(kSi[r sRs>g p»v[S
p»krN-1 (Sxip#i)  a(h>si: ki[epN p»iN)n) mn, km<, vcn[ (h>si n krv),
 Fm< a[Tl[ sdicir, sv< Jvni (htn) krnir), (Sxip#i)
p»miN[ vt[< t[n[ Fm<, aY<, kim an[ mi[x a[ cir p&r&PiY<n)
(s(Ün) p»i(¼t, (Sxip#i)n&> vi>cn, âvN k[ p*Ô n Yiy ti[
upvisn) aiXi{vc.g.a>.1}
 (nRyk»m{49 Y) 54, 61 Y) 64}: s*yi[<dy ph[li Ôgv&>,
Si]c(v(F, a[k AYin[ b[s) ditN, Anin kr) p*v< aYvi
u_irm&K[ b[s) (tlk-ci>dli s(ht p*Ô krv), pi>c
smyn){p»it:, avir, bpi[r, s>¹yi, ri(#i} mins)p*Ô krv),
Bgvinni Av$pn) m*(t<ai[ riKv), aih`vin m>#i bi[l)
Avi(mniriyN m>#in) miLi krv), pi>c p»d(xNi, pi>c siOTi>g
d>Dvt`{mAtk, B»mr, ni(ski, vx, U@, G*>TN, hiYni t(Lyi>,
pgn) ai>gL)ai[ni[ pZ¸v)n[ ApS<} krvi, CÎi[ d>Dvt`
mhirijn) aiXi m&jb ki[eni[ apriF mn, km<, vcn[ kyi[<
hi[y t[n) xmi miT[ krvi[{vc.g.m.40}, n]vw Friv), p»iY<ni
kr), (vsj<n m>#i bi[l) p*Ôn) smi(¼t krv), (Sxip#i)n&>
vi>cn krv&>. siy>kiL[ m>(dr[ jv&>, uµcAvr[ Bgvinni nimn&>
gin krv&>{airt)}, si>p»di(yk g»>Yi[ni[ a¿yis krvi[,
AviBi(vk c[OTini pdi[ bi[lvi.
 mw(nP[F: mw a[Tl[ di$- tmi[g&N) p)N&>, mn&AmZ(tmi>
s&ripinn[ p>c mhipip gNiÄy&> C[, d[vtin[ Friv[l hi[y ti[pN
n p)v&> k[ t[ni[ g>F k[ ApS< n krvi[, ai]PF pN di$ k[ mi>s
y&±t hi[y ti[ n l[v&>.
 ci[r): Fm< krvin[ aY[< pN ci[r) n krv), kiOq, p&Op ai(dk
ki[e vAt& mi(lkn[ p*Cyi vgr l[v) t[ pN ci[r) C[, ci[rmig[<
kr)n[ p[sv&> k[ (nsrv&> n(h.
 Äysn: Bi>g, mfr, mijm an[ gi>Ô[ a[v) k[f krnir vAt&
Kiv) k[ p)v) n(h, j&gT&> n rmv&>, Bi>D-BviE, niTk, (sn[mi
n Ô[vi, Äy(Bcir kh[ti> ki[epN A#i) siY[ mn, km<, vcn[
d&ricir n krvi[.
 aihir(vv[k: j[ni hiYn&> ri>F[l aºn tYi j[ni pi#in&> jL
Kpt&> n hi[y t[ n Kiv&>, hi[T[lmi> mLt) vAt&mi> S&¹Fti n
hi[y t[Y) t[pN n Kiv&>, D&>gL)-lsN aBÈy.
 AvFm<: pi[tpi[tini Fm<n&>- SiA#ik(Yt Fm<n&< piln krv&> pN
piK>D k[ k(Ãpt k[ prFm<n&> aicrN n krv&>.
yXn[ aY[< aYvi A#i), Fn, ri¶yn) p»i(¼tn[ aY[< pN ki[e
mn&Oy aYvi pS&n) (h>si n krv).
 sRy: sRy, (p»y an[ (htkir) viN) bi[lv), asRy n bi[lv&>
pN pi[tini[ an[ pirkini[ Ù[ih kh[ti> p»iN nis Yti[ hi[y
a[v&> sRy n bi[lv&>.
 n)(tFm<: ki[e fLni li[B[ Fm<ni[ Ryig n krvi[, fm< krvin[
aY[< pN ci[r) n krv), p*v[< j[ mi[Ti Yyi hi[y t[mN[ kyir[k
Ô[ aFm<icrN ky&<> hi[y t[ n Ô[v&>, pN t[mN[ j[ Fmi<crN
ky&<> hi[y t[ g»hN krv&>.
 aiRmGit: Avg<i(dk s&Kn) p»i(¼t miT[ t)Y<n[ (vP[, ayi[³y
aicrNY) m*>ziEn[ aYvi ti[ k»i[F[ kr)n[ pN aiRmGit n
krvi[.
 mi>sBxN (nP[F: (h>si mhin pip, yXn&> S[P k[ d[vtin&>
n]v[w hi[y ti[pN Kiv&> k[ p)v&> n(h, anij v)N)n[, li[T
ciL)n[ an[ piN), d*F, G), t[l vg[r[ giL)n[ viprvi, j[mi>
GNi> Jv[j>t&> hi[y t[ piN)Y) Anin n krv&>.
 Si]ci(dk(vv[k: SiA#i[ (nP[F kr[li AYini[ j[vi k[ gi]SiLi,
JN< d[vily, nd) tLivni airi, mig<, viv[l&> K[tr,
f*lviD), bg)ci vg[r[ AYL[ mLm*#i n krv&> an[ Y*>kv&> pN
n(h.
 vA#ip(rFin (vv[k: vA#i ph[y[<-ai[Qy[ pi[tini a>gi[ d[Kiy t[
n ph[rv&>.
 g»hN: s*y< k[ c>Ùni g»hN smy[ Avi(mniriyN m>#ini[ jp
krvi[, g»hN pC) din krv&>.
 aipd`Fm<: aipd`fm< a[tl[ d&:Kni smy[ aicrN krvini[
Fm<, mhiBirt: “d[hni[ niS Yvini[ smy aiÄyi[ hi[y Ryir[
j aipd`Fm<n&> aicrN krv&>. pC) d[SkiL siri[ Yiy Ryir[
ph[lin) j[m vt<v&>.”
 p»iy(Vt: sdicirni Fm<ni[ li[p YE Ôy t[n) S&(Ü miT[
p»iy(Vt (v(F, p»gT sRp&@Pn) aiXi p»miN[, â¹Fi an[
(vVisp*v<k p»iy(Vt krviY) pipn) S&(Ü.
 (kSi[r sRs>g p»v[S
p»krN-2 sgrim
 l)ml) gimni[ sgrim viGr), m&±tin>d Avim) Yk) sRs>g),
b»iMN krti a(Fk aicir piLti[.
 agNi[t[ri kiLmi> m&±tin>d Avim) pis[ s&rt jti> rAtimi>
S[r Birni[ $pini[ ti[Di[ jDyi[, pirk) vAt& ÔN) F*LY)
Qi>±yi[, pRn)a[ kH&> “ar[ tm[ F*L upr F*L S&> viL)! Pirk)
vAt&n[ ti[ h&> F*L j smj&> C&>.”
 Bivngrni vj[s>g bip& pN sgrimni Fm<, (nymni S&Ü
pilnY) p»Bi(vt.
 sgrimn) sic) B(±tY) riJ YE s>kÃp p*ri[ krvi mhirij
a[k ri#i[ Cinimini k*bimi> pFiyi<, mhirijn[ si>gimic) pr
b[siD) nicti[ k*dti[ givi li³yi[ “miri k*bimi> hiY) p[>qi[”
 sgrim (vÜin, (SviN)ni (svrim BÍn[ p»Åni[_ir)mi> piCi
piD) sRs>g) bniv[li.
p»krN-8 rRnikr an[ cir BiEai[
 s>p)li pN gr)b cir BiEai[, ÙÄy m[Lvvi d(ryid[vn[
p»sºn krvi tp, s>p an[ tpY) d(ryid[v p»sºn pN pr)xi
l[vi b»iMNn&> $p lE dr[k BiE pis[ jE a[kb)Ô (vr&Û
bi[Ãyi pN BiEai[ni[ s>p n t*Tyi[, ÙÄy m[LvviY) BiEai[
zGDS[ n(h t[n) Kitr) Yti> ÙÄyn&> din
 's>p Ryi> j>p", m&±tin>d Avim) 'YE a[k mni p»B&n[
BJa[", yi[g)J mhirij-'s>p, s&HdBiv n[ a[kti" a[ j
Jvnm>#i.
p»krN-3 Äyipkin>d Avim)
 u_irBirtni zrNiprNi gimni m&m&x S)tLdis, rimin>d
Avim)ni dS<nn) EµCiY) fN[N)mi>, rimin>d Avim) Fimmi>,
mhirij[ t[mn[ Avi(mniriyN m>#in) F*n kriv), smi(F YE,
smi(Fmi> mhirij, rimin>d Avim), aºy avtiri[ an[
m&±ti[ni dS<n, p*Ô krvin) EµCi, rimkZONi(dk avtiri[ k[
rimin>d Avim) svi[<pr) a[m s>kÃp[ an[k $p n Yyi pr>t&
mhirij p*N< p&@Pi[_im a[vi s>kÃp[ an[k $p[ m&±ti[n) p*Ô,
Bigvt) d)xi aip) 'Äyipkin>d" nim.
 YingQ pis[ vis&k)nidni m>(drmi> nZRy krt) piPiNn)
p*tL)ai[mi> vZ(t ci[>T), mhirijn) aiXi k[ A#i)n) m*(t< n
Ô[v) a[n&> mhRv smÔy&>.
 bi[Tidni hm)rKicrn) Gi[D) Jvt) kr) mhirijni dS<n[
z)>zivdr, mhirij[ K)mbiEn[ Tki[r kr) “amiri p»B&
aiÄyi C[ t[mn[ miT[ YiL krÔ[.” pi[tin) B*l smÔE,
mhirijn) mif) mi>g), mhirij[ Avim)n[ smÔÄy&> k[ upd[S
aipvi[ pN cmRkir n btivvi[.
p»krN-9 n[np&rni d[vJ Bgt
 d[vJB±t mhirijni a[ki>(tk B±t, ri#i[ bsi[ miLi f[rv)n[
pC) j s*E jti.
 s&riKicrn[ mhirij[ kh[l&> am[ d[vJBie j[vi B±tn) miLi
f[rv)a[ C)a[.
 d[vJBiEni[ d)kri[ mhirijn[ aK>D d[Kti[, nin) u>mr[
Fimmi>, sgivhili> ri[±±L krvi aiv[ t[ ph[li> pRn)n[ G)ni[
GiDvi[ lE mhirij pis[ gQp&r mi[kl) d)Fi an[ pi[t[ K[tr[
cil) n)kÇyi, pTliN)n) smjN Ô[E liD&bi, Jv&bi an[
pi>c&bia[ drbirmi> pi>c vP<ni h)@bini Fimmi> gyini[ Si[k
TiL) d)Fi[.
 (kSi[r sRs>g p»v[S
p»krN-10 g&@ (SOy
g&@
 aXin$p) a>Fkir TiL) Xin$p) p»kiS aip[ t[ g&@.
 sir>gp&r f*ldi[lni> sm]yimi> 'sd`g&@ K[l[ vs>t" hi[r)n&> pd
bi[l), g&Nit)tin>d Avim)n) Cit)mi> CD) aDiD) mhirij[
bFin[ sd`g&@n) ai[LK kriv).
 g&Nit)t a[Tl[ rÔ[g&N, tmi[g&N an[ sRvg&NY) pr a[vi j[
b»MAv$p sRp&@P a[ j g&@ C[.
 Bigvt`p&riNmi> aiRmXin miT[ 'bM(nOq" an[ 'xi[(#iy"
g&@ pis[ jvi aid[S.
 g&@ (SOy miT[ B(±t an[ upisni (sÛ krvini[ aidS<,
aidS< s>p*N< hi[y ti[ j (SOymi> d]vt aiv[, (nOkim, (nli[<B,
(nmi<n, (n:Avid an[ (n:An[h a[ p>c vt<min[y&±t hi[y t[ j
g&@.
 g&@n) S&(Û miT[ g&@ni g&@n&> vZti>t-c(r#i Ô[v&>, g&@n&>
pi[tin&> vt<n Ô[v&> an[ (SOyn&> vt<n Ô[v&>.
p»krN-11 aiRmin>d Avim)
 mirviDni vtn), jºm s>vt 1799 mi> U>TviL gim[.
 Bgvin m[Lvvi an[k siFni[, vZÛivAYimi> si[rqmi> m[Gp&r
gim[ mhirijni dS<n Yti (nVy Yyi[ n[ ai(ât bºyi.
 'vcnn) m*(t<" gNiti, KTrsni[ (nym li>bi smy s&F).
 d[hni[ a(tSy anidr, Sr)r pr JvDi> pDti> : “l[ t[ri
Kij h].” bi[l) piCi niKti. aiKi Sr)r[ Ks Cti>
g&Nit)tin>d Avim) siY[ cilti a[k gimY) b)Ô gim,
Ksni fi[Dli f*T[ pN avgNni, aiv) (AY(t Ô[E mhirij
t[mn) pr riJ YE hir, p»sid) aipti.
 mhirijn) aiXiY) Fi[l[ri rh[ti, si[ vP<n) u>mr, nvi di>t
f*Tyi, mhirijni axrFimgmn pC) vigD rh[ti.
 aiciy< rG&v)rJ mhirij siY[ n(Dyid (vcrNmi>,
pFrimN)mi> K&rS)ai[ Ô[E nirij, K&rS)ai[ kQivi[ ti[
pFrimN)mi> aiv)a[, Fm< piLvimi> ki[En) mhi[bt riKti
 vigD pis[ a(NyiL)mi> 116 vP<n) u>mr, mhirij Fimmi>
k[m t[D) jti nY), g&Nit)tin>d Avim)a[ mhirijn&>
svi[<pr)pN&> smÔÄy&>, p_irn) p»sid) l)F), s>vt 1916ni
j[q vd 6 ni (dvs[ Fimmi>.
(SOy
 g&@mi> a(tSy p»)(t an[ g&@vcnmi> a(tSy âÛi an[
(vVis a[ (SOyn&> lxN
 sRykim Ôbi(la[ g&@ aiXia[ cirsi[mi>Y) hÔr giyi[
Yiy Ryi> s&F) giyi[n) s[vi kr) ti[ aipi[aip b»MXin p»i¼t
Yy&>, BgtJ mhirij[ g&Nit)tin>d Avim)ni vcn[ d[hni
c*r[c*ri kr) d)Fi ti[ Avim) a(tSy riJ Yyi, yi[g)J
mhirij[ pN cil)s vP< s&F) SiA#i)J mhirijn) aiXi
m&jb mj*ri[-h(rB±ti[n[ jmiD) riJ kyi<.
 g&@ a[ (SOyni[ aiRmi, g&@n) aiXi p»miN[ vt[< t[ aiRmi$p[
vRyi< kh[viy, g&@ Yk) b»M$p Yiy pN g&@n[
(vP[ p*¶yBivn[ n B*l[.
p»»krN-12 bi[cisNni kiS)dis-1
 bi[cisNni kiS)disn[ biLpNmi> n)lk>q vN)<ni[ yi[g,
oi(rki jti> s>ti[ni smigm[ mhirijni[ m(hmi smÔyi[,
gQp&r aiv) vt<min Friv) ai(ât, sRs>g) bºyi pC)
d)kri[ g&jr) gyi[, bLd, B[>s mr) gE pN sRs>g n Ci[Dyi[.
 li[yimi> Siki[Rsv vKt[ mhirijni hLdrviLi kpDi Ô[E
s>Sy, mhirij[ kYimi> vit kr), mn&OyBiv TL) gyi[.
 (nOqi an[ p»[mn[ vS YE 32 vKt mhirij bi[cisN
pFir[l, sgi>s>b>F)ai[n&> kÃyiN Yiy miT[ mhirijn[ mifimi>
b[siD) gimi[gim f[rÄyi
 mhirijni vcn[ gL)ni[ F>Fi[ b>F kr) K[t), tmik&ni v[pirni
bhin[ gQDimi> mhirijni[ smigm, tmik&ni v[pirmi> a[kvir
Ki[T, l[Ndiri[n) f(ryid, C misn) k[d, kiS)disn[ niHi
Fi[yi vgr p*Ô-piqn) m*>zvN, (spiEai[ b[D) s(ht vi#ik
nd)mi> Anin krvin) prving), mhirij[ t[mn[ vi#ikmi>Y)
G[limi> m*k) d)Fi, C mis gQp&rmi> ri²yi.
 kiS)dis mi[Tin) hv[l) bL) Ryir[ gQp&rmi> b[qi b[qi
mhirij[ rxi kr), mhirijni hiY[ fi[Ãli> pD) gyi.
 (kSi[r sRs>g p»v[S
bi[cisNni kiS)dis-2
 vrtil m>(dr miT[ lÈm)niriyNn) m*(t<ai[ l[vi s>ti[n[
vDi[dri am)c>d S[qn[ Ryi>, piCi frti> BiLj pis[ p&OkL
vrsid, bi[cisNY) giD&> m>giv) m*(t<ai[ kis)disni Gr[ m*k),
p»(tOqi vKt[ mhirij Ôt[ m*(t<ai[ l[vi pFiyi<, nin)bia[
k>sir kr) jmiDyi, mhirij[ svi[<pr) m>(dr kr) Fim s(ht
bi[cisNmi> (vrijvin&> vcn ai¼y&>.
 s>vt 1918 mi> Fimmi>, d)kri d[siEBiea[ kirjmi> aiciy<
mhirij an[ g&Nit)tin>d Avim)n[ s_ir (dvs ri²yi.
p»krN-15 d*bL) BÍ
 m*L ci>dgQni pN mi[Ti gi[KrviLimi> yjminvZ(t, nim
rNCi[DJ mhirij pN Sr)r[ an[ Äyvhir[ d&b<L
t[Y) d*bL) BÍ kh[ti
 mhirijn) gQp&r m>(drn) lKN)mi> 13 di[kDin) s[vi,
mhirij[ 'gi[p)niYJ mhirijn) jy" bi[liv) s&riKicrn[
kH&> k[ ami@> gQDin&> m>(dr p*r&> Yy&>, BÍJa[ pi[tin&> sv<Av
m>(drn[ ap<N ky&<>.
 v[viEa[ mÆkr) krti Bgvinn) m*(t<n) j³yia[ Ô[Di[ m*±yi[,
BÍJa[ kH&> 'ai ki[n) ai>K f*T) C[ t[ m*(t<n) j³yia[ Ô[Di[
m*±yi[, v[viEn) ai>Ki[ trt f*T) gE, sic) B(±tni[ ²yil
aiÄyi[
 mhirij[ riJ YE a[kvir si[nini[ v[Q an[ kD&> p»sid)$p[
aip[l.
p»krN-14 B&jni liF)biE
 rimin>d Avim)ni (SOy, B*jmi> mhirijni dS<n[ aivvin)
ni, mhirij[ g&@BiEai[ C)a[ kh) bi[liÄyi, dS<n kr) piCi
jti> rAtimi> rG&niYJn) m*(t<mi> mhirijni dS<nY)
BgvinpNini[ (nVy ØQ.
 mhirijn[ 'BiE" kh) bi[livti, mhirijn[ ph[li ri[Tli[
an[ mrci>n[ gi[Li[ n[ pC) S)ri[-p*r)ni[ YiL jmiDyi[, YiL
jmiDti smi(F, smi(Fmi> rimin>d Avim) mhirijn) s[vimi>,
mhirijn) svi<vtir) tr)k[n) smjN aip), g>girim mÃl
an[ s&>drJ s&tirn[ mhirijni[ m(hmi jNivvi aiXi
 ØQti Ô[vi (vFvi hi[vi Cti> s&vi(sn)ni[ v[S kiQ), b[D&> lE
BDn[ nik[Y) piN) Br) livvi aiXi, k[fY)
p&@Pi[_imniriyNn&> Gr mi>Dy&> jvib, mhirij riJ
 ud[p&rni riN) zmk&bie 'mitiJ"n[ mhirijn) aiXiY) siY[
riK) Bjn-B(±tmi> Jvn Äyt)t, a>t smy[ mitiJni
d[hRyig pC) liF)bieni[ d[hRyig.
p»krN-16 v»t an[ uRsv-1
 li[kmi> (vkZ(t an[ a>FâÛiY) ujviti v»ti[ an[ uRsvi[mi>
dS<n an[ kYiviti<n&> p»iFiºy riK) t[ni 'sm]yi" a[v&> nim
aip) (ng&<N kyi<.
 sm]yi piCLni[ ud`[S vc.g.p».3 “am[ mi[Ti mi[Ti (vON&yig
kr)a[ C)a[ tYi jºmiOTm) an[ a[kidS) ai(dk v»tni
vPi[<vP< uRsv kr)a[ C)a[...Ô[ ki[E pip) Jv hi[y an[ t[n[
pN a>tkiL[ a[n) AmZ(t Ye aiv[ ti[ t[n[ Bgvinni Fimn)
p»i(¼t Yiy.”
 v»t: sRvg&N m&²y, aiRmin) S&(Û miT[, SiA#i(v(F p»miN[
v»»t krnirn[ li[kmi> s&K an[ mZRy& pC) Avg<n) p»i(¼t,
(nOkimBiv[ Bgvinn) p»sºnti miT[ v»t krnirn[ mi[x
p»i(¼t, v»»t a[Tl[ upvis.
 pv<: rÔ[g&N p»Fin, pv< m>(dri[mi> miT[ Big[ sm*hmi>, (nVt
smy[ aiv[, jºmi[Rsv, g»hN, s>k»i>t, t)Y<Anin vg[r[.
 uRsv: tmi[g&N p»»Fin, li[k th[viri[ j[n[ m[Li[ pN kh[,
hi[L), dS[ri, nvri#i) vg[r
 (kSi[r sRs>g p»v[S
v»t an[ uRsv-2
 v»ti[Rsvni (nN<y miT[ v]ONviciy< â)vÃlBiciy<Jni p&#i
â)(vÎlniYJa[ kr[li (nN<yn[ mhirij[ miºy {(Sxip#i)
Åli[k 81,82}
 v»ti(dkni[ (nát kiL an[ dr[k siY[ kYi s>kLiy[l) hi[y C[.
 aºnk*Ti[Rsv{ki(t<k s&d 1}: (vkm s>vtn&> nv&> vP<, b(lp*Ô,
gi[vF<n p*Ô, Bgvinn) m*(t< aigL (v(vF ving)ai[ni[
aºnk*T, svir[ giyi[n&> p*jn,
 a[kidS): uRp(t kYi p&riNi[mi>, niD)j>Gni[ d)kri[ m&rdinv
an[ Bgvinni a[kidS E(ºÙyi[ni t[jmi>Y) uRpºn Yy[l
kºyin) y&Û kYi, kºyia[ vr mi>³yi[ “miri v»tn[ (dvs[ mn
s(ht j[ a(gyir e>(ºÙyi[ t[ni[ j[ aihir t[ ki[E kr[ n(h.”
 vc.g.m.8 : “ds E>(ºÙyi[n[ a(gyirm&> mn a[ sv< j[ j[[
(vPymi> ci[>T[ Ryi>Y) piCi K[>c)n[ b»Ma(³nn[ (vP[ hi[mvi>”
 SiA#i)J mhirijn) aiXini pi>c (nj<Li upvis â) h(r
jy>t), jºmiOTm), d[vpi[Q) a[kidS), p»bi[(Fn) a[kidS),
jLz)lN) a[kidS).
v»t an[ uRsv-4
 Fn&mi<s: migSr mismi> s*y<ni[ Fn ri(Smi> p»v[S t[Y)
'Fn&mi<s", SNgir airt) pC) trt j Bgvinn[ rijBi[g
Friviy C[, â)kZON Bgvin si>d)p(nni aiâmmi> Fn&(v<wi
BNvi gyi t[Y) Bgvin aigL BNvini siFni[ m&kiy C[
 mkrs>k»i>(t: pi[P mismi> s*y< mkr ri(Smi> p»v[S[ C[ t[Y) 14
Ôºy&air) 'mkrs>k»i>(t" tr)k[, vh[li Uq) nd)[tLivmi> Anin
an[ din-p&·yni[ m(hmi, qiki[rJn[ tlni liD& Friviy,
s>ti[ zi[L) mi>gvi n)kL[.
 pi[P s&d p*nm: s> 1866mi> DBiNmi> mhin yX kr)
g&Nit)tin>d Avim)n[ Bigvt) d)xi aip), DBiNmi> sm]yi[
 vs>tp>cm){mhi s&d pi>cm}: s> 1882 mi> mhirij[ (Sxip#i)
lK), s> 1828mi> sd`g&@ b»Min>d Avim)ni[ rijAYinmi> Kin
gim[ jºm, s> 1822mi> sd`g&@ (nOk&Lin>d Avim)ni[ Ômngr
pis[ S[KpiT gim[ jºm, s> 1921 mi> SiA#i)J mhirijni[
mh[Liv gim[ jºm, aTlidrimi> sm]yi[.
 mhi(Svri#i){mhi vd 13}: p&riNn) kYi m&jb ri#i)n[ (vP[
(SvJ a[k pirF) pr p»sºn, m¹yri#i[ (SvJn&> (b(lp#ii[,
kr[Nni> p&Opi[ vD[ p*jn, n]v[wmi> K)r tYi vDi Friviy.
v»t an[ uRsv-3
 p»bi[(Fn) a[kidS){ki(t<k s&d 11}: x)rsigrmi> pi[Q[li (vON&
Bgvin ai (dvs[ Ôg»t, cit&<misni[ a>t, t&ls)(vvihni[
air>B
 s>p»diymi> ai (dvs mhRvni[, s> 1857 mi> p)pliNimi>
mhirijn[ (dxi, j[tp&rmi> mhirijn[ Fm<F&ri si[>p), s>
1796mi> Fm<d[vni[ ETir gim[ jºm
 qiki[rJn[ m&gT an[ riti SNgir an[ rijBi[gmi> G[br
Friviy C[, d[v(dviL) pN kh[viy, Bgvin smx
SikBiJn) hiTD) Briy.
 ki(t<k) p*(N<mi: s> 1798mi> Cp]yimi> B(±tmitini[ jºm,
t&ls)ni[ jºm, t&ls)(vvihn) smi(¼t, g>gind)n) uRp(t,
b»MiJ Yk) vrdin pim[l (#ip&ris&rni[ (SvJa[ ai (dvs[
vF kyi[< t[Y) Bgvin aigL d)pmiLi, (ptZâiÛni[ m(hmi
 Bgvinn[ grm pi[Pn) Dgl) an[ vti>kn&> Sik an[ m&gT
Kis Friviy C[, bi[cisNmi> sm]yi[.
 p»m&KAvim) mhirijn) jy>t){migSr s&d aiqm}: s>
1978mi> vDi[dri (jÃlini pidri til&kini ciNsd gim[
p»igTy.
v»t an[ uRsv-5
 p&Opdi[li[Rsv{figN vd 1}: yidvi[a[ aj&<n s(ht kZONn[
f*lni g*>Y[li (h>Di[Limi> pFriv) p*jn, â)kZON-aj&<nni[ nr-
niriyN$p[ p»id&<Biv t[Y) 'nrniriyN jy>t)" tr)k[
ai[LKiy, Bgvinn[ n]v[wmi> d*Fpik tYi bi[r, fgvimi>
FiN), Kj*r, cNi, ptisi>, sikr Friviy.
 mhirij[ sir>gp&rmi> h(rB±ti[n[ (dÄy fgvi ai¼yi hti t[n&>
AmrN kr) p»iY<ni krv){B±t(c>timN) p» 64}
 figN s&d p*nm a[Tl[ k[ aigli (dvs[ hi[L)ni[ th[vir,
(hr·yk(Sp& an[ p»hlidn) kYi, s> 1885mi> mh&vi gim[
p»igJ B±tni[ jºm, sir>gp&rmi> sm]yi[.
 â)h(r jy>t){c]#i s&d ni[m}: s> 1837ni ri#i[ 10 vig[
Cp]yimi> ai (dvs[ Fm<dv[ an[ B(±tmiti Yk)
GnÆyim{shÔn>d Avim)}ni[ jºm, rimc>ÙJni[ ayi[¹yimi>
jºm, amdividmi> sm]yi[.
 c]#i) p*(N<mi: bi[cisNmi> sm]yi[, q[ki[rJn[ b&>d)ni liD&
Friviy C[.
 (kSi[r sRs>g p»v[S
v»t an[ uRsv-6
 nZ(s>h jy>t){v]SiK s&d 14}: ai (dvs[ s>¹yi smy[
bilB±t p»hlidni (pti (hr·yk(Sp&ni vF miT[ Bgvinni[
nZ(s>hAv$p[ avtir Yyi[, fLihir kr)n[ v»t kriy.
 yi[g) jy>t){v]SiK ds 12}: s> 1948mi> amr[l) pis[ Fir)
gimmi> yi[g)J mhirijni[ jºm, gi[>Dlmi> sm]yi[.
 rYi[Rsv{aPiQ s&d 2}: jgºniYp&r)mi> Bgvin â)kZON,
blrim, s&BÙin) kiOqn) m*(t<ai[ rYmi> pFriv) mn&Oyi[ rYn[
K[>c) rYyi#ii kiQ[ C[, v]ONv an[ Avi(mniriyN m>(dri[mi>
Ujviy C[.
 d[vSyn) a[kidS){aPiQ s&d 11}: ai (dvsY) cit&mi<sni[
p»ir>B, p&riNi[ni mt[ â)(vON& Bgvin[ S>Kis&rni[ niS kyi<
pC) â(mt YviY) x)rsigrmi> cir misn) aK>D (nÙi
g»hN kr), cir m(hni s&F) li[ki[ j&di j&di v»ti[ kr[,
(Sxip#i)mi> cit&mi<s dr(myin (vS[P (nymn) aiXi, S[rD),
m*Li, mi[gr), vti>k{r)>gN}Kivini[ (nP[F.
 aPiQ) p*(N<mi: g&@p*(N<mi, ai(d aiciy< ÄyisJn) jºm
jy>t) hi[viY) 'Äyis p*(N<mi", bi[cisNmi> sm]yi[ p»gT
g&@h(rn) hijr)mi>.
v»t an[ uRsv-8
 vimnÚdS){Bidrvi s&d 12}: ai (dvs[ Bgvin[ vimn
avtir FirN kr) b(lriÔ pis[ siDi #iN pgli> pZ¸v)
mi>g), t[n&> sv<Av lE pitiLmi> mi[kl) d)Fi[, bpi[r s&F)
fLihir.
 Srd p*(N<mi{aisi[ s&d 15}: s> 1841 Ômngr pis[ Bidri
gimmi> g&Nit)tin>d Avim)ni[ jºm, gi[>Dlmi> sm]yi[,
'miN[kqir) p*nm" pN kh[ C[, v»jmi> ai (dvs[ â)kZON[
gi[p)ai[ siT[ mhiris kyi[< hti[.
 hn&minjy>t){aisi[ vd 14}: ai (t(Yn[ hn&minJn)
jºm(t(Y min) (Sxip#i)mi> ai (dvs[ hn&minJn&> p*jn
krvin) aiXi, t[l, (s>d*r, aikDini> p&Opi[, aDdni> vDi> vD[
p*jn.
 (dviL){aisi[ vd 30}: (vk»m s>vtni[ C[Ãli[ (dvs,
lÈm)p*jn krvimi> aiv[, v[pir)ai[ ci[pDip*jn kr[, Birtni[
m&²y th[vir, Bgvin aigL d)viai[ m*kvimi> aiv[ C[,
fTikDi fi[D) ain>d miN[ C[.
v»t an[ uRsv-7
 (h>Di[Li uRsv: aPiQ vd b)jY) âivN vd b)j s&F)
Bgvinn[ p»[mB(±tY) (v(vF (h>Di[Limi> z&liviy C[.
 jºmiOTm){âivN vd 8}: k>s, (SS&pil vg[r[ as&ri[ni vF
miT[ mY&rimi> â)kZON Bgvinni[ jºm, mhirijni g&@
rimin>d Avim)ni[ pN ai (dvs[ jºm, aTlidrimi> sm]yi[.
 gN[S ct&<Y){Bidrvi s&d 4}: (SvJni p&#i gN[Sni[ jºm,
liD&ni[ n]v]w, (Sxip#i)mi> (vON&, (Sv, piv<t), s*y< an[
gNp(t ai p>cd[vn[ p*¶y miºyi> C[ an[ ai (dvs[
gNp(tni p*jnn) aiXi.
 jLz)lN) a[kidS){Bidrvi s&d 11}: cit&mi<s drÀyin
(vâim l[ti> (vON&a[ pdK&> bdÃy&> t[Y) 'prv(t<n) a[kidS)",
â)kZON Bgvin[ gi[kL & Y) mY&ri jt) gi[p)ai[ pis[ ym&ni
nd)mi> ni]kimi> diN mi³y> ht&> RyirY) Bgvinn[ ni]ki(vhir
kriv), pi>c vKt airt) utir) uRsv ujviy C[,
sir>gp&rmi> sm]yi[.
v»t an[ uRsv-9
 p&@Pi[_im mis: j[ m(hnimi> s*y<n) ki[E s>k»i>(t nY) t[ni
a(Fk mis, a(Fk mis h>m[Si 32 m(hni, 16 (dvs an[ 4
GD) pC) aiv[, p&@Pi[_im mihiRmymi> kYi : bie m(hnini
a(Fd[vti n±k), p»Ym vKt a(Fk mis aiÄyi[, Ryir[ bFi
t[n[ 'mL" nkimi[ kr) n)>dvi li³yi, Bgvinn[ SrN[,
Bgvin t[ni d[vti Yyi aiY) 'p&@Pi[_im mis", v»t-
dini(dkn&< a(Fk fL mL[ C[.
 piTi[Rsv:(SKrbÜ m>(dri[mi> p»iN-p»(tOqini[ sm]yi[,
Bgvinn[ p>cimZt Anin, m&gT FirN kriv) pkvin Friviy.
SiA#i)J mhirijni hAt[ p»(t(Oqt m>(dr: bi[cisN,
sir>gp&r, g[>Dl, aTlidri.
yi[g)J mhirijni hAt[ p»(t(Oqt m>(dr: gQp&r, amdivid,
Bidri
p»m&KAvim) mhirijni hAt[ p»(t(Oqt m>(dr: m&>bE, mh[siNi,
l>Dn, amln[r, s&r[ºÙngr, s&rt, n(Dyid, nvsir),
rijki[T, mh[Liv, n]ri[b), t)Yl, aiN>d, si>kr), Fi[Lki,
B$c, (dÃh), H&ATn, (Skigi[, Bivngr, j*nigQ,
a[TliºTi, Ti[rºTi[, bi[D[l), gi[Fri vg[r[.
 (kSi[r sRs>g p»v[S
p»krN-17 mitiJ
 m*L vigDni, ud[p&rni riNi siY[ prNiv[li>, riNi ais&r)
Jv, m(Cyivn) ud[p&r prNiv[l) a[k d)kr)n[ mLvi aiv[l
b»»iMN pis[Y) mhirijni m(hmin) vit si>BL), riNini
#iismi>Y) C*Tvi ri¶yni[ v]Bv Ci[D) p»gT Bgvin pis[
jvi (nVy
 siD)ai[ bi>F) di[rD&> bniv) mh[lmi>Y) bhir n)kÇyi,
Gi[D[sviri[ gi[tvi aiv[ a[n) b)kY) #iN (dvs s&F) mr[li
U>Tni Ki[Kimi> s>tiE gyi, vNzirin) pi[q siY[ g&jritmi>
vDngr phi[>µyi, Ryi>Y) biEai[ni s>G siY[ gQp&r phi[>µyi.
 mhirijn[ “mir[ s>sirmi> rh[v&> nY), aipn) B(±t krv)
C[.” a[v) p»iY<ni, drbirmi> Jv&bi pis[ rh) s[vi krvi
aiXi, Jv&bi zmk&bi pis[ CiN-vis)d&>, drbir viLvin&>,
piN) Br) livvin&> kim krivti, mhirij[ Jv&bin[ p*Cy&> :
“ain[ tm[ ai[LKi[ Ci[?... a[n[ G[r tmiri> j[vi> ti[ gi[li> C[,
ud[p&rni riN) C[, t[mn) pis[ aiv&> kim n krivv&>.”
 mhirijn) aiXiY) m&>Dn kriv) 'mitiJ" nim, axrFimmi>
lE jvin&> vrdin, B*jmi> liF)biE siY[ rh[ti>, b>n[a[ siY[
d[h m*±yi[.
p»krN-20 p»BiS>kr an[ d[vrim
 p)pLiv gimni p»BiS>kr, biLpNY) p»B&B(±tmi> l)n, Ôn
n)kLvin) t[yir), vrriÔni hiYmi> K[(pyia[ mhirijni[
kigL m*±yi[, 'l³n ti[ fr) l[viS[ , pN mhirijn) aiXi
fr) n(h mL[." kh) vrtil aiv) phi[>µyi. mhirij riJ
'tm[ Bgt Kri" kh) p»S>si, s> 1866 DBiN yXp»s>g[ pN
p»BiS>krBiEni> l³n l[viyi hti>n[ mhirijn) k>ki[tr)
aivti 'l³n ti[ aivt) sil YS[" kh) DBiN jvi t]yir.
 kµCni B*j gimni d[vrimBiE pN aivi j Xin) an[ uµc
smjNviLi, pRn) Fimmi> jti> sgi> si[ ri[kkL,
d[vrimBiEn[ Si[k n Yyi[, Fm<myi<di p»miN[ Anin kriÄy&>
Ryir[ kh[ : “b)j&> pN ki[E mr) gy&> hi[y ti[ kh) d[Ô[;
B[giB[g&> nih) niK)a[.”
p»krN-18 riNi rijgr
 ki(qyiviDmi> gi[(lDi gim, B)m, vSrim,, riGv, riNi[ a[
cir rijgr b»»iMN, rimin>d Avim)a[ a[mni (ptin[ vcn
aip[l&> k[ tmiri d)krin[ p»»gT Bgvinni[ yi[g YS[, mhirij
gi[(lDi pFiyi< Ryir[ p»Ym dS<n[ j vt<min Friv) ai(ât,
'amiri gimmi> k[ s)mmi> ki[En[ jm l[vi n aiv[." a[ vrn)
migN), aiK&> gim sRs>g), a[k o[P)n[ l[vi aiv[l jmn[
riNi an[ B)m[ Di>g lEn[ BgiDyi.
 riNini b[ BiE riGv an[ vSrim siF& Yvi t]yir, min) ni,
riNia[ min[ smÔÄy&> 't&> BiEn[ rÔ aip , h&> tir) s[vi
kr)S." riGvin>d an[ (vViRmin>d nim, 'jmtgDi siF&"
tr)k[ ai[LKiyi, riNi[ d[h m*±vi t]yir, min[ birmin[ dhiD[
t[Dvi aivvin&> vcn, d)krin[ t[mn) siY[ axrFimmi> le
gyi, birmin[ dhiD[ mhirij siY[ min[ t[Dvi aiÄyi t[ni
GNin[ dS<n.
p»krN-21 s(µcdin>d Avim)-1
 Ômngr pis[ mi[Di gimni, nit[ viG[li x(#iy, m*L nim
diJBiE, si] 'mi[TiBiE" kh[ti, jDBrt j[v) uºm_i dSi
 mhirijni[ yi[g Yti> siF& Yvin) EµCiY) vir>vir Gr[Y)
Big) jti, k&T&>b)ai[a[ b[D)ai[ ph[riv) ai[rDimi> p*yi<,
mhirijn[ s>Birti, b[D)ai[ ti[D) gQp&r lE gyi, d)xi
aip) 's(µcdin>d" nim, mhirijn[ (vP[ apir An[h, (vyi[g
Yti> $vi>D[ $vi>D[ li[h)ni T(Syi f*Tti, b[Bin YE jti.
aiXiY) riFiviv Ki[div),.
 j[vi[ p»[m t[vi[ j Kp, “miri pg kip) niK[ ti[ QsDiti[
QsDiti[, ¶yi> siF&ni[ a[qviD niK[ C[ Ryi> b[s&> an[ a[qviD
KiEn[ sRs>gmi> pDyi[ rh&> pN sRs>g n Ci[D&>.” cit&mi<smi>
cir mis s&F) s*v&> n(h an[ ri#i[ pli>q)viL) siYL upr b[
p¸Yr riK)n[ mhirijn&> ¹yin-Bjn krvini[ (nym.
 (kSi[r sRs>g p»v[S
s(µcdin>d Avim)-2
 d&OkiLni smy[ h(rB±ti[n) (vn>t)Y) EºÙn[ lit mir)
vrsid vrsiÄyi[, mhirij[ (vm&K kyi<, G[lin[ ki>q[ b[s)
Bjn, trs lig) pN Bjn n Ci[Dy&>, axrai[rD)mi>
mhirij trsY) p)Diyi, “p[lin[, trAyin[ piai[.” rtnJ
an[ (myi>Ja[ p»sid)n&> jL lE jE piy&>, Ryir[ mhirijn)
trs mT), piCi bi[liÄyi.
 mhirijni a>(tm smy[ d[h Ci[D)n[ ph[li> Fimmi>, mhirij[
piCi jvi aiXi, C mismi> t[D) jvi vcn, d[hmi> aiv)
aºn-jLni[ Ryig, Yi[Di smymi mhirij Fimmi> t[D) gyi.
p»krN-23 Ôlm(s>h bip&
 l)>bD) pis[ (SyiN) gimY) mhirij tiv), gimn[ pidr vt&>
krivvi b[qi, hÔmni[ Bir[ hiY t[Y) mhirij[ m&±tin>d
Avim)n[ kH&> : “Avim) ! aimi> ti[ d[hn&> Ô[Km C[.” nJkmi>
UB[li Ôlm(s>h bip&a[ pi[tini gimY) siri[ viL>d t[D)
livvi kH&>, tiv)Y) #iN giu d*r d[v(Lyi mirt) Gi[D)a[,
mhirij d[v(Lyi trf cilti> aFvµc[ Di[L) tLivD)a[ p)pr
n)c[ sBi, bip&a[ hÔmni[ Y[li[ pi[tini KB[ Briv) t[n[
di[Dvi kH&>, mhirij pis[ hiY Ô[D) UBi, a[Tlimi>
cilvimi> piCL rh) gy[li p*Ni<n>d Avim) aiÄyi, aisn n
mLti UBi rHi, mhirij bi[Ãyi “ki[Ea[ min Ô[y&> C[? ai
gimFN) j[n[ min Kp[ C[ t[ bglmi> hÔmni[ Y[li[ lE
UBi C[ an[ ai s>t min mig[ C[.”, minB>g YviY)
p*Ni<n>d Avim) cil) n)kÇyi
 Ôlm(s>h bip&ni aig»hY) vt&> kriv) mhirij d[v(Lyi,
k[Sibi ci[kmi> Gu> piYrti, 'tmiri drbirmi> nini-mi[Ti
ki[E Jv d[h m*kS[ t[ni am[ axrFimmi> lE jES&>." a[v&>
vrdin.