Converting Fractions to Decimals, Percent & Vice Versa Fraction to Percent- Convert fraction to decimal then multiply to

100 or simply move the decimal point 2 places to the right.

Fractions- represent a part of a whole.
0.6 x 100 = 60%
Types of Fractions
Converting Decimals to Fractions and Percent
 Proper Fraction- a<b, the numerator (a) is less than the
denominator (b). Decimal to Fraction- The decimal number serves as the
 Improper Fraction- a>b, the numerator (a) is greater numerator. Check the place values to get the denominator.
than the denominator (b) Simplify or get the lowest term if possible.
 Mixed numbers - come with a whole number and can be -simply check the place value
changed to an improper fraction.
3 75
Addition and Subtraction of Similar Fractions 0.3 = 0.75 =
10 100
Similar Fractions- fractions with the same denominators. Decimal to Percent- Move the decimal point 2 places to the
a c a+c a c a−c right.
+ = − =
b b b b b b 0.3 = 30% 0.125 = 12.5%
Addition and Subtraction of Dissimilar Fractions Converting Percent to Fraction and Decimal
Dissimilar Fractions- fractions with different denominators. Percent to Fraction- The denominator depends on the place
a c a d bc a c a d bc value.
+ = + − = −
b d bd bd b d bd b d 15 3 25 1
15% =
100
= 20
2.5% = =
1000 4 0
Multiplication of Fractions
a c ac Percent to Decimal- Move the decimal point 2 places to the left.
x =
b d bd 15% = 0.15 30% = 0.30 2.5% = 0.025
Division of Fractions Finding the parts (Rate, Base, Percentage)
a c a d ad P
÷ = x =
b d b c bc R /B
Converting Fractions to Decimal and Percent  If percentage is missing- R x B
Fraction to Decimal- Divide numerator to the denominator  If rate is missing- P/B
6  If base is missing- P/R
=0.6 -simply check the place value.
10
Base(B)- refers to the number of which a certain number of M M
Markup= Selling Price-Cost Cost= Selling Price=
hundredths is taken. It is regarded as the whole. R R
Finding the Base- convert the percentage (R) to decimal. Cost= Selling Price-Markup
416 Markup based on cost= RxC
52% of what number is 416? =800
0.52
Markup based on selling price= RxS
20
20 is 40% of what number? =50 SP C MU Mc Ms
0.40
1. 480 N (360) 120 N (33.33%) N (25%)
Finding the Rate- express the result as a percent. 2. N (420) 300 120 N (40%) N (28.57%)
6 3. N (875) 500 N (375) 75% N (42.86%)
What percent of 8 is 6? =0.75∨75 % 4. 500 N (350) N (150) N (42.86%) 30%
8
5 1
5 is what percent of 20? = =0.25∨25 %
20 4 Markdown- The difference between the original selling price
and the NSP.
Finding the Percentage- find the percentage, by multiplying the
base and the rate. MD= Po-NSP NSP= Po-Md
2 Md
Find the 60% of 90= 54 of 300 is what number= 200 MD= PoxMd Mdr= x 100
3 Po
PROPORTION- set of 2 ratio that is equal. Markon- The difference between the initial cost and the
selling price.
a c 5 10
a:b = c:d, = , 5:6 = 10:12, = , 60:60
b d 6 12 Mo= Ic x MoR SP= Ic + Mo
7 n 7 (16) 112 Mo
1. =
8 16 , 7:16 = n:8, 8 n=
8
, n=
8
=14 MoR=
Ic
x 100

7:8=14:16
TRADE DISCOUNT AND DISCOUNT SERIES
MARKUP, MARKDOWN, MARKON
Trade Discount- is a reduction from list price granted to
Markup- The difference between the cost and the selling buyers.
price.
Single Discount- is a discount that is given to a customer
M M (usually a wholesaler) when the customer buys a product.
Selling Price= Markup+Cost Rate= Rate=
C S
Trade Discount= (Original Price)x(Rate)
The price= Original Price – Trade Discount Business Loan- helps to finance business
Total Discount= (Total purchase)x(Trade Discount) Cooperatives- group of business
Trade Discount Dividends- tubo
Total Purchase=
Discount Rate
4c’s
Trade Discount
Discount Rate= Capacity- POI (Payslip)
Original Price
Character- character in community
Discount Series- a type of discount in which several discounts
are given to a customer at different times. Condition- areas, location
Solution 1:Step in applying the discount series; Collateral- gadges, appliances, titles
 Apply the discount rate to the original price INTEREST RATES- the amount charged over and above the
 Subtract the discount obtained from the list price principal amount by the lender from the borrower.
 We apply the second discount rate on the first
SIMPLE INTEREST & MATURITY VALUE- the Maturity Value
discounted price
(MV) of a loan is the sum of the principal P plus the interest I.
 subtract the discount
M= P+I
Solution 2: Equivalent of the discount rate
I=PRT
 Obtain first the compliment of percent rates and their
respective decimal equivalents. Example 1:

Percent Compliment Decimal Equivalent of Compute the interest on a credit purchase of $30,000 at 8% for
Given of Percent Compliment Percent 10 and 15 months.
25% 75% 0.75
Solution:
15% 85% 0.85
 Multiply the decimals obtained and subtract the results Interest for 10 months Interest for 15 months
from 1. The results obtained is the single discount rate
equivalent (in decimal) of the given series. I=PRT I=PRT
 Lastly, multiply the original price by the single 0.08 0.08
=30,000( )(10) = 2,000 =30,000( )(15) =3,000
discount rate equivalent 12 12
 Subtract the results from the original price
Example 2:
LOANS
Find the maturity value of a loan 5,000 borrowed at an interest
Consumer Loan- personal consumption rate of 15% if it must be repaid for 18 months.
Solution: Example 2:
M=P(1+RT) Unpaid balance method
0.15 Step1: Determine the values of P, R, and T
=5,000[1+(
12
)(18)] = 6,125
Step 2: Calculate the interest payment for the month.
Example 3:
Step 3: Subtract the interest payment from the total monthly
Convert each rate. payment to compute for the principal payment.
a. 15% per year to the equivalent monthly rate Step 4: Subtract the principal payment from the previous unpaid
b. 1.5% per month to the equivalent annual rate balance to get the new unpaid balance.
Solution: Step 5: Repeat the steps 1 to 4 until the last month. To compute
for the total payment for the last month, add the interest due to
a.Divide the annual rate by 12 to obtain
the unpaid balance.
15÷12= 1.25% monthly
Example 3:
b.Multiply the annual rate by 12 to obtain Solution:
1.5x12= 18% annually I=PRT
ORDINARY AND EXACT INTEREST 4
= 2400 (0.15) ( 12 )=120
R
For Ordinary Interest: I= P( 360 )T
Thus, the total interest is 120
R 120÷4=30 per month of interest
For Exact Interest: I= P(
365
)T
Month Unpaid Monthly Principal Total New
FINANCE CHARGES ON UNPAID BALANCE Balance Interest Payment Payment Balance
1 2400 30 600 630 1800
Example 1: 2 1800 30 600 630 1200
a.The interest on the annual basis is computed as follows: 3 1200 30 600 630 600
4 600 30 600 630 0
10 Total 120 2400 2520
I=10,000 (0.15) =1,250
12
b.On a monthly basis, the interest may be computed as: Example 4:
0.15 Computing the equivalent monthly interest of 15% per year, we
I=10,000 (
12
)10 = 1,250 obtain 15%÷12=1.25% per month.
 1st Month 2400(0.0125) =30 To find the amount financed, installment price, an installment
2nd Month 1800(0.0125) =22.5 loan, we define first the following terms:
3rd Month 1200(0.0125) =15
4th Month 600(0.0125) =7.5 1. Cash price is the price paid at the time of purchase.
2. Down payment is initial partial payment done by the
customer or borrower in purchasing goods.
Month Unpaid Monthly Principal Total New 3. Amount financed is the total amount paid usually done in
Balance Interest Payment Payment Balance regular payments to pay off the balance.
1 2400 30 600 630 1800 4. Financed charge includes the interest and any fee
2 1800 22.5 600 622.5 1200 associated with an installment loan.
3 1200 15 600 615 600 5. Installment price is the sum of installment payments,
4 600 7.5 600 607.5 0 financed charge if there is any and downpayment.
Total 120 2400 2520
IP= total instalment + down payments + finance charge
Example 5: Amount financed= I.P-D.P
Given: Let P be the principal invested at 8, then 56,000, -P be Initial payment= AF ÷ 12
the principal invested at 10%
Example 1:
The total principal invested was 56,000
Financed Inc. purchased a printer for their department on an
The total interest earned was 5,560 installment plan with 500 down payment and 12 payments of
1,000. Find the installment price of the printer if there’s an
Money at 8% Money at 10% Total
additional finance charge of 200.
Principal P 56,000 –P 56,000
Interest 0.08 (P) 0.10 (56,000-P) 5,560 Solution:
Since the total interest is equal to the sum of the interest on the
first and second accounts, we can write: IP= 12(1,000) + 500 + 200 = 12,700

0.08 (P) + 0.10 (56,000 -P) = 5,560 Example 2:

0.08 (P) + 5,000 – 0.10 (P) = 5,560 The installment price of a table is 5,000 for a 12-month loan of a
down payment of 2,000 as made, how much is the installment
-0.02 (P) = 5,560 – 5,600 payment?
−0.02 −40
(P) = = 2,000 AF= 5,000 – 2,000 = 3,000
−0.02 −0.02
IP= 3,000 ÷ 12= 250
INSTALLMENTS- a customer paying a bill in small portions
throughout a fixed period. COMMISSION- in the sales received by an employee or agent
for performing a business transaction or service.
Commission rate- is the percentage or fixed payment associated 14,398(0.03) = 431.94
with a certain amount of sale. To compute for the 3rd week,
14,091(0.03) = 422.73
To compute for the commission, simple multiply the commission
To Compute for the 4th week,
rate to the total sales amount.
16,818(0.03) = 504.54
To solve for the gross pay during the month of August, add the Total Commission= 431.94 + 422.73 + 504.54 = 1,359.21
commission and the base salary. b. For the month of September, aside from her monthly
salary of 16,000. She has a commission amounting to
3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMISSION: 1,359.21. Therefore, her total earning for September is,
1. Straight Commission- the sssssssssssss earning, or 16,000+1,359.21= 17,359.21
wage is based on his/her commission alone. Paid a
percentage of sales only.
2. Graduated Commission- commission only increases if the
sales also increase to the quota.
3. Salary Plus Commission- a person gets paid a salary and
a percentage of his/her sales.
Example:
Joyce is a sales agent for kitchen appliances. Her basic
monthly salary is 16,000. As an agent, she is expected to
sell 10,000 worth appliances every week. Whenever se
exceeds the quota. She gets a 3% commission in the week’s
total sale. The following table shows how she did on sales
for the month of September.
Week Sales
1 9,855
2 14,398
3 14,091
4 16,818
a. How much is Joyce’s commission in all?
b. How much does she earn for the month of September?
Solution:
a. She did not exceed the quota on the first week.
To compute for the commission for the 2nd week,