10

Science 10
Quarter 3 – Week 4 - Module 4:
Protein Synthesis and Mutation

AIRs - LM
Science 10
Quarter 3 – Week 4 - Module 4: Protein Synthesis and Mutation
First Edition, 2021

Copyright @ 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Luzviminda V. Dulay

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos, Jr., P II

Management Team

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr., Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D,, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D,, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D,, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

 Target
You learned in Grade 9 to describe the structure of the DNA and make models of
DNA molecule. You also learned how the genes in your deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
influence your characteristics.
Now, you will work on activities to assess your understanding on the structure
of the DNA, explain how DNA replication takes place, how ribonucleic acid (RNA) is
made using the information from DNA, how information in some genes is translated
into proteins, and explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and
function of a protein.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain how protein is made using information from DNA (S10LT-IIId-37)
2. Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a
protein (S10LT-IIIe-38)

Specifically, you should be able to:

1. compare the structures of the DNA and RNA molecule
2. identify the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis
3. describe DNA replication
4. describe transcription and translation
5. compare the different types of mutations and their possible results.

Pre-Test
Directions: Read each item carefully. Select the letter of the best answer and write
it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. DNA has a ______ strand; RNA has a ______ strand.

A. double/double B. double/triple C. double/single D. single/single

2. What enzyme initiates DNA replication?

A. DNA polymerase B. mRNA C. RNA polymerase D. tRNA

3. Transcription is the production of ___ from ___.

A. DNA, RNA B. DNA, protein C. Protein, RNA D. RNA, DNA

4. Identify the complementary DNA strand: ATTACGAT.

A. GAAGTGCA B. TAATGCTA C. TCTUCAAA D. CGGCACG

5. In RNA, the nitrogen base____ replaces ____ that was present in DNA.
A. A, U (adenine, uracil) B. U, T (uracil, thymine)
C. C, G (cytosine, guanine) D. U, A (uracil, adenine)
6. What is the transcribed mRNA strand for CATTAA?
A. GUAAUU B. GTAATT C. AUGGUU D. CATTAA
7. The "central dogma" states that genetic information flows from
A. Protein-->mRNA-->DNA B. mRNA-->DNA-->Protein
C. Protein-->DNA-->mRNA D. DNA-->mRNA-->Protein

8. Transcribe the following sequence of DNA into RNA: AAG CTT TGC
A. TTC GAA ACG B. UUC GAA ACG
C. TTC GUU UCG D. UUC GUU UCG

9. Which form of RNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome?
A. amino RNA B. messenger RNA C. ribosomal RNA D. transfer RNA

10. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A. DNA has uracil and RNA has thymine
B. DNA is involved in transcription and RNA is involved in translation
C. DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil
D. DNA is made of nucleotides and RNA is not

11. What is the correct codon for the DNA strand: CGA?
A. CGA B. CGT C. GCU D. CGU

12. Which enzyme unwinds DNA to be replicated?

A. DNA Polymerase B. Helicase C. Ligase D. RNA Polymerase

13. What term names the process during which DNA is copied prior to cell
division?
A. DNA polymerase B. DNA replication
C. DNA regneration D. DNA redistribution

14. Original DNA: CAT GAT

New DNA: CAT AT
What mutation occurred?
A. Deletion B. invertion C. substitution D. tranverse

15. What is the definition of translocation?

A. an exchange of chromosome parts
B. a change in the dna
C. addition of of a single base to DNA
D. moving things around
 LESSON Protein Synthesis
1

Jumpstart
Your DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the genes that determine who you
are. How can this organic molecule control your characteristics? DNA contains
instructions for all the proteins your body makes. Proteins, in turn, determine the
structure and function of all your cells. What determines a protein’s structure? It
begins with the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein. Instructions for
making proteins with the correct sequence of amino acids are encoded in DNA.
How is DNA different from RNA?
What nitrogen bases are found in DNA and RNA?
How is the information contained in DNA processed and translated into specific
characteristics or traits?
Let us find out the answers!

Discover
DNA and RNA Structures
The DNA molecule is composed of three types of component molecule:
Phosphate group, the sugar deoxyribose, and the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine,
guanine (A, T, C, G). There are three molecules that form the basic building block of
DNA, the nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one phosphate group, one
sugar molecule, and one of the four bases – in the example. Across the strands of the
helix, A always pairs with T, and G with C.

Nucleotide
Source: https://byjus.com/biology/dna-structure/
Figure 1. DNA Structure
 Ribonucleic Acid, like DNA, is a nucleic acid. However, RNA structure differs from
DNA structure in three ways, shown in Figure 2. First, RNA is single stranded –
whereas DNA is double stranded. Second, the sugar in RNA is ribose; DNA has
deoxyribose. Finally, both DNA and RNA contain four nitrogenous bases, but instead
of thymine, RNA contains a similar base called uracil (U). The uracil pairs with
adenine. The major types of RNA include messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA
(rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/YESANNA/nucleic-acid-chemistry-40334502
Figure 2. RNA Structure

The central dogma of the transfer of genetic information is shown below.

Transcription

DNA RNA Protein

Replication Translation
Figure 3. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

REPLICATION

Deoxyribonucleic acid is copied during interphase prior to mitosis and meiosis.

It is important that new copies are exactly like the original molecule. The structure
of the DNA provides a mechanism for making accurate copies of the molecule. The
process of making copies of DNA is called replication. When DNA replicates, two
identical copies of DNA molecules are produced, which are the same as the original.

The following are the events while DNA copies itself:

• Step 1. An enzyme called helicase breaks the bond between nitrogenous bases.
The two strands of DNA split.

• Step 2. The bases attached to each strand then pair up with the free nucleotides
found in the cytoplasm.

• Step 3. The complementary nucleotides are added to each strand by DNA

polymerase to form new strands. Two new DNA molecules, each with a parent strand
and each with a new strand are formed. The DNA replication is known as semi-
conservative replication, becauseone of the old strands is conserved in each new
molecule. Figure 4 illustrates the semi-conservative replication of DNA.

1 2 3

Source: https://microbenotes.com/prokaryotic-dna-replication-enzymes-steps-and-significance/
Figure 4. DNA Replication
Three Types of RNA

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to
the protein manufacturing area, the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA
becomes the template of information to make proteins.

2. Ribosomes, made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and ribosomal proteins hold

tightly into the mRNA using its information to assemble the amino acids in
correct order.

3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) supplies amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled as

protein.

Source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/
26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/types-of-rna.html
Figure 5. Types of RNA

TRANSCRIPTION

Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This

copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus, and enters
the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes.

The following events can help you understand the process of transcription:

• Step 1. Ribonucleic Acid polymerase enzyme binds and opens the DNA molecule
that will be transcribed.
 • Step 2. As the DNA molecule opens, the RNA polymerase slides along the DNA
strand and links free RNA nucleotides that pair with the nitrogenous bases of the
complementary DNA strand. Hence, if the sequence of bases on the DNA strand were
CCG TTA CAT, the sequence of bases on the RNA strand would be GGC AAU GUA.

• Step 3. When the process of base-pairing is completed, the RNA molecule

breaks away as the DNA strands rejoin. The RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the
cytoplasm. Figure 6 shows the transcription process.

Source: https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/labs/bioinformatics-lab/analysis/rna-seq/
Figure 6. Transcription

TRANSLATION

Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA

(mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic
code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the
corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the
protein.

In translation, each set of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule codes for one
amino acid in a protein. This explains why each set of three nucleotides in the mRNA
is called a codon. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid. For example, the
first codon which is, cytosine-guanine-uracil (CGU), instructs the ribosome to put
the amino acid arg (arginine) in the protein. The sequence of codons in the mRNA
determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

The following events in translation can help you understand the process:

• Step 1. As translation begins, mRNA binds to a ribosome. Then, tRNA

molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid, approach the ribosome. The tRNA
anticodon pairs with the first mRNA (start) codon argenine-uracil-guanine (AUG), to
form the initiation complex. The two
molecules temporarily join together.

• Step 2. Usually, the first codon on mRNA is AUG, which codes for the amino
acid methionine. AUG signals the start of protein synthesis. Then, the ribosome
slides along the mRNA to the next codon.

• Step 3. A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pairs with the second
mRNA codon.
 • Step 4. When the first and second amino acids are in place, an enzyme joins
them by forming a peptide bond between them.

• Step 5. As the process continues, a chain of amino acids is formed until the
ribosome reaches a stop codon (e.g., UAA, UAG, UGA) on the mRNA strand. The
polypeptide chain is released. Protein synthesis is complete. Figure 7 summarizes
the translation process.

Source: https://www.quizbiology.com/2013/10/translation-transcription-quiz.html#.X-X2otgzY2w
Figure 7. Translation

Proteins such as enzymes are mostly amino acids chained together in a certain
order. Each group of three nucleotide bases represents a codon in a DNA or mRNA
that corresponds to a specific amino acid or a start/ stop signal. This code is picked
up by the mRNA and is carried from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The codon has its
complement anticodon in tRNA.
Each amino acid that will form the protein molecule to be synthesized is determined
by the triplet code or codon on the mRNA.

THE GENETIC CODE

As we already know DNA is made up from four different bases: A, C, G and T.
The sequence of these bases is what defines the genetic code.

We also know that genes code for proteins. Proteins are long compounds that
have many different functions within organisms. Proteins are made up from smaller
units called amino acids.

There are around 20 different types of amino acids. Each amino acid has a code
within the DNA. The code consists of three bases, we call these "base triplet codes".
You can see in the table below that the different triplet codes correspond to different
amino acids.
ird letter
Source: http://www.scienceblitz.net/gene-expression-transcription-and-translation
Figure 8. Genetic Code Table
 Explore
ACTIVITY 1 DNA VS RNA

Objective: Compare and contrast the structures of the DNA and RNA molecule

Direction: Complete the venn diagram to compare DNA and RNA using all the words
below.

Nitrogen Base Uracil Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double Helix

Double Stranded Deoxyribose Sugar 1 Type
Nitrogen Base Thymine Ribose Sugar Located in
Nucleus Located in Cytoplasm Nucleotides
5-Carbon Sugar Single Helix 3 Types
Phosphate Group Ribonucleic Acid Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine
Single Strand Genetic Information

DNA RNA

BOTH

Guide Questions:

1. What are the components of the DNA and RNA molecule?

2. What are the two differences that can be found in a DNA and RNA nucleotide?

3. What nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

ACTIVITY 2 DNA MAKES DNA
Objectives:
1. Identify the role of DNA in protein synthesis
2. Describe DNA replication
Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. In relation to the pictures below, explain the three main steps in the process
of DNA replication. Name the enzymes that go with each step.

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

2. How many strands are created after the process and are they identical or
different?
3. How do the nucleotides in DNA pair?
4. Explain why DNA must be replicated.
5. Provide the correct base pair on the columns provided.
Split DNA New DNA Split DNA New DNA
(old strand) strand (old strand) strand
A T
T A
T A
A T
G C
G C
C G
A T
T A
G C
C G
A T
T A
T A
G C
ACTIVITY 3 WHAT’S THE MESSAGE

Objectives:

1. Differentiate the three types of RNA

2. Identify the role of RNA in protein synthesis
3. Describe transcription process

Directions: Answer what is required in each item.

A. Complete the graphic organizer to show the difference of the three types of
RNA.

RNA

mRNA rRNA tRNA

Name: Name: Name:

__________________ __________________ __________________

Location in the cell: Location in the cell: Location in the cell:

__________________ __________________ __________________

Function: Function: Function:

__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
B. Place the following sequence of steps in transcription in the correct order.

• mRNA separates from the DNA template

• hydrogen bonds reform between the two strands of the DNA molecule
• free-floating mRNA nucleotides match up with their complementary
nucleotide on the DNA strand
• DNA helix unwinds and and hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases break
at the gene location
• mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and DNA strands reform and rewind

C. Given the following DNA strands, transcribe the DNA code into the mRNA
codon.

DNA T A C A C C G T A T G C C A T A T T
mRNA

DNA T A C A G C A C A C G G C C C A C T
mRNA

D. Answer the following guide questions:

1. Based on your answers in part C, does the mRNA closely resemble the DNA
strand from which it was transcribed?
________________________________________________________

2. How many strands of mRNA are transcribed from the two “unzipped”
strands of DNA?
_________________________________________________________

3. Why is RNA important to the cell?

_________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 4 RELAY THE MESSAGE

Objectives: Describe translation

Determine the amino acid coded for by the mRNA codon using the Genetic
Code Table

Direction: Answer what is required in each item.

A. Arrange the following steps in translation in the correct order.

_____ as each codon of mRNA moves through the ribosome, the proper amino
acid is brought to the robosome by tRNA
_____ mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome at the start
codon
_____ the ribosome reaches the stop codon and releases the polypeptide
_____ the ribosome joins each amino acid in a protein chain called polypeptide

B. Answer the following questions:

1. Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying information from the DNA in
the nucleus out to the ribosome to make a protein?
2. Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome and “reads” the
information in mRNA?
3. What is a codon? What is anticodon?
4. Each codon matches with an __________________ found on a tRNA
molecule.
5. What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

C. Use the DNA code to create mRNA code.

Use the mRNA code to create tRNA code.
Use the mRNA code and Genetic Code to determine the amino acid.
1.

DNA

mRNA

tRNA

amino
acids
 2.
DNA

mRNA
tRNA

amino
acids

ACTIVITY 5 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS…SUM IT UP!

Objective: Explain how protein is made using information from DNA

Direction: Fill in the flow chart below, using the following words: Amino acids,
mRNA, codon, nucleus, peptide bonds, ribosome, transcription, translation.
The first part of protein synthesis is

takes place where DNA is

in the decoded into
1. 2. 3.

goes to a
the second part of
tRNA where protein synthesis
anticodos 5. 4.
bond with

then creates
6. rRNA 7.

between

creating a
PROTEIN 8
 Deepen

SAY IT WITH DNA: Protein Synthesis Activity

Having studied the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins, you
should be ready to decode some DNA "secret" messages. To do this, you must follow
the procedure of protein synthesis as this is taking place right now in your cells, no
short cuts!
STEP 1: "Build" the mRNA molecule, matching the RNA nucleotides to the DNA
nucleotides properly, letter by letter.
STEP 2: Figure out the tRNA triplets (codons) that would fit the mRNA triplets
(letter by letter).
STEP 3: Look up each tRNA codon in the tRNA Dictionary (below) and find the
corresponding symbol and amino acid abbreviation for that codon. Record that one-
letter symbol (and its amino acid) below each codon. "Spc" = "space". If you have done
this correctly, the symbols should spell out a meaningful message in English.
Remember, C always pairs with G, G always pairs with C, A pairs with T or T
pairs with A (in DNA). In RNA, C always pairs with G, G always pairs with C, A pairs
with U or U pairs with A. Clues: C & G are curved letters; A & T are angular; U is
used in RNA in place of T.

1. CTA TTA CGA ACT TAG AGC ATT GAA TAG AAA CTT ATC
Message: ________________________________________________________

2. GAT TAA AAA CTC ACT TAG AGC ATT AGT GGG CTT ACA TAA CGG GAA
ATC
Message: ________________________________________________________

3. AAT CTC CGA GCT TTG TAG TTA CCC ATT TAG AGT ATC TAG TTG TGT
CTC GCT CTC AGG TGC TAT TTG CCT ACT
Message: ________________________________________________________
 Gauge

Directions: Answer the following:

A. Complete each statement by writing the correct word/s in the blank.
1. DNA molecules are double-stranded, and RNA molecules are
_________________.
2. DNA is only found in the ________ of a cell.
3. The sugar in the nucleotide of RNA is _________.
4. In complementary base pairing, ____ bonds with U and C bonds with _____.
5. Making a messenger RNA using DNA as a template is called _________.
6. In the cytoplasm, mRNA delivers the code to the __________.
7. tRNA carry __________ from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.
8. A polypeptide is a sequence of __________.
9. The bases on the mRNA strand are called _________.
10. The start codon is __________.
B. Fill in the missing information.

DNA mRNA tRNA Amino Acid

TAC

GUA
TGC
Histidine
 LESSON MUTATION
2

Jumpstart

When you copy from the blackboard, sometimes you may make mistakes. In a similar
way, mistakes may occur when DNA is replicated. Changes in the DNA sequence may delete
such protein or change its structure.
Consider what might happen if an incorrect amino acid was inserted in a growing protein
chain during the process of translation. Do you think this will affect the structure of the entire
molecule?
Read the two sentences below. What happens when a single letter in the first sentence is
changed?
THE DOG BIT THE CAT.
THE DOG BIT THE CAR.
Did you see that changing a single letter also changes the meaning of the sentence?

Discover

MUTATION: CHANGES IN THE GENETIC CODE

A mutation is a change that occurs in the DNA sequence. Changes in the DNA
sequence may delete such protein or change its structure. When the code in a gene
is changed, a different message may result. Any change in the sequence of
nitrogenous bases in the DNA,any mistake in the transcription of genetic information
from DNA to RNA or pairing of the codon and anticodon, may cause changes in the
kind, sequence, and number of amino acids of proteins synthesized by cells.

Changes in the genes can occur for a variety of reasons. Mutation may be induced
by factors called mutagens. Mutagens are commonly in the form of toxic chemicals,
and harmful radiation. Sometimes, mistakes occur in DNA replication, mitosis, and
meiosis. All of these can alter the DNA sequence and length.

Mutations can occur in two different types of cells: reproductive cells and body
cells. Only mutations in sex cells pass on to offspring. There are two types of
mutations that can occur in gamete cells:

1. Gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a

gene.

2. Chromosomal mutation occurs at the chromosome level resulting in gene

deletion, duplication or rearrangement that may occur during the cell cycle
 and meiosis. It maybe caused by parts of chromosomes breaking off or
rejoining incorrectly.

KINDS OF CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

1. Translocation
2.
Translocation is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a
chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosome.

Source: https://www.expii.com/t/inversion-chromosome-mutation-definition-examples-10189

3. Deletion
Deletion is a type of mutation involving the loss of genetic material. It can
be small, involving a single missing DNA base pair, or large, involving a piece
of a chromosome.

https://www.expii.com/t/inversion-chromosome-mutation-definition-examples-10189

4. Inversion
Inversion occurs when a part of the chromosome breaks off, flips around,
and becomes reattached. So, the order of the genes becomes reversed
from what it was. A trick to remember this is that inverse sounds
like reverse.
 https://www.expii.com/t/inversion-chromosome-mutation-definition-examples-10189

GENETIC DISORDERS

1. “Cri du chat” is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome
5. “Cri du chat” is French, and the condition is so named because affected
babies make high-pitched cries that sound like a cat. Affected individuals have
wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, are moderately to severely mentally
retarded, and very short.

Source: https://dentistryexplorer.com/cri-du-chat-syndrome-details/
Figure 9. Cri du chat

2. Down’s syndrome is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome

21(trisomy 21). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build,
asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate mental retardation.

Flattened nose and face,

upward slanting eyes

single palmer crease, short

fifth finger that curves inward widely seperated first and
second toes and
increased skin creases

Source: https://mapmygenome.in/blog/extra-chromosome-trisomy-21-downs-syndrome/
Figure 10. Down’s Syndrome

3. Edwards syndrome, which is the second most common trisomy after Down’s
syndrome, is a trisomy of chromosome 18. Symptoms include mental and
motor retardation and numerous congenital anomalies causing serious health
problems. About 99% die in infancy. However, those who live past their first
 birthday, usually are quite healthy thereafter. They have a characteristic hand
appearance with clenched hands and overlapping fingers.

Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/8585055516222861/
Figure 11. Edward Syndrome

4. Jacobsen syndrome is also called terminal 11q deletion disorder. This is a very
rare disorder. Those affected have normal intelligence or mild mental
retardation, with poor or excessive language skills. Most have a bleeding
disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome.

5. Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY). Men with this condition are usually sterile and
tend to have longer arms and legs and to be taller than their peers. They are
often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay.

6. Turner’s syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). Female sexual characteristics are

present but underdeveloped. They often have a short stature, low hairline,
abnormal eye features and bone development and a “caved-in” appearance to
the chest.
 Source: http://chengmoh.blogspot. com/2012/08/genetic-diseases.html
Figure 12. Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome
 Explore

ACTIVITY 1 CHROMIE CHANGE…1

Objective: Differentiate the kinds of chromosomal mutations

Direction: Complete the table below and answer the guide questions.

Chromosomal Mutations
Translocation Deletion Inversion
1. Number of
chromosomes
involved
2. Condition which
results to
change/s of
chromosome
material (use
the words loss,
gain, either loss
or gain of
genetic material)

3. Brief description

1. What condition results to gain of chromosome material?

_________________________________________________________

2. What condition results to loss of chromosome material?

_________________________________________________________

3. What are some possible effects of these chromosomal mutations?

_________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2 CHROMIE CHANGE…2

Objective: Compare the different types of mutations and their possible results
Direction:
A. For each diagram below, indicate what type of chromosome mutation is
illustrated.
Choose from: Deletion, Inversion or Translocation.

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

3. ____________________

B. Match the chromosome mutation with its description.

A. A portion of the chromosome is missing or

deleted. Known disorders in humans include Cri
____1. du chat syndrome which is due to a partial
deletion of the short arm of chromosome number
Translocation 5.

B. When a portion of one chromosome is

____2. Inversion transferred to another chromosome. Sometimes,
parts of different chromosomes switch places
(reciprocal exchange).
____3. Deletion

C. A portion of the chromosome has broken off,

turned upside down and reattached, therefore
the genetic material is backward.

C. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the two types of mutation?

2. Look at the following sequence: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT.
(a) Delete the first H and regroup the letters in groups of three (write out
the new groups of three).
(b) Does the sentence still make sense?
(c) What type of mutation is this?
 Deepen

Sickle cell anemia is the result of a type of mutation in the gene that codes for
part of the hemoglobin molecule. Recall that hemoglobin carries oxygen in your red
bloods cells. The mutation causes the red blood cells to become stiff and sickle-
shaped when they release their oxygen. The sickled cells tend to get stuck in blood
vessels, causing pain and increased risk of stroke, blindness, damage to the heart
and lungs, and other conditions.

Analyze the DNA strands below to determine what amino acid is changed and
what type of mutation occurred.

Normal hemoglobin DNA CACGTGGACTGAGGACTCCTC

Normal hemoglobin mRNA _________________________________________

Normal hemoglobin A.A. sequence __________________________________________

__________________________________________

Sickle cell hemoglobin DNA CACGTGGACTGAGGACACCTC

Sickle cell hemoglobin mRNA _______________________________________

Sickle cell hemoglobin A.A. sequence ________________________________________

_______________________________________
 Gauge

MATCHING TYPE. Match the descriptions in column A to the word/s in column B.

Column A Column B
1. change that occurs in the DNA sequence A.chromosomal mutation
2. changes in the chromosome where parts of the B. cri du chat
chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis C. deletion
3. permanent change in the DNA sequence D. Down’s syndrome
4. involves the loss of genetic material E. Edward’s syndrome
5. a part of the chromosome breaks off, flips around, F. gene mutation
and becomes reattached G. inversion
6. a chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches H. Jacobsen syndrome
to a different chromosome I. Klinefelter’s syndrome
7. trisomy of chromosome 18 J. mutation
8. deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5 K. translocation
9. terminal 11q deletion disorder
10. caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

POST-TEST
Directions: Read each item carefully. Select the letter of the best answer and wite it
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The central dogma of protein synthesis can be summed up as
A. DNA transcription RNA translation
B. DNA translation RNA transcription
C. DNA RNA transcription translation
D. DNA RNA translation transcription

2. Which is NOT a component of a DNA nucleotide?

A. base B. phosphate C. RNA D. sugar

3. What nitrogenous base is found in RNA but NOT in DNA?

A. adenine B. cytosine C. guanine D. uracil

4. What is the process of copying DNA sequence into RNA called?

A. replication B. transcription C. translation D. mutation

5. What is the basic role of mRNA?

A. transfer the amino acids to the ribosome
B. transfer the amino acids to the nucleus
C. transfer the DNA message to the ribosome
D. transfer the mRNA message to the nucleus
6. What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
A. it is where mRNA synthesis occurs
B. it is where DNA synthesis occurs
C. it is where protein synthesis occurs
D. it is where gene synthesis occurs
7. If the DNA coding strand is ACAGTCGAT, the complementary strand will be
A. ACAGTCGAT B. TGTCAGCTA C. UGUCAGCUA D.
TUTCGACUT
8. If the DNA coding strand is ACAGTCGAT, the mRNA strand will be
A. ACAGTCGAT B. TGTCAGCTA C. UGUCAGCUA D. TUTCGACUT
9. Choose the correct sequence of steps in protein synthesis.
1. transcription
2. tRNA – amino acid units link to mRNA
3. amino acid separates from tRNA
4. polypeptide chain assembled
5. mRNA links to ribosome
6. stop codon encountered in mRNA

A. 1,3,5,2,4,6 B. 1,3,4,5,2,6 C. 1,4,3,2,6,5 D. 1,2,3,4,5,6

10. Which of the following statements explains DNA mutation?
A. It is a mistake or change in the nucleolus.
B. It is a mistake or change in the ribosomes.
C. It is a mistake or change in the RNA sequence.
D. It is a mistake or change in the DNA sequence.
11. What genetic disorder is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21?
A. Cri du chat B. Down’s syndrome
C. Edward’s syndrome D. Turner’s syndrome
12. Which of the following defines translocation?
A. breaking a piece of a chromosome and adding it to another chromosome
B. the addition of a single base to DNA
C. the deletion of a single base from DNA
D. the failure of the homologous chromosome to separate properly
13. DNA molecule segment is: TTA CGC AAG
The mutated DNA segment is TTCGCAAG. What type of mutation is this?
A. deletion B. insertion C. inversion D. translocation
14. What situation causes a deletion?
A. Part of the chromosome is missing
B. Part of the chromosome is attached backwards
C. Part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
D. Part of a chromosome is duplicated
15. The chromosomal mutation shown in the image is a
A. deletion
B. duplication
C. inversion
D. translocation
ACTIVITY 2 DNA REPLICATION
1. Step 1. An enzyme called helicase breaks the bond between nitrogenous bases. The two strands of DNA split.
Step 2. The bases attached to each strand then pair up with the free nucleotides found in the cytoplasm.
Step 3. The complementary nucleotides are added to each strand by DNA polymerase to form new strands.
Two new DNA molecules, each with a parent strand and each with a new strand are formed.
2. The two new daughter strands are also complementary to each other.
3. Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T); Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)
4. To produce a copy of the genetic material that will be transferred to new cells during mitosis or to new
gametes during meiosis
5.
Split DNA Split DNA
New DNA New DNA
(old (old
strand strand
strand) strand)
A T T A
T A A T
T A A T
A T T A
G C C G
G C C G
C G G C
A T T A
T A A T
G C C G
C G G C
A T T A
T A A T
T A A T
G C C G
C G G C
C G G C
Guide Questions
1. DNA and RNA are made up of three components: sugar, phosphate group, and
nitrogeneous base.
2. DNA and RNA are different in the following:
a. DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.
b. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while that in RNA is ribose.
3. Uracil ACTIVITY 1 DNA VS RNA
PRE-TEST
1. C
2. A
Nucleotides Deoxyribonucleic Acid 3. B
Nitrogen Base Uracil 5-Carbon Double Helix 4. B
Ribose Sugar Sugar Double Stranded
Located in Cytoplasm Phosphate Deoxyribose Sugar 5. D
3 Types Group 1 Type 6. A
Single Helix Guanine, Nitrogen Base Thymine 7. D
Ribonucleic Acid Adenine, Located in Nucleus
Single Strand Cytosine Genetic Information
8. B
9. C
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. A
Answer Key
Gauge
1. Single-stranded 6. ribosomes
2. Nucleus 7. Amino acids
3. Ribose 8. Amino acids
4. A, G 9. codon
5. Transcription 10. AUG
DNA mRNA tRNA Amino Acid
TAC AUG UAC Start Codon
ACC UGG ACC Tryptophan
CAT GUA CAU Valine
TGC ACG UGC Threonine
GTG/GTA CAC/CAU GTG/GUA Histidine
ACTIVITY 5 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS…SUM IT UP!
1. Transcription
2. Nucleus
3. mRNA
DEEPEN 4. ribosome
1. DNA is life 5. translation
2. Life is special 6. codon
3. Learning is interesting 7. peptide bonds
8. amino acids
ACTIVITY 4 TRANSLATION
A. 2, 1, 4, 3
B. 1. mRNA
2. rRNA
3. A codon is a set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA which codes for a specific amino acid. An
anticodon is the complement of the mRNA; triplet code in the tRNA
4. amino acid
5. Transfer RNA brings an amino acid in the cytoplasm to the ribosomes. Each tRNA molecule
attaches to only one type of amino acid.
C. 1. mRNA AGG CGC GUC UCG AUC
tRNA UCC GCG CAG AGC UAG
AA Arginine Arginine Valine Serine Isoleucine
2. mRNA UGU UCU GCC AUG AGU
tRNA ACA AGA CGG TAC TGA
AA Cysteine Serine Alanine Start Codon Threonine
ACTIVITY 2 TRANSCRIPTION
A. mRNA – messenger RNA, cytoplasm, carries information from the DNA in the nucleus to the
cytoplasm
rRNA – ribosomal RNA, ribosomes, hold tightly into the mRNA using its information to assemble
the amino acids in correct order
tRNA – transfer RNA, cytoplasm, transfers amino acids to area of protein synthesis
B. _3_mRNA separates from the DNA template
_4_hydrogen bonds reform between the two strands of the DNA molecule
_2_ free-floating mRNA nucleotides match up with their complementary nucleotide on the DNA
strand
_1_ DNA helix unwinds and and hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases break at the gene
location
_5_mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and DNA strands reform and rewind
C.
DNA T A C A C C G T A T G C C A T A T T
mRNA A U G U G G C A U A C G G U A U A A
DNA T A C A G C A C A C G G C C C A C T
mRNA A U G U C G U G U G C C G G G U G A
D. 1. It resembles the complementary strand that was not used.
2. 1
3. RNA brings the information from the DNA, which is in the nucleus, and brings it to the cytoplasm
and serves as a template for protein synthesis.
 POST-TEST GAUGE
1. C 11. B 1. J
2. C 12. A 2. F
3. D 13. A 3. A
4. B 14. A 4. C
5. C 15. D 5. G
6. C 6. K
7. B 7. E
8. C 8. B
9. B 9. H
10. D 10. D
DEEPEN
Normal hemoglobin DNA CACGTGGACTGAGGACTCCTC
Normal hemoglobin mRNA G U G C A C C U G A C U C C U G A G G A G
Normal hemoglobin A.A. sequence VALINE-HISTIDINE-LEUCINE-THREONINE-PROLINE-GLUTAMIC
ACID-GLUTAMIC ACID
Sickle cell hemoglobin DNA CACGTGGACTGAGGACACCTC
Sickle cell hemoglobin mRNA G U G C A C C U G A C U C C U G U G G A G
Sickle cell hemoglobin A.A. sequence VALINE-HISTIDINE-LEUCINE-THREONINE-PROLINE-VALINE-
GLUTAMIC ACID
ACTIVITY 2 CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS
A. 1. Deletion 2. Translocation 3. Inversion
B. 1. B 2. C 3. A
C. 1. The two types of mutation are gene mutation and chromosomal mutation.
2. a. TEF ATC ATE TET HER AT
b. This sentence no longer makes sense.
c. deletion
Lesson 2 Activity 1
Chromosomal Mutations
Translocation Deletion Inversion
1. Number of
chromosomes 2 1 1
involved
Either gain or
2. Condition which
loss of genetic Either gain or
results to change/s
material OR no loss of genetic
of chromosome
loss or gain of material OR no
material (use Loss of genetic
genetic loss or gain of
the words loss, Material
material genetic material
gain, either loss or
during the during the
gain of genetic
exchange process
material)
process
a type of chromosomal
occurs when a part of
abnormality in which a
a type of mutation the chromosome
chromosome breaks
3. Brief description involving the loss of breaks off, flips
and a portion of it
genetic material around, and becomes
reattaches to a
reattached
different chromosome
1. Gain or loss of chromosome material results in chromosomal mutations or aberrations; may also
result to Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, or Turner’s Syndrome.
2. Cri-du-chat Syndrome is due to loss of chromosome.
3. The possible effects are medical problems, problems on growth and development, genetic
disorders or even death.
References:
Learner’s Module, K-12 Grade 10 Science (Third Quarter, LIVING THINGS AND THEIR
ENVIRONMENT).

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_a
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https://www.currituck.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001303/Centricity/Domain/149/DNA_review.doc

http://bhskarp.weebly.com/uploads/8/6/0/8/86084898/bio__dna_vs_rna_venn_diagram_ws.pdf

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Transcription

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Translation

http://www.scienceblitz.net/gene-expression-transcription-and-translation

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Mutation

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Translocation

https://www.tamdistrict.org/cms/lib8/CA01000875/Centricity/Domain/654/DNA%20Replication%20Worksheet%20GP13.pdf

https://www.brazosport.edu/Assets/pdfs/programs/supplemental-instruction/Schauer-Micro-
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https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Deletion

https://www.expii.com/t/inversion-chromosome-mutation-definition-examples-10189

https://www.sccboe.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=4923&dataid=59
64&FileName=Worksheet%20-%20DNA%20Strucuture%20and%20Replication.doc

https://www.crsd.org/cms/lib/PA01000188/Centricity/Domain/827/9%20Base%20Pairing%20Worksheet.pdf

http://pnhs.psd202.org/documents/rkieft/1514856568.pdf

https://studylib.net/doc/8943353/dna-replication-worksheet-2015

https://www.livingston.org/cms/lib4/NJ01000562/Centricity/Domain/739/Notes1.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/gurustip/essential-biology-73-74-transcription-translation-ahl

https://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/anatomy/Transcription_Translation_Activity.pdf

https://www.gmsdk12.org/Downloads/Protein%20Synthesis%20Worksheet.pdf

http://freebiologyschool.blogspot.com/2012/10/bio-105106-lesson-2-rna-to-protein-part_22.html

http://images.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/GA/GwinnettCounty/CentralGwinnett/Uploads/Forms/Say%20it%20with%20DNA.pdf

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/structuralchanges

http://www.usd.edu/med/som/genetics/curriculum/1ECHROM3.htm
http://www.enetlearning.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/mutations-worksheet.pdf