ARC424

Architectural criticism

EMPIRE STATE
BUILDING
PRESENTED BY:
Fady Medhat Farhat 51910181
Mohamed Hesham 51910163
Hossam Zafer 51910273
Habiba Atef 51910055
PRESENTED TO:
Dr.Sherif El Adawy
ARCH.Maryam Saeed
 CONTENTS

-Name.
-Location.. -Conformational Formation With -Initial Cost.
-Architect. Context. -Periodic Cost.
-Area. -Proportion. -Possibilities Of Maximizing
-Year. -Clustering. Returns.
-Architectural Style. -Treatments.
-Formative Direction.

-Climate.
-Site Topography.
-Energy.
-Ecological Footprint.
-Proper Application Of
Functional Rates And Design
Standards.
-Functional Relationships.
-Efficiency Of Horizontal And
Vertical Services Elements.
-Design Module.
-Efficiency Of Functional
Spaces.
-Compatibility With Local
-Structural Module.
Customs And Traditions.
-Compatibility Of Structural
-Proximity of the Formative
Module With The Architectural.
Language With the
-Building Materials.
Language Understood by
-Construction Techniques.
the Target Groups of the
-Maintenance Capabilities.
Design.
-Structural Flexibility To
-The presence of Social
Accommodate Design Variables.
Networking Opportunities
Provided by Design.
 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTI 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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AREA:
NAME: 208,879 m2.
Empire State Building. YEAR:
LOCATION: 1931.
New York,United States. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE:
ARCHITECT(S): Art Deco. [1]
Shreve, Lamb and Harmon. [1]
 1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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ID STANDARDS

Climate : Energy :

The climate of New York

City is humid subtropical ,
with parts of the city
transitioning into a humid
continental climate.

New York weather provides

everything from snow in winter
through to hot and sometimes
very humid summer weather.

They've made solutions to

reduce CO2 by relying on natural
energy sources significantly to reduce the level of humidity and
temperature. [2] Since 2010, the Empire State Building has been
entirely powered by renewable energy, and as of
January 2021, 100% of its electricity is offset through
Comment : clean wind power Renewable Energy Credits.
They used at first glass that That makes ESRT the largest real estate user of
wasn’t insulating and 100% green power in the United States.
transfer heat and cold ,then Our partnerships with Green Mountain Energy and
lately they improved 96% of Direct Energy will source 300 million kilowatt hours
the original glass and frames of clean energy, reducing over 450 million pounds of
by insulating a mylar film carbon dioxide emissions. [3]
Between panes and adding a
Comment :
krypton /argon gas layer to
the windows . The Empire State Building, the largest US real estate
There are windows on four user of 100% green power since 2010, reduces carbon
sides providing excellent dioxide emissions through partnerships with Green
light and views. Mountain Energy and Direct Energy.
 1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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Site Topography : Ecological Footprint :

This plot was selected for historical analysis With efficiency as the top priority, the infrastructure of its systems has
because it is an emblematic Manhattan site. undergone a major overhaul to optimize energy use. Everything , from
The geographic singularity of this plot of land our elevators, which recover energy that would be lost as heat, to our
serves as a bounded index of much larger, far radiators, which use reflective barriers to reduce heat loss in the air, is
less singular transformations in the designed to reduce our overall carbon footprint.
urbanization of nineteenth and twentieth this energy consumption comes with a carbon footprint of 15,640 tCO2-
century building in Manhattan. [4] eq, which is below the 2024 limit: 24,878 tCO2-eq per year based on the
building floor area.[5]

Comment :
Historical analysis of a prominent Manhattan site, focusing on its
geographic singularity, highlights significant transformations in the
urbanization of nineteenth and twentieth-century buildings in
Manhattan.
Comment :
The company has overhauled its infrastructure to optimize energy
use, including elevators and radiators, to reduce its carbon footprint.
The energy consumption is 15,640 tCO2-eq, below the 2024 limit of
24,878 tCO2-eq per year.
1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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Proper Application Of Functional Rates And Design Standards : Efficiency Of Horizontal And Vertical Services
the Empire State Building is a prime example of Art Deco Elements :
architecture, which was popular in the 1920s and 1930s. This
style is characterized by its symmetrical and geometric forms, as Vertical Services:
well as its use of decorative elements such as ornamental motifs The building has 72 elevators located in the
and intricate detailing. [6] middle of the building, it is an improperly
Comment : thought-out design as it causes:
Power consumption: electric elevators
The company has consume large amounts of energy .
optimized its Carbon emissions: as a result of energy
infrastructure, including consumption, electric elevators entail
elevators and radiators, emissions of carbon dioxide and other
to reduce its carbon greenhouse gases. These emissions
footprint, achieving an contribute to increasing global warming.
energy consumption The building needs a lot of periodic
below the 2024 limit. maintenance due to the large number of
elevators.
Efficiency Of Functional Spaces :
The building was designed to maximize usable space while still Horizontal Services:
providing a comfortable and efficient environment for its Waste of very large areas inside the building where
occupants. there are no clear horizontal movement elements of
Some key features that contribute to the efficiency of the the building‫ز‬
Empire State Building's functional spaces include its innovative
floor plan, which allows for flexible use of space, as well as its
efficient HVAC systems and lighting design. The building also
incorporates sustainable design principles to reduce energy
consumption and minimize its environmental impact. [7]

Comment :
The Empire State Building, designed to maximize usable space
and provide a comfortable, efficient environment, features an
innovative floor plan, efficient HVAC systems, and sustainable
design principles to minimize energy consumption.
1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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Functional Relationships : Design Module :

There is no clear relationship The Empire State Building respected

to its function as the building
has 85 floors of commercial
and office space of rentable
spaces.
And on the 86th floor it has an
indoor and outdoor observation
deck .
The tower is hollow without
floors between the 86th and
102nd levels and contains an
observatory.
Recently, the building is a
means of attracting tourists,
as it is visited by tourists from
the Module in its design, where the
model was a big part of the design.
[10]
The use of modularity can reduce
product development and testing
costs for the manufacturer
A modular system design or product
can be easily upgraded
A modular design architecture, by
definition, uses reusable components
that can be used in many similar
observatory. products; this reduces wastage and
adds to the product’s overall
hollow sustainability.
without floors

all over the world.

Where the building is
multifunctional and they have
nothing to do with each other commercial
and office
because the goal of the
space
building from the beginning is
based on being the tallest
building in the world and not to
have a specific function.
1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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Conformational Formation With Context :

Treatments :
The Empire State Building has a Improved the insulation of the building,
symmetrical massing due to its large lot Capital so the energy for heating and cooling
and short base, consisting of a base, that was lost to the outside world was
not wasted.
shaft, and capital. The setbacks, located
at 21st, 25th, 30th, 72nd, 81st, and 85th Shaft Behind each radiator, engineers
stories, allow sunlight to illuminate top installed reflective barriers that return
floors and position them away from noisy steam heat to the building.
streets.
Base

The building’s approximately 6,500

double-glass window panes were
refurbished and an extra layer of
insulating film was added. Spaces
between each pane were pumped full
of krypton and argon gas, which
prevent the transfer of heat.
Proportion : An automated system raises and
lowers the blinds in synchrony with
The proportions of the building vary,
the sun.
as it depends on the vertical height
An automated system raises and
more than the horizontal, which
lowers the blinds in synchrony with
causes a loss of the proportions of the the sun.
building from the outside and inside .
1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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Formative Direction : Clustering :

the Empire State Building was completed in Clustering is considered to
the style called Art Deco, which was influential be one of the most popular
between roughly 1920 and 1939. unsupervised machine
Art Deco, a modernist style, incorporated learning techniques used for
20th-century traits, modern materials like grouping data points, or
steel and plate glass, and architectural objects that are somehow
traditions from around the world into its similar. Cluster analysis has
unique style. many applications in
The Empire State Building, a high-rise different domains, whether
structure, incorporates Ziggurats, a pyramid- it be a bank's desire to
like form from Mesopotamian Civilizations, segment his customers
popular during the Art Deco movement, based on certain
inspired by New York's zoning commission's characteristics, or helping
instructions. [13] an individual to organize in-
group his, or her favorite
types of music. Generally
speaking though, clustering
is used mostly for
discovering structure,
summarization, and anomaly
detection.

Comment : Comment :
Clustering is a popular unsupervised machine learning technique
The Empire State Building, completed in the Art Deco style from
used for grouping data points, segmenting customers, and
1920-1939, incorporates 20th-century traits, modern materials, and
organizing music preferences, primarily for structure discovery,
architectural traditions, including Ziggurats, inspired by New York's
summarization, and anomaly detection.
zoning commission's instructions.
1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL
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Structural Module :
The system structure of a tall building with a
single core (single core) and within short
columns (mullion) which bear the floor with
the core of the building.
The core of the building except bears the
vertical load is also burdened with a
horizontal force due to the earthquake and
wind.
The Structure of the tower is braced steel
frame with semi-rigid connections. It
remains stiffest of the tower for its height,
due to largely due to heavy cladding that is
designed to stiffen the frame.
Shear Walls: To resist the lateral load
caused by wind and Earthquake •The
Assembly of shear wall is known as
"Coupled Shear Wall"
•Belt Trusses distribute the tensile and
compressive force to the large no of exterior
truss. [15]
Comment :
The structural module is square which is
more functional .
4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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Compatibility Of Structural Module With The
Architectural :
The building's structural system, which consists of a steel frame
with concrete floors, allows for large open floor plans and tall
ceilings, which are key features of its Art Deco architectural style.
The building's structural system also allows for its iconic setbacks,
which create the building's distinctive silhouette. These setbacks are
achieved by gradually reducing the floor area as the building rises,
which also helps to reduce wind loads and improve the building's
stability. [16]
Comment :
the Empire State Building is a great example of how structural
modules can be integrated seamlessly with architectural design to
create an iconic and functional building.
Building Materials :
The exterior is covered with
200,000 cubic feet of Indiana
limestone and granite, accented
with aluminum for extra luster.
MATERAIAL USED: 60,000
Tons of steel, 10 Million Bricks
Marble of Different types, and
730 tons of aluminum and
stainless steel.
FOUNDATION: 16.7 m below ground. [16]
Comment :
This combination of materials was very
common in Art Deco, and promoted an
aesthetic that was industrial and modern.
1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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Construction Techniques : Comment :

It took 210 steel columns to construct The Empire State Building undergoes regular maintenance to
the vertical frame of the building. Steel ensure safety and functionality, including regular inspections,
girders would only be raised 30 stories repairs, and upgrades of elevators, HVAC, plumbing, and electrical
at a time so cranes were used to pass systems.
them from floor section to floor section
to complete the frame. Rivets were Structural Flexibility To Accommodate Design
placed by hand by teams of four. [17] Variables :
The building's steel frame structure
Comment : was specifically designed to sway in
The building's vertical frame required 210 the wind, allowing it to withstand
steel columns, cranes for steel girders, and strong gusts without causing
hand-placed rivets by teams of four to discomfort to occupants.
complete the project.
The building's design also
incorporated setbacks at higher levels
Maintenance Capabilities :
to reduce wind loads and improve
The Empire State Building has an extensive maintenance program in
structural stability. Additionally, the
place to ensure the safety and functionality of the building. This
use of high-strength materials and
includes regular inspections, repairs, and upgrades to various systems
innovative construction techniques
such as elevators, HVAC, plumbing, and electrical.
allowed for the building to reach its
Some of the maintenance capabilities of the Empire State Building
impressive height of 1,454 feet. [18]
include:
-Advanced elevator systems that are regularly serviced and upgraded to
ensure smooth operation. Comment :
-State-of-the-art HVAC systems that are maintained to provide optimal
The Empire State Building was
comfort for occupants.
designed with structural flexibility to
-Plumbing systems that are regularly inspected and repaired to prevent
accommodate various design variables
leaks and other issues.
such as wind loads, seismic activity,
-Electrical systems that are constantly monitored and upgraded to meet
and building height.
modern safety standards.[17]
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Initial Cost : Possibilities Of Maximizing Returns :

The initial cost of constructing
the Empire State Building was
The Empire State Building is a
approximately 40,948,900 in
famous landmark in New York
1931.40,948,900 in 1931.
City that has been successfully
This would be equivalent to over
monetized through various
600 million in today's money.
means to maximize returns for
Comment : its owners.
In 1931, the Empire State Building's Some strategies for maximizing
construction cost was $40,948,900, returns on the Empire State
equivalent to over 600 million in Building include:
today's money. -Leasing out office space to tenants.
*Renting out observation decks for
tourists.
-Hosting events and conferences in
the building.
-Offering advertising space on the
exterior of the building.
Periodic Cost : -Selling merchandise and souvenirs
The annual maintenance related to the Empire State Building.
cost of the building is
around $30 million to Comment :
$35 million per year.
The Empire State Building in New York City has been effectively
Comment : monetized through various strategies, including leasing office
space, renting observation decks, hosting events, offering
The building's annual maintenance
advertising, and selling related merchandise.
cost ranges from $30 million to $35
million annually.
1.BUILDING 2.ENVIRONMENTAL 3.FUNCTIONAL 4.FORMATION 5.CONSTRUCTI 6.ECONOMIC 7.SOCIAL
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Compatibility With Local Customs And Traditions : Proximity of the Formative Language With the
As a symbol of American innovation Language Understood by the Target Groups of the
and progress, the building is well- Design :
regarded by New Yorkers and
One way in which the formative language of
visitors alike. It is often included in
the Empire State Building was made
cultural events and celebrations in
accessible to its target groups was through
the city, such as the annual Macy's
its use of Art Deco design elements.
Thanksgiving Day Parade and New
Year's Eve celebrations.
Art Deco was a popular style in the 1920s
Comment : and 1930s that emphasized geometric
shapes, bold colors, and streamlined forms.
The Empire State Building is a These design elements were incorporated
famous landmark in New York City into the building's exterior and interior,
and is generally compatible with making it visually appealing and easily
local customs and traditions. recognizable to the general public.

The presence of Social Networking Opportunities

Comment :
Provided by Design :
The Empire State Building's design The Empire State Building was designed
includes social networking opportunities with a modernity and efficiency focus,
through its observation decks, where aiming to appeal to a wide audience and
visitors can take photos and share their be easily understood by both the general
experiences on platforms public and potential tenants, reflecting
The building also hosts events and the formative language of the time.
exhibitions that promote networking and
social interaction among visitors. Overall, the design of the Empire State
Building was a reflection of the
Comment :
The Empire State Building offers social networking
formative language of the time, with an
opportunities through observation decks, photo emphasis on modernity, efficiency, and
sharing platforms, and hosting events and accessibility to a wide audience.
exhibitions to encourage interaction among visitors.
 REFERENCE
12-https://lynceans.org/all-posts/tall-and-skinny-in-new-york-
1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building
city-and-miami/

2 -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_New_York_City
3-https://www.esrtreit.com/wp-content/uploads/ESRT_ESG.pdf
4-https://shorturl.at/rwzEX
13-https://www.arch2o.com/why-the-empire-state-building-is-
an-art-deco-masterpiece/
15-https://www.slideshare.net/dishanichauhan/empire-state-
building-131003204

5-https://www.esbnyc.com/about/facts-figures
6- https://www.britannica.com/art/Art-Deco
7- https://fastercapital.com/startup-topic/Floor-Area.html
16-https://www.ascemetsection.org/committees/history-and-
heritage/landmarks/empire-state-building
17-https://dozr.com/blog/building-the-empire-state-building

8- https://drawingmatter.org/the-empire-state-building-elevators-
18-https://www.slideshare.net/dishanichauhan/empire-state-
1931/
building-131003204
9-https://www.iiotnewshub.com/news/articles/443492-otis-
completes-elevator-modernization-empire-state-building.htm

10- https://www.slideshare.net/ManishaBisht26/empire-state-
building-238798732

11- https://architectuul.com/architecture/chrysler-building
THANK YOU :)
Improved the insulation of the
building, so the energy for
heating and cooling that was lost
to the outside world was not
wasted.
Behind each radiator, engineers
installed reflective barriers that
send steam heat back into the
building.
The building’s approximately
6,500 double-glass window
panes were refurbished and an
extra layer of insulating film was
added. Spaces between each
pane were pumped full of krypton
and argon gas, which prevent the
transfer of heat.
An automated system raises and
lowers the blinds in synchrony
with the sun.