y0 ‫(א‬Photochemical) *s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫ !ووא‬Q ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬-0«
.+!a ‫א‬/ED‫و‬L1‫و‬I'Q‫א‬،1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬- l0G،<‫א‬
IA0 ‫א‬.P/‫א‬3"-l0CsA ‫ !وא‬Q ‫'אعא‬#‫א‬1l5lE‫ن‬f8 3
‫ل‬,‫ א‬J!a ‫א‬I/h‫صא‬50‫א‬N[‫א<א‬6Y *s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬
،(*s ‫א‬SQ ‫ن"و>א‬GA ‫()א‬Photons)I'GA ‫صא‬504.vJAH ‫قא‬
IAGp JGl0 ‫وא‬، * ! D‫و‬%bDNaHI *g_H0HI‫ !و‬Q ‫'אعא‬U
I_1‫א> د‬، d‫ א‬-!/‫א‬.‫و‬%& ‫א‬b7‫ @>و‬i0J‫א‬0 ‫وא‬H /
'‫و‬Q ‫א‬rNa'0 ‫א‬I *g<‫א‬.* ! D( [‫وو_د@و‬/AG%‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬
: 0 ‫א‬I‫א‬P=0 ‫;א‬EF6l‫ن‬GA ‫صא‬50‫א‬GH ‫א‬
.‫دم‬50 ‫א‬H;%#‫א‬I *g<‫א‬x@A0 ‫א‬−(E)
.(Polymerization)%!- ‫א‬−(R)
.®gv- -‫א א‬p G ‫دא‬4−(‫)ج‬
.@-i0 ‫א‬−(‫)د‬
%¬15‫ع‬/h‫صא‬50‫@א‬/A17‫ومא‬EAlG‫طو‬aH ‫مא‬−(")
.(n U0 ‫–א‬Fluorescence)
١٨
‫ !و‬Dg AYNZD@!/G‫ن‬EQe[1D3‫א‬M‫و‬#‫א‬x1#‫א‬I‫א‬P=0‫;א‬E
:"*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫א‬-Q ‫@א‬A0 ‫ א‬-!6 ‫א‬I‫א‬N|‫א‬. ‫و‬E -!‫و‬E
. '7 -AG(٣) ‫و‬EIAG(٢)‫ع‬/h‫صא‬50‫(א‬١)
*o;‫ !و‬D@AGF6‫ن‬EQe0 ‫א‬A-0Z‫ !وא‬Q ‫'אعאאدא‬E
،H2O2،(Ketomes)I'0 Q ‫א‬،N2،HNO3،SO2،NO2@!aG<‫א‬
;%#‫א‬s/ ‫א‬I D%‫ودא‬،(Organic Peroxides)s/ ‫[¯א‬D#‫قא‬
. '/‫[ א‬D#‫(@א‬Aerosols)‫زאز‬% ‫وא‬
ZúëîäÛa@†îb×c@Ýà’m@ónÛa@pýÇbÐnÛa
‫ وز‬H ‫ א‬JDE،NO2،NO، N2O"<‫א_دא‬k_‫ و‬H ‫[ א‬DE
0HGNO2،NO!H A-0Z‫و _ א‬%Q ‫א‬I -!/ ‫[[א‬E0H(N2O)
NO2،NOD.‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/A;%#‫א‬Na'#‫א‬/‫;و‬%Ad‫دא‬l ‫א>אقא‬
.6-‫א‬C‫א‬b- ‫ن"م‬Q";3 ‫وא‬،NOX!bH/
;3 ‫وא‬NOM4(N2O)‫ وز‬H ‫ א‬JD#*o;‫ !و‬D@-Y6،<‫א‬
‫وزون‬#‫!א‬d‫ א‬L3AH0JM0
N2O + UV N2 + O
N2O + O NO +NO
NO + O3 NO2 + O2
"NO2@-i0 M‫و‬E*o;‫ !و‬D@AGS"E
NO2 + UV NO + O
‫א‬3"‫و‬kvJD#DEC( ‫و‬E،‫وزون‬#‫@א‬/AJDU0‫ن‬EQe‫ن‬Q0;3 ‫א‬NO
.(Cyclic Chain Reaction)->@J-J0@AGM4;‫¦د‬
¦ !0 HNO3M4@Q NO2‫ل‬YH(%JQH‫ن‬EQe@J-J0 ‫א‬
‫ طوא ن‬H5 ‫وא‬ER s ‫א‬،(Ih[‫و‬%h‫زאز)א‬% ‫و_دא‬N [ ‫א‬JD#‫وא‬
.M0 ‫@א‬J-J0 6Y‫ن‬EQeIA0 ‫א‬.*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫(א‬Smog)
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO + O3 NO2 + O2
١٩
2NO2 + O3 N2O5 + O2
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3
N2O5 + H2O 2HNO2
:GmD*o;‫ !و‬D@-Y!F6‫ن‬EQeHNO3،HNO2D
HNO2 +UV NO2 +H.
HNO2 +UV NO +HO.
HNO3 +UV NO2 + HO.
HNO3'QHO.%d‫א‬na ‫א‬xNO2@A0‫ن‬hQe،<‫א‬
NO2 + HO. HNO3
p JI‫א‬H ‫א‬I! J_M4‫ل‬i0‫و‬EiD‫אل‬g‫ن‬Q0;3 ‫א‬HNO3
.;P<‫א‬%vd‫א‬I! J_‫و‬E(NH3)1‫د‬aH ‫א‬x‫دل‬/0 ‫א‬
Oxidation Of SO2@ZoíØÛa@†î×c@óãbq@ñ†×c
‫ل‬,‫ א‬J!a ‫א‬/#‫\א‬0e<‫א_دא‬rQ ‫ א‬JDE'7
.SO2Na' > '‫و‬Q ‫א‬0H‫(و‬300 - 400 nm) ''٤٠٠–٣٠٠
H2SO4M4‫ل‬i0C‫א‬1¤‫وو_د‬SO3M4JD‫אא‬3F6
i oGQe٪٩٠–٣٠ JH ‫א‬L% ‫وא‬+!a ‫א‬/E‫و_د‬-Q ‫لא‬/A0 ‫א‬
:Gm
SO2 + 1/2O2 + H2O H2SO4
8 0Q ‫>א‬M4;‫¦د‬G0 ‫א‬rQ ‫ א‬JDE' *s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬JD#‫א‬
I'%D‫و‬1 F‫و_دא‬P D_1- v/GS0‫زאز‬1@Q
‫ ط‬H5 ‫ن_ددא‬QG0 ‫وא‬k_‫ و‬H ‫[ א‬DE‫(و‬Olefinic Hydrocarbons)
.*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫وא نא‬
HPhotochemical SmogI@ZóöìšÛa@ôëbàîØÛa@æb†Ûa@O@lbjšÛa
'7IAG -pG‫و‬NO2 *s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫@א‬-i0 ‫@א‬/A(aH
M4;‫¦د‬c،%>n‫;و‬%#‫א‬s/ ‫א‬I D%‫א‬،/ aP= ‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫!@א‬aG
J!a‫مא‬#‫> א‬%"& ‫א‬3"6Y.‫وزون‬#‫وא‬s/ ‫[ א‬D#‫قא‬M4QG
٢٠
pG‫*و‬s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫ طא‬H5 ‫א‬.I -0 ‫א‬AZH;0J‫و‬% ‫@א‬GO >
-0!Dk/- [J>p J‫و‬،°% ‫@א‬-(Ih[‫و‬%h‫زאز)א‬% ‫نא‬QG
.-<‫א‬Ib!‫وא‬I H ‫א‬
‫א_د‬HO.%d‫א‬na ‫א‬x@A0 SO2 JD#‫א‬6‫>و‬Qe8 3D
.*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫ طא‬H5 ‫א‬
SO2 + HO. HSO2.
HOSO2. + O2 HSO2O2.
HOSO2. O2 HOSO2O.(I0D) + NO2.
‫'طא א_د‬8 3D6YlrQ ‫ א‬JDE' ‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬JD#‫א‬
[DEN [‫وو_دא@و‬NH3‫@و_د‬v/@A0 ‫א‬.(R s ‫زאز)א‬% ‫א‬
.@Q H ‫א‬،‫س‬iH ‫א‬،d‫א‬،g HvH‫א‬
JDE' N [ ‫א‬JD#‫א‬p JG،(Soot)‫ج‬HJ ‫ @א‬-5 ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
p-5 ‫دא‬l- ‫>אق‬h‫א‬CH7E‫ج‬HJ ‫نא‬Q0.+'v0P‫ق‬50 ‫لא‬VP0rQ ‫א‬
‫د‬l‫قو‬%>I7/ '48 3D‫ و‬H5 ‫ وא‬gH‫א‬I‫א‬Z0[#‫*@א‬J ‫وא‬E
.I‫א‬1 J ‫א‬
@D±G‫و‬،s!d‫א‬%N‫א‬،R s ‫نא‬QG‫ ل‬J6-"rQ ‫ א‬JDE'7
.8* J ‫دنوא‬/‫א‬
ZòíìšÈÛa@pbj×Š½a@ñ†×c
+!a ‫א‬/E\0¨gG0 Q ‫ "زوא‬h‫א‬،I'%D‫و‬1F‫@א‬s/ ‫א‬I D%‫א‬
/.%>nbH0HA-0« *o‫ !و‬D‫ !وو‬DIAGF6‫و‬
Iv0H‫א‬/‫دن‬/‫[ א‬DE‫جو‬HJ ‫@א‬H /‫אد‬%cb- v/GS0IA0 ‫א‬3"
*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫א‬R s ‫نא‬QGSbJG‫ن‬Q0G0 ‫* א‬bH ‫وא‬N [ ‫א‬
.(Photochemical Smog)
CH4 + O2 H3C. + HO.
‫ ن‬
CH4 + HO. H3C. + H2O
٢١
H3C + O2 + M (O 7SJ_) H3COO. + M
C H3 CH = CH2 +HO CH3.CH.2 – CH2OH
k- ‫و‬%
RHO + UV R. + HCO
"‫א א‬
R
CO + UV R. + R.CO
R
‫ن‬0 D
n‫و‬E@ Q #‫א‬n.k_‫و‬1 "1‫ذ‬0>‫و‬E@‫א‬1En‫و‬E@ Q En"RO >
1‫;و‬3 ‫وא‬،(Peroxide)JD¦‫ق‬nI'QkvJD#‫א‬x@A0l@‫א‬1#‫א‬
x@A0lJD¦‫قא‬na ‫א‬.O3‫وزون‬#‫א‬CNh;%EkvJDE1‫ذ‬x@A0l
";3 ‫ ")א‬1A ‫א‬،(PAN)"150‫(وא‬Peroxyacyl Nitrate)CNhNO2
.°% ‫@א‬-G0 ‫وא‬A-0«%!- I D%‫[ (و‬Ji- P‫و‬b
O O
RCOO. + NO2 RCOONO2
( PAN)
ô‰aŠ§a@÷bjnyüa@ëc@HGreen House EffectI@Zpbî÷Ï†Ûa@ñŠçbÃ@qdm@
(+!a ‫;)א‬1‫א‬%d‫عא‬/ ‫ س‬0>h‫وא‬E:I5 ‫א‬%"¡‫و‬EI ‫א‬%"¡
.‫ض‬1#‫_א‬N[‫א‬
S0‫ض‬1#‫א‬b50¨0 ‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬/‫و‬+!a ‫א‬CoN[‫ضא‬1#‫א‬kZJGS0
‫_ج‬g ‫!@@א‬/G-AJ ‫א<א‬I‫א =زא‬/Q ‫و‬.CsA ‫' א‬7b/‫א‬
;E ''٢٥٠٠M4٣٠٠‫ل‬,‫)א‬+!a ‫א‬/h!JGO >،I5 ‫א‬
%G!H ،C‫א‬%!d‫א‬rY/h‫א‬NH %l‫* و‬%‫ א‬vJAH ‫قא‬A ‫ א‬%l
‫ن‬U‫ض‬1 !JGhQ ‫'' (و‬٣٠٠@lE;EPN|‫ א‬vJAH ‫قא‬I/h‫א‬
-l'‫و‬A‫ن‬QG<‫א‬I‫א =زא‬3"،%¬H/c.CsA ‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫عא‬/4 /G
٢٢
0 ‫وא‬،C‫א‬%!d‫א‬rY/#‫\א‬0¨bHQ ‫ضو‬1#‫א‬¥‫א د‬+!a ‫א‬/#
I‫א =زא‬3bgv0;3 ‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬Cg_.1‫א‬%>@Q '7‫ض‬1#‫א‬b-[%G
‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[kZJG" *bH ‫א‬v 0H ‫א‬.‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[M4 '7 '‫א‬S0<‫א‬
J‫א‬I‫א =زא‬.;1‫א‬%d‫ سא‬0>h‫وא‬E5 ‫א‬I‫א‬P7UG!JG0 ‫وא‬،%"& ‫א‬3b
‫ن‬1D1-‫و‬1-Q ‫دא‬8 3D‫و‬CH4،C‫א‬1¤،CO2";1‫א‬%d‫ سא‬0>h‫אא‬3"
.(Chloro Floro Carbons- CFC,s)
٨٠٠٠M4٤٠٠٠‫ل‬,‫א‬C‫א‬%!d‫א‬rY/h‫\א‬0eC‫א‬1¤
‫ل‬,‫א‬I/h‫א‬. ''١٦٠٠٠M4١٢٠٠٠‫ل‬,‫א‬CO2، ''
;<‫א‬w a .%/G3"‫\و‬0¨h‫و‬%¨ ''١٢٠٠٠M4٨٠٠٠
.(Atmospheric Window)
Na'#‫@א‬/A8 3D‫و‬IG H ‫@א‬-Y،IN )‫א‬،kD‫@א א‬/ACO2n-NH
٪٣٠@eI‫א‬1 J ‫دא‬l‫قو‬%>.;%Ad‫دא‬l ‫قא‬%>‫و‬I= ‫زא א‬4@، ‫د‬m‫א‬
.0‫א ولא‬O/ H‫א‬CO2
I‫א‬1‫وز‬I/H0J‫א‬s/ ‫@אאدא‬-Y،SiA ‫א‬S_Hn-NHCH4‫א ن‬
. '‫ א‬d‫د وא‬m‫א‬IA-Z‫@א‬-Y‫و‬،‫ز‬1#‫א‬
‫وאد‬،g‫א ز‬I1x‫!دد‬D‫و‬،0 ‫مא‬Z0J‫نא‬%D1-‫و‬1-Q ‫א‬
.I‫א‬1 J ‫ א‬QGgb_E‫(و‬Styro Foam)@(Plastic Foam)80[ ‫و;א‬1
J‫"א‬C‫א‬1¤‫و‬CO22‫;)و‬1‫א‬%d‫ سא‬0>h‫א‬I‫نزא‬fxl‫א א‬
I‫زא‬-l >.‫ض‬1#‫א‬- d‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[‫אא‬3‫و‬pDQ- ¢ ‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[‫א‬
([0‫ن‬f3*H،‫ض‬1#‫و> مو_د"_א‬EP D_15 ‫א‬
g D%G‫> زد‬،Q ‫و‬.%A5 ‫@א‬lE;0JH‫ن‬Q [‫ض‬1#‫א‬-1‫א‬%d‫א‬
‫د‬bG‫ن‬EQe0 ‫وא‬،1‫א‬%d‫א‬P D !DgvY‫ن‬EQe'f،5 ‫א‬I‫زא‬
(Venus)‫س‬H pDQ ‫_א‬CO2‫نو_د‬E;%'،!.‫ض‬1#‫א‬- d‫א‬
pDQ- 1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫[(د‬0‫ن‬f8 3 ،‫ض‬1#‫א_د_א‬/o٦٠٠٠٠M‫>א‬
.- i0J‫ن‬QGwH" d‫نא‬f‫א‬3‫مو‬٤٢٥M‫س">א‬H
.CO2A@‫א‬%DE"( Mass– Bio ) d‫א‬-0Q ‫وא‬IN )‫א‬
٢٣
IG H ‫*א‬s ‫! @א‬0 ‫طא‬a'.‫א‬3‫א‬I'%Q ‫א‬M4CO2‫ل‬YIN )
JD¦‫نא‬%Q- /%[I'gZD@!/GI= ‫א‬.<‫א‬CO2‫د‬g‫دאد‬gC‫א‬%s|‫א‬
I= ‫א‬-Cs ‫نא‬f8 3 RaE،C‫א‬%sIG '@Qr ‫ًوא‬/%[
.;<‫א‬CO2;0Jg‫אنو‬g @² DU0
‫א‬3"‫و‬.k o‫א‬k'% ‫لא‬٪٢٥M‫زאدא‬CO2;<‫;א‬0)‫نא‬E1l
_1‫د‬٠,٥M‫ )>א‬o1#‫א‬%Q ‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫ @د‬- ‫عא‬AG1h‫א‬p J ‫"א‬
-Cs ‫א‬p J%!0J‫;زد‬1‫א‬%d‫ سא‬0>h‫א‬I‫زא‬g D%G‫ن‬#ً‫א‬%&'.(
‫وزددم‬،S_H‫א‬Na'E،;%Ad‫دא‬l- ‫ق‬%d‫زدא‬، H5 ‫א‬Na'#‫א‬،I= ‫א‬
_'f،‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/A;%#‫א‬Na'#‫وא‬."‫אد‬E‫א‬g0G0 ‫א‬I‫א‬1 J ‫א>אقא‬
.(Global Warming)‫ض‬1#‫א‬pDD1‫א‬%>‫א>لزد‬g0‫!ل‬0>4
(;1‫א‬%d‫ سא‬0>h‫)א‬5 ‫א‬P7UG(٢)@Q
5 ‫א‬I‫زא‬g D%G‫ن‬fIL 0>h‫'> مא]ذא‬Ea]C!-/ ‫א‬/

.‫א د‬H[(١٠٠–٥٠)‫ل‬s0G‫ن‬EQe<‫א‬
٢٤
M‫دאدא‬gGl‫ض‬1#‫א‬pDD1‫א‬%>_1‫[(د‬0‫ن‬f8 ‫ذ‬6‫> >و‬
-%7¦l;3 ‫א* وא‬IiNJ‫א א‬%Z Gg.[8 ‫وذ‬.(‫م‬٥–٤)
AZH‫;א‬0J‫א‬I‫ذא‬piJ ‫نא‬f،ً!piJ ‫نא‬QG1Lhً L H‫א‬I‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬
l% ‫א‬M/ ‫;א‬0J‫א‬I‫ذא‬piJ ‫א‬IHQG!H ‫א ود‬p JGlQ ‫א‬
.;1‫א‬%d‫ سא‬0>h‫א‬P7UG‫زد‬p J1>P7UGp JliH ‫وא‬
‫ن‬EQe0 ‫ א‬H‫א‬I‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬1 0‫א‬x%G !Q D)‫ذجא‬³IL[‫א‬
‫ع‬AG1h‫نא‬40>.vgI"1H [I%b¡E o1#‫א‬%Q ‫א‬¢‫زدد‬p J6Y
8 3 ./ ‫א‬C‫א‬3= ‫جא‬0'‫א‬-ً -[%7¦G‫ن‬EQe‫م‬١,٥NJ ‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬
M4‫א‬HD‫و‬0 J ‫دא‬Yh‫א‬P=0GlM!a ‫א‬Cg<‫אא !א‬1‫ز‬nLH‫ن‬f
8 3D.M!a ‫א‬pN ‫ ًא‬%lPA ‫א א‬M4 5|‫;א א‬E N ‫א‬nLH‫א‬
N ‫א‬-¢ ‫א‬p J8 3DAZHG.[( i!- _ ‫_ א‬0'h‫نא‬f
NJ ‫א‬M4-AJ ‫א‬I N ‫א‬C‫א‬3= ‫لא‬0'4@-GlM0 0 ‫ضوא‬1 iNJ ‫א‬
%Q ‫א‬¢‫د‬p J 0 ‫א‬I‫א‬P7U0 ‫א‬I%b¡E%G !Q ‫א‬D x8 3D.[E% ‫אنא‬1‫ و‬
nLH‫א‬،<‫א‬I>J‫א‬.A_‫زد‬، N ‫ א‬-<‫ذא_ لא‬4"‫و‬، o1#‫א‬
‫ض‬A©‫وא‬، N ‫א‬2‫א‬/ ‫א‬D‫'زد‬/G.[‫زون‬#‫ @א‬L% ‫א‬
1‫א‬RH<‫א‬M4‫!لو‬a ‫א‬M4٣٥ko‫א‬1#‫א‬2‫و‬،C‫א‬3= ‫جא‬0'‫א‬
‫ن‬E!DL1%DE‫د ًو‬%DE‫אو‬P5l‫ن‬QC0a ‫نא‬E!D،‫אض‬%#‫زدא‬،‫ن‬L%J ‫א‬
‫ن‬f8 3D.1 ‫א‬I>J‫و[(א‬2‫'و‬Z[‫ًو‬A_%DE‫لو‬LE‫ن‬Q 5 ‫א‬
0H;3 ‫وא‬، -<‫ذאא‬4‫و‬IN i!- ;1‫א‬%d‫!دא‬0 ‫زدא‬8 3D‫ز‬%Al‫ض‬1#‫א‬¢‫د‬
Cg<‫א‬8 ‫وذ‬١,٥M4S[٢٠k%i ‫א‬N[RJH‫ع‬AG1‫زدא‬H
‫א‬3Fo%/ 5G‫ن‬EQe ->J ‫אאنא‬PD‫ن‬f8 3 .٢١‫ن‬% ‫א‬P#‫א‬
-Q‫_אًو‬p/2IN )‫و¨دא‬%i ‫א‬N[RJH‫ع‬AG1‫א‬o‫وא ع‬،%N|‫א‬
./ ‫אًدولא‬PD Nh;3 ‫وא‬
I's p J‫ن‬E@!08 ‫نذ‬f‫م‬١,٥‫ض‬1#‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫عد‬AG1‫نא‬D 0>
p J%i ‫ א‬RJH‫ع‬AG1‫א‬M4o،x‫وא‬g ‫وא‬% i5‫א‬P2#‫وא‬
.N[‫و‬w1 '@ ->J ‫אقאنא‬%4‫ و‬-<‫ذא_ لא‬4
٢٥
òíŠ–½a@øaì’Ûaë@‰bzjÛa@óÜÇ@éjÓaìÇë@ó½bÈÛa@„bä½a@Ìm
. G‫א‬pl‫א‬/ ‫´وא‬H‫א‬P=GD¦‫ א‬h ‫א‬I‫ذא‬I‫א‬%¦‫א‬/ ‫א‬wH"

M‫@>א‬/AxAG1‫א‬l o1#‫א‬%Q ‫א‬IN RJH‫ن‬EI[ ‫א‬rio‫و‬E
´H‫א‬P=0 M‫א و‬Qd‫א 'א‬C‫א‬xl0‫و‬،o‫نא‬% ‫لא‬S[١٥
‫!د‬0 v 0'‫אم‬E%a@DS[٣‫ل‬/c‫ع‬AG1h‫אא‬3"%!0J‫ن‬E(IPCC)
.‫א< ل‬/S! N=‫جא‬-- q10 ‫ونא‬3- ‫و‬IN )‫א‬
:"/ ‫´א‬H‫א‬P=0 ‫אא‬3Fv 0'%5¢L‫א‬- G%‫א‬pl‫א‬/ ‫وא‬
SlAGM4;‫¦د‬ubG‫א‬gG‫و‬I‫א‬H ‫وא‬P2#‫א‬6‫ل>و‬/‫א‬gG‫!ل‬0>4−١
.¢L‫א‬a ‫א‬%¥-Qa
.3/ ‫ א< א‬bL0‫وא‬d‫ز>א א‬−٢
O >،ًhB %E([‫و‬%N!‫א‬S -lh‫א‬w%Y‫و‬1N#‫(א‬lJG(³‫ل‬0‫א‬−٣
‫&مא‬H ‫لא‬04M4;‫¦د‬cI's A ‫ لوא‬J ‫دאدא‬gG‫و‬1N#‫ل[طא‬/‫دאد‬g
d‫א‬IH*Q ‫عא _وא‬H0 1‫א‬%oh‫א‬8 3D‫و‬.%ª#‫א‬%i ‫א‬2A5‫و‬
/AG%‫>א‬-‫א‬-S-lU0b/ O >;%#‫א‬C >#‫وא‬I '_%‫ א‬2‫و‬
.%i ‫א‬
‫א‬1g ‫א‬o‫א‬1#‫א‬%!‫و‬/J0%‫ن‬v-M4 ->J ‫א‬I‫א‬Pi ‫لא‬Y−٤
;% ‫אنوא‬PG‫و‬. l%a ‫وא‬µ a ‫א‬%AD‫و‬Pi ‫א‬I& ‫ل‬B)0 ‫!لא‬a
.(٣)Sl1@Qa o"!D /[1‫ود طو‬1HQ[‫א‬bH‫ و‬->J ‫א‬
٢٦
%5‫א‬¢L‫א‬a ‫א‬-´H‫א‬P=G%7E(٣)@Q
٢٧
_1‫عد‬AG1‫א‬I‫א‬P7UG Q H JH C‫א|א‬k@*‫א א‬I04_G
‫[ط‬h‫א‬.rl ‫א‬+A'6Y‫ن‬EQe0 ‫א‬/ N ‫א‬%"& ‫א‬I‫ א‬/Gp J1‫א‬%>
´H!- /‫;א‬- @s#‫א‬SbA0 ‫א‬%G !Q ‫אمא‬Z0[Q! [l‫د‬%D#‫א‬- 0J‫א‬
‫ض‬1#‫'א‬Z[p J@!0)‫א‬%‫א‬P7U0 ‫نא‬f8 ‫ذ‬M4‫ل‬2 ‫א‬kdQ ‫و‬./ N ‫א‬
A|>‫א‬I‫א‬C‫א‬%_‫א‬/..AZ0[h‫א‬Qeh5 ‫א‬I‫زא‬P7UG@/A
1‫د‬5‫אمא‬Z0[‫א‬x vaG،;%Ad‫دא‬l ‫אمא‬Z0[‫א‬A@!aG5 ‫א‬I‫زא‬P7UG
lN ‫א‬،% ‫א‬lL،‫ض‬1#‫א‬._1‫א‬%>، J!a ‫א‬lN ‫)@א‬lN- - ‫א‬
A،I= ‫אא‬1‫ز‬-I/!0,‫א‬x vaG‫و‬I= ‫א‬-&)‫א‬.(j‫א‬.. *‫א‬
‫אم‬Z0[‫مא‬I‫א‬1 J- @sEID% Oi ‫א‬،I‫א‬1 J ‫دא‬l‫אمو‬Z0[‫א‬
- 5 ‫ _ א‬HQ0 ‫א‬OY‫! و‬HG،‫و‬H ‫א‬I‫א‬1vA'h‫نوא‬%D1-1-Q ‫א‬
S -/0 ‫אدلא א א‬x'QJ ‫!א‬H ‫א‬/_‫א‬%‫و‬،AQ‫א‬6#‫لא‬
./ ‫وא א‬z% ‫א‬
٢٨
ZÐìmaüa@óÏ@æë‹ëþa@—Ôãë@æìØm@@
-D٣٠M‫ع>א‬AG1‫א‬H.PA[G‫[א‬h‫ !و"_دא‬D‫وزون"د‬#‫א‬
PA[G‫[א‬h‫وزونא_دא‬#‫ א‬L.‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_١٠M‫>א‬g D%G‫ن‬Q
vJAH ‫قא‬I/h‫\א‬0¨b.‫ض‬1#‫א‬- i- ª‫ع‬1D@!/G
-0 ‫ضא‬1#‫א‬- d‫!א‬Y‫א‬3‫'' و‬٢٣٠–٢٢٠‫ل‬,‫א‬+!a ‫א‬
‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[‫و‬-AJ ‫א<א‬M4@5;3 ‫א‬.-<‫نא‬L%[@،I/h‫@א‬/APN|‫א‬
. vJAH ‫قא‬/#‫א‬P=2Cg_"
*o;‫ !و‬D@AG‫وزونא<ل‬#‫نא‬Q0
O2 + UV ( 242.nm) O+O
O + O2 + M ( O2‫و‬E N2@O 7SJ_ ) O3 + M
g_‫ن‬f‫א‬3‫و‬nJ ‫@א‬A0 ‫א‬N[‫א‬-NH‫א*א‬g ‫א‬lN ‫\א‬0eO ‫א‬SJ<‫א‬
.‫א‬%0JP5‫وزون‬#‫א‬
Na'#‫א‬n-NH‫א‬1-Q ‫@א‬/A%HQ ‫و‬.1‫א‬%!0[<‫وزونא‬#‫نא‬Q0
n(>);13 ‫א‬kvJDh‫(א‬R)8 H ‫ א‬JDE(E)x@A0 8 3D‫' و‬D ‫א‬
: Gm‫א‬IA0 <‫_دאًא‬8 3D‫ن‬Q;3 ‫وא‬،(aH ‫ א‬JD‫و‬1‫א‬
(a) O3. + NO NO2 + O
(b) O3 + O O2 + O2
(c) O3 + HO. HO2 + HOO.
HOO. + O HO. + O2
xH2‫ن‬%D‫و‬1-1-Q ‫@א‬/A-0‫و‬%0'E_‫و‬PA[G‫[א‬h‫وزونא‬#‫א‬
/‫!ددא‬D‫و‬، Q0 ‫א‬gb_E‫و‬I_- 0 ‫مא‬Z0J;3 ‫نא‬J'‫א‬
<‫א‬M4O/ HG0 ‫אدא‬3"I g_‫و‬،8 0[ ‫مא‬H2‫و‬Ih[‫و‬%‫א‬
*s ‫@א‬-i0 8 ‫ذ‬S0O >‫وزون‬#‫ א‬L1-Q ‫א‬bHn-NH @-i0G
I g_b-1‫د‬l-NH1-D1‫@ذ‬D‫(و‬Photo Dissociation)
CL + O3 CLO + O2 ‫وزون‬#‫א‬
CLO + O CL + O2 8 ‫ذ‬-
٢٩
I‫א‬1‫ذ‬-;0Y0 ‫@א‬L@J-JG -!!s0G8 3 ،1-Q ‫א‬I‫א‬1‫ذ‬0HGO >
>a0D‫א‬-.١٩٧٠‫م‬3Hr%‫ن‬%D‫و‬1-‫و‬1-Q- ‫א‬%LZ‫א‬.1-Q ‫א‬
‫وزون‬#‫א‬p7‫ن‬QGM4;‫¦د‬c،rl¦‫א‬PA[G‫[א‬h‫وزونא‬#‫ א‬L¥‫و‬n l%G
xG "UP1l"‫(و‬Antarctica) 0D10'E‫> ق)ق‬rAa0D‫;א‬3 ‫وא‬
‫زد‬%10 ‫א‬r0 7E .١٩٨٥!'M4!0 [‫(ل‬H<‫א‬pN ‫>لא‬
‫ق‬/#‫א‬I/‫א‬M48 3Dx_%‫א‬3"‫א[א و‬RH_-<‫نא‬L%[Ih>
Cg<‫אא‬3"‫وزونق‬#‫ א‬L.‫א‬gH0[4p J،‫ض‬1#; 4@5G0 ‫ א‬vJAH ‫א‬
.ً0l¦/ ‫א‬
‫وزون‬#‫ א‬L(٤)@Q
I/!0,‫ א‬0'‫א‬R3_١٩٨٥‫ م‬0D10'E1l‫وزون‬#‫א‬p7.a0D‫א‬

‫אمد‬Z0[‫א‬.fً‫א‬1i0‫א‬Ih ‫א‬rl./ ‫! א‬-/ ‫א‬
lAG‫א‬/ ‫دو دولא‬٢٥r/l‫و‬١٩٨٧‫م‬8 ‫ذ‬G.‫ن‬%D‫و‬1-1-Q ‫א‬
‫ل‬-‫ن‬%D‫و‬1-1-Q ‫دא‬/ ‫جא‬0'h‫א‬٪٣٥AM45G0 ‫'لوא‬
.1-Q ‫א‬M|‫جא @א‬0'‫א‬¥‫د‬b<‫א‬IErl ‫א‬+A'.١٩٩٩‫م‬
٣٠
(CFC)‫د‬%7¦@ D‫!د‬0‫;א‬3 ‫ وא‬HFC –134a !J0H‫ج‬0'4xl‫א א‬
،(HFC/S)‫ن‬%D‫و‬1-‫و‬1 F‫אمא‬Z0[‫א‬.‫ن‬%D‫و‬1-‫و‬1-Q ‫א‬
(Cyclohexane)gQ"-Q J ‫א‬8 3D‫(و‬HCFC/S)Hydrochloroflorocarbons
.I‫א‬Z0[‫א‬/ 0[‫א‬1‫ود‬S7‫ن‬%D‫و‬1-‫و‬1-Q- @ D
*s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫ !ووא‬Q ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬NOGU<‫א‬:&>*
1-Q ‫א‬.j‫و…א‬H ‫א‬I‫א‬1vA'h‫א‬،I5 ‫عא‬%[#‫א‬I7AH ‫א‬،<‫א‬
،(Biomass) d‫@א‬0Q ‫>אقא‬4GUOH،kD‫وא א‬CFC,SGU
. / N ‫א א‬S&'‫و‬
@Z@lýÔãüa@ñ‰aŠy@òu‰…@Lā‰þa@|Đ@åÇ@ÊbÐm‰übi@ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@óÏ@ÌnÛa@Þ†Èß
Lapse Rata & Temperature Inversion
.(Lapse Rata)!J‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬x<‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬P=0 ‫א‬
‫ن‬Q‫!د‬0 ‫א‬%>";3 ‫א =زא‬.AZH(=s ‫نא‬f،<‫عא‬AG1h‫א‬x
‫نא =ز‬f8 ‫ذ‬H.AZH‫=(א‬s ‫א‬NHM4M/ ‫=(א‬s ‫א‬NHw%i0- ‫אد‬/0[‫א‬
‫نא =ز‬f( )‫لא‬,‫א‬xG1‫א‬%>_1‫ دلد‬0 2%‫!دو> مو_د‬0
‫ون‬1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬P=0 ‫אא‬3".(Adiabatic);1‫א‬%>‫ دل‬G‫ون‬G 6
k l/ ‫א‬JcJ>QeAdiabaticLapse Rata;1‫א‬%>‫ دل‬G
x(=s ‫א‬P=G،;1‫א‬%d‫ دلא‬0 ‫!دونא‬0 ‫א‬،1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫–د‬Svd‫=(–א‬s ‫א‬
;1‫א‬%d‫ دلא‬0 ‫א‬6‫ون>و‬1d‫_א‬1‫د‬P=0‫لא‬/! lRJ>.‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬
- Q ‫א‬/‫م‬٧–M4‫م‬٦–M‫و>א‬.<‫א‬C‫א‬b- - Q ‫א‬/‫م‬١٠–M‫ن>א‬Q
C‫;א‬0 ‫ن‬QO >DEIAG1‫א‬H6Y0 ‫א‬h‫א‬S ‫א‬،pL% ‫א‬C‫א‬b-
-0D50G'f،;1‫א‬%d‫ دلא‬0 ‫ونא‬1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬P=0 ‫א‬.‫و‬%¡rY.@lE
M4@5G0>(bG1‫א‬%>_1‫عد‬AG1h)b0D‫ض‬A©4p J<‫د' א‬
‫ن‬E_‫ و‬-!/ ‫א‬Ihd‫א‬PDQ ‫و‬.Q ‫א‬+AH‫و‬1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬+AHC‫א‬F‫א‬
P=0 ‫لא‬/ JH 8 ‫ذ‬DE‫و‬E@lE4‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬x1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬P=0 ‫لא‬/
kZJ0- _1|‫א‬I‫א‬P7U0 ‫;ونא‬1‫א‬%d‫ دلא‬0 ‫א‬6‫ون>و‬1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬
.0 ‫وא‬
٣١
:= !"EI‫ذא‬k G#‫א‬k0 d‫نא‬f،C‫א‬F‫א‬6-G%&'b_‫و‬
5‫א‬J‫دل‬D@‫ون‬GL‫@?ع‬5A‫א‬+5‫א‬6‫א‬M75‫د‬N? ‫א‬O&P ‫(א‬١)
:(Super adiabatic lapse)
‫א م‬،;1‫א‬%d‫ دلא‬0 ‫' א‬1MP=0 ‫لא‬/‫ن‬QH‫א‬3"6
M4‫ل‬2- x%[kZJG 6‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[p% ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬f5 ‫א‬A 5 ‫א‬
‫ دل‬0 ‫مא‬/ JH n*‫ن‬Q‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬x1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬P=0 ‫لא‬/O > d‫א‬
‫'> م‬E‫نא<ل‬f d‫א‬3".(Super adiabatic lapse);1‫א‬%d‫א‬
(-|‫א‬p J%J<‫א‬I7-‫א‬%a0HGO >.‫و‬%& ‫א‬3"@.'‫א‬gG‫א‬1‫א‬%0[‫א‬
.C‫א‬b- x%J ‫!د;א‬/ ‫א‬
+5‫א‬6‫א‬,75‫د‬B I ‫א‬O&P ‫لא‬G2‫אو‬5‫א‬6‫א‬RSTA‫(א‬٢)
The Negative lapse Rate or Temperature Inversion;:‫@?ع‬5A‫زدא‬
ً[[E<‫;א‬1‫א‬%>R'‫א‬6،‫ع‬AG1h‫زدא‬x1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫زدد‬H
:k Gm‫א‬k J-
:(Radiotion Inversion)=2$A‫א‬RSTA‫(א‬V)
1‫א‬%d‫א‬p J‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[p% ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫دא‬H6l‫אא‬3"
R'h‫א‬.‫و‬%¡rY.-N ‫א_א‬I‫ذא‬I/4O 8 ‫ض وذ‬1#‫@א‬/A
6'f‫א‬3 ‫و‬lC‫א‬F‫א‬D%DE‫ض‬1#‫א‬p% ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬Q،;1‫א‬%d‫א‬
R‫א‬%Noh‫وא‬E(-|‫ @א‬-l
:(Subsidence Inversion)G=I‫א‬RSTA‫وא‬V‫ل‬WP ‫(א‬R)
‫א‬3".;_xAG%‫> و_د‬C‫א‬b- -/ ‫ א‬N ‫ (א‬bGHl‫אא‬3"6
Cg<‫א‬HDE‫ن‬Q0[¢ ‫_א‬1‫د‬Q ‫و‬.!Q'4H¢ ‫א‬M4‫ل‬i0J‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬
.‫ض‬1#‫א‬p% ‫א‬-AJ ‫א‬Cg<‫א‬HH;-/ ‫א‬
x N0Jh‫א ع‬HD%Dh‫دא‬1 ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬f‫ل‬i0 ‫وא‬ER'h‫א‬.‫و‬%¡rY
‫א‬3".1‫א‬%0[‫نא<> א‬E‫ل‬3*Hx‫د‬l;E‫مو_د‬p J‫د‬/5 ‫א‬
I7-‫نא‬#8 ‫ذ‬،;<‫א‬6-0 ‫!א‬d‫א‬%&'b_‫و‬PN0/xo ‫א‬
HDJ ‫א‬M - ‫دא‬6‫ل‬i0 ‫א‬.‫و‬%¡JY."1a0'‫وא‬b00aGQehC‫א‬F‫א‬
٣٢
S0‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[p% ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬f3*H.‫ض‬1 a ‫א ودא‬H، 5 ‫وא‬
%lI7-‫א‬.%2H‫ و‬d‫א‬3".ً J'¢‫دא‬lC‫א‬F‫نא‬Q!H ،G
.C‫א‬F‫א‬%a0H‫و‬E00arJ ‫و‬gD% 5GI7-‫א‬3"‫ن‬f‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[
-Cs ‫א‬S0‫د‬.PN*0'M4;‫¦د‬lC‫א‬F‫א‬6-GI‫א‬g D%G‫نزد‬f‫א‬3‫و‬
+!a ‫א‬/E@/A‫ض‬1#‫א‬NJ ¢ ‫א‬p JM0 ‫ א‬5 ‫א‬R'h‫وא‬E‫ل‬i0 ‫אא‬3"
.¢‫א א‬C‫א‬b- ;-/ ‫دא‬/5 ‫א‬Qe;3 ‫وא‬
‫دאد‬gGl‫ل‬i0 ‫אא‬3F Hg ‫א‬A ‫'א‬fC‫א‬1¤‫و‬ER s ‫אو_دא‬gG >
.‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[M4@5;3 ‫א‬+!a ‫א‬Co@ -08 ‫وذ‬
.‫و‬%¡‫لو‬i0 ‫وא‬ER'h‫א‬.‫و‬%¡rYPN‫د‬/E‫ض‬AGC‫א‬F‫א‬6-G-Qa
.I7-!- %7¦‫א‬1a0' JH ¢[%7EI‫"ذא‬0 ‫;وא‬%#‫دא<;א‬21h‫א‬
(Smog)‫ودن‬R o./ ‫א‬o%/ ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬6-GPD‫ ل‬JR'h‫א‬
\Z.h¬x1E@0lp JG‫م‬EJ¶%!0[‫;א‬3 ‫א‬١٩٥٢‫م‬Pba ‫نא‬H
.‫!ل‬D
= 0/G3"‫ل‬i0 ‫א‬.‫و‬%¡‫ن‬f،‫א دن‬xG0 ‫;א‬% ‫אنوא‬
!Jً'Q‫א دن‬¥( bI7-U /‫ א‬Q ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬#8 ‫ذ‬،1N|‫א‬
."6-‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬P"
(Radionuclides in the Environment)Zò÷îjÛa@óÏ@òÈ’½a@ŠöbÄäÛa
:15O/ HG ‫א_دא) (א‬A-0Z‫א‬/a‫א‬%*&H ‫א‬
:,2D; ‫א‬,2X‫א‬N1/ ‫(א‬١)
pH_M4ً H_‫م‬1 ‫א‬،‫א' م‬1 ‫@א‬/*a ‫א‬/a‫א‬%2H/ ‫@א‬D@O/ HG3"‫و‬
/h‫א‬F¥‫وא‬bG‫'א‬p Dg !0G0 ‫א‬%*&H ‫א‬I‫א‬13 ‫א‬b‫'א‬x
.(Nuclides)
:,2X‫א‬N1/ L,;D@‫א‬7 /#P ‫(א‬٢)
S_H،‫و‬H ‫وא‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬lN ‫א‬I‫د @ א‬m‫א‬Na'#‫א‬O/ HG3"‫و‬
.j‫א‬.. N ‫لא‬,‫א‬/a‫א‬%*&H ‫وא‬I/h‫אمא‬Z0[‫א‬،/ H5G‫א' مو‬1 ‫א‬
I‫א‬%*N ‫אمא‬Z0[‫وא‬،d‫א>א‬% ‫و[*@א وא‬/‫و‬،‫ن‬-‫نא‬gA -0 ‫"א‬a
. ‫عא‬/ o‫ضא‬%/G%G3"@D
٣٣
HNino Phenomen& It,s EffectsI@Zbèmaqdmë@ìäîäÛa@ñŠçbÃ
xGI‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬3". / ‫ א‬H‫א‬I‫א‬P=0 ‫"مא‬1‫و‬IN )‫وא‬1i ‫مא‬G
.;1‫א‬%d‫ دلא‬0 ‫وא‬%i ‫–א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬/‫א א א‬I -0 ً[[E
EL Nino EventH H ‫א‬7‫د‬١٩٨٣–١٩٨٢‫م‬HP /0 ‫א‬P7U0 ‫אא‬3"
RH_‫ن‬s A ‫´@א‬H‫א‬.‫و‬%¡‫ل‬,‫א‬x[‫وא‬.‫א‬%¥4r JG0 ‫وא‬
p J‫ن‬QGb'E0/‫وא‬، ‫(א[א‬Droughts).A<‫א‬، '1A D
.(Ocean Origin)IN )‫א‬
‫و‬P@>‫ אً[א‬/ ->J ‫! א‬- ¢ 50Gً!H H ‫א‬7‫>د‬
‫دא‬/2)‫ط‬a'@/Aً J'‫د‬1‫ن‬QG ‫א‬3"،‫د‬/ ‫א‬.‫و‬%& ‫א‬،1‫دو‬A-J ‫وא‬
;<‫אنא‬1‫א و‬.Q A [ ‫א‬R%NH‫א‬3"50G;3 ‫(א‬Upwelling -AJ ‫א‬
(=s ‫א‬z‫א‬w%i0 ‫;א‬E H<‫א‬33 ‫!دא‬Jc50NH‫א‬3F
3".8 A [ ‫א‬R%‫ل‬B‫و‬M‫[א‬h‫;א‬HF‫א) (א‬NHkiNJ ‫א<;א‬
I‫א‬P=0 ‫وא‬،1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫ود‬iNJ ‫=(א‬s ‫א‬-%7¦Gb'E%b¡ H<‫א‬33 ‫א‬
@)H H ‫א‬6‫אد‬dPN|‫א‬P7U0 ‫א‬.‫ض‬1#‫א‬PDC‫א‬g_E-1Nh‫لא‬N"
P=0 ‫א‬M4x_%G0 ‫(وא‬/ ‫;א‬0J‫א‬-1Nh‫لא‬N"‫د‬P= ‫א‬I‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬
1‫אدو‬Dh‫ووא‬P‫ل‬L-¢La ‫ א‬% ‫ א‬iNJ ‫א א‬¢‫@د‬/A H<‫א‬33 ‫א‬
1‫دو‬I‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬S&/p JG0 ‫ذوא‬a ‫´א‬H‫א‬.‫و‬%&ً!( G%H H ‫א‬P7UG
‫د‬/2‫ن‬f‫د‬/ ‫א‬.‫و‬%& ‫א‬.‫و‬P@>[‫ل‬L- _ ‫_ א‬0'h‫א) (وא‬
;3 ‫وא‬C‫א‬3= H= ‫! א‬/ ‫א א‬%s@>J ‫لא‬L- Upwelling -AJ ‫א א‬
‫ل‬L-% ‫'&مא‬P=G،H H ‫א‬6‫>د‬CH7E. / ‫_ א _ א‬0'h‫א‬H0H
@>J- ‫و‬g6‫و‬S&0HP‫ن‬Q ‫دא‬/2‫و‬،‫و‬P ‫[>@א‬
I‫א‬-G0 ‫א‬1v0 ‫א‬% ‫א‬DAM4x_%‫א‬3"‫ن‬E0/‫وא‬. ‫א א‬
‫ل‬L- ‫א* א א‬0[h‫! א‬- x!v0 ‫א‬p JG‫ن‬EQe0 ‫א وא‬a ‫א‬% ‫א‬
‫א‬5G6‫م>و‬.RH<‫א‬4%a0HG3*HO > H<‫א‬Q%E@>[
%"& ‫א‬3". 5 ‫دمא‬5G‫و‬%i ‫א‬IH*Q- P DCHH0HUpwelling -AJ ‫א‬
H/;3 ‫وא‬H H ‫!א‬JP7U0 ‫אא‬3"‫ن‬f8 3 ‫!ً א دو‬6Y
٣٤
R'47 ،I‫א‬1‫دو‬6Yb'40/0 ‫א‬H H ‫א‬%"¡.@AN ‫[ ' א‬h
،.A<‫א‬M4I's ‫_אًو‬- 71NEPNP=Gp JGH H ‫א‬.% ‫نא‬%[
0 ‫ א‬H<‫א א א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬I‫א‬1 G،ً * .I,‫א وא‬1g ‫א‬I2d‫א‬%‫و‬
ً >Q ‫و‬،H H ‫א‬b'UrA2‫و‬0 ‫وא‬P‫و‬1‫אدو‬D4@>‫ل[א‬L-!J‫د‬%b&G
I_1‫د‬I‫´ذא‬H‫א‬I‫א‬%NohI J‫א‬O >‫אول‬0- ‫م‬Z0JG!-Q ‫نא‬f
.‫م‬/ ‫א‬gG،/ ‫>لא‬A-0«
xGO >،R%= ‫א‬M4‫ق‬%a ‫א‬pbG1v0 ‫א‬% ‫دא‬/ ‫א‬.‫و‬%& ‫א‬
CH7EQ ‫و‬.‫ق‬%a ‫א‬NJ ‫א‬-‫د‬1 ‫א א‬o%/R%= ‫א‬¥ ‫א א‬%i ‫א‬N[
P=Gp J% ‫א‬/o.p-HGl‫و‬E1bHG‫د‬/ ‫א‬1v0 ‫א‬% ‫א‬3"H H ‫א‬6‫>د‬
.PN 5(=s ‫وא‬% ‫א‬Q ‫و‬%i ‫א‬N[1‫א‬%>_1‫[(د‬0
1‫א‬%>_1‫دאدد‬gG‫قو‬%a ‫אא‬-|‫א‬M4n0GQ A [ - ‫א א א‬
<‫א‬.‫و‬%¡‫ن‬f‫א‬3"p J. !a ‫א‬Q%#%= ‫>@א‬J ‫א‬-‫א‬PD%i ‫א‬N[
.A<‫א‬.‫و‬%¡‫و‬،‫ق‬%a ‫א‬¥w%i0G8 A [ ‫א‬R%‫دא_د‬/‫א‬pL% ‫א‬
Q%EA D1NE‫ل‬N"H0HO >،R%= ‫א‬%b&G‫ق‬%a ‫دא‬/ ‫א‬
ًh 8 3 . %E‫ق‬%،HF‫א‬، [¬‫ق‬%‫ل‬B.A<‫!لא‬0>‫! وא‬a ‫א‬
1N#‫(א‬JG‫و‬pL% ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫ אא‬/3UGb'f، [¬F‫ج‬0YPD1NE1s>4
.I's A ‫ א‬JQ A [ ‫א‬-NP= ‫א‬
p JGO >Q%# JH H H ‫אאمא‬E[E١٩٨٣–١٩٨٢‫م‬0/
[m JH E[#‫א‬H H ‫نمא‬D١٩٩٧‫م‬Q ‫و‬.1h‫دو‬1 -١٣M‫>א‬%*J
.([0‫אًא‬PD'‫د‬E1N ‫ل[ط‬/b ‫ن‬D0 ‫ وא‬J '‫א'و‬2‫و‬
%v"R‫א‬%No‫نא‬Q‫ن‬EQeP0 ‫א‬%NE،A-0«%"¡"H H ‫א‬%"¡
bG >;%i ‫´א‬H‫א‬-!0/G0 ‫"א‬8-G‫و‬.‫_ن‬%‫א‬1Z2-G‫و‬wz#‫א‬
@DA©‫(א‬Weddel Seals)%i ‫א‬I'‫ א‬d‫ندא‬E!D.8 3D%7U0G.[
.H H ‫א‬6‫>אد‬xًN08 ‫نذ‬Q‫ن‬E@!0)‫وא‬I‫א‬H[٦−٤
٣٥
٣٦
óãbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛa
HAir PollutionI @õaìa@tìÜm
Zòß†Ôß
_1|‫א<א‬I7-‫א‬%DE‫و‬E>‫'و_دوא‬UC‫א‬F‫א‬6-G%/GQe
‫و‬E‫ אن‬d‫א‬،I H ‫א‬،‫ن‬J'‫ א‬d1o‫ن‬QG‫אن‬Qe0 ‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[h‫! و‬Q
.‫!ل‬#‫א‬C‫دא‬E‫و‬E‫ع‬0‫وא‬E d‫" א‬% ‫א>وא‬% ‫א‬x@‫א‬0G0 ‫وא‬E‫ع‬0‫א‬
Q H‫'&مد‬1 <‫א‬.‫ول‬#‫@א‬5A ‫א‬0alH<‫א‬I'Q‫و‬CH
‫א‬3‫و‬،‫ن‬J'‫א‬xH2‫ و‬/ N ‫א‬1‫د‬5‫א‬A-0«I7-‫&م‬0'\0e;3 ‫وא‬
‫אد‬M4oNO2،SO2،H2S،CO2،CO@I‫א =زא‬./ L‫!ص‬D@!/
1‫د‬5‫א<א‬1‫א‬%!0[n-NHG0 ‫א‬8-G1 = ‫لوא‬% D -5 ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
-d‫א‬2‫א‬/ ‫א‬،IG H ‫@א‬-Y،kD‫א א‬I‫א‬17،I= ‫א‬n%>@ / N ‫א‬
.‫ل‬% ‫وא‬%G
،j‫א‬I! J<‫وא‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬،SO2،NO2،CO2@‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/AI7-‫א‬
./o E%DE / N ‫א‬I7-‫א‬gG3"‫و‬.<‫א‬n-NHG8 3D8-G
، H5 ‫א‬Na'#‫א‬،'QJ ‫א‬1vA'h‫א‬p Jg@QaC‫א‬F‫א‬6-G-QSv>‫زאد‬
l‫و‬%a0HG،<‫א‬I7-‫א‬->1.!0 ‫א‬M4%a ‫א‬g'‫و‬،I‫א‬1 J ‫א‬،%si0 ‫א‬
@ 0J‫@א) (و‬AZHM4@5G‫ن‬E@ l8 ‫;א<وذ‬%E‫אد‬x@A0G
3*H،/ N ‫אقא‬%‫لא‬/E‫ل‬/c<‫א‬M4I7-‫> دلא‬.‫¬د‬
<‫א‬Q H ‫אنא‬gG‫א‬R‫א‬%Noh‫אא‬3".C‫א‬F‫א‬10 SD‫א‬GI7-‫نא‬f
-‫ضو‬1#‫א‬- d‫א‬-%7¦1sd‫א‬Na'#‫א‬v 0'-NH‫א‬I7-‫@א‬/A
.‫و‬%& ‫א‬-l0<‫א =زא‬I7-‫א‬1a0'‫ وא‬A]‫ن‬EM4o.‫ض‬1#‫א‬
.k/rl‫*و‬J ‫א‬v- ‫د‬21‫א‬
٣٧
õaìa@pbqìÜß@áîÔm@
:GmDA-0«‫ق‬%Nb! JGQeC‫א‬F‫א‬I7-
@Z‰@ †–àÜÛ@ubÔj@HcI
،CO2@، >_G‫א<و‬% O/ HG0 ‫و وא‬EI7-(١)
.(Hydrocarbons)I'%D‫و‬1 F‫وא‬،SO2،NO2
‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬p J ‫و‬#‫א‬I7-‫א‬0a‫א‬8-G@ *H7I7-(٢)
،(Smog)*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫א‬R s ‫א‬،‫وزون‬#‫* א<@א‬s ‫ !* א‬Q ‫وא‬E
.(PAN - Primary - Acyl Nitrate)
@Z@ôëbàîØÛa@kî×ÜÛ@ubÔj@HlI
.IhiQ ‫א‬،g'0 Q ‫א‬،‫ "ز‬h‫א‬،I'%D‫و‬1 F‫@א‬s/ ‫א‬I7-‫(א‬١)
:sP= ‫א‬I7-‫(א‬٢)
.(I'%Q ‫א‬،CO@)‫ن‬%Q ‫א‬I D%
.(NH3،NO2@)k_‫ و‬H ‫א‬I D%
.(H2SO4،SO3،SO2،H2S@)rQ ‫א‬I D%
.( '/‫א‬I‫א‬1-A ‫א‬،HCL،HF@)k_ F‫א‬I D%
(‫وزون‬#‫)@א‬JDh‫א@א‬
%G#‫א‬،‫س‬0 J[h‫א‬،‫ل‬% ‫א‬،%N0‫دא‬% ‫א‬،@)sP= ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
. _P 0 ‫ وא‬H5 ‫א‬Na'#‫وא‬،S_H‫א‬،@H ‫א‬
@Zñ@ …b½a@òÛb§@ubÔj@@HuI
.SO2،NO2،CO@p[%Gh‫و‬C‫א‬F‫א‬x(-0]0 ‫زא‬I7-(١)
‫د‬0 ‫א*@وא‬J ‫وא‬E l ‫ א‬-5 ‫!@אאدא‬aG0 ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬I7-‫(א‬٢)
.‫ذאذ‬% ‫א‬،R s ‫א‬، ‫א‬،H ‫@א‬Ih[‫و‬%D‫و‬% >_G
٣٨
bèmaqdmë@õaìa@pbqìÜß
:Y‫א‬Z[ M\[‫^]א‬V
(٤)cd# ‫א‬GI^VT\(٣)،`7‫و‬a/ ‫א‬G<^V(٢)‫ن‬L# ‫א‬GI^V‫ول‬V(١)
.,D[e ‫א‬MfI-‫(א‬٥)MTL^‫وز‬5GE‫א‬
ZæìiŠØÛa@†î×c@Þëc@MQ
JDE‫ول‬E‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_٠,١٢M4٠,١ J'-;<‫א‬C‫א‬F‫;א‬0
;<‫א‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E‫و_د‬S"JG0 ‫ א‬/ N ‫א‬Na'#‫א‬.‫ن‬%Q ‫א‬
·%AG،I/H0J‫وא‬IZ J ‫ א‬/ N ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬6/ '4، 'D ‫א‬Na'#‫@א‬
‫ول‬ES&/Q ‫و‬.j‫א‬..1‫و‬3 ‫א‬I H0[4،2‫א‬/ ‫א‬CH7E<‫ א‬%bQ ‫א‬IHia ‫א‬
J'p J;3 ‫وא‬I‫א‬1 J ‫د @دمא‬m‫א‬Na' x_%<‫نא‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE
‫א‬1g ‫א‬IA-Z‫قא‬%>‫و‬I= ‫א‬n%>‫א<;و‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E٪٦٠
@ H5 ‫א‬I -!/ ‫א‬،;<‫א‬C‫א‬F‫نא‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E٪١٧@¨0 ‫وא‬
H5 ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬،‫ق‬1 ‫א‬x'5،‫א ول‬%%QG@/،p-5 ‫وא‬d‫א‬H2‫אن‬%E
H‫א‬C‫ن"א‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬Eg D%G.<‫א‬٢٥٪٩1٦M‫א‬S"JG8-G‫و‬
‫ن‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E@gG ‫ א‬l ‫א‬IH*Q ‫א‬.‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_٥٥M‫>א‬
‫ن‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_١٢٠ ‫زא‬4QE.n2‫لא<;א‬,‫א‬
‫ول‬E@gG ‫نא‬ES1.I[٣‫א ل‬H ‫אم‬%_- D٢,٨N[‫א‬
I>J‫نא‬#8 ‫ذ‬،<‫ א‬I‫א‬g Dً‫'زאل_دא‬Eh4‫ن‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE
-1l@lEI‫ذא‬N )‫א א‬O >8-G"‫ن‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬#_0'4%D#‫א‬
.‫ن‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E ‫زא‬4
JDE‫ول‬EI7/ '4M‫א‬٪٧٥6/ '4p J‫@"א‬H- ‫ن'&مא‬#ً‫א‬%&'
‫د‬l Z0J‫א‬-‫>אقא א‬h‫א‬Ih¬b!&/O >،/ ‫نא‬%Q ‫א‬
g D%GwH".15‫אא‬3"COI7/ '‫א‬A|AQ‫د‬b__GO >،k ‫א<زو‬
:Gm‫ >لא‬i ‫دא‬b<‫א‬
٣٩
‫ن‬L# ‫א‬GI^V‫ول‬VM\2DT‫א‬h?iM^Wf[ 0feP ‫(@;א‬V)
:` ‫زو‬-‫قא‬J,kPT
>.I! J<‫א‬،I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬،NOX،CO‫ن‬Q0GI‫א‬1 J ‫א‬I7/ '4
8 3D%7U0GI7-‫א‬l !D‫ن‬fI7-‫א‬3">EAI‫א‬C‫א‬%_‫א‬/‫م‬
_1NOXI7/ '‫@א‬-G‫د‬l ‫א‬M4C‫א‬F‫ א‬J'‫ض‬A©4!.rl ‫א‬+A'
k;%5H/ ‫دא‬Yh‫ א‬J'.I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬،COI7/ '4gGbHQ ‫و‬P D
-Q ‫א‬JD %!0JGkvJD i i5 ‫ א‬JH ‫א‬O > JH ‫د"א‬l ‫–א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬
I%/ ‫א‬IH%QQ ‫و‬.M‫א‬0 ‫א‬-H2O‫و‬،CO2M4k_‫و‬1 F‫نوא‬%Q-
‫د‬l ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫ (א‬-‫د‬l ‫ א‬J'‫;زد‬E‫د‬l ‫ א‬J'‫د‬gS!5G(I‫א‬1GP%Q ‫)א‬
(-C‫א‬F‫א‬M4‫د‬l ‫ א‬J'A >l0 ‫א‬M4@ ew%)‫نא‬#8 ‫ذ‬
x‫ز‬GJY%G0 ‫وא‬A /s ‫دא‬l ‫א‬M4C‫ "א‬J'‫אم‬Z0[‫א‬.‫د‬l ‫א‬−C‫א‬F‫א‬
I‫א‬%N0 ‫א‬/"@lE(=opJ'‫אم‬Z0[‫قوא‬%d‫א‬I0 lGPG‫دو‬l ‫א‬
is0 ‫א‬/xQ ‫و‬6-0 ‫א‬Ab>¸r 70 ‫א‬ID%)‫א‬S !5G
.lN ‫א‬I‫د‬50l‫دوא‬l ‫א‬
:"GL‫د‬l‫دو@;و‬l ‫א‬O&@(R)
@lEg D%Gn-N‫>אق‬h‫א‬H;3 ‫وא‬k ‫زو‬v- @‫د‬l‫و‬%N0 %!0J‫د‬b<‫א‬
‫ض‬%/‫א‬k ‫א<زو‬،‫زא ن‬،/ N ‫אمא =زא‬Z0[2‫و‬E.I7-‫א‬
( -،(Steam Reformed Gasoline)1Z ‫אم‬F‫א‬PN0 PJQ0-
I7/ 'h‫نא‬f‫د‬l ‫'אعא‬#‫א‬3"@‫אم‬Z0[،j‫א‬..A A|‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬
1s ‫א‬I7-‫ א‬J'AZHG‫א‬3‫د"و‬/ 0[4S0@Q ‫>אقא‬h‫مא‬H ‫א‬
.H2#‫א‬3"‫אم‬Z0[‫א‬kQ!0 IH 0 ‫א‬o41NG‫م‬g-Q ‫و‬.I‫א‬1 J ‫دمא‬
8 3DrZ0[‫א‬،‫ل‬iQ ‫وא‬k ‫ (א<زو‬-‫و‬IhiQ ‫א‬.x[‫قوא‬N'-‫د‬l ‫א‬
.k/- [J>p J‫ "ز‬h‫@א‬bl‫א>א‬G‫'א‬/،‫د‬lD
_G!D%"*0H b Yr 7‫م‬1 ‫د@אא‬l ‫א‬Io4/
._Io4‫אم‬Z0[‫א‬1‫א‬%l4@ l8 ‫دوذ‬l ‫א‬Io4%N0 %!0JI[‫א‬1‫د‬
٤٠
x[‫قوא‬N'-‫م‬Z0J‫(א‬TEL - Tetracthyl Lead)‫ص‬2% ‫ @א‬4x‫א‬1
6-0- J *% ‫א‬15‫א‬0/;3 ‫وא‬،(Antinock)( |‫א‬xHk ‫زو‬v- ofD
.‫ص‬2% ‫א‬M|‫א‬k ‫א<زو‬6‫א‬i0[4l‫صא<و‬2%
:(Exhaust Gases),‫د‬2 ‫א‬M‫א &زא‬,-2(7)
( [‫@و‬/ Z0J‫אوא‬1‫א‬%>IA‫אمא‬Z0[‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫<א =زא‬/
( [ ‫@א‬/ k0->%‫א‬I‫ذא‬Ih)‫א‬F‫א‬6h‫نא‬D‫دم‬/ ‫א‬1[
‫א)ل‬NH3M4N2‫אل‬g04S0،(In the Two Stages Catalytic Converors)
8* [/‫و‬EkG ‫و_د@و[ (@א‬/AG%1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬H‫ول‬#‫א‬
،COJDh.I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬،CO@‫אل‬g04I‫دنو_دزא‬/‫א‬
H ! ‫دنא‬/‫א‬JD¦N [‫مא@و‬Z0J،' ‫א)لא‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬
‫د‬--!)‫א‬،Mn،Fa،Ni،CU،CR،CO) [DE‫و‬E(Pt , Ru , Ir)@
>Q ‫و‬.JD#‫ ¨مא‬DU0 oh‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬piJ ‫'&م‬x8 ‫א‬PJ ‫א‬
‫ص‬2% ‫א‬M|‫א‬k ‫אمא<زو‬Z0[‫א‬pq'f،H ! ‫دنא‬/‫א‬N [ ‫א@א‬/ ‫א‬
‫م‬Z0J‫@א [ (א‬/ ‫نא‬EM4o8 ‫ذ‬.( [ ‫@א‬/- S!J0 ‫א‬xH8 ‫وذ‬
.%0‫و‬،-L¹2،1oP‫و‬،AZH%/[‫ن‬Q‫ن‬EpqI‫א‬1 J ‫א‬
I LHia ‫א‬I‫ذא‬ID%)‫א‬%NG،( [ ‫@א‬/ ‫ @)لא‬D‫و‬
O >o4‫ق‬%>%GID%)‫א‬3"‫(א ن‬Stratified Charge Engine)
1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬H‫ق‬%d‫א‬6Y3".1‫א‬%al%>‫د و‬4S0‫د‬l H( -
%M4‫وق‬%)‫ (א‬-|‫@א‬S7.NOX‫ن‬QGAp J;3 ‫وא‬،ً J'sAZH
J'‫و‬C‫א‬F‫א‬E J';E)A /o‫د‬l‫ و‬JH( -x(-²O >DE J *1
CO ‫م‬0 ‫>אقא‬h‫א‬D¦‫א‬3".(‫د‬l ‫א‬−C‫א‬F‫ (א‬-‫د‬l ‫@א‬lE
ً‫ ودא‬NOX‫ن‬QG‫ن‬Qrl ‫א‬+A'‫و‬w%)‫א‬lG‫ون‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫وא‬
@ l%!0J‫א‬6i ‫مא‬g-Q ‫و‬.%= ‫א‬sAZH‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬1‫א‬%!0J[‫א‬p J
.I‫א‬1 J ‫א‬x[‫قوא‬N'-ID%)‫א‬3"@‫אم‬Z0[‫א‬
:,‫د‬2 ‫א‬M‫وא &زא‬G@‫=د‬m(Y)
.I‫א‬1 J ‫دمא‬6-Gi- b0[‫א‬1‫;د‬1<‫>א א*@א‬E"‫א‬3"‫و‬
٤١
ZHNOXI@úëîäÛa@†îb×a@MR
("<‫א‬F‫א‬I'Q‫نא‬f،HQ!‫א !' א‬k_‫ و‬H ‫[ א‬DEk
Cg_٠,٢٥"NO2،NO،N2O<‫א‬I‫א‬g D%G.NO2،NO،N2O
g D%G‫ن‬ES1M‫א‬0 ‫א‬-‫ ن‬-‫א‬٤M4٠,٥،‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_٢M4٠,١،‫ ن‬-‫א‬
/‫و‬C‫א‬F‫א‬6-G%&'b_‫و‬%D#‫"א‬NO2،NO‫ن‬f،<‫א‬%DEN2O
/AG%‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬I_1‫د‬HS0O2،N2NO‫ن‬QG.NOXg% ً/!bH
.C‫א‬F‫א‬xw‫א‬h‫>אق‬h‫א‬I -!‫ن‬QG‫د‬0 ‫م(وא‬١٧٦٥M4١٢١٠)
NOJDE‫ن‬f8 3D.NO@-YxHe(Quenching)‫>אق‬h‫א‬G‫א‬H x%J ‫א‬0 ‫א‬
‫ن‬QG‫ن‬Q0G0 ‫א‬NO2 !DQ ‫م(و‬١١٠٠)/AG%1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬HS0NO2M4
@-i0 ‫א‬IA0NO2‫ن‬Q08 3D.‫א_د‬NOXM4٪٠,٥%DE‫د‬
.i oGn [!D،<‫*א‬s ‫א‬
:@!aGS0G0 ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬/
N2 + O2 2NO
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO2 + hv NO + O
398 nm
O + O2 M O3 + M
O 7Sv>
O3 + NO NO2 + O2
2NO2 + O3 N2O5 + O2
4NO2 + 2H2C + O2 4HNO3
a) O3 + NO2 NO3 + O2 _ ¬

b) NO3 + NO2
c) N2O5 + H2O
N2O5
2HNO3 } >‫ن‬Q0
8 H ‫א‬
٤٢
k_‫ و‬H- H5 ‫وא‬E/ N ‫א‬r 0 ‫@א‬/A‫ن‬Q0G‫ن‬EQek_‫ و‬H ‫[ א‬DE
-;HJ ‫א‬6/ '‫א‬.s/ ‫א_دאאدא‬k_‫ و‬H ‫א‬I D%‫و‬E<‫א‬
L٧١٠×٥M‫ن>א‬J'‫@א‬/A1‫د‬5‫א‬NOXk_‫ و‬H ‫ א‬JD#/ ‫;א‬0J
S0k_‫ و‬H ‫[ א‬DE.Q ‫طא‬a'.%2GH ‫א‬8 ‫ ًذ‬-l@lE";3 ‫وא‬
‫ن‬f،8 3 .;%Es‫وאد‬/ N ‫א =زא‬،rg ‫א‬،SiA ‫قא‬%b -‫ل‬5d‫א‬
0 ‫א ;א‬IN ،‫אن‬%#‫א‬،n*‫א‬%d‫א‬I‫א‬1 J ‫א<لدمא‬M4@NOX
C‫א‬F‫א‬N2/‫ن‬fC‫א‬F‫دא‬l ‫قא‬%>H.- ‫א‬1‫د‬5‫وא‬SiA @!/G
‫ل‬/‫لو‬/0h‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬-l0G‫ن‬Q0G0 ‫א‬NO !DNOM4JDU0
0 ‫א‬%[‫لو‬/0h‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫عد‬AG14.‫>אق‬h‫א‬G‫א‬H x%J ‫א‬0 ‫وא‬E0 ‫א‬
.NO‫ن‬QG-J‫>אق‬h‫א‬G‫א‬H
،‫م‬٤"<‫א‬NO2،NO@Q (Residnce Times)OQ‫[(زא‬0
‫ !و‬DIAG‫* و‬o‫ !و‬DIAGSF6O >.M‫א‬0 ‫א‬-‫م‬٣
‫و‬E‫د‬%DI‫@'א‬Qp[%;3 ‫وא‬HNO3‫ن‬QGM4;‫¦د‬c،<‫א‬A-0«
.1N#‫[طא‬CH7E
nLH‫א‬%DE/o١٠٠M4١٠‫ن‬Ql‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/A1‫د‬5‫א‬NOX
ً LNOX;0JP=0%sd‫א‬nLH‫א‬0>. A% ‫א‬nLH'1%sd‫א‬
.rl‫;و‬E1‫و‬%‫א‬D%>D‫و‬+!a ‫א‬Cs
@-‫ن‬EQek0->%‫א‬I‫@א [ (ذא‬/ Ih ‫אم‬Z0[‫نא‬f0alH!D
Qe; ‫א‬IN I7/ '4NOX@.I‫א‬1 J ‫دمא‬NOXI7/ '4
Hًh‫و‬E‫د‬l ‫قא‬%>Qe.k0->%‫ق‬%> -!‫אم‬Z0[٪٩٠ JHsA
@lE‫ن‬Q0GO R-N‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬٪٩٠‫אم‬Z0[8 ‫ ًوذ‬J'/AG%1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬
sAZH1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬H‫د‬l ‫قא‬%>‫!ل‬D4QeS7..‫و‬%& ‫א‬3"HNO !D
..‫و‬%& ‫א‬3"‫ن‬Q0hNO.*‫א‬g ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫ ًو_دא‬J'
٤٣
ZHSO2I@oíØÛa@†î×c@óãbq@MS
ًi5SO2rQ ‫ א‬JDE'70HrQ ‫א‬-0 ‫;د‬E‫>אق‬4
SO2٪٦٧ %G.SOXg% ‫ د‬g%( -|‫אא‬3"،SO3P=2 !Q
h0 ‫وא‬،;%#‫ א‬/ N ‫א‬1‫د‬5‫'وא‬D ‫طא‬aH ‫א‬M4x_%/ ‫@א‬D6-‫א‬
@ ‫د‬m‫א‬Na'#‫א‬p J‫ن‬QSO2I7/ '4٪٣٣ ‫א‬l.b SQi0 ‫א‬Qe
x H5GI -!،%%Q0 ‫א‬،@H ‫א‬،SiA @!/G0 ‫א‬lN ‫א‬IN ،‫د‬l ‫قא‬%>
@‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬x'5‫(وא‬Sulphide) 0Q ‫א‬I%b2@ '/‫א‬I|‫א‬
ً‫א‬gD%‫ن‬QSOX‫ن‬J'‫א‬xH2I‫א‬gD%‫א‬S&/.8 0Q ‫>א‬H2
. H5 ‫وא‬%sd‫א‬nLH‫א‬
rQ ‫א‬٪٨٠M‫*@وא =ز;و>א‬J ‫دא‬l ‫א_دא‬rQ ‫א‬S&/M‫>א‬
;0)ً L.‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬SO2@Q%b&p-5 ‫دא‬l ‫א_دא‬
C‫א‬b- ‫ א‬JH ‫!لزدא‬D)‫ق‬%d‫א‬.‫و‬%¡‫و‬rQ ‫وقא‬%)‫دא‬l ‫א‬
Q ‫و‬.٪٠,٤M4٠,٠٥-0²‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬SOXg D%G،(‫م‬Z0J‫א‬
QeI‫א =زא‬SO2g D%G‫ن‬f، 0Q ‫א‬I%b2@_P 0 ‫א‬I -!/ ‫א‬
@-Y‫و‬N [‫و‬I -!/;<‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬SO3M4SO2JDU0.٪١٠–٥‫ن‬Q‫ن‬E
;‫ !و‬Q ‫א 'א‬R s ‫א‬H0H،I'%D‫و‬1 F‫وא‬،NOX،‫وزون‬#‫*ًא‬o
@‫و_د‬6Y‫ن‬EQeSO2JDE.(Photochemical Smog)*s ‫א‬
،‫د‬/ ‫א<א‬L% ‫א‬.‫و‬%¡.1 = ‫جوא‬HJ ‫א‬،‫دن‬/‫[ א‬DE،NOX@( [‫و‬
%N‫!א‬JH0H0 ‫وא‬H2SO4‫زאز‬1‫ج'ط‬0'hC‫א‬1¤xSO3@A0
‫א_د‬I0Q ‫زאزא‬1‫و‬8 0Q ‫>א‬.ً>h0alHS0 [;3 ‫وא‬sd‫א‬
u،;*% ‫א‬1 ‫א‬NHM4‫ل‬2 ‫ א‬bJHQe‫א‬3‫ونو‬%Q ٢%=2E‫אن‬C‫"א‬
.J ‫א‬1 Q 2‫و‬،‫>د‬+AHG@Dap J
SO2 + O3 SO3 + O2
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 ( H2SO4)n
GI^V "]%<‫="و‬ n‫@ز‬
SO2 + 1/2 O2 + H2O H2SO4 ( H2SO4)n
pm..‫ج‬/I ‫وא‬V‫ن‬G2‫א‬
٤٤
:‫[س‬E-1 0h‫א‬3¦ ‫د‬m‫א‬Na'#‫א‬SO2I7/ '4SQi0 ‫א‬
-g‫א‬I‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬.<‫א‬n-NHGbD%G@ l‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬SO2 ‫زא‬4(١)
.‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬SO2‫ص‬50‫א‬bHQe8J ‫و>א‬E;P<‫א‬%vd‫@א‬
2 CaCO3 + 2SO2 + O2-------2 CaSO4 + CO2
SiA ‫א‬rP ‫א‬rD:‫>אق‬h‫مא‬Z0J‫دא‬l ‫א‬rQ ‫زא א‬4(٢)
.SiA ‫ @=[@א‬J= ‫وא‬iN 0 ‫زא‬4Qe(Pyritic Sulphur)
‫'ع‬n -Z0 6#‫;א‬%.SiA ‫א‬0 ‫زא‬4p/5ًsi0‫א‬rQ ‫א‬Q ‫و‬
0 ‫(א‬Bio-Technology) d‫ _ א‬HQ0 ‫אمא‬Z0[ l ‫א‬IH*Q ‫صא‬
.R‫א‬3‫@א‬Qa ‫א‬M4ًsi0‫א‬rQ ‫@א‬Y-1‫د‬l‫ن‬QG
.rQ ‫א‬AZH‫د‬l‫אمو‬Z0[‫(א‬٣)
lN ‫א‬IN x vaG‫وم‬lN- -1‫د‬5‫אم‬Z0[lN ‫جא‬0'‫(א‬٤)
.;%Ad‫دא‬l ‫אمא‬Z0[1‫א‬%d‫א‬
ZHAcid RainI@óšßb§a@ŠĐ½a
‫א‬I‫ @א< وאאدא‬2)‫نא‬#8 ‫ذ‬،;%a ‫א‬+Hv- ! l‫ذو‬%N‫¡@א‬
1NE.‫س‬H ‫»א‬/HG 5 ‫א‬1NU.A Q ‫وא‬Gl‫א‬1N#(b YQeP ‫א‬
JGC0a ‫وא‬%|‫א‬1NE. o1#‫&א א‬HG‫א< و‬I'‫א‬g|‫;א‬3=Gx % ‫א‬
.‫ @א א‬0J‫@وא‬#‫א‬I1N#‫א‬0/Gً!.C‫א‬F‫'&א‬
r JG0 ‫א‬N J ‫א‬1N#‫א‬/6>، o‫א‬P#‫دא‬/ ‫لא‬،Q ‫و‬
<‫لא‬%e‫ن‬Epq%N‫א‬،Dh‫א‬3"./ ‫א‬C‫א‬g_E/@Da
@A0‫(وא د‬lJ ‫א‬%N‫א‬.NOXk_‫ و‬H ‫[ א‬DE‫و‬SOXrQ ‫[ א‬DU6-‫א‬
‫א‬3"‫و‬.C‫وא‬8 H ‫>א‬،8 0Q ‫ً>א‬N -ً‫د‬0H I7-‫א‬3"x
.sd‫א‬%N‫وא‬Ed‫و[طא‬Ep [.%/
٥,٧M4٥,٦(pH)H _‫و‬1 F‫א‬Sl% ‫א‬O >o!d‫א‬M4ً / L@ e%N‫א‬
!Q ‫א‬3".8 '%Q ‫ج>א‬0'hC‫א‬x<‫א_دא‬CO2@A0 v 0'
(Minerals) '/‫א‬#‫ زא א‬D‫ن‬QG،‫א‬3"S1o!d‫א‬P=5 ‫א‬
Q ‫א‬o!drJ ;E،‫ אن‬d‫نوא‬J'‫ א‬d>0b-/‫ و‬o1#‫א‬%a ‫א‬
٤٥
I= ‫א‬n%>، 'D ‫א‬Na'#‫;א‬%#‫אאدא<א‬.1%o;Ep JG0 ‫א‬
0>.%N!- / N ‫א‬o!d‫א‬S"JG‫و‬p JG،ba‫;א‬%#‫ א‬/ N ‫א‬%"‫وא &א‬
/ N ‫א‬%N‫ن[طא‬f،ًH[/ N ‫א‬bv0HG0 ‫ضא‬ª P Q ‫א‬I !Q ‫א‬x
j4..NOX،SOXD!"JQ ‫و‬.I A-Gp JG‫_אن‬1 b2504HQe
%N‫لא‬Y‫و‬s!d‫אزنא‬0 ‫א‬R‫א‬%N2h‫א‬6Y0 ‫' "א‬QJ ‫א‬Na'#‫א‬
. *0'‫و‬/I‫ذא‬I [%GM4A A|‫א‬o!d‫ذوא‬/ N ‫א‬
<‫א‬NOX،SOXًDI7/ '4‫ن‬EnJ ‫@א‬5A ‫'א‬%D‫نذ‬En [
‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬-J-[p J‫@'ط‬QHNO3،H2SO4‫ض‬ªEM4‫ل‬i0G
‫;_د‬%E‫אد‬N [‫ _دא@و‬S0G0 ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬IA0 ‫* وא‬s ‫א‬
d‫א‬P<‫א‬I! J_@I- ً *g_b0 ‫د‬/S03"d‫'طא‬.<‫א‬
o،HNO3،H2SO4‫'ط‬l‫و‬#‫א‬3"،j‫א‬..(NH3) '#‫א‬،(Lime)
p J‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/A‫ و‬/ N ‫א‬I7/ 'h‫א<لא‬n-NH‫א‬HCLM4
I%b¡‫א‬sd‫א‬%N‫א‬H @ -Y.sd‫א‬%N.%/G0 ‫ وא‬s>I [%G
.Cl،NO3،SO4،Mg2+،Ca2+،K+،Na+،NH+4،H+: Gm‫א‬I0)‫א‬
:M0 ‫א‬p G ً "s!d‫א‬%N‫ضא‬ªE6 ‫א‬3"!"J
،ً‫ _א‬/‫ن‬Q6‫ن‬EQed‫[طא‬.(H2SO4>HNO3>HCl)
‫[ط‬6‫>אد‬/‫ن‬E0>.6-0 ‫א‬1‫د‬5- D١٠٠٠M4٥٠٠M4@5l
SOX PQ ‫א‬I7/ 'h‫א‬v 0'r'D‫و‬b /G‫א‬3HD‫و‬J ‫א‬s!d‫א‬%N‫א‬
.i0‫א‬Ih ‫وא‬i0‫א‬Q-!‫@א‬DA Q ‫א‬IH5 ‫א‬I‫ذא‬nLH‫א‬
PQ ‫א‬I7/ 'h‫א‬p JC‫א‬F‫א‬6-GR [Eً‫@وא>א‬es!d‫א‬%N‫א‬
I7-!- OQ‫زدא‬.<‫א‬P Q ‫ א‬H5 ‫א‬nLH‫א‬NOX،SOX
IA0 ‫א‬N[‫א‬،HNO3،H2SO4M4‫אאد‬3"JDE‫ص‬%gGNOX،SOX
‫&م‬H ‫!אدوא‬- P D-Gp J‫ن‬EQes!d‫א‬%N‫א‬.‫ !و‬Q ‫* وא‬s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬
+H<‫א وא‬،I ‫א‬،1v>#‫א‬،IG H ‫א‬،wz#‫א‬، ‫ض@א‬1#‫א‬- ‫א‬
:GmD;%a ‫א‬
٤٦
‫م‬% ‫א‬/H5‫ א‬/ ‫א‬e‫א‬17m‫א‬8 3D‫و‬Ca'‫! 'وאدא‬- -0 ‫(א‬١)
'‫وא‬p J/s ‫وא‬R ‫א‬6‫>و‬v 0'j‫א‬..-% ‫א‬%vd‫;وא‬P<‫א‬%vd‫وא‬
3E‫> م‬P5‫א‬+AH %517m‫ضא‬%/0G.[‫و‬. sd‫א‬I'Q‫א‬
.‫א ز‬I‫א‬C‫א‬%_h‫א‬
r G‫ووא و‬%Q ‫א‬C‫دא‬#‫א‬-M0 %7¦;3 ‫א وא‬oª(٢)
oªp J ‫א‬C ! DP=0 ‫א‬p J% P= ‫א‬17m‫א‬8 3D.k_‫ و‬H ‫א‬
.I= ‫_ א‬0'‫ضא‬A©4M4;‫;¦د‬3 ‫א وא‬
³\*5P=G‫אقو‬1‫و‬#‫א‬C‫א‬3= ‫زא אدא‬4،I= ‫ @وא‬2i!- -0 ‫(א‬٣)
³n /;3 ‫وא‬،*s ‫! @א‬0 ‫ א‬-!‫و‬P=5 ‫א‬IG H ‫א‬³vJ'#-0 ‫א‬.1‫و‬3 ‫א‬
.b0‫دو‬b‫و‬I H ‫א‬
4،- ‫א‬A،o!d‫@א‬، *‫א‬S&H ‫א‬-F‫א‬I‫א‬P7U0 ‫(א‬٤)
.(Mobilization)n0- l‫ن‬Q ‫ ' م‬#‫دن@א‬/‫א‬
@‫س‬H_EI'QP=0 ‫ א* @א‬d‫א‬-;%E _ I‫א‬P7UG(٥)
.‫ض‬%!- wz#‫ضא‬%/G‫وزد‬،wzh‫_ א‬0'‫א‬A،I‫وא‬%s|‫א‬،‫ن‬0Q' ‫א‬
0g ‫[سא‬#‫א‬I‫ذא‬I ‫א‬،8'g ‫א‬،p-5- s!d‫@א‬D±0 ‫@א‬/A-0 ‫(א‬٦)
.I‫א‬1 J ‫א‬CL‫و‬
.%7U0G‫ن‬EQe0 ‫א‬%/a ‫وא‬-<‫وא‬،*% D،‫ن‬J'‫א‬--!0)‫א‬I‫א‬P7U0 ‫(א‬٧)
.‫ن‬J'‫א‬i5 ً‫אً>دא‬bGp JGl sd‫א‬1N#n-NHG0‫א‬- ‫دنא‬/‫א‬
i5 ‫א‬P/gl- ‫دنא‬/‫א‬I‫א‬g D%G‫وزد‬R%a ‫ א‬I'‫א‬goª
.1oI‫א‬P7UGp Jl‫و‬/ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬% N ‫א‬،´H‫א@@א‬-l0Gs!d‫א‬%N‫א‬p J-0 ‫_א‬1‫د‬
(Biota)NH‫ א' א‬d‫ وא‬G H ‫א‬IH*Q ‫وא‬،‫د‬m‫طא‬aH ‫وא‬، _ <‫א‬
bHi- ‫ج‬/ ‫א‬I‫א‬C‫א‬%_4‫و‬P D_1-‫א‬0-Qa"s!d‫א‬%N‫א‬%"¡
o J *% ‫א‬R [#‫>א‬E"s!d‫א‬%N‫عא‬l‫و‬Ih!0>4.ً‫_א‬A-QI‫א‬C‫א‬%_4"
%N‫א‬I‫א‬P7UGM4oO >.SiA @!/G0 ‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬lN ‫א‬IN I‫א‬Ca'4
٤٧
(s!d‫א‬%N!- J‫)א‬I7-‫א‬SQi0 ‫ א‬R%‫ א‬2E'f،s!d‫א‬
.s!d‫א‬%N‫א‬71s ‫*א‬0H ‫<א‬/c+ ‫و‬15‫א‬
،SOXI7/ '4A¤"s!d‫א‬%N‫א‬-Qa‫ و‬-!/ ‫א > א‬I 'Qh‫א‬
:‫ض‬%= ‫אא‬3F Gm‫א‬6 ‫א א*@א‬I04O >،NOX
‫د‬l ‫א‬wb0[‫א‬AH ‫א‬:(Energy Conservation),l; ‫א‬q?J(١)
‫אم‬Z0[‫א‬CAQ ‫لزدא‬lN ‫א‬£A>.NOX،SOXI7/ '4¢NM0 ‫و‬
.8 3D1 0h‫א‬3¦;3 ‫;א‬1<‫لא‬g/ ‫א‬kJY‫دو‬l ‫א‬
I‫دذא‬l ‫!لא‬/0[‫وزدא‬H‫א‬I‫دزא‬l‫و‬k_‫ و‬H ‫وא‬rQ ‫زא א‬4(٢)
I7/ '‫@א‬-G0 ‫א‬I _ HQ0 ‫אمא‬Z0[‫وא‬ErQ ‫א‬/ N ‫א‬AZH‫;א‬0)‫א‬
"NOXAZH‫جא‬0'h‫א‬I‫ذא‬I HG‫אم‬Z0[‫وא‬rQ ‫زא א‬4.NOX،SOX
.%DE H‫ز‬A 8 3D@&G‫ن‬E@!0)‫!ووא‬- ً >>0‫א א*@א‬
3F‫ل‬->%‫אن‬Qe;3 ‫وא‬lN- ;%E@*‫; א‬%Ad‫دא‬l ‫ אلא‬0[‫(א‬٣)
.-Qa‫א‬
:GmS0‫ن‬4QeSOXI7/ '4A
&'@I HG‫אم‬Z0[U‫د‬l ‫قא‬%>@ lrQ ‫;א‬0)‫زא א‬4(E)
.@*J ‫دא‬l ‫א‬rQ ‫زא א‬4،(Coal Gasification)‫ز‬M4SiA ‫@א‬Y،SiA ‫א‬
/*‫ א‬N ‫>אقא‬4 >!D‫>אق‬h‫א‬CH7ErQ ‫;א‬0)‫زא א‬4(R)
.(Fluidized Bed Combusion)
I‫وزא‬I‫!> دمא =زא‬D‫>אق‬h‫א‬/rQ ‫א‬I7/ '4 ‫زא‬4(_)
1‫د‬5SOXA@ 0J.>0‫ن‬QG(Scrubbers)@ J= ‫א‬S&'O >‫אא‬
.I H0 ‫א‬8-GCAD-l0 -0 ‫دא‬l ‫א‬
‫אن‬%#‫@א‬/0 YQe0 ‫قא‬%d‫א‬1‫د‬5NOXI7/ '4A
.@ =a0 ‫א‬.‫و‬%¡@/G‫و‬E(Burner)‫ق‬%d‫زא‬b_S !5G‫و‬
S0O >،k0->%-‫ق‬%d‫אمא‬Z0[4@!aGً >>0‫قא‬%d‫@א‬/GI HG
S !5GP =G‫و‬E،‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬%‫و‬G،‫ق‬%d‫א‬CH7EC‫>א‬،lC‫א‬F‫א‬SQi0 ‫א‬
A¤sAQeI‫א‬1 J- ‫>אق‬h‫א‬1‫د‬5(NOX)I7/ '‫א‬.‫ق‬%d‫א‬.%
٤٨
I‫א =زא‬N [ ‫א@א‬/ NOX ‫زא‬h‫وא‬w%)‫>אقא‬h‫א‬1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬
O >(3 Way System)I‫א‬1J6 ‫@'&مא‬I‫א‬g b‫אم‬Z0[‫د‬/ ‫א‬
.rl ‫א‬+A'NOX‫و‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫نوא‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬EA]
‫א>אق‬GH ‫א‬C‫א‬b- 6-!DSO2‫ن‬E‫ن‬H&C!-/ ‫א‬/‫ن‬E&>-J‫א‬
n /‫ن‬E8 3DQe،s!d‫א‬%N‫א‬P D_1S"J;3 ‫;وא‬%Ad‫دא‬l ‫א‬
‫ن‬QG@/08 ‫وذ‬،5 ‫א‬P7UGp J/ ‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫دא‬g PN|‫א‬%"& ‫א‬
.pDQ ‫א‬G‫و‬CsA ‫א‬M4ً '7+!a ‫א‬/E‫אد‬G1‫א‬-@!/G0 ‫א‬%N piJ ‫א‬
ZHHydrocarbonsI@ZpbãìiŠ×ë‰†îa@MT
1‫د‬5‫א‬8 3D‫و‬/ N ‫طא _א‬aH <‫א‬M4I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬O/ HG
PZ G‫و‬IA-Z‫وא‬pa|‫وא‬،rg ‫وא‬SiA ‫قא‬%>،I‫א‬1 J ‫ن@אدمא‬J'‫@א‬/A
I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬I7/ '4M4٪١٥M‫א‬1G‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/A1‫د‬5‫א‬.I 3‫א‬
ً%G1‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/A<‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫;א‬HJ ‫א‬6/ 'h‫א‬.<‫א‬
ً7/ '4I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬%DE"(CH4)‫א ن‬.‫م‬/ ‫א‬L٧١٠×٥٧M‫א‬
‫وא‬،C‫א‬s/ ‫!دא‬- *‫@א "א‬-i0 ‫ @א‬/ N ‫א‬Na'#<‫א‬
I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬%¬‫'ع‬٢٠M‫>א‬8 3D_. l ‫ א‬d‫א‬IH*Q p[‫وא‬% ‫وא‬
‫!@אن‬aG‫ و‬/ ‫א‬1‫و‬%‫א‬Q ‫א‬O >nLH‫א‬n2‫א<א‬
،m - xylene،Isobutane،Isopentane،n - pentane،n - butane،Ethane]
07P= ‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬.[Toluene،Acetylene،Ethylene،Propane
‫ !و‬Q ‫ !ووא‬Q ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬-J-[‫א<ل‬JDU0G1‫א‬%d‫א‬.‫و‬%& ‫א‬
@Qs‫אد‬،CO2@Iv0H‫א‬-0«‫ن‬QGbH0H3"‫و‬. *s ‫א‬
S00 ‫ "زوא‬h‫وא‬C‫אא‬3‫ضא‬ª#‫(وא‬p[%G0 ‫)وא‬P=2I! J_
;‫ !و‬Q ‫@א‬A0 ‫א‬H ‫אאدא‬3"/.1N#‫@א‬/A@A[EM4b- J
I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬%DE‫ن‬J'‫א‬-1oI‫א‬P7UG ‫ن‬QI'%D‫و‬1 b- *s ‫א‬
;‫ !و‬Q ‫א 'א‬R s ‫نא‬QG /-G‫ د‬1‫دو‬FI'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬.bJA'
،k/ ‫[ א‬J>،°% ‫א‬A¤50;3 ‫(وא‬Photo chemical Smog)*s ‫א‬
. LN‫א‬Iv0H!- na0 ‫א‬%[‫و‬IG H- -G‫و‬2i*‫א‬1
٤٩
(Photo chemical Smog)@óöìšÛa@ôëbàîØÛa@óãb†Ûa@lbjšÛa
x1d‫א‬J!a‫مא‬#‫א‬CH7EI‫א‬1 J ‫אدمא‬P DI !Q<‫!@א‬YH
"gv>S0‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫نא =زא‬f3*H،I -0 ‫;א‬0J‫ض‬A©‫وא‬A A1
O >HD[ *‫@"א‬0D‫و_د‬x(Inversion Layers) JQ/ ‫א‬I -0 ‫א‬I N
‫ !و‬DIAG6Y،3*H.A Q ‫א‬+!a ‫א‬/#rl ‫א‬+A'‫ض‬%/0 ‫א‬
% d‫א‬na ‫;وא‬%#‫א‬s/ ‫א‬I D%‫وא‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬،NO2@Q *o
،(Peroxides) [D#‫قא‬،‫وزون‬#‫نא‬QGM4;‫¦د‬c(Free Radicals)
%"¡M4;‫א¦د‬3"‫و‬.(٥)@Qa ‫;א<א‬%#‫* א‬s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬I‫א‬JD¦‫א‬
‫ن‬Q050;3 ‫وא‬،(Photo chemical Smog)*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫א 'א‬R s ‫א‬
k/ ‫[ א‬Jd J‫ א‬HH‫د‬E‫وو_د‬،°% ‫@א‬-G0 ‫(א‬Ih[‫و‬%h‫)א‬1‫زא‬% ‫א‬
' ‫ طא‬s ‫א‬. LN‫א‬IH5‫وא‬IG H- a ‫א‬-0 ‫א‬p JG0 ‫وא‬،*% ‫وא‬
;‫د‬/ ‫א‬R s ‫א‬g ¨S0‫و‬JD¦R o"*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫@א‬A0 ‫@א‬/A
.R s ‫א نوא‬kx!<‫א‬CH7E‫ن‬Q0;3 ‫لوא‬g0Z‫א‬
٥٠
٥١
I7/ '4SQi0 ‫א‬pq'f،<‫* א‬s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬I7-‫نא‬QG‫و‬
.NOX،I'%D‫و‬1 F‫[[ و"א‬#‫א‬I7-‫א‬
ZHParticulatasI@pbàî¦a@MU
‫@م‬Dn-NH.<‫א‬F‫א‬I'Q‫"א‬-*J ‫وא‬E -5 ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
2‫א‬/ ‫א‬kD‫ @א א‬/ N ‫א‬1‫د‬5‫א‬I! J<‫א‬L‫ ن‬-٢٠٠٠M‫א<>א‬
SiA ‫א‬،pa|‫قא‬%>@‫ن‬J'‫@א‬/ANa'#‫א‬.j‫א‬.. ‫ش‬% ‫א‬،% ‫ وא‬-% ‫א‬
،S_H‫=لא‬0[‫وא‬،%b5 ‫א‬I -!‫و‬، H5 ‫א‬I -!/ ‫א‬،;‫*@وא =ز‬J ‫دא‬l ‫وא‬
IA-«‫و‬pa|‫א‬،SiA ‫قא‬%>،I= ‫א‬n*‫א‬%>،; ‫א‬IN ‫د‬% ‫א‬I7/ '4
%Nl.‫م‬/ ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬L‫ ن‬-٤٥٠M‫>א‬n-NG3".j‫א‬.. ‫א‬1g ‫א‬
OQ‫ز‬x‫ون‬%Q ٢١٠×٥M4‫ون‬%Q ٤–١٠×٢‫אو‬3"I! J<‫א‬
@-;3 ‫وא‬C‫א‬F‫א‬R‫א‬%Noh‫وא‬I! J<‫א‬D‫و‬Sv>-l0-0«
..h¬M4I P=0‫ن‬EQep/Q! 0H[@Q "‫د‬.bL[‫ل‬/
-0]O >g‫ن‬EQeI! J<‫دא‬%sd‫ وא‬H5 ‫א‬nLH‫א‬
b5*5‫و‬I! J<‫א‬Sv>،Q ‫و‬.p/Q‫אא‬/‫אم‬%v -٢M4‫אم‬%_‫و‬%Q ٦٠
I! J<‫א‬3"‫ن‬f!Zs ‫ א‬iNJ ‫א‬b0>Jp J."‫"! د‬E%D‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬
-JG0 ‫وא‬A-0«sP‫و‬s‫صאد‬50h‫ز‬0uSv>%G
A‫و‬Cs ‫א‬r0aG-8 3D1‫د‬l3"‫م‬J_#‫א‬.<‫א‬J'v0P= ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬
،%N0‫دא‬% ‫א‬،PbBr2،PbCl2،CaO،V2O5،Fe3O4@!aGI! J<‫א‬.°% ‫א‬
I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬F‫א‬s/ ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬k.j‫א‬..‫ذאذ‬% ‫א‬،(Soot)‫ج‬HJ ‫א‬
_G0 ‫(وא‬Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)I-d‫دא‬/0 G‫و‬1#‫א‬
_1gD%0H1 ‫ج‬HJ ‫א‬.HL%J"‫و‬s/ ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬-0«
I D%‫א‬3"PQ b2504JA'HQe‫ و‬-d‫ א‬G‫و‬1#‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬
‫אאد‬M4o،Mr،Ni،Ca،V،Cd،Be@J ‫دنא‬/‫א‬17¬8 3D‫و‬
.(Benzo - ∝ - Pyrenes)PA ‫א‬gH@HL%J‫א‬s/ ‫א‬
0 ‫א‬J ‫' א‬/‫ون)@אאدא‬%Q ٣@lE%N ‫א‬I‫ ذא‬l ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
1‫و‬g ‫'وא‬#‫ن]قلא‬EbHQe0 ‫س(وא‬0 J[#‫وא‬Be@C‫א‬F‫א‬b-!
٥٢
p/a ‫)א‬15 ‫[ א‬J>‫و‬+AH0 ‫@א‬Da J*% ‫א‬M4‫ل‬2 ‫وא‬
C‫دא‬J ‫*א‬% ‫ضא‬%‫و‬،‫س‬0 J[#‫א‬S_H‫!ل‬/ ;*% ‫ א‬-0 ‫و@א‬.( *‫א‬F‫א‬
b-!0 ‫א‬I! J<‫نא‬EM4o.‫نאن‬Q[*% ‫´א‬A0'4،SiA ‫א‬S_H
‫אد‬-0 ‫א‬pJ‫ن‬EQe‫ج‬HJ ‫وא‬،R s ‫א‬،H‫د‬#‫א‬،1 = ‫א‬،%G#‫@א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬
.@ 7!0 ‫وא‬I - -0 ‫א‬p JG‫دنو‬/‫@א‬D±G@v/G‫ن‬EQeI! J<‫א‬.A-0«
‫א_د‬I! J<‫א‬.I! Jv- / N ‫ !ووא‬Q ‫א|אصא‬--0 ‫_א‬1‫د‬l0G
\0¨lb'E!D.‫وא د‬piJ ‫نא‬QG‫´ل‬H‫א‬-%7¦G‫ن‬EQe<‫א‬
.°% ‫@א‬-G‫و‬/E
@I‫א‬g bv0 ‫אمא‬Z0[ H5 ‫א‬I‫אلאدمא =زא‬gG‫ن‬EQeI! J<‫א‬
pL% ‫ @א‬J= ‫א‬،p [ ‫א‬.%،(Cyclone Collector) '‫و‬g-d‫א‬I/<‫א‬
.Q G0[‫و‬%bQ ‫א‬p [ ‫وא‬
òßba@pbqìÜß@œÈjÛ@òíëbàîØÛa@O@òîuìÛìîjÛa@paqdnÛaë@ãìä
Characteristics & Biochemical Effects Ofsome Important Air
Pollutants
@ZHSOXI@oíØÛa@†îb×c@MQ
h‫و"ز‬.SO3٪٣–١،SO2٪٩٩–٩٧SOX@!aZ@ãìä
dً'Q،1a0'h‫א‬x%[.'‫ذو‬A'i*‫א‬1 ‫و‬C‫א‬R‫و‬3،@ 7، ‫ن‬
،s/ ‫אدא‬x@A0!b -D،H2SO4،H2SO3ً'QC‫א‬x@A0،JD¦
.‫دنوאאد‬/‫א‬
*‫א‬F‫ א‬5 ‫[ א‬J>‫ و‬bG6‫و‬%J\0e@Z@ôëbàî×ìîjÛa@qdnÛa
@!/‫ن‬Q0;3 ‫א‬8 0Q ‫>א‬.Ieg'#‫א|@א‬I‫ !و‬Dx@A0–
،I g<‫و¡*א‬-0«-0‫و‬Ieg'h‫א‬C‫دא‬En /،k_‫و‬1 F‫א‬Sl% ‫א‬A-
‫زد‬،C‫א‬F‫لوא‬JAH0 ‫زא‬b<‫א‬C‫دא‬En /‫و‬،+AH0 ‫א‬lGM4;‫¦د‬
.;‫و‬/- [Jd‫א‬
٥٣
ZNOX@ZúëîäÛa@†îb×c@MR
@ -l‫ ن و‬h‫ز‬N2O.NO‫و‬NO2،NOًDً NOX@!a@Z@ãìä
@"‫و‬،>M4C‫א‬R‫و‬3،H%ªE' ‫ز‬NO2.C‫ونא‬3 ‫א‬
@A0 ‫א‬HQe‫;و‬lJD¦@‫א‬3"‫و‬HNO3‫ن‬Q C‫א‬x@A0‫ن‬EQe،JD¦
‫ز‬b<‫א‬M4@5‫ن‬EQeNO2‫ز‬.s/ ‫א‬I D%‫א‬PD‫دنو‬/‫א‬S&/x
.<‫وزونא‬#‫نא‬QG8 3DS"J"‫و‬.JAH0 ‫א‬
Zôëbàî×ìîjÛa@qdnÛa
‫ل‬0'‫א‬CAD@-‫و‬k-_! F‫א‬x‫ط‬1‫ن‬Q،‫"ن‬- ;-|‫א‬JH ‫א‬JD¦
/ ‫א‬I0J‫א‬. eg'#‫א|א‬S&'/R‫א‬%No‫א‬6.kvJDh‫א‬
8 ‫¦د;ذ‬l‫*و‬% ‫א‬vJ'E bG،;*1‫אد‬J'‫א‬p J‫ن‬EQe-L‫ض‬%/0 ‫وא‬
NO.8 0Q ‫א‬d8‫ ذ‬aG"17¬‫و‬8 H ‫>א‬R [E.I‫א‬M4
. ‫א‬1‫א و‬M4 2‫> و‬،k-_! F‫א‬xo4pD%QGQe
CO@ZæìiŠØÛa@†î×c@Þëc@MS
@&HQ ‫و‬C‫ونא‬3 ‫ @א‬-l،‫و"ز[م‬i*‫א‬1‫و‬E‫ ن‬+ ‫ز‬Z@ãìä
.kvJD 8 ‫ذ‬%DEk-_! b- P Q ‫א‬0"‫א‬%a ً‫א‬%&'1N|‫א‬
M4k-_! F‫א‬xkvJDh‫دא‬Y4n /‫אא =ز‬3"Zò@ íëbàî×ìîjÛa@paqdnÛa
kvJDh‫@א‬ª-‫א م‬lL@-‫א‬3‫و‬،>
:‫د‬/ ‫א‬.‫و‬%& ‫א‬
O2 + Hb O2Hb (k-_! "JDE)
.‫ن‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E(CO)‫و_د‬
O2Hb + CO COHB + O2 (k-_! "JD%D)
ً‫א‬PDp JG0 ‫وא‬%N J ‫ن"א‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬US!J0- % ‫א‬v 0H ‫א‬
I‫א‬%No‫א‬M4;‫¦د‬COEI0JM4‫ض‬%/0 ‫زدא‬.I‫א‬1 J ‫א‬6‫>אد‬
P0_QeCO@/AS!J0 ‫א‬. ‫א‬p J;3 ‫قא‬H0h‫@א‬A-0«s
.J ‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬P=;3 ‫وא‬kvJD‫א‬
٥٤
Zæë‹ëþa@MT
PAN Peroxy Acety Nitrate@;%#‫* א‬s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬I‫א‬JD¦‫وزونوא‬#‫א‬
.(Photo chemical)*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫א‬R s ‫א_دא‬
r7P،C‫ونא‬3 ‫ @א‬-l،p>‫ق‬1‫ز‬E‫ز‬1 ‫وزون‬#‫@א‬Z@ãìä
I D%‫א‬PDx‫د‬Yh‫א‬HQeً‫(_א‬a'JD¦@.->i*‫א‬1 ،p D ‫א‬
1oPAN،O3;%#‫طوאאدא‬N‫א‬x8 3D‫و‬vJ'h‫א|وא‬s/ ‫א‬
.‫ن‬J'‫ אنوא‬d‫وא‬IG H-
Zòíëbàî×ìîjÛa@paqdnÛa
%d‫א‬na ‫نא‬QGp J"PAN،‫وزون‬#‫ًא‬D z.|‫א‬I'QJD‫א‬
‫א|אص‬P=‫א‬3‫و‬DNA-0‫ن‬EQe‫ن‬Q0‫א‬%d‫א‬na ‫א‬.(Free Radicals)
ً J*% ‫صא‬50h‫قوא‬aH0[h‫א‬/S0‫م وزون‬J ‫א‬P7U0 ‫א‬.Z- H <‫א‬
‫ض‬%/0 ‫א* وא > א‬F‫א‬I‫א‬P/a ‫א‬-Gp JO >،*% ‫א*@א‬J ‫א‬SD‫א‬%G
k/- [Jd‫א‬p J*s ‫ !و;א‬Q ‫א‬R s ‫وزونوא‬#‫ًא‬D.xAG%;0J
;%#‫* א‬s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬I‫א‬JD¦‫وزونوא‬#‫@א‬/AGH ‫א‬%d‫א‬na ‫א‬.+AH0 ‫و א‬E‫و‬
0 ‫א‬Ieg'#‫طא‬a'@-8 3D‫و‬Ieg'#‫א‬-(Sulphydryl)I!V-0
‫ط‬a'n /‫ن‬EQe‫وزون‬#‫א‬.|‫א‬lL G‫و‬8J ‫و>א‬1‫[[ د‬E"
‫ض‬ªh‫א‬k.I H ‫א‬Ig ‫زوא‬- - J ‫א‬Q0‫م‬G0 ‫א‬Ieg'#‫א‬/
.PAN@/AG4S0(Cysteine)rQ ‫א‬-0)‫ א‬H #‫א‬
ZHôŠþa@ñŠíbĐn½a@òíìšÈÛa@pbj×Š½aë@I@pbãìiŠ×ë‰†îa@MU
.PDIv0Hv0HI D%‫א‬PD‫'אع‬Ex@A0G،ً‫_א‬Na'@Z@ãìä
<‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬S"JG;%#‫א‬s/ ‫א‬I D%‫وא‬%N0‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬
.‫وزون‬#‫א א‬0 J‫א‬
I'Qx@A0G‫ن‬EQeI D%‫א‬3"/Zò@ íëbàî×ìîjÛa@paqdnÛa
DNAx@A0G‫ن‬EQe(Benzopyrene)@HL%J‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬.|‫א‬
.‫ن‬L%J ‫א> *وא‬P=0 ‫ א‬J
٥٥
@ZòÔîÓ†Ûa@ñ…b½a@pbàîu@MV
،H‫د‬#‫א‬b c‫@'ط‬Q-*J ‫وא‬E -5 ‫ א‬l ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬Z@ãìä
.I‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬-0«\0¨‫ن‬EQe -5 ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬.‫زאز‬% ‫א‬،1 = ‫א‬
I! J_.n l ‫א‬SJ<‫א‬/ N ً LP7U0 ‫א‬-0²Zò@ íëbàî×ìîjÛa@paqdnÛa
*% ‫א‬DNA-GM4;‫¦د‬G!D.*% ‫אضא‬%Ep JG;%#‫א‬I! J<‫نوא‬%Q ‫א‬
.;%EDE‫و‬
ZòÜîÔrÛa@æ…bÈ½a@MW
:‫ن‬/‫א‬/ L-‫א|אص‬l0GZãìä
‫א א‬I!,‫א‬/P0Ieg'#‫طא‬a'l4Zò@ íëbàî×ìîjÛa@paqdnÛa
‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬/ N ‫א‬-l0G;%#‫ !وא‬D ‫א‬I‫א‬P7U0 ‫א‬.(Functional Groups)
.‫دن‬/!-
:Gm‫א<ولא‬b5 Z-GQe"1‫د‬5‫و‬C‫א‬F‫א‬I7-/P7UG
æaìî§aë@æbã⁄a@óÜÇ@bçŠqcë@òßba@õaìa@pbqìÜß@œÈi@‰…b–ß@Þë†u
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א د א‬ ‫א‬
‫م‬G=‫زد‬،‫م‬G ‫א‬0fI@،,fI ‫د א‬l[ "Ô& ‫אقא‬aJA‫א‬ CO‫ن‬L# ‫א‬GI^V‫ول‬V
،،r‫אد‬W[ BDI‫ א =א‬،M‫א‬5I ‫=دمא‬M\2DTm
s`L[7fE‫א‬+GWP ،‫אن‬:‫א‬،,\?/ ‫א‬M^t‫א‬
. ‫א‬BDI uDP ‫א‬,/ ‫د‬V،07/‫א‬
52X ‫وא‬v?/P ‫لא‬G2‫زد‬ MkP/‫ق‬J،‫د‬l ‫قא‬J SO2cd# ‫א‬GI^VT\
،‫ق‬/P A‫א‬،v?/P ‫'א‬L ،M?[w‫قא‬J،‫ول‬aD ‫א‬
‫ز‬Z-‫نא‬PJ‫وא‬,<IJ‫و‬ #@"2،‫ول‬aD ‫א‬,=/x
k/6‫وא‬5‫و‬n ‫وא‬I?/P ‫א‬ hJ+Te،‫ول‬aD ‫א‬
`2 ‫א‬,<IJ‫و‬ M[f2 ‫א‬،yPd# ‫א‬
,7O P‫א‬
٥٦
æaìî§aë@æbã⁄a@óÜÇ@bçŠqcë@òßba@õaìa@pbqìÜß@œÈi@‰…b–ß@Þë†u@M@Éibm
،I?/P ‫زא‬Z-‫א‬,<IJ ‫ أان‬،‫ دم ا رات‬ NOX 0 1‫و‬2 ‫ ا‬# % ‫أآ‬
B2X ‫א‬RZP m‫אאض‬،‫אع‬Ge ‫ א‬،‫ ا ت‬،‫ ا ز‬،‫ا‬
G5 ‫א‬z?PTm،,N‫א‬E‫ א‬،‫! ت اى‬
،,N ‫א‬,‫[{و‬P ‫א‬،N ‫ א‬،‫ة‬#$%&‫ ا‬،‫(' ت‬$‫ا‬
،Edema N ‫ א‬YIP<A‫ *ق א‬HNO3
,fG ‫دא‬G& ‫=[א‬O\|P ‫א‬ ‫ ت‬+,$‫ وا‬./,‫ا‬
G،Lachrymatory
‫ن‬/<A‫@}^"א‬،,ZX ‫א‬
.LRZP ‫א‬،‫ق‬5:‫א‬،‫אع‬Ge ‫ ورق א‬45 6! ،‫ك‬8‫أان ا‬ H2S 0 1‫رو‬# B‫ ا‬# 2:‫آ‬
~V،(,fWP[‫?)א‬-‫ول א‬2:‫ ا‬،;‫ا‬8‫ا‬
‫ز‬Z-‫א‬,<IJ،`2 ‫ زت א‬،82‫وا‬
,WN‫א א‬،‫ق‬/P A‫א‬،I?/P ‫ א‬،‫ز‬8‫ا‬
, 2 ‫א‬M‫א‬nâ ‫א‬G/=.,Z# ‫د א‬+<‫ د> = ا‬،‫ ت‬:6‫ا‬
‫ل‬PTA‫אد‬GITmBDI‫ن‬V# ? ! < '! ‫و! ت‬
MnTV0fI@،`kIÂ‫א‬ A6‫ف ا‬6‫ا‬
,kIT:‫(א‬S@m،,[i‫א‬
,De2 ‫א‬
،5‫و‬n ‫א‬،{T:‫א‬،`2 ‫א‬,<IJ 0! ‫ر‬+8‫ب ا‬D Cl2 ‫ر‬+8‫ا‬
‫ز‬Z-‫א‬,<IJ،,fI ‫א‬ F+2‫ ا‬،‫ ت‬5‫ ا‬%E‫ا‬
‫د‬G& ‫=[א‬M‫א‬O\|@،I?/P ‫א‬ ، $‫ ? ا‬$+ A>B8‫ا‬
M=-‫א‬, J.,2G ‫א‬ 0 ‫ ا‬. G :D
YIP<A‫א‬BDIGlOD# ‫א‬ 6‫ ت ا‬+$'‫وا‬
،N ‫א‬RZP A‫א‬،N ‫א‬ ‫ر‬+8+ !#,2$‫ى ا‬HE‫ا‬
MDe ‫א‬RZP ‫א‬،‫א 'م‬I/ ‫א‬
.,N‫א‬E‫א‬B2X ‫وא‬
٥٧
‫ز‬Z-‫אضא‬V،,<IJ ،77n ‫(א‬e ‫א‬,=/x HF`7‫و‬5GE‫א‬G5[

5[? ‫א‬n^@،I?/P ‫ א‬,=/x،,‫و‬f# ‫א‬M=/e ‫א‬
‫ن‬/<:‫@}^"א‬،‫م‬12 ‫ א‬،‫م‬/ A‫א‬,=/x،GA‫א‬
wx+/e@،y‫א‬I ‫א‬
‫م‬i‫א‬M?<? ‫א‬
،,fw' ‫א‬Mf# ‫א‬, J‫=دم <م‬،‫د‬l ‫אقא‬aJm CO2‫ن‬L# ‫א‬GI^VT\
0I-‫א‬S `kIÂ‫א‬T M^t‫א‬M\2DTm،M‫א‬5I ‫א‬
,\?/ ‫א‬
EMTL^‫و‬5GE‫א‬h 2L ،,'2 ‫א‬M‫و‬f# ‫א‬,=/x HCMTL^‫و‬5GE‫א‬
[=M‫א‬O\|@،.IO\|@ ،‫א;ط‬,=/x،‫ول‬aD ‫א‬#@
,2G ‫دא‬G& ‫א‬ M‫א‬5I ‫=دمא‬
،`2 ‫א‬،,N ‫א‬,<IJ ,N' ‫א‬,‫و‬f# ‫א‬MS=?P ‫א‬ O3"]M‫א‬GI^‫א‬
0^‫@א‬،,N‫א‬E‫א‬MDe ‫ وא‬,'2 ‫אدא‬f[ ,GwPI‫א‬-‫א‬
{[@‫و‬,N ‫"א‬N‫א‬I ‫ א‬،p‫א‬..`kIÂ‫وא‬
CapillariesMl;PI (e ‫=א‬,/ ‫א‬MS=?P ‫א‬
\|P ‫א‬.,N ‫ א‬,LZ# ‫א‬M/WX[ ce ‫א‬
M‫א‬O
ً<<V‫د‬2@‫ زون‬,‫و‬f^D ‫ א‬,kI?/D ‫قא‬M=2$m‫و‬
G ‫א‬J$G ‫@א‬BDIL .-‫א‬,?]# ‫א‬
‫د‬7‫א‬SHM=f
.MnT:‫א‬
،I?/P ‫زא‬Z-‫אضא‬V ‫ط‬XT،‫س‬PID<:‫א‬+Te Dusts5D& ‫א‬
.,TG2‫א‬,L@:‫א‬fI ‫ א‬M=/e ‫א‬،07/‫"א‬f2 ‫א‬
{[P ‫א‬BDI‫س‬PID<:‫א‬5D ،y‫א‬I ‫א‬,=/x،7O P‫א‬
N ‫א‬YX& ‫א‬v[#@.N ‫ج א‬7n ‫א‬,=/ x،+Te‫א א‬G
,N ‫نא‬.<‫و‬ ,^DI ‫א‬،c/A‫وא‬
٥٨
،.w‫א‬YX& ‫وא‬G[k[ {[P ‫ א‬M;‫و‬Y' ? ‫א‬,=/x،0W? ‫א‬ Be‫<[م‬d ‫א‬

‫ل‬fPJ‫وא‬،N ‫א‬G5 ‫(א‬S@m MD+/e@،,‫و‬/ ‫א‬,l; ‫א‬
‫ن‬.I ‫א‬BDI‫ن‬V ‫د‬l‫و‬،c/<5[? ‫א‬Y4‫א‬
,=/xM‫א‬GwP<‫א‬،M^t‫א‬
V
"#$‫ق‬X/P<A‫وא‬V+[D ‫ج א‬PTm،‫ون‬5D ‫جא‬PT‫א‬M‫א‬GJ‫و‬ B‫ون‬5D ‫א‬
,<I6‫א‬BDI‫د‬5 ‫ول‬aD ‫ دא‬l‫אمو‬GwP<‫وא‬
Boron B^.MLZP A‫ وא‬0W? ‫قא‬J،M4‫وא‬
{[P‫ن‬V#Hydride +/e@،,=/e ‫א‬M?[w‫وא‬
‫א‬BDI‫و‬CNS M?1/‫א‬
BDI5wD ‫وא‬,/ ‫د‬:‫قא‬X/P<‫ א‬M[f=،‫دم‬# ‫جא‬PT‫א‬,=/x Cd‫دم‬# ‫א‬
،MDe ‫א‬RZP ‫א‬،[#[ {[@ ،‫دن‬2f[ LZ# ‫א‬،B<a ‫א‬
ML‫;א‬4‫א‬،D2X ‫א‬RZP A‫ א‬T\P/.‫دن‬2‫مא‬6
،‫ن‬.I ‫א‬،,2‫وא‬,G2‫ א‬،Cu Tn،Pb,/@
،GD# ‫א‬،B[ ‫א‬ML‫;א‬4‫ א‬M‫א‬GD‫وא‬G:‫א‬,=/x
.‫د‬J0fI@BDI@‫ن‬VP/.‫ א‬،"#/ ‫א‬،‫دم‬# ‫א‬M5;L
،fT:‫א‬،y I ‫א‬ML‫;א‬4‫ج א‬PT‫א‬.‫ و‬/ ‫א‬5;XT:‫ א‬M;
‫ض‬،‫م‬G ‫א‬%&4‫ אאط‬,4^‫م‬GwPI‫א‬TEL
(`PD^ ‫=)א‬w/ ‫مא‬12 ‫א‬ ‫ول‬aD ‫א‬
‫ن‬.I ‫وא‬
‫ن‬V#،0I-‫א‬,kIT:‫ <م‬,‫و‬f# ‫א‬M=/e ‫א‬ Cr‫وم‬# ‫א‬
RZP ‫א‬،,<I6‫א‬BDI ‫אم‬GwP<‫א‬M[f=،7O P‫وא‬
{[@،G[-‫א‬MJ@،G[-‫ א‬,=/x،‫وم‬# ‫א‬MD^
BDI‫ن‬V"fP،?T:‫א‬YX& ‫א‬ ‫س‬PD<A‫وא‬c/A‫א‬
‫ن‬.I ‫א‬
٦٠
,2‫א‬y I‫صא‬ePA‫ א‬،M‫א‬5I ‫=אدمא‬M\2DTm Pb‫ص‬x ‫א‬

YX& ‫א‬B<a ‫وא‬,N‫א‬E‫و وא‬V0W? ‫قא‬J،‫ص‬x ‫א‬Zx
[#[ (S@‫א‬BDIL،.w‫د א‬M‫א‬GD،cn ‫א‬
،2G2‫ض‬،GD# ‫ وא‬Lead ‫ص‬x ‫א‬MwT5‫ز‬
5el،‫?ل‬. /‫ [{ذ‬،` GP ‫א‬،Arsenate
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n/k/L n/k/‫=[א‬,Pt‫א‬
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LZ# ‫א‬YS; ‫אضא‬JV
‫ق‬J،"#/ ‫א‬SA,GwPI‫א‬
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٦١
‫و‬,2‫و‬,G2ML‫;א‬4‫ א‬+D/e@،‫دم‬T? ‫صא‬SwP<‫א‬ V‫دم‬T? ‫א‬

B[ ‫אضא‬V،I?/P ‫زא‬Z-‫=[ א‬,Pt‫א‬yNDI ‫א‬
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0fI@‫و‬,<M‫א‬O\|@BDI , GwPI‫א‬,'2 ‫א‬
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٦٢
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Effect Of air Pollutants on Man & His Envionment
Z…aì½a@Òýma@MQ
، LN‫אאدא‬،CH ‫אدא‬،‫دن‬/‫!@א‬aGC‫א‬F‫א‬6-0%7U0G‫אن‬Qe0 ‫אאدא‬
N=0 ‫א' @وאدא‬I‫א‬CN ‫א‬،‫_ج‬g ‫א‬،I= 5 ‫א‬،‫د‬-<‫א‬،I_JH‫א‬،‫ق‬1 ‫א‬
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٦٣
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V,'J ,f=TJIs
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HF
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ZpbmbjäÛa@Òýmg@MR
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٦٤
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٦٥
Zõaìa@tìÜmë@„bä½bi@óãbã⁄a@Âb’äÛa@Šqc
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Zbèmbçb£gë@bíŠÛa@òÇŠ
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.;‫א אد‬
Zñ‰aŠ§a@pbu‰…@óÏ@ÌnÛaë@ôì¦a@pbjrÛa
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‫ ط‬F‫لא‬/!J‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬x1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫ضد‬A©4.0alHn [ AZ0 ‫وא‬
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I7-‫א‬%a0HGO >%0JP<‫نא‬Q،(Super Adiabatic Lapse Rate)
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٦٦
@Éß@ñ‰@aŠ§a@òu‰…@óÏ@ābÐ®üa@ÒëŠÃ@ÑÜn«@†äÇ@æb†Ûa@òibz@Ýí‡@ãì
@HPlume Characteristics Under Different Lapse ConditionsI@ÊbÐm‰üa@ñ…bí‹
C‫א‬F‫א‬P0 ،/ N ‫א‬piJ ‫!@א‬/ ،j‫א‬..‫אن‬%#‫א‬،I= ‫א‬x‫م‬Z0JG‫אא‬
‫ع‬AG142‫و‬،H‫א‬S !5G.CAQ‫א =ز‬I7-‫א‬%aH ‫; ¿>אقو‬1‫و‬%s ‫א‬
v- ‫د‬21‫א@א‬/ ‫א‬1 0h‫א‬3#‫א‬x3 AHGpq(Stack Height)H‫א‬
@Q.xH5‫א‬1‫א‬À‫ن‬QJ ‫א‬%7UG‫م‬DU0- 8 ‫ذ‬،% ‫وאא‬% ‫א‬%[@
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.(٦)@Qa ‫א‬o1‫א‬%d‫א‬I_1‫د‬.‫و‬%¡xiJ ‫א‬
-‫א‬MD] ,?[Pw‫و(א‬1 ‫ نא‬G ‫א‬MLW<‫אع‬TV(٦)"#$
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬

(‫ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬/ ‫ ﻡ‬7ْ – ٦ ) ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻰ ﻝﻠﻬﺒﻭﻁ‬
٦٧
‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫نא =زא‬f‫אً_א‬%0J<‫نא‬QH'E&>Qe@Qa ‫א‬
CH7EA A|‫א‬% ‫א‬x 5 ‫א‬C!J ‫א‬.(Fanning Plume)>‫و‬%@Q‫ن‬QG
6‫>و‬H، EiJ ‫א‬%a0H0[.‫و‬%& ‫א‬3"‫و>و‬%‫نא‬Q0 ‫ن‬QG@ - ‫א‬
Trapping )gv0)‫א‬iJ ‫نא‬f،-A[ AR‫א‬%No‫وא‬A A|‫א‬% R'h‫א‬
‫ دل‬G‫ون‬1‫א‬%d‫א‬I_1‫ضد‬A©4‫ل‬/6‫>و‬H1%i0G‫ن‬EQe(Plume
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‫ن‬QG‫ن‬E‫و‬EpiJ ¢-<‫نא‬QH‫ج‬%/0‫دن‬Ri[0H‫ن‬EQeA A
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IJ-‫ض‬1#‫א‬M4‫ل‬2- @ ¨x! ‫@א‬QiJ ‫א‬.(Conning) !/ ‫א‬
P D‫ض‬A©4P D‫ل‬/wH"‫ن‬QH._%/0‫א‬iJ '1 /
1a0'46.‫و‬%& ‫א‬3".(Lofting)x! ‫عא‬AG1‫א‬£>‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬x(=s ‫א‬
L‫ق‬²h-AJ ‫א‬1a0'h‫نא‬#8 ‫ضذ‬1#‫א‬M4@5GhI7/ 'h‫وא‬x%[;-
£>-AJ ‫א‬I N ‫א‬H‫ع‬AG1h‫א‬x!;l‫ض‬A©4‫ل‬/6‫>و‬H.‫س‬Q/'h‫א‬
M4@5،.‫و‬%& ‫א‬3".(Fumigation)kG، -/ ‫א‬I N ‫سא‬Q/'‫א‬
R‫א‬%Noh‫א‬p JiJ- @Q ‫لא‬N ‫א‬xg D ‫ز א‬Ii[‫ض‬1#‫א‬
CH7EA A|‫א‬% ‫ وא‬5 ‫א‬C!J ‫א‬x‫دد‬J(Fumigation)k0 ‫א‬.;1‫א‬%d‫א‬
. 5 ‫א‬
HPrecipitation & HumidityI@ZòiìŠÛaë@kîÛa
I‫ذא‬I7-‫و"[طא‬، / LI -!66‫ن‬EQeI7-‫'&א‬
I7-‫و_دא‬H‫و‬،(Fallout)!J‫א‬3"‫<ذ و‬P Q ‫א‬I d‫א‬Sv>
‫ض‬1#‫א‬M4@5;3 ‫وא‬%N‫'طא‬³‫ و‬Q0 ‫א‬HD@!/Gb'fRiJ ‫א‬I >
.(Wash Out)!JG -!/ ‫نא‬fNJ ‫א‬M4F‫و‬g'Hp [
%7¦‫ل‬0 C‫א‬F‫א‬6-G‫ن‬f، H‫א‬.‫و‬%& ‫א‬-l0C‫א‬F‫א‬6-G‫ن‬E!D
‫ز‬g،°% ‫א‬pv‫ن‬EQeC‫א‬F‫א‬6-G،ً!.>M4´H‫א‬-8 3D
‫ط‬a'-،>M4%7¦Gl3".‫א د‬+!a ‫א‬/E@-‫و‬R s ‫א‬P=G‫و‬
‫א ='@א‬،I= ‫زא א‬4@‫ن‬J'‫א‬Na'E%m‫א‬p'<‫א‬-.‫ن‬J'‫א‬
٦٨
Qe8 3D3".j‫א‬..I‫א‬1 J ‫א‬I7/ '‫א‬،;%Ad‫دא‬l ‫قא‬%>، <‫ وא‬iNJ ‫א‬
.‫ض‬1#‫א‬-´H‫א‬.‫و‬%¡P=G‫ن‬E
HPrecipitation & HumidityI@õaìa@òîÇìã@íbÈß
k/rl‫لو‬bG‫زد‬Qeh0 ‫א‬I7-‫א‬I0JoGC‫א‬F‫' א‬P/
AG0 ‫وא‬،n2‫א‬C‫א‬F‫' א‬P//\Z-.‫א د‬%=_NH
.‫ ن‬P D‫ل‬Vx/ ‫א‬i5 ‫!א‬d1‫و‬%s ‫א‬I0J‫א‬%/
ñ†zn½a@pbíüìÜÛ@õaìa@òîÇìã@íbÈß
'‫"& א(א‬-. )‫א‬

‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,١٤،‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٣‫א‬J‫م‬2 LI6‫א‬%<P‫א‬ SOX
.‫م‬2 ‫א‬GJ‫=وא‬GnA ‫وא‬,=<٢٤Gn^@elV
.‫م‬2 ‫لא‬S RIJ%<Pf^‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٥ NO2
‫א[ن‬Yn7٩،,=<٢٤‫ل‬S n^@elV CO
‫א[ن‬Yn7٣٥،,=<Gn^@elV
٠,١,=<٢٤elVG‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٣/I ‫<א‬G/E‫א‬%<P‫א‬ MfI-‫א‬

‫م‬2 ‫א‬GJ‫א[نوא‬Yn7
.‫م‬2 ‫א‬GJ‫وא‬GJ‫وא‬,=<elVG‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٨ M‫א‬GI^‫א‬
HAir MonitoringI@Zõaìa@óÏ@pbqìÜ½a@†•‰
b/S00 ‫א‬I' ‫[سא‬E-(C‫א‬F‫א‬6-0 1s ‫א‬P7U0 ‫א‬%GQe
.‫و‬%/‫ @א‬i0 ‫وא‬IH / ‫א‬3E%L‫אم‬Z0[‫و‬،IH / ‫א‬3#‫_ א‬10«xl‫א‬
-‫ل‬5i- *0H ‫א‬x lG‫وא _و‬/ N ‫ !*–א‬Q ‫א‬2% ‫@!@א‬sA‫א‬
x!<"2% ‫'א‬%M‫و‬#‫א‬.F‫א‬.C‫א‬F‫א‬6-GSQi0 ‫وא‬2% R-[E
، ‫א‬% N ‫א‬P7UG‫و‬C‫א‬F‫א_دא‬I7-‫! و' א‬D [[#‫א‬I' ‫א‬
.C‫א‬F‫א‬6-G-<‫א@א‬/ ‫نوא‬QJ ‫وא‬
٦٩
ZìvÜÛ@ÝîÜznÛaë@pbäîÈÛa@ˆc
٣M4 l ‫א‬p/Q٠,٠٠٠٣‫ل‬/cp/Q١٠H 3ES0!
(Mg/m3)٣‫م‬/‫אم‬%_‫و‬%Q I7-‫א‬g D%G/[٣–١ l ‫א‬p/Q
QeI‫وא =زא‬I! J<‫א‬I7-!- Z0J‫א‬I H0 ‫وא‬A-0Z‫א‬x!<‫א‬I‫א‬g b
:GmDb5 Z-G
õaìa@pbqìÜ½@Éà¦a@pbîäÔm
C‫א‬F‫א‬I7-
I! J_‫ز‬I7-
‫א<ذ‬I HG ‫א‬p [ ‫א‬x!<‫صא‬50‫صא‬5‫אد‬IH

1‫א د‬- P D
p [ ‫א‬p [ ‫א‬
;1‫א‬%d‫א‬Q G0[‫و‬%bQ ‫א‬
Zòîi‡b¦a@pbîäÔm
،H‫د‬#‫א‬،@)p [- - ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬x!< ‫א<ذ‬I HG‫م‬Z0JG
3Egb_E@!aGZ0J‫א‬I‫א‬g bv0 ‫א‬.C‫א‬F‫(א‬j‫א‬.%N0‫دא‬% ‫א‬،‫ج‬HJ ‫א‬
1 %G#‫[طא‬H Hl.j‫א‬..%G#‫طא‬J H H ‫@א‬،%G#‫طא‬J IH / ‫א‬
S0.‫א ع‬HC‫ @א‬-lb>0A"‫ذو‬k- 74M ‫_جאوא‬g ‫א‬C'4
N[‫عא‬AG1@>-‫و‬1 N- /'&>،%bv- bs%/G
/YS0H H ‫א‬CNJ >J‫و>א‬-(lJ ‫א‬R‫א א‬-0D.‫ض‬1#‫א‬
‫و‬E،%ba ‫א‬/٢S[/‫אم‬%v-v0H ‫א‬S GS0.‫ وא زن‬Av0 ‫وא‬C!- PZ 0 ‫א‬
٥DE%N ‫א‬I‫ذא‬I! J<‫א‬x!<‫م‬Z0JGp [ ‫א‬I HG.%ba ‫א‬/٢SD/N ‫א‬
.‫ون‬%Q
٧٠
Z|î‘Ûa@pbîäÔm
I‫א‬g bv0 ‫א‬.‫א‬%Q p[%Gh0 ‫ א‬/ ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬x!< ‫א‬I HG‫م‬Z0JG
،(High Volume Sampler)P Q ‫א‬Svd‫ذوא‬IH / ‫א‬3E‫ز‬b_@!aGZ0J‫א‬
‫م‬Z0J‫א‬i ‫א [(א‬.j‫א‬..(Paper Tape)l1 ‫(א‬%a IH / ‫א‬3E‫ز‬b_
(I'E‫ن‬m‫دنوא‬/!- ) ‫قא‬1‫و‬،(s/ ‫א‬I D%!- )__g ‫א‬.5 ‫"א‬
3F‫م‬J‫א‬Sv>.sP= ‫وא‬s/ ‫אאدא‬P=5 ‫א‬I! Jv- Q - J ‫و دא‬
‫د‬H/I! J<‫;א‬0)‫א‬.‫ون‬%Q ٠,٤٥‫ند‬QIi%‫א‬
.C‫א‬F‫א‬٣‫م‬/‫אم‬%_‫و‬%Q
I! J<‫א‬IH 3#ً ‫م‬Z0JGP Q ‫א‬Svd‫א‬I‫ذא‬IH / ‫א‬3EI‫א‬g b
M‫ل>א‬/c(٣‫م‬٢٠٠٠0>)C‫א‬F‫!א‬Zo‫م‬v>Eµs ‫م‬Z0JG3"‫و‬. / ‫א‬
Ii%‫ون‬%Q ٠,١%Nl0>I! J<‫א‬gv>‫ و‬l ‫א‬p/Q١,٧
Inertial TechniqueG‫א‬3 ‫א‬15 H0 ‫!א‬JG2 HG.__g ‫א‬.5 ‫א‬
4P=G-@!/;3 ‫א‬n*‫א‬/‫ود‬g‫א‬H / ‫א‬3E‫ز‬b_M4 i[S06-‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬
.<‫دمא‬50 ‫א‬.n*‫א‬/ ‫א‬x‫دم‬50 ‫אא‬I! J<‫א‬PJG!H ،C‫א‬F‫نא‬%[
‫ن‬QpL% ‫دمא‬50 ‫א‬.I! J<‫ א‬-SNG%GO >n2hN[n*‫א‬/- ‫ن‬Q
.‫دم‬50 I! J<‫א‬x !S0;3 ‫*@א‬J ‫אًא‬1!=n*/ ‫א‬
ZkîÛa@pbîäÔm
I! J<‫نא‬f1‫א‬%d‫א‬I_1‫د‬P D‫ج‬10 ‫ض‬%/0 ‫א‬H@Z@ô‰aŠ§a@kîÛa
x!<‫א‬Z0[‫א‬QeE ‫אא‬3".@l#‫א‬1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬NHM4w%i0- @ ¨ / ‫א‬
Qe H0 ‫א‬3".‫ون‬%Q ٠,٠٠١k! (Aerosol Particles)‫زאز‬% ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
./a‫א‬I! J<‫א‬x!<CAQb‫א‬Z0[‫א‬
ZóØîmbna@ëŠèØÛa@kîÛa
I! J<‫وא‬E/a‫א‬I! J<‫א‬x %bDHi‫م‬Z0JG H0 ‫א‬3"
N[¥w%i0 ‫وא‬C‫א‬F‫א‬1 Gw%G‫ونو‬%Q ١٠M4٠,٠٠١‫ل‬,‫;א‬%#‫א‬
.x !v0 ‫א‬
٧١
ZpbäîÈÜÛ@ÑîrØnÛa@ëc@†îàvnÛa@ëc@†ínÛa
x !.%"gv>S0C‫א‬F‫א‬1 G‫א =ز‬I7-‫א‬H 0 ‫א‬3"
‫م‬ª)%A5 ‫אوא‬G،J ‫@א‬lE _1‫د‬H@&GSbH@D،A-0«
%¤#‫א‬x!<‫م‬Z0JG H0 ‫א‬3".(k_‫ و‬H ‫م[*@א‬ª)‫م‬١٩٦–M4(- ‫א‬
rl ‫א‬+A'،/a‫א‬I‫א =زא‬،I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬،Na'P= ‫وא‬E‫א‬3P= ‫א‬
1‫א‬%>I_1‫د‬H@&G.%-0)‫! א‬v0 ‫א‬I‫ذא‬IH / ‫א‬I‫א‬1Nl‫אم‬Z0[
.M00 AZHG
Z˜b–nßüa@pbäîÇ
IA ‫و‬Ep% ‫قא‬50 h;‫א =ز‬C‫א‬F‫א‬6-xS0 H0 ‫א‬3"
‫وز‬IA ‫א‬Sv>-&)‫א‬x.@‫صא‬50h‫لא‬- ‫(ل‬Bubbling)
.R-N‫א‬OQ‫א‬
1-‫@ز‬I‫صא =زא‬50h)C‫!@א‬aGZ0J‫صא‬50h‫[א*@א‬
I‫صא =زא‬50hI- ‫א‬،I'%D‫و‬1 F‫صא‬50hIg ‫א‬،(HFk_‫و‬1 F‫א‬
!E@!aG‫ص‬50h‫א‬I‫א‬g b.- ‫א‬I‫صא =زא‬50h‫ض‬ªh‫ وא‬sd‫א‬
‫ذج‬³.JD/‫א‬I‫א‬1 0 ‫دمو‬50 @ J= ‫'&مא‬، __g ‫ @א‬J= ‫وא'א‬E،ad‫א‬
:(٧)@Qa ‫א‬o‫א =ز‬C‫א‬F‫א‬I7-‫_ج‬g ‫ دא‬-@ J=-
٧٢
‫ﻤـ‬
òí‹bÌÛa@õaìa@pbqìÜß@pbäîÇ@ˆþ@â†‚n½a@‹bÌÛa@ÝîË@‹bèu@@H@@W@@I@ÝØ‘
٧٣
Z˜b–ß…üa@pbäîÇ
‫ص‬5‫دאد‬-6-‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬%¤#‫وא‬I‫صא =زא‬5‫אد‬S0 H0 ‫א‬3"
'‫و‬%Q ‫א‬5‫_ @وא‬Q - J ‫א‬،NaH‫ א‬H #‫א‬،(aH‫نא‬%Q ‫[ @א‬H
(aH‫نא‬%Q ‫صא‬5‫' אد‬#‫ذج‬³.‫دم‬5 ‫ مאوא‬J Q ‫א‬r ‫ز‬H5‫א‬
.(٨)@Qa ‫א‬io
˜b–ß…üa@òiìjãc@HXI@ÝØ‘
،‫ص‬5‫د‬h‫ دא‬iNJ ‫>א‬J‫א‬xp[H0G25‫אد‬S0;3 ‫א‬6-‫! א‬D
(=s ‫وא‬1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫ود‬،‫ص‬5‫د‬h‫ دא‬/ N ‫ !ووא‬Q ‫א|אصא‬8 3D‫و‬
25‫;אد‬3 ‫א‬6-‫نא‬f،‫ص‬5‫!دאد‬D(aH‫نא‬%Q ‫אمא‬Z0[4H.H / ‫א‬
@ -YS0‫(و‬Carbon Disulphide)@p[Hp3c(Leached)i[Qe
H / ‫>א‬S0Ihd‫א‬/.(Gas Chromatography)‫אم‬Z0[‫ل‬-)‫א‬
.@ -i0- ‫א‬%_G‫و‬%Q ‫زא‬b_% x!<‫א‬g b
٧٤
Zñj×@pbäîÇ
‫ق‬50 hF!JS7 [HI‫א‬kP DH 3ES0 H0 ‫א‬3"
@*J ‫زא>א‬x_"‫مد‬Z0J‫א‬.H / ‫א‬3E‫ز‬b_p[H‫ص‬504‫ل‬-ic
.%A‫א‬80[ ‫א‬H Hl‫و‬E‫وא =ز‬E
òíì¦a@pbqìÜ½a@Ší†Ôm@óÏ@òß†‚n½a@ñŒèuþaë@ÝîÛbznÛa@pbîäÔm
‫د‬/ ‫א‬I7-‫א‬/%GZ0J‫ @א‬i0 ‫قא‬%L‫و‬IH / ‫א‬3EI‫א‬/
:Gm‫!א<ولא‬Db5 Z-GQe
òí…bÈÛa@pbqìÜ½a@œÈi@Ší†Ôm@óÏ@òß†‚n½a@ÝîÛbznÛa@ÖŠë@pbäîÈÛa@ˆc@pa†Èß
.$/‫א‬/.0 1 ‫א‬2 3,$ )‫א‬ ‫م‬

,L‫ذ‬-L 5D& ‫<طא‬,//l 5D& ‫א‬ ١
,L‫ذ‬-L OD^M/2 ‫ א‬V‫ز‬Z7 , 2 ‫א‬MfI-‫א‬ ٢

0k6‫א‬
,L‫ذ‬-L ‫ص‬x5,2 @d# ‫لא‬G2 ٣

Sulphation Rate
[L`[]‫א‬,. Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ `7‫و‬5GE‫א‬GPd^ ٤
.a‫و‬ODV،"xP ‫א‬ Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ cd# ‫א‬GI^VT\ ٥
R^7,. Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ `7‫و‬a/ ‫א‬G<^V ٦
‫א‬7@‫ز^و‬Z7 M/2 ‫ א‬:‫ز ص‬Z7 ‫ن‬L# ‫א‬GI^V‫ول‬V ٧
(‫א‬7@‫ز^و‬Z7 M/2 ‫ א‬:‫ز ص‬Z7 ‫ن‬L^‫و‬5GE‫א‬ ٨
٧٥
HDust Fall JarI@Z‰bjÌÛa@ÂìÔ@òäîäÓ@MQ
C‫א‬F‫[طא‬H Hl@!aG–C‫א‬F‫طא‬J- - ‫א‬I!J<‫א‬k /0 3"‫م‬Z0JG
‫د‬.‫א ع‬C‫ @א‬-lx>0A"‫ذو‬k- 74M ‫وא‬E‫_ج‬g ‫א‬C‫و‬
v- ‫ض‬%/‫زو‬b<‫ א‬o1E‫ق‬١@>-‫و‬1 N- x'C ‫א‬xo‫و‬S0
3*HS0H H ‫א‬CN[>J‫و>א‬-NlJ ‫א‬1 = ‫א‬-0D.%b
:(٩)@Qa ‫א‬o77@>-‫ص‬2% ‫א‬/B‫و‬1 = ‫[طא‬H Hl.bH /G
‰bjÌÛa@òÈ@L@‰bjÌÛa@ÂìÔ@òäîäÓ
(١٠)@Q@Záv§a@j×@pbäîÈÛa@ˆc@‹bè@òÔÛbÈÛa@pbàî¦a@´îÈm@MR
0 ‫وא‬C‫א‬F‫ א‬/ ‫א‬I!J<‫א‬k /0 Svd‫א‬P DIH / ‫א‬3E‫ز‬b_‫م‬Z0J
‫ز‬b_r GS0.I! Jv- I0J‫א‬M4%0 ‫م‬Z0J‫א‬3"‫و‬.-L@&G
;-/ ‫א‬n0 ‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬piJ!JG0 ‫א‬%N a&>IH / ‫א‬3‫א‬
M‫ن>א‬%[‫ل‬/cS[٢٥S[٢٠__g ‫א‬.5 ‫א‬%‫[ل‬E% ‫א‬
٧٦
-b/‫د‬S0‫ون‬%Q ١٠٠M4٠,١Svd‫א‬I‫ذא‬I! J<‫א‬. l ‫א‬/٣‫م‬١,٧
Sv>‫و‬b/0 ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬-0D.[٢٤H / ‫א‬3E‫د‬S0.%‫א‬
n2‫א‬C‫א‬F‫ א‬/ ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬-0Dg D%GRJ>QeC‫א‬F‫א‬IH 3E‫ز‬b_
b2Z0[‫وא‬Ebl%>Qe%‫א‬-x!0 ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬.٣‫م‬/‫אم‬%_‫و‬%Q
.M0 ‫!و;א‬Q ‫ @א‬-i0- JD¦>( -N[‫א‬b!s"‫و‬Ep[Hp3c
‫و‬E;‫د‬/ ‫א‬RQ[%Q ‫אمא‬Z0[@sE%Nb-!Qe<‫א‬I! J<‫אصא‬
'‫و‬Q h‫א‬
Y;
3$
Y‫א‬

ì¦a@óÏ@òÔÛbÈÛa@pbàî¦a@Éà¦@áv§a@j×@pbäîÈÛa@ˆc@‹bèu@HQPI@ÝØ‘
٧٧
HDetermination Of the Sulphation RateI@ZémØÛa@Þ†Èß@´îÈm@MS
;%#‫א‬rQ ‫א‬I D%‫و‬SO2%G A!D‫א‬%G%¦"GQ ‫لא‬/
H'E"%N ‫א‬3"n N‫א‬E ‫א‬.‫ص‬2% ‫ א‬JD‫و‬P%NH /GS0.<‫א‬
I0DpD%‫ن‬Q0'f،p-5 ‫صא‬2% ‫ א‬JD‫و‬P rQ ‫א‬I D%‫ق‬50 ‫א‬
'E.(Turbimetry)%N‫و‬E '‫א ز‬%N %GQe;3 ‫وא‬،‫ص‬2% ‫א‬
J'xNbA S0٢S[١٠٠>Jc‫_ج‬g ‫وא‬Ek- 74M ‫א' א‬N[E
JH ‫ א‬N=GS0.(S[١٠×S[١٠)‫ش‬a ‫א‬N1E‫و‬ER1‫ א<א‬J'‫و‬EAHQ ‫א‬
'‫א‬N[#‫א‬N=GO >،‫ص‬2% ‫ א‬JD‫و‬P‫لو‬iQ ‫!·א‬5 ‫وא‬J0 N
‫ص‬2% ‫א‬/B.AV Av0 ‫א‬S7/-‫אم‬Z0[(٢S[١٠٠>J‫)(ق‬
‫!ل‬Jh;3 ‫(א‬Louverad Box)b0 ‫وقא‬H2UaHG"PsY0 ‫א‬
‫ن‬Q0G،%b‫ض‬%/0 ‫א‬/. JH ‫א‬N[xC‫א‬F‫قא‬50 (!JQ ‫و‬C‫א‬F‫א‬
.1Q/ ‫و‬E '‫א ز‬%N @!/‫"א‬%GS00 ‫(وא‬PbSO4)
٠,٣٤٣×GQ ‫א‬p J‫אم‬%v-‫ن‬Q0;3 ‫א‬BaSO4M‫=א‬GQ ‫لא‬/
.‫א م‬٢S[١٠٠@Q SO3‫אم‬%v-
(SO3‫אم‬%v-٠,٣٤٣=‫م‬1 ‫א‬I0D‫אم‬%v-١)
Zúë‰†îa@†îní×@Ší†Ôm@MT
‫ص‬50‫لא‬- ‫ل‬p[H‫ن‬%[@v/cC‫א‬F‫سא‬Sv>%%¨S0
‫ل‬-)‫<א‬/3*HS0.‫ص‬50h‫א‬C‫و‬،(NaOH)،(CdSO4)-ً0
،8 0D> -،(Sulphamic Acid)8 A-J ‫ل>א‬-ic
k /GS0 A n d - Ferric Chloride،N- N dimethyl P- Phenylene Diamine
Qe. ''٦٧٠H G0Q [‫زא‬b_-‫ن‬Q0‫א‬-k- !- ‫ص‬50h‫א‬
A-0«‫م‬v>UPsYS0;3 ‫א‬%/‫א‬HiHN[‫א_دא‬H2SRJ>
.C‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬٣‫م‬/‫אم‬%_‫و‬%Q S H2Sg D%G.[ ‫א‬NaS‫ل‬-
Z@@SO2@@oíØÛa@†î×c@óãbq@Ší†Ôm@MU
‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_٥0>‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_٠,٠٠٥‫ل‬,‫א‬n2‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬
0)‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬H %N ‫א‬3".1N‫(א‬West & cake)%NH /GQe
٧٨
-ً0 (Scrubbing Solution)@ J‫ل‬- ‫ل‬b i[S0SO2-
.(‫ن‬Q0‫א‬r1 DP‫و‬1-D‫א‬G‫[ م‬GHgCl4-20H;3 ‫)وא‬KCl،HgCl2

HgCl4-2 N/HgCl-2C‫א‬F‫א_دא‬SO2@A0
،" 1A ‫א‬x-AGS0‫א‬3"‫و‬.(Dichloro - Sulphitomercurate Complex)
‫ص‬50‫ سא‬lS0.sd‫لא‬,‫(א‬Para - Rosaniline)k- '‫وزא‬1‫א‬1 ‫ א‬-
.(548 nm) ''٥٤٨HH ‫ א‬vJAH ‫–א‬C‫א‬%!d‫ =א‬5 ‫א‬
‫> و_د‬.٪٩٥M‫">א‬rQ ‫ א‬JDE' @ J= ‫لא‬-)x!<‫א‬CAD
%0 J ‫א‬%N ‫א‬-‫א‬G‫ن‬f،C‫א‬F‫א‬NO2‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_٢%D‫א‬
.N2M4NO2‫ل‬g0²;3 ‫(وא‬H2NSO3H)8 A-J ‫>א‬of‫د‬/4QeSO2
(Conductometry)@20 ‫ سא‬l- H 1v0 ‫(א‬Analysers)@ -i0 ‫א‬gb_E
H2SO4‫ن‬QGp J‫ل‬-i!- @ 20 ‫وزدא‬.S2O2‫ل‬- \0eSO2O >
SO2‫ س‬l‫ و‬l‫א‬%gb_E%0G8 3D.SO2;0)‫א‬k /0 b[ lS0
I‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬O >،(Amperometry)%bQ ‫א‬1 0 ‫ سא‬l‫אم‬Z0[‫א‬،(Monitors)
.SO2k /0 [ lS0Br2‫وא وم‬SO2k@A0 ‫א‬p JpN ‫א‬b_
ZúëîäÛa@†îb×c@Ší†Ôm@MV
S0.r H ‫وא‬I‫א‬H ‫א‬I'E‫و‬J0I !D0HNO2*‫ل‬-
'‫_א‬1#‫א‬%ª#‫نא‬- ‫א‬I‫زوذא‬m‫ =א‬2‫ن‬QG‫[س‬E-r H ‫א‬g D%Gk /G
(Diazotized Sulphanilic Acid)‫אوج‬g08 ‫وذ‬٢,٥M4٢H _‫و‬1 "Sl1Hv0H‫א‬
‫ن‬- ‫'&مא‬.N - ( 1 - (Napthyl) Ethylenc diamlne dihydrochloride)x
( 1- cm lightpath)xN/١ ‫אم‬%_‫و‬%Q ١٨٠0>(Beer,s Law)‫ 'ن‬xs²
.(543 nm)H
.(Chemilumini scence)N[‫א‬8 ‫@وذ‬sE%NNOX@ -Y@!Qe
O/ G3"‫و‬.'‫و‬Q h‫طא‬aH ‫א‬I‫ذא‬NO2I *g_0HO3xNO@‫א‬G
‫אم‬Z0[b[ lQe3"‫و‬. ''٣٠٠٠–٦٠٠‫ل‬,‫א‬I/‫א‬
.g D ‫א‬xp[H0GQ ‫نא‬#8 ‫ذ‬،(Photo multiplier)
NO + O3 NO2 + O2
NO2 NO2 + hv
٧٩
;3 ‫وא‬،;1‫א‬%>‫"ل ل‬%%¨S0NO2،NO-0)‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬H
*s ‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬%N H / ‫א‬3"@ -Y.NOM4NO2‫ل‬
‫ل‬1‫و‬%‫;ونא‬%EH @ -Y.NOXM4N/(Chemilumini scence)
NO2@kJ ‫א‬k- -i0 ‫@א‬Q .0h‫א‬.(NON/;1‫א‬%d‫א)لא‬
.C‫א‬F‫א‬H
ZæìiŠØÛa@†î×c@Þëc@ÝîÜ¤@MW
‫א‬3 ‫و‬H /_‫אل‬LEHC‫א‬%!d‫א‬rY/h‫\א‬0e‫ن‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E
C‫א‬%!d‫א‬rY/h(Spectrometry); ‫و‬Q [h‫א‬%NH /GQe'f
.r0aG‫وون‬
%NH /GQe‫ ن‬-‫א‬Cg_١٠@lEI0JH‫ن‬%Q ‫ א‬JDE‫ول‬E
(Gas Ioni Zation Detector)‫א =ز‬UGD‫אم‬Z0[(Gas Chromatography)
HAnalysis of HydrocarbonsI@ZpbãìiŠ×ë‰†îa@ÝîÜ¤@MX
a>‫صد‬50‫جא‬%b/Qe<‫א_دא‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬
H 3U‫و‬،(Porous Styrene - divinyl benzene Polymer)@ [H2
‫ج‬%kZJ0H / ‫صא‬50‫א‬Qe. l ‫א‬/ ٤‫ل‬/cC‫א‬F‫ א‬١٠M‫>א‬
D‫אم‬Z0[،(Gas Chromatographic)N[‫א‬k /0 ‫א‬Q! 8 ‫صوذ‬50h‫א‬
.sAZH‫א‬I0J!- (mass spectrometer)‫و‬Epb- U0 ‫א‬
:k /GQe'fJ ‫א‬I7-‫א‬.¤
.; aHG ‫وא‬E;G‫و‬Q [h: '#‫א‬
.‫א‬%_G‫و‬%Q :%N0‫א‬I‫א א‬
،g HvH‫א‬،d‫א‬،‫وم‬%Q ‫א‬،‫د م‬Q ‫א‬،‫س‬iH ‫@א‬- ‫دنא‬/‫א‬I'E
Atmoic Absorbtion Spectrometry‫ق‬%N ‫;א‬U،8'g ‫א‬،‫ص‬2% ‫א‬
Emission Spectroscopy‫و‬E
X-Ray Flourescence‫و‬E
،‫وم‬%Q ‫א‬،‫س‬iH- Neutron Activation‫و‬E
j‫א‬،g HvH‫א‬،d‫א‬
،g'D‫و‬1 "8 -Q J; ‫א‬،IQ -J- )‫א‬%_G‫و‬%Q ‫@א‬I HG
.(I1-A- ; aHG ‫א‬
.P=5 ‫א‬I! J<‫ @א‬-i0 I0Q- (Electron spectroscopy)‫م‬Z0J8 3D
٨٠
ZòîÇbä•@ÌÛaë@òîÇbä–Ûa@‰…b–½a@åß@õaìa@tìÜm
1‫د‬5‫א‬/‫و‬IH5 ‫א‬/ J *% ‫א‬I7-‫א‬/ g_M0 ‫א<ولא‬
.;%#‫א‬
ôŠþa@‰…b–½a@œÈi@åßë@pbÇbä–Ûa@œÈi@åß@òîîöŠÛa@pbqìÜ½a@œÈjÛ@Þë†u
)‫" א‬5‫"ع‬ $‫א‬

،‫ز‬GG A‫א‬،O&e ‫א‬MfI-‫א‬MTL^‫ و‬5GE‫א‬،NOX ،SOX ‫ول‬aD ‫א‬#@
.‫د ن‬،(Mercaptans),Pd^MAW^،‫אق‬NH3 , ‫و‬aD ‫א‬M=/e ‫وא‬
،‫ض‬¢V,/ ‫د‬V،,/ ‫د‬V،MfI7،NO2،5D،CO،SO2 B[e ‫وא‬GG6‫א‬,=/x

.‫د ن‬،,WN‫א‬5،MD‫و‬M‫ز‬,/ ‫د‬V،G<^V,/ ‫د‬V
،NH3،M‫א‬G5[، NOX،'J
RD4،SOX ;P‫د‬5 G:‫א‬,=/x
.‫د ن‬،G:‫א‬5D،5 ‫א‬5D
5D،CO،‫ج‬/I ‫]"א‬MfI7،NOX ،SOX ،;P‫د‬5 ,l; ‫א‬M;

.‫وق‬O& ‫א‬0W? ‫א‬ ,5‫א‬6‫א‬
،CO،MTL^‫و‬5GE‫א‬،M‫א‬G5[? ‫א‬،NH3،NOX،SOX ,‫و‬f# ‫א‬M=/e ‫א‬

5[# ‫א‬+Te5[# ‫وא‬DNn ‫א‬،,'2 ‫א‬,‫و‬f# ‫א‬M=/e ‫א‬
.,=/e ‫طא‬i‫ضوא‬¢:‫א‬+Te,/ ‫د‬:‫وא‬MfI-‫א‬،[ ‫وא‬
‫د ن‬،;P5D،NOX، SOX،‫وق‬t‫א‬O-‫א‬5D،c/V c/:‫א‬,=/x
(Sulphides)M‫א‬G?[I ‫א‬،Pd^MAW^ ‫[د‬-‫א‬+/e@‫و‬,L‫د‬
v<|P ‫אدא‬،MD،M??،`[TV،n/L‫و‬aT M&De ‫א‬،MD ‫א‬
,Pd^MAW^،H2S MkP/‫قوא‬5 ‫א‬

,l5 ‫א‬
.‫ ن‬G ‫א‬،MTL^‫و‬5GE‫ א‬HC HO،NOX،SOX M‫א‬5I ‫א‬
٨١
ZpbÇbä–Ûa@åß@tìÜnÛa@pbqbÈjãa@áîîÔm
:Gm‫[سא‬E--!QeIH5 ‫א‬-0«6-0 ‫א‬I7/ '‫א‬S G
.I_%Z‫وא‬I‫א‬-H ‫אنאد;א‬g ‫א‬RJ>(١)
O/ H‫א‬6-‫א‬-0Q *5>h‫[(א‬0‫;"א‬3 ‫وא‬،6/ 'h‫@א‬/RJ> (٢)
./H5‫وא‬EZ0J‫! אدא‬D>‫@و‬Q ‫و‬6-G15@D
0 ‫א‬bG !D‫و‬I7-‫א‬-0Z d‫א‬k /0- I7/ 'h‫א‬IH 3E (٣)
@)p[H %G([‫و‬xgv‫نא =ز‬%[1 = ‫א‬.15@Dr/ '‫א‬
.G'Q%0 - -YS01‫وא =زא‬.(j‫א‬..،__g ‫א‬.5 ‫א‬Ii%‫א‬
Zpa‰bîÛa@åß@õaìa@tìÜm
:Gm‫א‬M4‫!@ ول‬/G0 ‫א‬ID%)‫א‬I7/ 'h‫א‬SJHG
Nâ…bÈÛa@pbqbÈjãg@Mc
I D%-0 I! J_،NOX،CO-;0Yb!&/3"‫و‬
"I7/ 'h‫א‬3"i- A-0Z‫א [*@א‬،l P= ‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫صوא‬2% ‫א‬
‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫<א =زא‬/(٣)@ =a0 ‫א‬.‫و‬%¡P =G(٢)w%)‫א‬S !5G@/G(١)
‫ق‬%d‫א‬/،‫ز‬Ad‫א‬Ih)‫א‬،‫ص‬5‫د‬h‫א‬،‫ص‬50h‫א‬gb_E@I‫א‬g bv0
.‫د‬l ‫א‬P =G‫و‬E%G(٤)
HCrank Gase EmissionsI@Zñ‰a…üa@…ìßbÇ@òjÜÇ@pbqbÈjãg
‫ج‬0'‫=(وא‬s ‫א‬1‫א‬aCH7E2‫(و‬piston)x‫لא א‬I%J0 ‫!@א‬aG3"‫و‬
.I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬-;0b!&/I7/ 'h‫א‬3"‫و‬.x‫ א א‬-rg ‫א‬1¤
'‫א‬N[#‫א‬،ً!.‫אم‬Z0[h‫א‬.‫و‬%¡‫و‬0 >،w%)‫א‬S!5G-l0GR%J0 ‫! א‬D
.‫>אق‬h‫א‬GP= ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬R%JG‫زد‬-!/+ Q‫א‬I->‫و‬b,‫א‬
‫א'د‬N[hbG‫'&م‬P0bHd‫א‬Qe1‫א'دאدא‬N[EI7/ '4
‫د‬bGC‫"א‬،‫>אق‬h‫א‬GP= ‫א‬%J0‫א‬I‫א =زא‬%‫و‬G /;3 ‫وא‬،1‫אدא‬
.<‫א‬.%5- SbD%Gًh8 ‫وذ‬.w%)‫א‬3UM41‫دא‬h‫א‬
٨٢
:(Evaporative Emissons)òí‚jnÛa@pbqbÈjãüa
‫ق‬%N ‫א‬.‫م‬/ ‫א‬/‫אم‬%vD٢٠M‫>א‬I‫א‬1 J ‫א‬PZ 0 ‫א‬I7/ 'h‫[(א‬0@5
:@!aGI7/ 'h‫א‬3"i- A-0Z‫א‬
‫د‬h8 ‫لوذ‬D1a ‫ א‬%GL%‫د‬l ‫א‬%¤E‫ص‬50‫(א‬١)
.w%)‫אمא‬Z0[h‫א‬
@‫א‬M4kA ‫و‬#‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬،C6،C4‫ אل‬0[‫د‬l ‫א‬%NG(٢)
. H ‫א‬1 ‫א‬I'%D‫و‬1 F‫א‬
.-Qa‫א‬i- [H Q 'Q I‫ א‬b‫(אدل‬٣)
Zõaìa@tìÜm@óÏ@áØznÛa
:C‫א‬F‫א‬6-GSQi0- k Gm‫א‬k-[#‫مא‬Z0J
:@:‫א‬y ‫ذ‬#،+D/‫א‬G/=r[P ‫א‬eJ‫و‬V0#WP ‫(א‬١)
.!J‫א‬g D ‫;א‬0J‫ق‬I7-‫א‬b‫ن‬Q0Gh0 ‫א‬%N -!/ ‫א‬%NG(E)
8 ‫وذ‬،<‫א‬M4b%2@ l8 ‫وذ‬I0J‫א‬xnN0 6-‫א‬g D%GA(R)
.'Q0‫א‬I7-‫א‬gvd‫و‬EP0 E [H‫א‬/‫אمא‬Z0[
M4F2‫ @و‬l8 ‫وذ‬ZLfI‫א‬MPI‫א‬m-‫א‬M\[‫(?{א‬٢)
‫א‬%x -!/ ‫א‬P/SQi0 ‫א‬،-L‫אمא‬Z0[8 ‫!@ذ‬Qe.@ 0J‫א‬
;0J-%N|‫א‬I‫א‬g D ‫א‬SD‫א‬%GxH،N )‫ א א‬G d‫א‬.‫و‬%& ‫א‬
.‫ض‬1#‫א‬
Zòí‹bÌÛa@pbqìÜ½a@óÏ@áØznÜÛ@òß†‚n½a@pa†È½aë@ÖŠĐÛa
HCombustionI@ZÖŠ§a@HQI
/ LI‫"ذא‬0 ‫وא‬%¤E‫و‬EI‫زא‬-6-‫א‬C‫א‬0>‫א‬H H0 ‫א‬3"‫م‬Z0JG
C1¤M4FI7-‫א‬3Fg Ai0 ‫ق‬%d‫وא‬E‫ل‬/0h‫ق‬%d‫א‬.s
‫ق‬1 @!aG‫ل‬/0h‫ق‬%d‫א‬Z0J‫א‬/‫א‬.CO2@ً J'1oIv0H‫و‬
.(Absorbtion)،(Venturi Flures)،1Z ‫>א‬،(Fume Incinerators)‫א ن‬
R-N‫نא‬QO >Ihd‫مא‬Z0J،(Catalytic Combustion)g Ai0 ‫ق‬%d‫א‬
H‫د‬#‫א‬،PJQ0 ‫ א‬-!/ ‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫قא =زא‬%>،‫ل‬.@lE@ =aG1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬
.Â- \ !i0 ‫א‬I -!8 3D‫و‬I‫א‬CN ‫وא‬I ‫א‬kZJG‫אن‬%E
٨٣
HAbsorbtionI@Z˜b–nßüa@HRI
‫ص‬50‫وא‬E@ JI‫_لو>א‬1|‫א‬I‫א =زא‬%%¨S0 H0 ‫א‬3"
‫و‬E ‫صوزא‬50 p[H‫*@א‬J ‫א‬-0 (Scrubbers Or Absorbers)
-!CADl0G.‫א =ز‬IG‫א_د‬I7-‫א‬%DE‫و‬E>‫ وא‬A]
:-‫صא =ز‬504
@*J ‫لא‬,‫א =ز;א‬6-!- ;‫ !و‬Q ‫طא‬aH ‫( א‬E)
‫*@وא =ز‬J ‫א‬kiNJ ‫قא‬50 h‫(;א‬R)
.‫ص‬50h‫لא‬Vg D%G(‫ق )د‬50 h‫)_(زא‬
I‫אجذא‬%#‫א‬،‫ش‬% ‫אجא‬%E،ad‫א‬I‫ذא‬،'‫א‬5 ‫אجא‬%E:@!aGZ0J‫א‬/‫א‬
.(Bubble cap plate Towers Liquid Jet scrubber Towers)n ‫و‬EIA ‫א‬
H2S،NOX@I7-‫زא א‬x[‫قوא‬N'-‫م‬Z0JGI‫صא =زא‬50‫ א‬HG
!D‫ص‬50 Z0J‫א‬A-0Z‫א*@א‬J ‫א‬.I‫א =زא‬I‫א‬1-A ‫وא‬SO3،SO2
:Gm‫א<ولא‬
òí‹bÌÛa@pbqìÜ½a@œÈjÛ@˜b–nßüa@Ýöaì@Þë†u
‫ ص‬7‫ א‬8 )‫א‬

(HNO3)yaThJ‫[ل‬،H2O NOX
NaOH،H2O HF
MP V،(٢:٣M£n7,DI/L)‫ل‬/+NaOH،`V‫ل‬T]m H2 S
T:‫"א‬N<،c?<‫@<م‬L‫@א‬،‫ش‬¥‫دא‬e ‫א‬،‫دم‬e ‫א‬
(Sodium thioarsenate)c/‫ز‬5‫دم\א‬x،# ‫אنא‬V
pm..
SulphitescPd^،Y‫א‬Ca (OH)2 =،[lY،Y SO2

،Ethanolamine،‫دم‬e ‫وא‬V‫م‬I # ‫وא‬V،‫م‬5D ‫א‬
Xylidine‫و‬Y‫א‬١:١,DI/L%[ ،Dimethyl Aniline
pm..‫م‬/ :‫א‬MPd^
٨٤
HAdsorbtionI@Z˜b–ß…üa
J‫ א‬-5 ‫صא‬5‫د‬h‫"لאدא‬%%¨S0‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫ א =زא‬H0 ‫א‬3"
b4S0‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬3FsP= ‫وא‬Es/ ‫א‬I'Q‫א‬. [H ‫و‬E
.(Chemosorbtion);‫ !و‬Q ‫صא‬50h‫وא‬E -5 ‫صא‬5‫د‬h‫دא‬2
،‫ص‬5‫د‬h‫@و>وزندא‬Q iNJ ‫>א‬J‫א‬-l0G‫ص‬5‫د‬h‫א‬CAD
.25‫אد‬R-N‫א =زא‬g D%G‫و‬/ L‫صو‬5‫د‬h‫;دא‬%E‫ !و‬D‫و‬/ L‫אص‬
.Gm‫!א<ولא‬D7-‫א‬I‫א =زא‬-0Z‫د‬Z0J‫صא‬5‫د‬h‫אدא‬
Zòí‹bÌÛa@pbqìÜ½a@œÈjÛ@˜b–ß…üa@…aìß@Þë†u
‫د ص‬7‫א‬,‫ د‬ )‫א‬

.5kP ‫א‬c n ‫א‬،"7#[< NOX
.NaF,D]MDDJ،O-‫א‬k6‫"א‬P^ HF
.GG6‫א‬GI^V H2 S
،.‫ن‬W;c ‫ودو‬VO7kJ SO2

(AL2O3 + Na2O),[ ‫א‬/ :‫א‬
%X/‫نא‬L# ‫א‬ ,'2 ‫א‬MD‫א‬V
cI^D ‫א‬ , ‫و‬aLM‫زא‬
cI^D ‫א‬،"7#[<،/ :‫א‬ ،M‫א &زא‬+,DJe‫א‬:‫א‬
@sAbs/@/q‫ص‬5‫د‬h‫אدא‬/ - sA0 ‫صא‬5‫د‬h‫*\א‬5

‫و‬En-Z‫א‬r g ‫א‬،NaH‫א‬H #‫א‬،٦٠٠@ _Q - J ‫א‬،ً!.H /I‫א‬Z0[h
C‫א‬1¤( -C‫א‬1¤ً - sAGg0¨،(Selica Molecular Seives)
A‫و‬E1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫دد‬g‫د‬S0g0!‫א‬I‫\א =زא‬-Z0 ‫א‬.s/ ‫א‬I7-‫وא‬
.(=s ‫א‬
٨٥
NOX@I‫ א =زא‬I‫א‬g D%G-‫א =ز‬IA-Z‫א‬IG;0YH
،HNO3H2b‫א‬Z0[‫دًوא‬50l4I‫دא =زא‬/0[4Qe'f،j4..،SOX
%vd‫قא‬iJlN ‫جא‬0'4IN SOX ‫زא‬4Qe،j‫א‬..،H2SO4
(CaSO4،CaSO3)‫ن‬Q SOXx‫ن‬Q0‫א‬CaO@A0.= ‫نא‬%M4;P<‫א‬
.<‫א‬SOX6/ '4.4S0 [‫א‬3‫و‬
‫و‬Ep[Hp3‫ص‬5‫د‬hbHd‫א‬Qei*‫א‬%- J‫א‬I‫א =زא‬
.(aH‫نא‬%Q ‫א‬-‫ص‬5‫د‬h
ZòäîÈß@pbqbÈjãg@åß@†§a@óÏ@òß†‚n½a@pa†È½aë@ÖŠĐÛa
I‫א‬g b.D%i0‫אو‬071‫د‬5‫ن‬QG‫ن‬EQen2‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬I! J<‫א‬
‫ص‬50‫ א‬2، %bQ ‫א|אصא‬،@Qa ‫א‬،Svd‫א‬-H GI! J<‫א‬x !
.I! J<‫א‬8-0 (Hygros copic)b¡A0>h‫وא‬L% ‫א‬
:@^ZfI@#,GwPI‫א‬,?[Pw‫א‬M‫א‬nZkP ‫א‬
ZòîØîãbØîß@paŒîè£@HQI
: 0 ‫א‬I m‫[سא‬E- @!/GI‫א‬g bv0 ‫א‬3"
@QabsAS0@d‫=زא‬- #‫א‬%J ‫א‬O > ‫<ذ‬p [ ‫( א‬E)
. ‫א<ذ‬I! J<‫א‬p[%GO p[H
p JI! J<‫@א‬5p Jc‫نא =ز‬%J h‫א‬¢_A‫א‬P=0 ‫( א‬R)
.P Q ‫א‬b‫و‬g
.%"‫א =ز‬I! J<‫@א‬5A ‫د‬Z0J‫ א‬Q 'Q ‫א‬I‫א‬g bv0 ‫א‬
I! J<‫א‬x!p [ ‫א‬.%.'‫و‬g-d‫نא‬-Q J ‫وא‬n*‫א‬/ ‫א‬.%،p [ ‫א‬
Z0J‫א‬IH5 ‫وא‬lN ‫א‬IN ‫م‬Z0JG3".;gD%‫א‬%N ‫و‬E ‫<ذ‬
.%Z5 ‫א‬Iv0H!-
‫دوא‬M4‫א =ز‬IG%[@'S0،'‫و‬g-d‫نא‬-Q J x!<‫א‬gb_# JH
/ ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬xGb;gD%‫دא‬%N ‫א‬lO >،(Confined Vortex)15
'‫و‬g-d‫نא‬-Q J x!<‫א‬gb_E‫م‬Z0JG.x!<‫א‬UaH(*‫>א‬¥
Iv0H‫א‬H2I! J<‫א‬I'-‫زא א‬،(Cyclone Collectors)
. _P 0 ‫א‬IH5 ‫א‬،S_H‫א‬،p-5 ‫وא‬d‫وא‬،%Z5 ‫א‬
٨٦
HFilteration SystemI@Z|î‘Ûa@áÄã@HRI
gv>S0.‫ א !ش‬J'@J([‫لو‬%G#-!)‫א‬I‫א =زא‬x‫د‬S0
‫م‬Z0J‫א‬. / ‫א‬I! J<‫א| א‬I‫א =زא‬.%2‫و‬%‫א‬I! J<‫א‬x !‫و‬
Ii%‫وא‬I_JH‫وא‬En !/ ‫א‬i ‫א [(א‬I‫ذא‬Ii%‫د"א‬
،N ‫א‬i ‫مد"א [(א‬Z0J‫א‬.J‫ א‬JH ‫א‬/H5‫ سא‬D#‫א‬
I‫א‬P/‫م‬Z0JG.__g ‫א‬.5 N=‫نא‬Q -J ‫א‬،‫س‬0J [#‫א‬،‫ن‬- H ‫א‬.5 ‫א‬
‫ن‬Q- J ‫سوא‬0J [#‫مא‬Z0J!H ،‫م‬٩٠–٨٠1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬0>‫ن‬- H ‫ وא‬JH ‫א‬
،.5 ‫مא‬Z0J.‫م‬٣٥٠–٢٥٠0>1‫א‬%>_1‫__د‬g ‫א‬.5 N=‫א‬
I‫=زא‬- Ii%!D‫م‬Z0JG‫س‬0J [h‫نوא‬- H ‫א‬، JH‫!א‬H sd‫א‬I‫=زא‬-
Ii%‫א‬. ‫ !و‬D‫و‬F__g ‫א‬.5 ‫א‬Ii%‫א‬.- ‫א‬
‫وאد‬I= 5 ‫وא‬%Z5 ‫א‬Iv0H‫א‬x@/0G0 ‫א‬IH5 ‫مא‬Z0JGI_JH‫א‬
.j‫א‬..-0 ‫א‬
HElectrostatic PrecipitatorI@ZóØîmbnëŠèØÛa@kîÛa@HSI
1‫و‬%‫و‬R s ‫وא‬E‫א ن‬،1 = ‫زאز@א‬1-‫אوא =ز‬C‫א‬F‫א‬1 GC‫א‬0>‫א‬H
،%bQ ‫א‬b<‫א‬P D‫ق‬%!bH ‫و‬/ ‫!א‬bs/ً %bDk ‫و‬g/k Nlk
Q G0[‫و‬%bQ ‫א‬p[%‫א‬.@l#‫א‬b<‫ذوא‬pN ‫א‬-p[%G‫زאز‬% ‫א‬I! J_‫ن‬f3*H
: 0 ‫א‬C‫א‬g_#‫א‬-;0
.Mr 15−E
،8-J ‫@א‬P=2xN>J (p [‫)د‬M/ ‫א‬b<‫א‬.%2pNl−R
@P D iN[>J (‫ض‬1#‫א‬b_H‫و‬p_‫)د‬x!<‫א‬pNl
.. ‫و‬E1[
/!v0‫אدא‬.%5 g b−_
pN ‫א‬C‫א‬0>h_1.−‫د‬
:Q G0[‫و‬%Q ‫א‬p[%‫= @א‬aGb G4S0 0 ‫א‬x1#‫[[ א‬#‫א‬I‫א‬N|‫א‬
.U0 I! Jv- %bQ ‫א‬ia ‫(א‬١)
٨٧
M4%bQ ‫لא‬,‫א‬Sb -N-J‫ ً א‬%bD'ia‫א‬I! J<‫('@א‬٢)
.x!<‫א‬N[
x!<‫א‬N[- [%‫ א‬%bQ ‫א‬Hia ‫א‬I‫ذא‬I! J<‫د א‬/(٣)
.@ J= ‫و‬E8dx!<‫א‬N[ [%‫א‬I! J<‫زא א‬4(٤)
:, J,['?‫א‬,#@P<‫و‬Z# ‫א‬MD<‫نא‬#@
ً‫!_א‬ZoI‫مא =زא‬v>E‫אول‬GH(١)
‫د‬50l4! lF_‫دد‬/0[4 !"E (٢)
x !CAQ‫ _אًو‬l ‫א‬I! J<‫زא א‬4[[E (٣)
ً‫_א‬/AG%‫א =ز‬1‫א‬%>_1‫ند‬QGH (٤)
GIN x[‫قوא‬N'-Z0J Q '0[‫و‬%bQ ‫א‬p [ ‫א‬gb_E
>x'5@‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬IH5 ‫وא‬،‫ق‬1 ‫א‬p ‫قو‬1 ‫א‬H2‫و‬،lN ‫א‬
‫[د‬EH2‫و‬%%Q0 ‫א‬x'5‫ و‬H/0 ‫א‬IH5 ‫وא‬،p-5 ‫وא‬d‫א‬،8 0Q ‫א‬
.1Z5 ‫א‬iLx'5‫نو‬%Q ‫א‬
HWet ScrubbersI@ZkŠÛa@ÝîÌÛa@HTI
:MAJB. ‫"א‬I& ‫مא‬GwPI
. CAQ -5 ‫א‬I! Jv- ‫אزא‬M4_d‫א‬H−E
‫א =ز‬I7-‫א‬8 3D‫و‬I! J<‫زא א‬4M4_d‫א‬H−R
‫ل‬/0 -lb0</R-N‫א‬I‫نא =زא‬QGH−_
AZHb0</R-N‫א‬I‫א =زא‬Sv>‫ن‬QH−‫د‬
.C‫א‬o4-‫אאض‬h‫و‬R-N0 ‫نא‬QH−"
.‫ن‬%J ‫لא‬/P DP=GwH"‫ن‬QH−‫و‬
8 ‫ذ‬DE‫و‬E‫م‬٣٠٠0>/AG%</‫א‬I‫=زא‬- 1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫ند‬QGH−‫ز‬
:@^MfI-‫א‬+,; D.B. ‫"א‬I& ‫א‬M‫א‬nZ0I@
‫م‬NG1h‫א‬HQeI! J<‫א‬-;0)‫א =زא‬1 GO >@*J ‫א‬%‫( 'ع‬E)
‫ج‬1M4n01Z ‫א‬I! J<@d‫*@א‬J ‫وא‬x!<‫زא‬b_‫*@ل‬J ‫א‬NJ
..%5- ‫ز‬b<‫א‬
٨٨
‫ق‬50 ‫א‬F6‫א =ز‬1 G1 = ‫א‬I! J_O >I! J<‫אدא‬4‫( 'ع‬R)
I/!‫ن‬QGp J‫دאد‬gI! Jv- %7¦‫א‬Svd‫نא‬EO C‫א‬x _
%DE bJb-5Qe3"‫و‬.(Agglomeration)ً7%D#‫א‬C‫א‬xI! J<‫א‬
.x !v0 ‫א‬I ¬;U‫א =ز‬1 G
0 ‫وא‬C‫א‬F‫א‬6-Gd‫א‬Z0J‫א‬pL% ‫ @א‬J= ‫א‬gb_EPD‫'אع‬E
‫ش<ذ‬% @ J= ‫א‬،(Ventury Scrubber);1aHA @ J= ‫!@א‬aG
، '‫و‬g-d‫شא‬% ‫א‬.%،pL% ‫دمא‬50 @ J= ‫א‬،(Gravity Spray Scrubber)
.j‫א‬..;gD%‫دא‬%N pL% ‫ @א‬J= ‫א‬
،SO2%vd8 ‫ وذ‬H/0 ‫א‬،‫ !و‬Q ‫א‬IH5 ‫א‬pL% ‫ @א‬J= ‫مא‬Z0J
.j‫א‬..‫ن‬/‫א‬H‫د‬E،NH3
@/ANa'#‫א‬I‫دمא =زא‬I! J<‫א =زوא‬I7-!- %7¦‫אزא א‬
P%N<‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬I7-.%2 >.‫ "_א‬h‫د‬I‫ن"ذא‬J'‫א‬
‫א‬3"‫و‬R1%Ns.[<‫א_دא‬Q H ‫אنא‬gG‫نא‬f،i i2P‫وא و‬
. ‫نوא‬J'‫א‬-1oI‫א‬P7UGp J
٨٩
٩٠
sÛbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛa
òß…bÈÛa@pa‹bÌÛa@pbqbÈjãg@ò¦bÈß@ÖŠ
ôì¦a@õaìa@óÏ@ñÌ–Ûa@pbàî¦aë
Particulate & Gaseous Emmisions Control
ZâbÇ
0 ‫ א‬-5 ‫א‬P=5 ‫א‬I! J<‫وא‬I‫אدمא =زא‬IH5 ‫א‬PDO/ H
‫م‬Z0JG;<‫א‬C‫א‬F‫ط‬0h‫א‬I7/ '‫א‬3"xH.;<‫א‬C‫א‬F(-0]
%G;،' 5 ‫ א‬QG‫و‬، ‫و‬#‫ א‬Q0 ‫[سא‬E-S!5G0 ‫وא‬I‫א‬g b
S !50 ‫א‬H‫א‬%.IA-Z‫א‬x‫!@و‬/ ‫א‬S !50 ‫א‬CAD‫و‬،o‫א‬1#‫א‬I>J‫א‬
:Gm‫אא‬%
N'،Q ‫א‬،1‫א‬%d‫_א‬1‫د‬،L% ‫א‬،(=s ‫א‬:9:::: ;‫ زא‬:=‫אصא‬:: *
.j‫א‬.._‫و‬g- ‫א‬،;H ‫א‬
،!J‫=(א‬s ‫א‬A ‫א‬، / ‫א‬I! J<‫א‬g D%G@: =?:‫אא‬:&*
j‫א‬..x !<‫א‬CADI -N0،‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬nG‫ل‬/
@ 20 ‫א‬،‫ق‬50 h‫א‬،Q ‫א‬، '‫وא‬/ ‫א‬،@Qa ‫א‬9:1: ‫אص‬: @5A :BC D*
.j‫א‬..n / ‫א‬SJ<‫א‬%Nl، !J ‫א‬،%bQ ‫א‬
Z‰bjÌÛa@Éº@paŒîè£
،I 'Qh‫א‬،x!<‫א‬CAQ L8 ‫'אعوذ‬E77M41 = ‫א‬xI‫א‬g bSJHG
:@!/ ‫א‬%L
(Internal Separators) ‫دא‬A‫א‬E FG*
0 JK‫א‬E FG*
. L. 85‫و‬FL‫א‬/.M DN 8O‫*א‬
٩١
: ‫א‬$‫א‬Q‫אא‬E FG*
:GmDA-0«‫م‬v>‫لوא‬QU1 = ‫א‬x!< -‫@א א‬5A ‫א‬I‫א‬g bxH5G
(Louver Collector)RS‫אمאא‬$T8 DJU‫*א‬
Fabric Filters V1‫א‬W1‫ א‬XY‫*א‬
D‫ ذ‬U DN 8O‫قא‬0*
‫ن‬L ‫*א‬
HQQ@I@ÝØ‘@Z×aìÈÛa@âa†‚nbi@Éà¦a@paŒîè£@HQI
x N0JGh1 = ‫א‬I >‫ن‬f،n0‫א =زא‬1J4¢_A‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬H
b-5S0O >I d‫א‬3FP Q ‫א‬15 ‫א‬p Jh‫א‬¢_A‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬
"‫و‬.(١١)@Qa ‫א‬o‫א‬+D‫א‬/ 1 = ‫א‬xg bn NE ‫אא‬3".‫א =ز‬
‫د‬d‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬1 _h‫ א‬#‫א‬xoG.‫א =ز‬1J JH ‫אو‬g‫ א‬E‫ن‬Q0
¢_A‫א‬P=0 ‫א‬N'H1 = ‫א‬I! J_@5AHGO >،‫א =ز‬IG1Jx%J ‫وא‬
xo‫> و‬.x !v0 ‫زא‬b_‫ع‬l1 = ‫א‬I! J_x!.h‫دא‬d‫א‬
D¦8 ‫نذ‬f‫א =ز‬nGh‫د‬d‫وאא‬g ‫א‬HP=2@2‫א‬A(»% ‫ א)א‬#‫א‬
.1 = ‫א‬x!<.‫و‬%¡5lE
v^‫א‬2 ‫مא‬1T(١١)"#$
٩٢
HQR@I@ÝØ‘@Zpbuìä½a@åß@òÈä–½a@pbz‘Š½a@HRI
xI‫א‬g bx[‫قوא‬N'-I_JH‫א‬H5‫א‬Ii%‫א‬rZ0[4
@5A ‫وא‬،p [ ‫א‬،R%J0 ‫א‬،xL0 ‫א‬،G‫א‬3 ‫א‬15 ‫אمא‬N24@/ ‫א‬1 = ‫א‬
.Q G0[4‫و‬%bQ ‫א‬
‫=ز‬- n0 ‫ن(א‬fI_JH‫א‬N[-1 = -! I‫زא‬1‫و‬%H
15 ‫א‬p J JH ‫א‬-n50-G‫ون‬%Q ٠,٠١0>1 = ‫א‬I >!H ،.%iH
p J JH ‫نא‬f‫א =ز‬1JPJGb'E‫و‬.%iHGhI d‫نא‬E‫ض‬%A.G‫א‬3 ‫א‬
‫ن‬E‫و‬sAZHI%J‫א =ز‬nGHp [ ‫א‬6. JH ‫א‬%a0HG‫و‬l4F
Sv>O >)1 = ‫א‬I >.‫ون‬%Q ١.−DEP D1 = ‫א‬I >‫ن‬QG
Q G0[4‫و‬%bQ ‫א‬IHia ‫א‬p Jb/ !Qe(‫ون‬%Q ٥M4٠,٠٥I d‫א‬
.‫ !و‬Q ‫א| طא‬I_JH-6-‫א =زא‬1‫و‬%H
I_JH‫א‬Ii%‫א‬S !5GHF‫א@א‬/ ‫>א‬E JH ‫א‬M4C‫א‬F‫ א‬J'
k " JH ‫א‬M4C‫א‬F‫ א‬J'‫ن‬f،sAZH‫ א‬JH + Q ‫א‬%
.+ Q ‫א‬%o(١٢)@Qa ‫א‬. ' ‫א‬/! -٢٥–٧
v# ‫א‬3$(١٢)"#$
,DI/ ‫א‬h?w/v# ‫א‬3$ ,DI/ ‫=א‬v# ‫א‬3$
٩٣
p[%GO >‫عא دوس‬l‫ل‬1 = -!)‫א‬I‫@א =زא‬G%‫אא‬3"
JH -‫א א‬p'<‫א‬gv0Y‫و‬I! J<‫א‬p[%G. ‫@א<ذ‬/A- ‫مא‬J_#‫א‬
‫=ط‬s‫א‬C‫א‬F‫א‬x‫د‬S0‫ س‬D#‫& א‬H0 . ‫א =ز‬1‫و‬%H8 ‫وذ‬%‫א‬
H.1 = ‫א‬xI‫א‬g bkA2‫م‬Z0J،>‫א א‬xH5‫א‬.+D/‫אא‬
-!C‫א‬%_4S0‫ س‬D#‫א‬%m‫א‬5 ‫نא‬f1 = ‫א‬x!<@!/ ‫א‬2‫و_د‬
J'‫د‬.Is '‫و‬EI‫אزא‬g"‫אم‬Z0[8 3D-!Qe‫ س‬D#‫& א‬HG.0&'
JH ‫> א‬Q ‫و‬، ' ‫א‬/! -١٢,٥–٧,٥k‫ن‬QG JH ‫א‬M4C‫א‬F‫א‬
i ‫א [(א‬. ' ‫א‬/! -٥٠–٥٠‫ن‬QG‫ن‬EQeb'f‫ س‬D / ‫א‬
-1 = ‫ א‬LCH L8 ‫وذ‬k0!VM4SJH‫ن‬EQe v JH ‫א‬Ii%!-
. Q 'Q ‫ !* و‬Dbl50 ‫א‬S0‫ د‬- ‫وא‬EI_JH‫א‬3".%‫א‬
5‫א‬JM75‫ودد‬GJ‫و‬3$‫א‬IT‫אع‬TV{[P34P ‫ولא‬G-‫א‬
:Z@‫א‬GwP<m
, ‫]א‬V ‫^د‬3
`‫א‬a87‫א‬ b 1‫"عא‬
F‫א‬$T8‫א‬WL_
‫¦م‬١٢٠ ‫[ن‬/ ‫א‬ ("; ‫"א‬I[IP ‫)א‬G¥L
‫¦م‬١٣٠ `@‫و‬# "aT‫و‬O[^VL
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Z‹bÌÛa@åídm@J
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Z‰bjÌÛa@åz‘@J
pJ0QGO >p J ‫א‬pN ‫א‬8-[M4ً '7‫د‬/GHia ‫_ א‬I'#‫א‬
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. [I! J<‫א‬
Z‰bjÌÛa@kîŠm@J
p_- ‫א‬4 %bD;xGHia ‫[ א‬1 = ‫א‬I! J_
x!1 = ‫א‬I! J_‫ن‬f%N ‫א‬3b.n50-GO >(o1E@2‫)א‬Hia ‫א‬
b0Hi10 .gHG N ‫א‬3".A D L'Q‫א‬3Q"‫و‬x !v0 ‫א‬pNl-
@ 20 ‫אو‬%G1 =‫ א‬L8z‫د‬g ‫א‬3".o1#‫א‬pN ‫א‬¥ J ‫א‬
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،D%i0C‫א‬g_E‫@مو_د‬PDI‫א‬g u‫ א*و‬Q G0[4‫و‬%bQ ‫א‬p [ ‫א‬
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Zòß…bÈÛa@pa‹bÌÛa@åß@oíØÛa@†î×c@óãbq@òÛa‹g
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_1FrQ ‫زא א‬4Qe.٪٣,٥M‫>א‬M4@5lrQ ‫א‬SiA ‫;א‬0
;_٢٥٠–١٠٠(=oH1 ‫א‬n / ‫א‬SiA- (Catalytic Hydrogenation)
- D٢٠wb0[‫א‬x٪٧٥ JHrQ ‫زא א‬4-‫ل‬5i- ‫م‬٤٥٠1‫א‬%>_1‫ود‬
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.‫لאא‬l%>Qe
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.‫ش‬% ‫;و‬1aHA @!/G0 ‫אجא‬%#‫א‬8 3D، l/0‫ אא‬#‫א‬
١٠٤
ZHCairox MethodI@×ëŠíb×@òÔíŠ@J
xN-S0rQ ‫ א‬JDE'7-;0)‫& א‬H ‫א =زא‬%N ‫א‬3"
:GmDJD#‫א‬6Y،‫ش‬% (KMNO4)‫[ م‬G ‫א‬IvH%
2KmnO4 + 3SO2 + 4KOH= 2MnO2 + 3K2SO4 + 2H2O
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.%5 ‫< א‬/p‫و‬%G@‫و‬JDE@/Dg HvH‫ א‬JDE'7@!/O >
.i5 ‫א‬
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;P<‫א‬%vd‫א‬%NrQ ‫ א‬JDE'7 ‫زא‬4 HGo(١٩)@Qa ‫א‬
.J ‫א‬
?;‫א‬O-L,©I ‫א‬,D; ‫(א‬١٩)"#$
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I d‫א‬.‫ م‬J Q ‫א‬I0D'Q٪٩٠ JHrQ ‫ א‬JDE'7@5S0%N ‫א‬
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I0D‫ل‬- ً'QI‫א =زא‬rQ ‫ א‬JDE'7‫אل‬g.P<‫ل א‬
\-Z0 ‫وא‬A AS7(Thicknars)‫زدא אم‬gb_EA QGS0;3 ‫ موא‬J Q ‫א‬
. -2IA-Z!DH
HMelecular Seive Absorbtion MethodIó÷íŒ¦a@Ý‚ä½bi@˜b–nßüa@òÔíŠ@J
HHG‫א‬1‫אم‬Z0[8 0Q ‫א م>א‬L١٨٠v0H‫א‬H5 ‫א‬
Cg_١٥,٥M‫א‬rQ ‫ א‬JDE'7sAZHI0JxS7،‫م‬٤٠
%N‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬rQ ‫ א‬JDE'7@5S0.*bH ‫ نא =زא‬-‫א‬
%‫و‬GS7‫م‬١٠٠H.<‫א‬C‫א‬FHG‫א‬% ‫א‬b5 -]S0O > g<‫@א‬ZH‫א‬
.8 0Q ‫ج>א‬0'h(SO3)rQ ‫ א‬JDEO 7Ih)ً '7
ZoíØÛa@†î×c@sÛbq@åß@—Ü‚nÛa@J
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x@A0'fH‫א‬rQ ‫ א‬JDEO 7‫وج‬%H.rQ ‫ א‬JDE'7
‫و_د‬H. E‫ندن‬QM0 ;3 ‫وא‬،>R oً'Q<‫א‬L% ‫א‬
S0I‫نא =زא‬f،‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬gD%@Q;‫א =ز‬rQ ‫ א‬JDEO 7
.(Absorbers)‫ص‬50h‫א‬gb_E‫"ل‬%‫و‬G‫و‬bA QG‫د‬4
ZHAcid Mist RemoverI@óšßb§a@lbjšÛa@ÝíŒß@J
p/5%!0JR o0HG‫ن‬EQe8 0Q ‫א‬dv0H‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬IH5 ‫א‬
p/5Q ‫و‬،%DE‫و‬E ‫و‬%Q ١٠M4١‫אو‬R s ‫'طא‬Sv>.H\-Z0 ‫א‬
١٠gG0 ‫وא‬P Q ‫طא‬H- JH E.8 ‫ذ‬%=2#‫א‬R s ‫\'طא‬-Z0 ‫א‬
.‫ص‬50h‫جא‬%EpD%‫אوم‬p-5 ‫א‬8 8-[‫אم‬Z0[4Qe ‫و‬%Q
8 3DQe.R s ‫طא‬H ‫א‬3" ‫زא‬4O >(=s ‫ @א‬-lA¤@!/‫و‬
١٠٦
‫ض‬A©4‫م‬g-Q ‫و‬،‫ط‬H ‫א‬3" ‫زא‬Venturi Scrubber;1aHA @ J= ‫אمא‬Z0[4
. ‫אزא‬CADn i0 (=s ‫א‬P D
p [ ‫א‬gb_E‫אم‬Z0[‫نא‬f،P=5 ‫א‬sd‫א‬R s ‫> 'طא‬
‫ن‬QG‫ن‬Epq d‫א‬3".b0 ‫زא‬4 CADI‫ذא‬0/G Q G0[‫و‬Q h‫א‬
x !gb_E.@D±0- ‫ضوو‬ª ‫زدو‬b<‫א‬SJ_8 3D‫و‬RNl#‫א‬
M/ ‫ضא‬A©h‫א‬I‫طذא‬H ‫א‬x !v0 8 3Db‫א‬Z0[4Qe‫ _س‬A ‫א‬R s ‫א‬
..(=s ‫א‬
ZHCatolytic ReductionI@†Çb½a@ÝßbÈÛbi@ÞaŒn⁄a@J
‫د‬l ‫א‬x(-|8 ‫دوذ‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬kvJD#‫وא‬NO2‫אلز‬g04Qe
H G ‫'دمא‬A ‫م"א‬Z0J‫@א [ (א‬/ ‫א‬.( [‫@و‬-%%!0 ‫א =زوא‬
: Gm‫א‬IA0 ‫א‬6YO >. -!/ ‫א‬3"‫د‬lD‫مא ن‬Z0J‫د‬.kG ‫وא‬
CH4+4NO2 CO2 + 2H2O + 4NO
CH4 + 4NO CO2 + 2H2O + 2N2
CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C‫א‬F‫@א‬/A AZ0 ‫د"א‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬I7-‫\א‬-Z0- P#‫@א‬/ ‫א‬
H/AG14!-D‫دאد‬gG0 ‫وא‬% ‫א‬D%>‫د‬g AZ0 ‫ א‬J'‫دאد‬gGO >;<‫א‬
.‫ض‬1#‫א‬N[
١٠٧
١٠٨
ÉuaŠ½a
References òîjäuþa@ÉuaŠ½a@–@uüëc
1- Jerry A. Nathanson “Basic Environmental Technology” © By

Prentice Hallinc. Vpper Saddla. 4-th Edition River, New Jersey O 7458
U S A. I SBN – 81- 203- 2228- 2 In 2004.
2- Dr. Neetu Goel & Sanjay Kumar “Concise Engineering Chemistry”
AITBS Publishers (Regd) -J- 5/6 K Rishan Nagar, Delhi
110051(India).
3- Vaziran & Chandola “Elements Of Environmental Engineering”
. S . BP. Publishers, India – 1995.
4- Dara .S.S. “Text Book Of Environmental Chemistry. S . BP.
Publishers India, 2002.
5- Newton . D . University Of Michigan Continued Education Pub NO
113 (1993).
6- Eckenfelder, W.W.Jt. & Mancini .J.L. National Symposium On
Pollution Control Pennsy Lvania State University (1987).
òîiŠÈÛa@ÉuaŠ½a@–@ubîãbq
->J ‫אنא‬-´H‫א‬P=GP7UG%555Z0‫א א‬+ ,‫א‬%%G

.%5‫א‬
١٠٩
١١٠
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ívË’Ö]<ÜÎ… Åç{•ç¹]
٣ Üè‚Ïi
٥ îòéfÖ]<Ù^]<ð^éÛéÒ<–<Ùæù]<Ø’ËÖ]
٣٧ ð]ç]<pç×i<–<îÞ^nÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
íÚ^ÃÖ]<l]‡^ÇÖ]<l^m^ÃfÞ]<í¢^ÃÚ<Ñ†<–<oÖ^nÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
٩١ ïç¢]<ð]ç]<îÊ<ìÇ’Ö]<l^ÛéŠ¢]æ
١٠٩ Äq]†¹]æ<…^’¹]
‫ ﺳﻼم ﺣﺳﯾن ﻋوﯾد اﻟﮭﻼﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺣﯾﺎت د‬
https://scholar.google.com/citations?
user=t1aAacgAAAAJ&hl=en
salamalhelali@yahoo.com
https://www.facebook.com/salam.alhelali
30TU
https://www.facebook.com/groups/
/Biothesis
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/
/Salam_Ewaid
07807137614
U30T
،.w‫א‬YX& ‫وא‬G[k[ {[P ‫ א‬M;‫و‬Y' ? ‫א‬,=/x،0W? ‫א‬ Be‫<[م‬d ‫א‬

‫ل‬fPJ‫وא‬،N ‫א‬G5 ‫(א‬S@m MD+/e@،,‫و‬/ ‫א‬,l; ‫א‬
‫ن‬.I ‫א‬BDI‫ن‬V ‫د‬l‫و‬،c/<5[? ‫א‬Y4‫א‬
,=/xM‫א‬GwP<‫א‬،M^t‫א‬
V
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,<I6‫א‬BDI‫د‬5 ‫ول‬aD ‫ دא‬l‫אمو‬GwP<‫وא‬
Boron B^.MLZP A‫ وא‬0W? ‫قא‬J،M4‫وא‬
{[P‫ن‬V#Hydride +/e@،,=/e ‫א‬M?[w‫وא‬
‫א‬BDI‫و‬CNS M?1/‫א‬
BDI5wD ‫وא‬,/ ‫د‬:‫قא‬X/P<‫ א‬M[f=،‫دم‬# ‫جא‬PT‫א‬,=/x Cd‫دم‬# ‫א‬
،MDe ‫א‬RZP ‫א‬،[#[ {[@ ،‫دن‬2f[ LZ# ‫א‬،B<a ‫א‬
ML‫;א‬4‫א‬،D2X ‫א‬RZP A‫ א‬T\P/.‫دن‬2‫مא‬6
،‫ن‬.I ‫א‬،,2‫وא‬,G2‫ א‬،Cu Tn،Pb,/@
،GD# ‫א‬،B[ ‫א‬ML‫;א‬4‫ א‬M‫א‬GD‫وא‬G:‫א‬,=/x
.‫د‬J0fI@BDI@‫ن‬VP/.‫ א‬،"#/ ‫א‬،‫دم‬# ‫א‬M5;L
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‫ن‬.I ‫وא‬
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RZP ‫א‬،,<I6‫א‬BDI ‫אم‬GwP<‫א‬M[f=،7O P‫وא‬
{[@،G[-‫א‬MJ@،G[-‫ א‬,=/x،‫وم‬# ‫א‬MD^
BDI‫ن‬V"fP،?T:‫א‬YX& ‫א‬ ‫س‬PD<A‫وא‬c/A‫א‬
‫ن‬.I ‫א‬
٦٠
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YX& ‫א‬B<a ‫وא‬,N‫א‬E‫و وא‬V0W? ‫قא‬J،‫ص‬x ‫א‬Zx
[#[ (S@‫א‬BDIL،.w‫د א‬M‫א‬GD،cn ‫א‬
،2G2‫ض‬،GD# ‫ وא‬Lead ‫ص‬x ‫א‬MwT5‫ز‬
5el،‫?ل‬. /‫ [{ذ‬،` GP ‫א‬،Arsenate
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07/‫א‬,TG2‫א‬Mi‫א‬
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BDI‫ن‬V#‫و‬G[-‫ =[א‬,=/x،,/?[-‫א‬M[f=
,X {[@‫و‬,<IJ ,#DI ‫א‬J)?x:‫سא‬W/ ‫א‬
,.w‫ א‬YS; ‫א‬،(yTn ‫سوא‬W/ ‫א‬
.,^DI ‫א‬،TG2‫א‬
‫ص‬ePA‫א‬،CNS 0fIP ‫ א‬M4‫א‬،n/k/‫و‬O? ‫جא‬PT‫א‬ Mnn/k/‫א‬
‫ق‬eP A‫وא‬V‫ق‬X/P<A‫א‬،+[D ‫ א‬،n/k/\-‫دא‬l ‫א‬
,N ‫א‬,LxmBDI‫ن‬V# ‫قאאد‬J،‫م‬W[ ‫א‬S<V
n/k/L n/k/‫=[א‬,Pt‫א‬
RZP ‫א‬،v?/P ‫א‬R‫;א‬4‫ א‬7O P‫א‬M=/e ‫א‬ Ni"#/ ‫א‬
G[-‫وא‬,N ‫نא‬.<،G[-‫د א‬l ‫قא‬J،"#/ ‫אمא‬GwP<L
M4m[=Pt‫א‬
،cn ‫وא‬0W? ‫قא‬J،"#/ ‫א‬
LZ# ‫א‬YS; ‫אضא‬JV
‫ق‬J،"#/ ‫א‬SA,GwPI‫א‬
"#/ ‫=[א‬,Pt‫אאدא‬
٦١
‫و‬,2‫و‬,G2ML‫;א‬4‫ א‬+D/e@،‫دم‬T? ‫صא‬SwP<‫א‬ V‫دم‬T? ‫א‬

B[ ‫אضא‬V،I?/P ‫زא‬Z-‫=[ א‬,Pt‫א‬yNDI ‫א‬
, J‫ن‬.I ‫א‬y ^‫ و‬، ‫א‬M;،‫دم‬T? ‫א‬
[,l=m،‫د‬6‫ضא‬2P ‫א‬ ‫دم‬T? L/& ‫א‬cn ‫قא‬J
‫ول‬aI # ‫א‬
I?/P ‫زא‬Zk[ ,<IJ c‫ز‬M?[‫دو‬l ‫قא‬J Se‫م‬/[I ‫א‬
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,2D; ‫א‬
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0fI@‫و‬,<M‫א‬O\|@BDI , GwPI‫א‬,'2 ‫א‬
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‫אد‬DNn ‫=[א‬,Pt‫א‬ DNn[
BDI@‫ن‬V#‫و‬,fI ‫א‬GG$
A‫وאو‬De2 ‫زא‬Zk[ {[@
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٦٢
ò÷îië@æbã⁄a@óÜÇ@õaìa@pbqìÜß@qdm
Effect Of air Pollutants on Man & His Envionment
Z…aì½a@Òýma@MQ
، LN‫אאدא‬،CH ‫אدא‬،‫دن‬/‫!@א‬aGC‫א‬F‫א‬6-0%7U0G‫אن‬Qe0 ‫אאدא‬
N=0 ‫א' @وאدא‬I‫א‬CN ‫א‬،‫_ج‬g ‫א‬،I= 5 ‫א‬،‫د‬-<‫א‬،I_JH‫א‬،‫ق‬1 ‫א‬
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‫אאא‬
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V,'J ,f=TJIs
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HF
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ZpbmbjäÛa@Òýmg@MR
R s ‫א‬،I‫א‬1-A ‫א‬I! J_،HF،rQ ‫ א‬JDE'7@،C‫א‬F‫א‬I7-
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I H- -0 ‫_א‬1‫د‬.Ihd‫א‬/8 3D6lIH ‫א‬³%UG.l1-
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.+!a ‫א‬Co_1‫ ود‬JH ‫א‬L% ‫א‬،!H ‫א‬
ZÝÔ§a@pbãaìî§@ÑÜm@MS
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٦٤
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.‫אض‬%#‫א‬
SiA ‫وא‬wQ ‫אنא‬%E‫و‬، '/‫א‬I|‫א‬%b2I -!O/ H‫ص‬2% ‫א‬
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Air Pollution Advance

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Air Pollution Advance

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Environmental Chemistry

‫‪،‬‬ ‫'&‪%‬אً‪ !"#‬زدא א لאم א‬

6Y0 ‫א‬A-0Z‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬%"‫א[א &א‬1\0] ‫لא‬,‫א‬C ! D

‫אض‬%#‫א‬x !<.PA[ !J o1#‫א‬%a ‫نא‬Q;3 ‫;א‬%Z5 ‫א‬CN= ‫א‬

1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬H@*[‫ن‬QC‫نא‬fk_‫و‬1 F‫طא‬1p J.‫ض‬1#‫א‬- d‫א‬

@òíëbàîØÛa@…aì½a ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@Þb© @|Đ@ÖìÏ@ÊbÐm‰üa òÔĐä½a@áa

l ‫!א‬H ،bHCg_\0eO >،+!a ‫א‬lN ‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[@ 0JG‫ض‬1#‫א‬

‫אد‬PZ G‫دو‬l ‫قא‬%>،I‫א‬1 J ‫دمא‬O/ HGs/ ‫אאدא‬I! J_

(;1‫א‬%d‫ سא‬0>h‫)א‬5 ‫א‬P7UG(٢)@Q

5 ‫א‬I‫زא‬g D%G‫ن‬fIL 0>h‫'> مא]ذא‬Ea]C!-/ ‫א‬/

. G‫א‬pl‫א‬/ ‫´وא‬H‫א‬P=GD¦‫ א‬h ‫א‬I‫ذא‬I‫א‬%¦‫א‬/ ‫א‬wH"

I/!0,‫ א‬0'‫א‬R3_١٩٨٥‫ م‬0D10'E1l‫وزون‬#‫א‬p7.a0D‫א‬

a) O3 + NO2 NO3 + O2 _ ¬

‫ز‬Z-‫אضא‬V،,<IJ ،77n ‫(א‬e ‫א‬,=/x HF`7‫و‬5GE‫א‬G5[

،.w‫א‬YX& ‫وא‬G[k[ {[P ‫ א‬M;‫و‬Y' ? ‫א‬,=/x،0W? ‫א‬ Be‫<[م‬d ‫א‬

,2‫א‬y I‫صא‬ePA‫ א‬،M‫א‬5I ‫=אدمא‬M\2DTm Pb‫ص‬x ‫א‬

‫و‬,2‫و‬,G2ML‫;א‬4‫ א‬+D/e@،‫دم‬T? ‫صא‬SwP<‫א‬ V‫دم‬T? ‫א‬

،5‫א‬6‫א‬,75 ‫د‬،,L. ‫ א‬,'6‫א‬M‫وא &زא‬SOX d ‫א‬G،"^|P ‫א‬ ‫دن‬2‫א‬

،5‫א‬6‫א‬,75‫د‬،,L. ‫ א‬,'6‫א‬M‫وא &زא‬SOX ،"I& ‫א‬،W;I ‫א‬d ‫אد א‬

,2[I ‫א‬,2D. M‫زא‬،SO2 3;I ‫א‬,;&@،{2' ‫א‬ G[-‫א‬

+!a ‫א‬Co،L1 I‫زא‬،SO2 {eP ‫א‬ ‫ق‬5 ‫א‬

vfX ‫א‬Y4 GI^:‫=א"א‬،‫وزون‬:‫א‬ {2' ‫א‬،XP ‫א‬ ‫א;ط‬

‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬

'‫"& א(א‬-.  )‫א‬

.‫م‬2 ‫لא‬S RIJ%<Pf^‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٥ NO2

٠,١,=<٢٤elVG‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٣/I ‫<א‬G/E‫א‬%<P‫א‬ MfI-‫א‬

.‫م‬2 ‫א‬GJ‫وא‬GJ‫وא‬,=<elVG‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٨ M‫א‬GI^‫א‬

 ‫א<ذ‬I HG  ‫א‬p [ ‫א‬x!<‫صא‬50‫صא‬5‫אد‬IH 

.$/‫א‬/.0 1 ‫א‬2 3,$ )‫א‬ ‫م‬

,L‫ذ‬-L OD^M/2 ‫ א‬V‫ز‬Z7 , 2 ‫א‬MfI-‫א‬ ٢

,L‫ذ‬-L ‫ص‬x5,2 @d# ‫لא‬G2 ٣

[L`[]‫א‬,. Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ `7‫و‬5GE‫א‬GPd^ ٤

.a‫و‬ODV،"xP ‫א‬ Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ cd# ‫א‬GI^VT\ ٥

R^7,. Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ `7‫و‬a/ ‫א‬G<^V ٦

‫א‬7@‫ز^و‬Z7 M/2 ‫ א‬:‫ز ص‬Z7 ‫ن‬L# ‫א‬GI^V‫ول‬V ٧

(‫א‬7@‫ز^و‬Z7 M/2 ‫ א‬:‫ز ص‬Z7 ‫ن‬L^‫و‬5GE‫א‬ ٨

)‫" א‬5‫"ع‬ $‫א‬

،‫ض‬¢V,/ ‫د‬V،,/ ‫د‬V،MfI7،NO2،5D،CO،SO2 B[e ‫وא‬GG6‫א‬,=/x

5D،CO،‫ج‬/I ‫]"א‬MfI7،NOX ،SOX ،;P‫د‬5 ,l; ‫א‬M;

،CO،MTL^‫و‬5GE‫א‬،M‫א‬G5[? ‫א‬،NH3،NOX،SOX ,‫و‬f# ‫א‬M=/e ‫א‬

‫د ن‬،;P5D،NOX، SOX،‫وق‬t‫א‬O-‫א‬5D،c/V c/:‫א‬,=/x

(Sulphides)M‫א‬G?[I ‫א‬،Pd^MAW^ ‫[د‬-‫א‬+/e@‫و‬,L‫د‬

v<|P ‫אدא‬،MD،M??،`[TV،n/L‫و‬aT M&De ‫א‬،MD ‫א‬

,Pd^MAW^،H2S MkP/‫قوא‬5 ‫א‬

.‫ ن‬G ‫א‬،MTL^‫و‬5GE‫ א‬HC HO،NOX،SOX M‫א‬5I ‫א‬

‫ ص‬7‫ א‬8 )‫א‬

SulphitescPd^،Y‫א‬Ca (OH)2 =،[lY،Y SO2

‫د ص‬7‫א‬,‫ د‬ )‫א‬

،.‫ن‬W;c ‫ودو‬VO7kJ SO2

%X/‫نא‬L# ‫א‬ ,'2 ‫א‬MD‫א‬V

cI^D ‫א‬ , ‫و‬aLM‫زא‬

cI^D ‫א‬،"7#[<،/ :‫א‬ ،M‫א &زא‬+,DJe‫א‬:‫א‬

@sAbs/@/q‫ص‬5‫د‬h‫אدא‬/  - sA0 ‫صא‬5‫د‬h‫*\א‬5

,DI/ ‫א‬h?w/v# ‫א‬3$ ,DI/ ‫=א‬v# ‫א‬3$

‫¦م‬١٣٠ `@‫و‬# "aT‫و‬O[^VL

‫¦م‬١٣٠ ‫دא^ون‬ aImL

‫¦م‬٢٨٨ ‫[ن‬/@ `[\m‫و‬5[‫א‬a@L

‫¦م‬٢٣٠ v#§T̈ (y@5V)G¥‫א‬L

‫¦م‬٣٠٠ ‫ج‬7‫ز‬ ‫ج‬7‫ز‬

‫¦م‬٨٠ ;l ;l

‫¦م‬٩٣ (x (x

N‫א‬2 ‫وא‬,L‫ذ‬-L+f ,L‫ذ‬-L+f

‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬%[AZHGbHO >-=%ً[[E‫ن‬Q0G"‫و‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫'&‪%‬אً‪ !"#‬زدא א لאم א‬

6Y0 ‫א‬A-0Z‫ !وא‬Q ‫א‬%"‫א[א &א‬1\0] ‫لא‬,‫א‬C ! D

‫אض‬%#‫א‬x !<.PA[ !J o1#‫א‬%a ‫نא‬Q;3 ‫;א‬%Z5 ‫א‬CN= ‫א‬

1‫א‬%>_1‫د‬H@*[‫ن‬QC‫نא‬fk_‫و‬1 F‫طא‬1p J.‫ض‬1#‫א‬- d‫א‬

@òíëbàîØÛa@…aì½a ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@Þb© @|Đ@ÖìÏ@ÊbÐm‰üa òÔĐä½a@áa

l ‫!א‬H ،bHCg_\0eO >،+!a ‫א‬lN ‫א‬1‫א‬%!0[@ 0JG‫ض‬1#‫א‬

‫אد‬PZ G‫دو‬l ‫قא‬%>،I‫א‬1 J ‫دمא‬O/ HGs/ ‫אאدא‬I! J_

(;1‫א‬%d‫ سא‬0>h‫)א‬5 ‫א‬P7UG(٢)@Q

5 ‫א‬I‫زא‬g D%G‫ن‬fIL 0>h‫'> مא]ذא‬Ea]C!-/ ‫א‬/

. G‫א‬pl‫א‬/ ‫´وא‬H‫א‬P=GD¦‫ א‬h ‫א‬I‫ذא‬I‫א‬%¦‫א‬/ ‫א‬wH"

I/!0,‫ א‬0'‫א‬R3_١٩٨٥‫ م‬0D10'E1l‫وزون‬#‫א‬p7.a0D‫א‬

a) O3 + NO2 NO3 + O2 _ ¬

‫ز‬Z-‫אضא‬V،,<IJ ،77n ‫(א‬e ‫א‬,=/x HF`7‫و‬5GE‫א‬G5[

،.w‫א‬YX& ‫وא‬G[k[ {[P ‫ א‬M;‫و‬Y' ? ‫א‬,=/x،0W? ‫א‬ Be‫<[م‬d ‫א‬

,2‫א‬y I‫صא‬ePA‫ א‬،M‫א‬5I ‫=אدمא‬M\2DTm Pb‫ص‬x ‫א‬

‫و‬,2‫و‬,G2ML‫;א‬4‫ א‬+D/e@،‫دم‬T? ‫صא‬SwP<‫א‬ V‫دم‬T? ‫א‬

،5‫א‬6‫א‬,75 ‫د‬،,L. ‫ א‬,'6‫א‬M‫وא &زא‬SOX d ‫א‬G،"^|P ‫א‬ ‫دن‬2‫א‬

،5‫א‬6‫א‬,75‫د‬،,L. ‫ א‬,'6‫א‬M‫وא &زא‬SOX ،"I& ‫א‬،W;I ‫א‬d ‫אد א‬

,2[I ‫א‬,2D. M‫زא‬،SO2 3;I ‫א‬,;&@،{2' ‫א‬ G[-‫א‬

+!a ‫א‬Co،L1 I‫زא‬،SO2 {eP ‫א‬ ‫ق‬5 ‫א‬

vfX ‫א‬Y4 GI^:‫=א"א‬،‫وزون‬:‫א‬ {2' ‫א‬،XP ‫א‬ ‫א;ط‬

'‫"& א(א‬-. )‫א‬

.‫م‬2 ‫لא‬S RIJ%<Pf^‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٥ NO2

٠,١,=<٢٤elVG‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٣/I ‫<א‬G/E‫א‬%<P‫א‬ MfI-‫א‬

.‫م‬2 ‫א‬GJ‫وא‬GJ‫وא‬,=<elVG‫א[ن‬Yn7٠,٠٨ M‫א‬GI^‫א‬

‫א<ذ‬I HG ‫א‬p [ ‫א‬x!<‫صא‬50‫صא‬5‫אد‬IH

.$/‫א‬/.0 1 ‫א‬2 3,$ )‫א‬ ‫م‬

,L‫ذ‬-L OD^M/2 ‫ א‬V‫ز‬Z7 , 2 ‫א‬MfI-‫א‬ ٢

,L‫ذ‬-L ‫ص‬x5,2 @d# ‫لא‬G2 ٣

[L`[]‫א‬,. Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ `7‫و‬5GE‫א‬GPd^ ٤

.a‫و‬ODV،"xP ‫א‬ Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ cd# ‫א‬GI^VT\ ٥

R^7,. Y‫א‬E‫א‬M/= VY=‫و‬ `7‫و‬a/ ‫א‬G<^V ٦

‫א‬7@‫ز^و‬Z7 M/2 ‫ א‬:‫ز ص‬Z7 ‫ن‬L# ‫א‬GI^V‫ول‬V ٧

(‫א‬7@‫ز^و‬Z7 M/2 ‫ א‬:‫ز ص‬Z7 ‫ن‬L^‫و‬5GE‫א‬ ٨

)‫" א‬5‫"ع‬ $‫א‬

،‫ض‬¢V,/ ‫د‬V،,/ ‫د‬V،MfI7،NO2،5D،CO،SO2 B[e ‫وא‬GG6‫א‬,=/x

5D،CO،‫ج‬/I ‫]"א‬MfI7،NOX ،SOX ،;P‫د‬5 ,l; ‫א‬M;

،CO،MTL^‫و‬5GE‫א‬،M‫א‬G5[? ‫א‬،NH3،NOX،SOX ,‫و‬f# ‫א‬M=/e ‫א‬

‫د ن‬،;P5D،NOX، SOX،‫وق‬t‫א‬O-‫א‬5D،c/V c/:‫א‬,=/x

(Sulphides)M‫א‬G?[I ‫א‬،Pd^MAW^ ‫[د‬-‫א‬+/e@‫و‬,L‫د‬

v<|P ‫אدא‬،MD،M??،`[TV،n/L‫و‬aT M&De ‫א‬،MD ‫א‬

,Pd^MAW^،H2S MkP/‫قوא‬5 ‫א‬

.‫ ن‬G ‫א‬،MTL^‫و‬5GE‫ א‬HC HO،NOX،SOX M‫א‬5I ‫א‬

‫ ص‬7‫ א‬8 )‫א‬

SulphitescPd^،Y‫א‬Ca (OH)2 =،[lY،Y SO2

‫د ص‬7‫א‬,‫ د‬ )‫א‬

،.‫ن‬W;c ‫ودو‬VO7kJ SO2

%X/‫نא‬L# ‫א‬ ,'2 ‫א‬MD‫א‬V

cI^D ‫א‬ , ‫و‬aLM‫زא‬

cI^D ‫א‬،"7#[<،/ :‫א‬ ،M‫א &زא‬+,DJe‫א‬:‫א‬

@sAbs/@/q‫ص‬5‫د‬h‫אدא‬/ - sA0 ‫صא‬5‫د‬h‫*\א‬5

,DI/ ‫א‬h?w/v# ‫א‬3$ ,DI/ ‫=א‬v# ‫א‬3$

‫¦م‬١٣٠ `@‫و‬# "aT‫و‬O[^VL

‫¦م‬١٣٠ ‫دא^ون‬ aImL

‫¦م‬٢٨٨ ‫[ن‬/@ `[\m‫و‬5[‫א‬a@L

‫¦م‬٢٣٠ v#§T̈ (y@5V)G¥‫א‬L

‫¦م‬٣٠٠ ‫ج‬7‫ز‬ ‫ج‬7‫ز‬

‫¦م‬٨٠ ;l ;l

‫¦م‬٩٣ (x (x

N‫א‬2 ‫وא‬,L‫ذ‬-L+f ,L‫ذ‬-L+f

‫د‬/ ‫א‬I‫א =زא‬%[AZHGbHO >-=%ً[[E‫ن‬Q0G"‫و‬

M4@‫دلא =زא א‬%[@i0 / ‫א‬I! J<‫@א‬5E c@!/‫ن‬-Q J ‫א‬

3".@*J- I%gbVN J ‫<ذ‬p [%G%(١٥)@Qa ‫א‬

M4@5G‫ن‬EQeO >Z0J‫א‬lN- L;1aHA @ J= ‫א‬CAD-0]

n0.x !v0 ‫ دא‬L‫ل‬EM41 = -!)‫א‬I‫א =زא‬%¨‫אא ج‬3"

'Q o‫=ز!دو‬- I‫א‬%u‫ ًل‬E%¨1 = -!)‫א‬I‫א =زא‬

?;‫א‬O-L,©I ‫א‬,D; ‫(א‬١٩)"#$

->J ‫אنא‬-´H‫א‬P=GP7UG%555Z0‫א א‬+ ,‫א‬%%G

،.w‫א‬YX& ‫وא‬G[k[ {[P ‫ א‬M;‫و‬Y' ? ‫א‬,=/x،0W? ‫א‬ Be‫<[م‬d ‫א‬

,2‫א‬y I‫صא‬ePA‫ א‬،M‫א‬5I ‫=אدمא‬M\2DTm Pb‫ص‬x ‫א‬

‫و‬,2‫و‬,G2ML‫;א‬4‫ א‬+D/e@،‫دم‬T? ‫صא‬SwP<‫א‬ V‫دم‬T? ‫א‬

،5‫א‬6‫א‬,75 ‫د‬،,L. ‫ א‬,'6‫א‬M‫وא &زא‬SOX d ‫א‬G،"^|P ‫א‬ ‫دن‬2‫א‬

،5‫א‬6‫א‬,75‫د‬،,L. ‫ א‬,'6‫א‬M‫وא &زא‬SOX ،"I& ‫א‬،W;I ‫א‬d ‫אد א‬

,2[I ‫א‬,2D. M‫زא‬،SO2 3;I ‫א‬,;&@،{2' ‫א‬ G[-‫א‬

+!a ‫א‬Co،L1 I‫زא‬،SO2 {eP ‫א‬ ‫ق‬5 ‫א‬

vfX ‫א‬Y4 GI^:‫=א"א‬،‫وزون‬:‫א‬ {2' ‫א‬،XP ‫א‬ ‫א;ط‬