MATH 201 Jordan University of Science and Technology

Intermediate Analysis Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Lecture 01 Winter 2024 Dr. Isam Al-Darabsah

Instructor: Dr. Isam Al-Darabsah

Office location: D3 – Level 0

Email: imaldarabsah@just.edu.jo

Office hours: Sun, Tue, Thu: 10:30 AM – 12:00 AM/ Mon: 10:00 AM – 11:30 AM

Textbook: H. Anton, I. Bivens, S. Davis, Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 10th Edition

Vectors (Naive Review):

1- Coordinates in 3-Space

 There are three standard planes (‫ )مستوى‬in 3-space

 The 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane:
consists of all points with zero z coordinate they has of the form (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 0)
 The 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦-plane:
consists of all points with zero x coordinate they has of the form (0, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)
 The 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane:
consists of all points with zero y coordinate they has of the form (𝑥𝑥, 0, 𝑧𝑧)
 A point 𝑃𝑃 in space has a position and written in the form 𝑃𝑃 (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 , 𝑧𝑧1 ), where 𝑥𝑥1 is the distance to the 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦-plane,
𝑦𝑦1 is the distance to the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane, and 𝑧𝑧1 is the distance to the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane

5
1

 There are three main axes (‫ )��اور‬in 3-space

 The 𝑥𝑥-axis: The main axes divides the
consists of all points of the form (𝑥𝑥, 0, 0) 3-space into 8 parts.
All points have zero y and z coordinates.
Each part is called an
The 𝑦𝑦-axis:
octant (‫)ك� ��ء �ُ�مى ��نًا‬

consists of all points of the form (0, 𝑦𝑦, 0)
All points have zero x and z coordinates.
 The 𝑧𝑧-axis:
consists of all points of the form (0,0, 𝑧𝑧)
All points have zero x and y coordinates.

DR. ISAM AL-DARABSAH MATH 201 1

2- Vectors

A vector 𝐯𝐯
���� = 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐〉 is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, but no fixed position in space.

 Given points 𝑃𝑃 (𝑝𝑝1 , 𝑝𝑝2 , 𝑝𝑝3 ) and 𝑄𝑄(𝑞𝑞1 , 𝑞𝑞2 , 𝑞𝑞3 ). Then
terminal
���� = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐯𝐯 ����������� = 𝑄𝑄 − 𝑃𝑃 = 〈𝑞𝑞 − 𝑝𝑝 , 𝑞𝑞 − 𝑝𝑝 , 𝑞𝑞 − 𝑝𝑝 〉 point
1 1 2 2 3 3

terminal point initial

point

initial point

 Norm of a vector:
Measure the distance between the initial and terminal points of a vector ��𝐯𝐯�� = 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐〉:

����‖ = �𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑐𝑐2

‖𝐯𝐯

The quantity ‖𝐯𝐯

����‖ is the length, the norm, or the magnitude of the vector 𝐯𝐯
����.
√ √
For example, if 𝐮𝐮���� = 〈−1,2,1〉, then ‖𝐮𝐮
����‖ = �(−1)2 + 22 + 12 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6

 Unit vectors (standard vectors):

𝐢𝐢 ̂ = 〈1,0,0〉 𝐣𝐣̂ = 〈0,1,0〉 𝐤𝐤̂ = 〈0,0,1〉
Any vector 𝐯𝐯 ���� can be written as a linear combination of the standard vectors:

��𝐯𝐯�� = 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐〉 = 𝑎𝑎 𝐢𝐢 ̂ + 𝑏𝑏 𝐣𝐣̂ + 𝑐𝑐 𝐤𝐤̂

In the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane (2-space or two dimensions), the vectors consist of two components:

����‖ = �𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2

���� = 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏〉 ⇒ ‖𝐯𝐯
𝐯𝐯

The standard vectors are 𝐢𝐢 ̂ = 〈1,0〉 and 𝐣𝐣̂ = 〈0,1〉

��𝐯𝐯�� = 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏〉 = 𝑎𝑎 𝐢𝐢 ̂ + 𝑏𝑏 𝐣𝐣̂

 Normalizing a nonzero vector:

In a specific direction, there are infinitely many vectors with different lengths. However,
there is a unique vector of length one in a certain direction. Unit vectors give direction
in 3-space.

You can amplify the unit vector by a factor to make any length vector in a specific
direction. The unit vector 𝐯𝐯̂ in the direction of ��𝐯𝐯�� = 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐〉 is

��𝐯𝐯�� 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐〉

𝐯𝐯̂ = =√ 2 ⇒ ‖𝐯𝐯̂ ‖ = 1
‖𝐯𝐯
����‖ 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑐𝑐2
√
For example, when 𝐮𝐮
���� = 〈−1,2,1〉, then ‖𝐮𝐮����‖ = 6 and
��𝐮𝐮�� 〈−1,2,1〉 −1 2 1
𝐮𝐮̂ = = √ = �√ , √ , √ � ⇒ ‖𝐮𝐮̂ ‖ = 1
‖𝐮𝐮
����‖ 6 6 6 6

DR. ISAM AL-DARABSAH MATH 201 2

 Vector arithmetic:

 Given ��𝐯𝐯�� = 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐〉, then scalar multiple 𝑘𝑘𝐯𝐯

���� where 𝑘𝑘 ∈ ℝ is

𝑘𝑘𝐯𝐯
���� = 〈𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎, 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏, 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐〉

 If 𝑘𝑘 > 0, then 𝐯𝐯 ���� are parallel same direction (‫)نفس ا����اه‬

���� and 𝑘𝑘𝐯𝐯  If |𝑘𝑘| < 1, scalar multiple 𝑘𝑘𝐯𝐯
���� shrinks 𝐯𝐯
����
 If 𝑘𝑘 < 0, then 𝐯𝐯 ���� are parallel opposite direction (‫)�كس ا����اه‬
���� and 𝑘𝑘𝐯𝐯  If |𝑘𝑘| > 1, scalar multiple 𝑘𝑘𝐯𝐯
���� enlarges 𝐯𝐯
����
 ���� = 〈0,0,0〉 is the zero vector (‫)��ون ا��اه‬
If 𝑘𝑘 = 0, then 0𝐯𝐯
 If |𝑘𝑘| = 1, 𝑘𝑘𝐯𝐯
���� and 𝐯𝐯
���� have the same length.

 Given ��𝐯𝐯�� = 〈𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐〉 and ��𝐮𝐮�� = 〈𝑑𝑑, 𝑒𝑒, 𝑓𝑓〉, then

The sum 𝐯𝐯 ���� is

���� + 𝐮𝐮 The subtraction ��𝐯𝐯�� − 𝐮𝐮
���� is
���� + 𝐮𝐮
𝐯𝐯 ���� = 〈𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑, 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑒𝑒, 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓〉 ��𝐯𝐯�� − 𝐮𝐮
���� = 〈𝑎𝑎 − 𝑑𝑑, 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑒𝑒, 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑓𝑓〉

For example, when 𝐮𝐮

���� = 〈−1,2,1〉 and ������
𝐰𝐰 = 〈4, −2,10〉, then

1 1 4 −2 10
𝐮𝐮
���� − 𝐰𝐰
������ = 〈−1,2,1〉 − 〈4, −2,10〉 = 〈−1,2,1〉 − � , , � = 〈−1,2,1〉 − 〈2, −1,5〉 = 〈−1 − 2,2 + 1,1 − 5〉 = 〈−3,3, −4〉
2 2 2 2 2

and a unit vector in the opposite direction of ��𝐮𝐮�� is

−𝐮𝐮 ���� −〈−1,2,1〉 〈1, −2, −1〉 1 −2 −1
𝐮𝐮̂ = = √ = √ = �√ , √ , √ �
‖𝐮𝐮
����‖ 6 6 6 6 6

DR. ISAM AL-DARABSAH MATH 201 3