MAT2010 Linear Algebra

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Dr. Aswathy R K
Department of Mathematics
School of Advanced Sciences
Vellore Institute of Technology – Andhra Pradesh
Vector Space: Recap

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Sub Space: Recap

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Linear Combination

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Example

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Linear Span

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Example
Find the Span{(1, 2, 3), (1, 0, 1)}

a(1, 2, 3)  b(1, 0,1)  (a  b, 2a, 3a  b)

Span{(1, 2, 3), (1, 0,1)}  {(a  b, 2a, 3a  b) : a, b R}

What is Span{(1, 2, 3), (1, 0, 1)} geometrically?

x  a  b, y  2a, z  3a  b

z  3a  b  2a  (a  b)  y  x

x  y  z  0  equation of a plane through origin

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension
Properties

Let S be anon-empty subset of the vector space V. Then

a) Let T be a subset of V such that S is contained in Span(T). Then, Span(S) is contained in
Span(T)
b) 0 ∈ Span(S)
c) Span(Span(S)) = Span(S)
d) If S ⊆ T then Span(S) ⊆ Span(T )
e) Span(S) = Span(S⋃ {0})

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Uniqueness

S  {(1, 0), (0,1)}, T  {(1, 0), (0,1), (1, 2)}

Span( S )  Span(T )

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Linear Dependence and Independence – Introduction
Take (1, 2), (3, 4) and (5, 6)

(5, 6) = -1(1, 2) + 2(3, 4), (3, 4) = 0.5(1, 2) + 0.5(5, 6) and (1, 2) = 2(3, 4) – (5, 6)
(1, 2) depends on (3, 4) and (5, 6)
(3, 4) depends on (1, 2) and (5, 6)
(5, 6) depends on (1, 2) and (3, 4)
Also,
(1, 2) - 2(3, 4) + (5, 6) = 0

But (1, 2) ≠ a(3, 4), for any a ∈ ℝ. That is (1, 2) and (3, 4) don’t depend on each other.
Thus, a(1, 2) + b(3, 4) = 0 implies a = b = 0

Now lets generalize this idea

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Linear Dependence and Independence : Definition

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Examples

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Examples

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Examples

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Theorem

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Theorem

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Geometric Interpretation in Euclidian Spaces

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Results

S = {v}, v ≠ 0, then S is L. I.

S ⊆ T.

a) T is L. I. implies S is L. I.

b) S is L. D. implies T is L. D.

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Basis

(x, y) = x(1, 0) + y(0, 1)

(0, 1)

(1, 0)
Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension
Example

{(1, 1), (2, 0)} for ℝ2 over ℝ.

a(1,1)  b(2, 0)  0  2a  b  b  0  a  b  0
Thus {(1, 1), (2, 0)} is L.I in ℝ2.
x y
a(1,1)  b(2, 0)  ( x, y)  2a  b  x, b  y  a  , b y
2
Thus {(1, 1), (2, 0)} spans ℝ2.

Therefore it is a basis.
Hence basis is not unique.

But all basis has same number of elements.

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Dimension

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Example

{e1, e2, e3, …, en} forms a basis for ℝn over ℝ, where,

e1 = (1, 0, 0, …, 0), e2 = (0, 1, 0, …, 0), e3 = (0, 0, 1, …, 0), …, en = (0, 0, 0, …, 1).

This basis is called the standard basis for ℝn over ℝ.

dim(ℝn) = n.

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Example

Pn(x) = set of all polynomials in x with degree less than or equal to n, over ℝ or ℂ.

Standard Basis: {1, x, x2, x3, …, xn }

dim(Pn(x)) = n+1.

The collection {1, (x - 1), (x - 1)2, (x - 1)3, …, (x - 1)n} also forms a basis for Pn(x)

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Theorem

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Result

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Dimensions of Subspaces

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Problems

Q. Determine whether or not each of the following is a basis for R3:

a) (1, 1, 1) and (1, -1, 5)

b) (1, 2, 3), (1, 0, 1), (3, -1, 0) and (2, 1, -2)

c) (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3) and (2, -1, 1)

d) (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 5) and (5, 3, 4)

Ans. a) No, dim R3 = 3, not 2. No set containing less than 3 elements can span R3.

b) No, dim R3 = 3, not 4. No set containing more than 3 elements is L.I.

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Problems
Q. c) (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3) and (2, -1, 1)

Ans.

They are L.I or not?

1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1
1 2 3  0 1 2   0 1 2

2 1 1  0 3 1 0 0 5 

They are L.I. Thus They form a basis for R3.

(a linearly independent set S with n elements spans V, for any n-dimensional V.S. Thus S forms a basis for V.)

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Problems
Q. Find a basis and dimension of the subspace W of R4 spanned by (1, -4, -2, 1), (1, -3, -1, 2)

and (3, -8, -2, 7)?

Ans. W = Span{(1, -4, -2, 1), (1, -3, -1, 2), (3, -8, -2, 7)}

dim (W ) = number of L.I elements of {(1, -4, -2, 1), (1, -3, -1, 2), (3, -8, -2, 7)}.

= number of non-zero rows in Echelon form

1 4 2 1  1 4 2 1  1 4 2 1
1 3 1 2  0 1 1 1   0 1 1 1 

3 8 2 7 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0

dim (W ) = 2 and Basis for W = {(1, -4, -2, 1), (1, -3, -1, 2)}

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Problems
Q. Find a basis and dimension of the subspace W spanned by the polynomials t3 – 2t2 +4t + 1,

2t3 – 3t2 + 9t – 1, t3 + 6t – 5 and 2t3 – 5 t2 + 7t + 5.

Ans.

W = Span{t3 – 2t2 +4t + 1, 2t3 – 3t2 + 9t – 1, t3 + 6t – 5, 2t3 – 5t2 + 7t + 5}

dim (W ) = number of non-zero rows in Echelon form of the matrix of coefficients

1 2 4 1  1 2 4 1  1 2 4 1 
2 3 9 1 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 3
  
1 0 6 5  0 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 
     
2 5 7 5  0 1 1 3  0 0 0 0 

Basis of W = {t3 – 2t2 +4t + 1, 2t3 – 3t2 + 9t – 1} and dim (W ) = 2.

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension
Rank of a Matrix

a11 a12 a13 . . . a1n 

a a22 a23 . . . a2 n 
 21
a31 a32 a33 . . . a3n 
 
A  . . . . . . . 
. . . . . . . 
 
. . . . . . . 
a am 2 am 3 . . . amn 
 m1

Rank(A) = Number of L.I. rows of A

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension

Thank You…

Linear Span and Independence, Basis and Dimension