Department of Education

Region III – Central Luzon

Schools Division of City of Malolos
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SHS
Bagong Bayan, City of Malolos, Bulacan

Weekly Home Learning Plan : GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Quarter: 1st Week : 3

Date Learning Learning Learning Tasks Mode of Delivery

Area Competency

November General MELC Specific Activities *Blended Learning

22-26, 2021 1. 1.Recollect on simple *Module/Handout/ Learning
Biology I concepts about the Activity Sheet
Differentiate significant events of the *Personal submission by
aerobic from Calvin cycle parents/guardians to teachers
anaerobic 2. Explain the postulates in school / Online submission
respiration.
of the cell theory. the google classroom of
STEM_BIO11/12-
academic requirements in.
IIa-j-6
2. Explain the
major features and Instructional Delivery
sequence the Use the Learning Activity
chemical events of Sheet on familiarizing
cellular respiration. oneself, doing self-
STEM_BIO11/12- awareness activities and
IIa-j-7 exploring oneself through
the concept notes.
Assessment
Answer the summative
assessments for Week 3
of 2nd Quarter of General
Biology Use a separate
sheet for the answer.

Prepared: Checked:

JENNIFER M. PAGDANGANAN ROSITA A. ELOPRE

Teacher III Master Teacher I

TERESA ELIEZEL B. COLLONG

Teacher III

HIDEO B. KOBAYASHI
Special Science Teacher I
 Senior High School
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Differences Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration. STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-6
2. Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of cellular respiration.
STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7

Lesson
Differences Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
1

Cellular respiration is a process that takes place inside the cells where energy is released by
the breakdown of glucose molecules. The process can be conveniently divided into two categories
based on the usage of oxygen, namely aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

What is Aerobic Respiration?

Figure 1. Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic means “with air”. Therefore, aerobic respiration is the process of cellular respiration
that uses oxygen to produce energy from food. This type of respiration is common in most of the
plants and animals, including humans, birds and other mammals.

While breathing, we inhale air that contains oxygen and we exhale air rich in carbon
dioxide. As we breathe in, the oxygen-rich air is transported to all the parts of our body and
ultimately to each cell. Inside the cell, the food, which contains glucose, is broken down into
carbon dioxide and water with the help of oxygen. The process of breaking down the food particles
releases energy, which is then utilized by our body. The energy released via aerobic respiration
helps plants and animals, including us, grow.

The process can be simply explained with the help of the following equation:

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Aerobic respiration is a continuous process and it happens all the time inside the cells of
animals and plants.

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

 Figure 2. Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic means “without air”. Therefore, this type of cellular respiration does not use
oxygen to produce energy. Sometimes there is not enough oxygen around for some organisms to
respire, but they still need the energy to survive. Due to lack of oxygen, they carry out respiration
in the absence of oxygen to produce the energy they require, which is referred to as anaerobic
respiration. Anaerobic respiration usually occurs in lower plants and microorganisms. In the
absence of oxygen, the glucose derived from food is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide
along with the production of energy.

Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy

Anaerobic respiration is also used by multi-cellular organisms, like us, as a temporary

response to oxygen-less conditions. During heavy or intensive exercise such as running, sprinting,
cycling or weightlifting, our body demands high energy. As the supply of oxygen is limited, the
muscle cells inside our body resort to anaerobic respiration to fulfil the energy demand.

How do you feel when you exercise too much? Have you ever wondered why you get those
muscle cramps when you run very fast? Anaerobic respiration is the culprit to be blamed. Cramps
occur when muscle cells respire anaerobically. Partial breakdown of glucose, due to lack of
oxygen, produces lactic acid and the accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle cramps. That is
why a hot shower after heavy sports relieve the cramps as it improves blood circulation in the
body, which in turn enhances the supply of oxygen to the cells.

Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy

Anaerobic respiration produces a relatively lesser amount of energy as compared to aerobic

respiration, as glucose is not completely broken down in the absence of oxygen.

Figure 4. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration Definition
Aerobic respiration is a set of metabolic reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen,
occurring in a cell to convert chemical energy into ATPs. Aerobic respiration takes place in all
plants, animals, birds, and humans, except for some primitive prokaryotes. In aerobic respiration,
oxygen acts as an electron acceptor which helps produce ATPs more effectively and more quickly.
The double bond in the oxygen has higher energy than other bonds which aids to produce more
ATPs. It is the preferred method of degradation of pyruvate after glycolysis where the pyruvate
then enters the mitochondria to be fully oxidized during the Kreb’s cycle. The process of aerobic
respiration is utilized for the oxidation of carbohydrates, but products from fats and proteins are
also used as reactants.Carbon dioxide gas and water are the two products of aerobic respiration
along with the energy that is used to add a third phosphate group to ADP and form ATP.Other
energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH2 are converted into ATP via electron transport chain
with oxygen and protons.During aerobic respiration, most ATPs are produced during oxidative
phosphorylation where the energy of oxygen molecule is used to pump protons out of the
membrane.The passage of protons creates a potential that is then used to initiate ATP synthase
and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group.
Ideally, a total of 38 ATPs are produced at the end of the aerobic respiration. However, some
energy is lost due to leaking of the membrane or the cost of moving pyruvate through the cell, as a
result of which about 29-30 ATPs are only produced.
Aerobic respiration results in complete oxidation of carbohydrate molecules which take
place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells as the enzymes for the process are present
there.Anaerobic Respiration DefinitionAnaerobic respiration is a process of cellular respiration
where the high energy electron acceptor is neither oxygen nor pyruvate derivatives.In anaerobic
respiration, the electron acceptor can be sulfate ion (SO4–) or nitrate ion (NO3–) or a variety of
other molecules.Some archaea, called methanogens, are known to use carbon dioxide as the
electron acceptor, producing methane as a by-product.Similarly, another group of purple sulfur
bacteria uses sulfate as an electron acceptor, thus producing hydrogen sulfide as a by-
product.These organisms reside in low-oxygen environments and thus opt for anaerobic pathways
to break down the chemical fuels.Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration in that the
molecules enter the electron transport chain to pass the electrons to the final electron
acceptor.The final electron acceptors involved in anaerobic respiration have a smaller reduction
potential than oxygen molecules which results in less energy production.Anaerobic respiration,
however, is essential for biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.The nitrate that
acts as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration produces nitrogen gas as a by-product, and
this process is the only route for fixed nitrogen to reach the atmosphere.Fermentation is another
pathway for anaerobic respiration, where the only energy extraction pathway is glycolysis, and the
pyruvate is not further oxidized via the citric acid cycle.The energy-rich molecule, NADH, is also
not utilized during fermentation.Anaerobic respiration takes place in many environments like
freshwater, soil, deep-sea surfaces. Some microbes in oxygenated environments also utilize
anaerobic respiration because oxygen cannot readily diffuse through their surface.Anaerobic
respiration and fermentation, both take place in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cell.Anaerobic
respiration and fermentation processes take place in the muscle cells during immediate
contraction and relaxation.Fermentation results in a total gain of only two ATPs per glucose
molecule.
Key differences (Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration)

Basis for comparison Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration is a Anaerobic respiration is a

set of metabolic reactions process of cellular
that take place in the respiration where the
Definition presence of oxygen, high energy electron
occurring in a cell to acceptor is neither
convert chemical energy oxygen nor pyruvate
into ATPs. derivatives.

Overall equation The overall equation of The overall equation of

aerobic respiration is: anaerobic respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + C6H12O6 → C2H5OH +
 6H2O + energy CO2 + energy

Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration takes
takes place in a condition
Presence of Oxygen place in the presence of
where there is a low
oxygen.
oxygen environment.

The exchange of gases

There is an exchange of doesn’t take place during
gases during aerobic anaerobic respiration.
Exchange of gases respiration where oxygen However, some gases like
is absorbed, and carbon sulfur and nitrogen gases
dioxide is released. are released by some
organisms.

Aerobic respiration, after

glycolysis, occurs in the Anaerobic respiration
Location mitochondria of occurs only in the
eukaryotes and cytoplasm of a cell.
cytoplasm of prokaryotes.

The end products of The end products of

aerobic respiration are anaerobic respiration are
End products
carbon dioxide, water, acids, alcohols, gases,
and energy. and energy.

A total of 38 ATPs are

produced during aerobic Only 2 ATPs are formed
Energy produced respiration, some of during anaerobic
which are lost during the respiration.
process.

Some other electron

Carbohydrates and
acceptors like sulfur and
oxygen are the
Reactants nitrogen are required
prerequisites of aerobic
along with the
respiration.
carbohydrates.

Complete oxidation of Incomplete oxidation of

carbohydrates takes carbohydrates takes
Oxidation
place during aerobic place during anaerobic
respiration. respiration.

Aerobic respiration is
Anaerobic respiration is
comparatively longer
Nature of the process shorter than aerobic
than anaerobic
respiration.
respiration.

Anaerobic respiration
occurs in primitive
Aerobic respiration
prokaryotes. Anaerobic
occurs in most of the
Occurs in respiration also takes
higher organisms like
place in the muscle cells
plants and animals.
in humans during
extreme movements.
Examples of Aerobic Respiration
1. Respiration in humans
The process of cellular respiration in humans is aerobic respiration, where complete oxidation
of glucose yields the energy required for the body.It begins in the cytoplasm of the cell, and the
products are then moved into the mitochondria, where further reactions take place.The oxygen is
absorbed by the lungs and is stored in the red blood cells. The oxygen is then passed to the cells
that require energy.The glucose is then oxidized to produce energy while releasing carbon dioxide
gas.Cellular respiration in humans includes the major metabolic pathways for the oxidation of
carbohydrates to release energy.
Examples of Anaerobic Respiration
1. Lactic acid production in muscles
During intense exercise, the muscles in our body cannot get enough oxygen and thus perform
more glycolysis than the body can transfer oxygen to the electron transport chain.This results in
anaerobic respiration due to insufficient oxygen in our muscles.

Figure 6. Lactic Acid in Muscles

Thus, instead of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration takes place which results in the
formation of lactic acid.This type of anaerobic respiration is called lactic acid fermentation that
produces just 2 ATPs per glucose molecules.The equation of lactic acid fermentation can be
written as: C6H12O6 → C3H6O3 + energy
Lactic acid fermentation in muscles results in the accumulation of lactic acid in the tissues,
which leads to sore muscles.Because less energy is produced per glucose molecule during
anaerobic respiration than aerobic respiration, this results in weakness and shortness of breath.
Alcoholic fermentation by yeasts
Fermentation is another type of anaerobic respiration that takes in anaerobic organisms
like yeasts.

Figure 7. Yeast in Alcohol

When carbohydrate-rich substances are bottled with yeasts, ensuring minimum oxygen
content in the bottle, yeasts undergo anaerobic respiration.As a result, fermentation takes place
where the yeast converts carbohydrates into ethyl alcohol.The alcohol produced in the bottle,
however, is toxic to the yeasts, which is why they start to dies as the alcohol concentration
increases.Only about 30% of alcohol can be brewed with yeasts while the higher concentrations
are obtained through the distillation process.As in lactic acid fermentation, fermentation also
results in just 2 ATPs as energy.The overall reaction of fermentation can be written as:
C6H12O6 → C2H5OH + CO2 + energy
Fermentation in methanogens
Methanogens are prokaryotes that belong in archaea.

Figure 8. Methane

These organisms are named methanogens because they produce methane as a by-product
by oxidizing carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. This process is called methanogenesis.This is
also a type of fermentation that results in the formation of different alcohol, methanol. This
process is also called methanol poisoning.Methanogens (e.g. Methanosarcina barkeri) oxidize
cellulose from plants to produce methanol instead of ethyl alcohol as in the case of
yeasts.Methanol poisoning might result in nerve damage or even death in some people.
The overall reaction of methanol production is:
C6H12O6 → CH3OH + CO2 + energy
Propionic acid fermentation in cheese

Figure 9. Fermented Cheese

Propionic acid fermentation occurs when some bacteria (e.g. Propionibacterium shermanii)
utilize carbohydrates like lactose and glucose to produce propionic acid and carbon dioxide.The
most common application of this process can be observed in Swiss cheese.The carbon dioxide gas
produced during this process results in the formation of bubbles in the cheese along with the
distinct flavor due to the carboxylic acid.This process, like all other anaerobic respiration
processes, occurs during the absence or low concentration of oxygen.
The overall reaction of this process is:
C12H22O11 → C3H6O2 + CO2 + energy
 What I Have Learned

Direction: Fill in the blanks the correct word/s based on your understanding of the discussion.
Choose from the words below.

The fundamental difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is the _______________ in
the process of cellular respiration. ___________________________, as the name suggests, is the
process of producing the ___________________ required by cells using oxygen. The by-product of
this process produces ______________ along with ATP – the ____________________ of the cells.
Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration, except, the process happens
______________________ of oxygen. Consequently, the by-products of this process are lactic acid and
ATP.

Contrary to popular belief, multicellular organisms, including humans, use anaerobic

respiration to produce energy, though this only happens when the muscles do not get adequate
oxygen due to extremely vigorous activities.

usage of oxygen Aerobic respiration energycarbon dioxide

energy currency without the presence

Lesson Major features and sequence in the
2 chemical events of Cellular Respiration

In aerobic cellular respiration, first we have glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and finally oxidative
phosphorylation.
Aerobic cellular respiration can be broken down into three main steps: glycolysis, the citric acid
cycle (the Kreb's cycle ), and electron transport.
1. Glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen and is when glucose is broken down. This occurs in
the cytoplasm. The result of glycolysis is two molecules of ATP , pyruvate, and NADH.
Before the second main step begins, the pyruvate undergoes oxidization in the mitochondria and
is converted into Acetyl-CoA. NADH gains electrons and carbon is lost, which forms CO2.
2. The second step is the citric acid cycle, which you can see in the image below.
Simplified diagram of citric acid cycle:

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/tca.html

This complex cycle results in eight NADH, two FADH2, two ATP, and six CO2.
3.The last main portion of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons from NADH
and FADH2 are transferred through the membrane of the mitochondria. When hydrogen ions
come back across the membrane, ATP is synthesized though what is called the ATP synthase
complex.

Source: https://karimedalla.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/8-1a-aerobic-respiration/

Chemical equation

The overall (unbalanced) chemical equation for cellular respiration is:

C6H12O6+O2→CO2+H2O+energy

Explanation:

The balanced equation is

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+energy

The equation expressed in words would be:

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

The equation is formulated by combining the three following processes into one equation:

1. Glycolysis — the breakdown of the form of a glucose molecule into two three-carbon
molecules i.e. pyruvate (pyruvic acid).

2. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle — the three-carbon pieces are pulled apart bit
by bit to release the energy stored in those covalent bonds. This is where most of the CO2 is
formed.

3. The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation — this sequence requires the
O2 and produces most of the energy. This energy comes in the form of ATP, or adenine
triphosphate.

References:

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/celres.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/tca.html

https://karimedalla.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/8-1a-aerobic-respiration/
https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-chemical-equation-for-cellular-respiration

Summative Assessment for General Biology 1

2nd Quarter – Week 3

Name: _______________________________________ Grade and Section: ______________________

LEARNING COMPETENCY
➢ Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration (STEM_BIO11/12- IIa-j-6)
Activity 1: Direction: True or False: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is wrong.
__________ 1. Anaerobic respiration occurs only in the cytoplasm of a cell.
__________ 2. Only 2 ATPs are formed during anaerobic respiration
__________ 3. Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen.
__________ 4. The end products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and energy
__________ 5. Aerobic respiration is comparatively longer than anaerobic respiration.

Activity 2. Direction: Write A if it’s Aerobic and An if it’s Anaerobic.

Write your answers on the space before each number.
_____ 1. Incomplete oxidation of carbohydrates takes place during anaerobic respiration.
_____ 2. After glycolysis, occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
_____3. Some other electron acceptors like sulfur and nitrogen are required along with the carbohydrates.
_____ 4. Occurs only in the cytoplasm of a cell.
_____ 5. There is an exchange of gases during aerobic respiration where oxygen is absorbed, and carbon
dioxide is released.

Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer.

LEARNING COMPETENCY
 Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of cellular respiration
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7)

1. How do organism get the energy they need?

a. by burning food molecules and releasing energy as heat
b. by breathing oxygen into the lungs and combining it with CO2
c. by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy
d. by using the sun's energy to break down food molecules and form chemicals

2. Which is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?

a. fermentation b. ETC c. Glycolysis d.Krebs cycle

3. Choose the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration

a. glycolysis--> fermentation --> Krebs cycle
b. Krebs --> ETC --> glycolysis
c. glycolysis --> Krebs cycle --> ETC
d. Krebs cycle --> glycolysis --> ETC

4. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

a. food molecules b. ATP c. carbon dioxide d. water

5. What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?

a. oxygen and lactic acid
b. carbon dioxide and water
c. glucose and oxygen
d. water and glucose

6. Which is NOT a product of glycolysis?

a. NADH b. pyruvic acid c. ATP d.glucose

7. The starting molecule for the Citric Acid Formation is...

a. glucose b. NADH c. pyruvic acid d. FADH2

8. Glycolysis requires
a. ATP b. oxygen c. sunlight d. NADP+

9. The starting molecule for glycolysis is...

a. ADP b. pyruvic acid c. citric acid d.glucose

10. The Krebs cycle does NOT occur if....

a. oxygen is present b. oxygen is not present
c. glycolysis occurs d. carbon dioxide is present

“Success is not final; failure is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts.” – Winston
Churchill

Prepared by:
Mrs. Jennifer M. Pagdanganan
Teacher III – SHS-MHPNHS