‫جامعة عين شمس‬

‫كلية الطب البيطرى‬

‫قسم الفسيولوجيا البيطرية والكيمياء الحيوية‬

‫‪Practical Physiology‬‬
‫‪Code no. PAB212‬‬

‫‪2023/2024‬‬
Content:
• Blood sampling
• Packed cell volume (PCV)
• Hemoglobin estimation
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• Red blood cells count
• White blood cells count
• Differential leukocytic count
• Blood grouping
• Osmotic fragility test
• Blood pressure
• Muscle and nerve
• Cardiac muscle
 Arterial blood pressure
Definition : -

Pressure produced by blood

against a unit area of vessel's wall
(blood pressure is a measurement
of systolic and diastolic pressure
within blood Vs).
 Forms
1) Systolic blood pressure : Maximal B.P. in
arteries during ventricular contraction .
- It equals ( 120 mmHg ) in human .

2) Diastolic blood pressure : Minimal B.P. in

arteries during ventricular relaxation .
- it equals ( 80 mmHg ) in human .
1

3)1 Pulse pressure :

The difference between systolic and diastolic
arterial B.P.
Pulse P = 120 – 80 = 40 mmHg.
 4) Mean arterial Bl. P. : Is the average
pressure through out the cardiac cycle .

- It's not a half way pressure between systolic and

diastolic B. P. because diastolic is longer then
systolic .
1
- Mean B. P. = Diastolic B. P. + 1/3(pulse P)
1 = [ 80 + 1/3( 40) ]
= [ 80 + 13 ] = 93 mmHg .
Mean B.P. is the average pressure which tends to
push the blood through the systemic circulation
so, it's important for blood flow through tissues.
Arterial B. P. :
= Cardiac out put ( C.O.P.) ×
peripheral resistance (P.R.)
P.R. : is the resistance
which the blood flow
meets at the periphery
mainly the arterioles
 Measurement of arterial B. P.
Measurement of arterial B.P is important because
it gives us an idea about the efficiency of B.Vs
and cardiac muscle contraction .
Methods : -
1)Direct method
Using mercury manometer
It is used in : -
- Animals .
- Neonate .
- Burns .
Procedure : -
Glass cannula is fixed in one of
the arteries and connected to a
mercury manometer .
The cannula is filled with
sodium citrate 3% solution in
order to avoid clotting of blood
in the cannula.
 2) Indirect methods
Using sphygmomanometer methods : -
a) Auscultatory method .
b) Palpatory method.
A) Auscultatory method
Used to determine B. P. in man .
Principle : -
When external pressure is applied on an
artery, the blood flow is disturbed and hits the
wall of the artery resulting in vibration which
can be heard by stethoscope .
Equipment :
Sphygmomanometer and
stethoscope .
The Sphygmomanometer is formed
of : -
- Rubber cuff bag which is
enclosed in cloth cuff .
- The bag is connected to air
pump and mercury manometer
. Rubber cuff
N.B. : The pressure inside
the bag can be raised by the Mercury manometer

use of air pump and can also Screw valve

be released by turning a
Air pump

special screw valve.

Stethoscope
Procedure : -
1) Wrap the rubber cuff on the middle of the arm above the
anticubital fossa and apply the chest piece of the stethoscope on the
brachial artery medial to the anti cubital fossa, no sound will be
heard because the blood flows easily .
 Before applying external pressure

During systole During diastole

The blood flow
The blood flow
is laminar
is laminar

No sound is heard
No sound is heard
2) Close the valve and inflate the cuff, as the cuff inflates, pressure
on the blood vessel increases until blood flow is cut off completely
(pressure now is above systolic P. ) . No sound will be heard because
the blood vessel is closed and blood flow is stopped .
When the external pressure > the systolic blood
pressure

During systole During Diastole

No blood flows No blood flows

No sound is heard No sound is heard

3) Deflate the pressure cuff slowly by
using the screw valve. Air is slowly left
out of the cuff and pressure is
released
So the blood vessel starts to open and
blood flows in a disturbed way .
(the artery is not completely opened )
This results in a tapping sound that
can be heard by a stethoscope
The 1st soft sound that can be heard
by the stethoscope is the systolic
pressure it can be determined by
recording the length of mercury
column .
When the external pressure ≤ the systolic
blood pressure
During systole During Diastole
The blood flow is No blood flows
disturbed
Tapping sound is No sound is heard
heard
4) continue deflating the pressure
cuff, until the sound disappears (the
BV is completely opened due to
lower external pressure )
In this case the blood flows easily
without hitting the wall of BV.

5) Record the reading of the mercury

manometer when the sound starts to
disappear and this will be the diastolic
Pressure.
When the external pressure < the diastolic
blood pressure
During systole During Diastole
The blood flow is The blood flow is
laminar laminar
The sound The sound
disappears disappears
 Factors maintaining B.P:-

cardiac out put peripheral resistance

Stroke heart diameter elasticity viscosity

volume rate of of of
B.Vs. arteries & blood
arterioles
 1) Cardiac Output
 Definition :-
The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle
per minute .
Cardiac out put = stroke volume × heart rate .

It's affected by :-
A- stroke volume :-
 Def. :- the amount of blood ejected by
ventricle per beat .
Factor affecting stroke volume
1- Venous return (VR) :-
• Definition :-
The amount of the blood returning to the heart
through venae cavae at the right side of the heart.

It's affected by :-
A) respiratory pump :-
During inspiration → the pressure in thorax
→ ↑↑ flow of blood to the heart .
→ ↑↑ stroke volume .
- during contraction of diaphragm → ↑ abdominal p.
→ pushing blood to the heart .
B) Muscular pump :-
during contraction of skeletal muscles
(exercises ) → compress skeletal veins →
pushing blood towards the heart .
C) position of the body ( gravity ) :-
during standing - blood directed to limbs
→↓↓ venous return →↓ stroke v.
D) blood volume :-
↑ BL. Volume →↑↑ venous return .
↓ BL. Volume ( bleeding ) →↓↓ venous
return .
 2- Contractility of the heart
" Starling law "
↑ force of contraction of heart leads to :-
↑ stroke volume and ↑ cardiac out put and
vice versa
B- Heart rate :-
def :- no. of heart beats / minute .

Factors affecting heart rate :-

1) Autonomic nervous system :-
sympathetic→ vasoconstriction
of B.Vs. →↑ heart rate .
parasympathetic →↓↓ heart rate
.
 2) circulating chemicals
Catecholamine and their agonists →
↑↑ heart rate

3) Activity (exercise) →↑↑ heart rate

the heart rate is faster in women than
men .
4) Age : The heart rate is faster in
infant than adult .
5)Temperature:-
the heart rate rises when body temp. increases
6) Baro receptor – reflexes
Mary's law :-
Heart rate inversely proportional to
arterial B.P as ↑↑ B.P →↓↓ H. rate .
Bain bridge's law :-
Heart rate is directly proportional to
venous return as ↑↑ VR → ↑at H. re .
 Peripheral resistance :
def :- it's the resistance which the blood
meets during its passage through the
peripheral arterioles and capillaries .

Factors affecting peripheral resistance

1)Diameter of BVS

A) Nervous B)hormonal C) Paracrine

Control Control Control
 A) Nervous Control
1- Sympathatic Vaso Constriction for capillaries
2- Para sympathetic Vaso dil. of arterioles &
Capillaries

B) Hormonal control

VasoConstruction Vasodiltation of arteriols &

Of arteriol& capillaries capillaries

e.g : *adrenaline , nor- e.g: * Acetyl choline

adrenaline * Histamine
*Angiotension II * Bradykinne
*Vaso Pressin * Atrial natruretic
* Serrotonine peptide (ANP)
* Thomboxane
 C) Paracrine Control
* def : Substances secreted from the endothelium
and affect tunica media of arterioles and capillaries

a . Nitric oxide vasodilatation of arterioles & capillaries

b . Prosta cycline vasodilatation of arterioles&
capillaries
C . Nitro Prusside vasodilatation of
arterioles & capillaries

2 – Elasticity of BVs
- When decrease elasticity of arteries (due to
atherosclerosis) increase BP
 3- Viscosity of blood
Def : resistance of blood to flow which is due to :

Cellular elements Plasma protein

( RBCS mainly, WBCS , (albumin, globulin ,
platelets) fibrinogen)

N.B.
- In hemconcentration (due to dehydration , vomition ,
…….. ) increase cellular elements , plasma
protein increase viscosity and increase BP
 Student activity:
Systolic blood pressure =

Diastolic blood pressure =

Pulse pressure =

Mean arterial blood pressure=

Any questions???