READING AND WRITING SKILLS

Week 2:
● Introduction to
Reading and Writing
● Patterns of Paragraph
Development
OBJECTIVES:
1. Define reading and writing.
2. Define text as connected discourse.
3. Name different patterns of paragraph
development.
4. Describe the features of narrative writing.
5. Write a narrative essay.

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 As students,
how do you define
reading and
writing?
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 Introduction to reading
1 and writing
“ A reader lives a thousand lives
before he dies… the man who
never reads lives only one.”
-George R.R. Martin
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What is Reading?
⊹ Reading refers to the cognitive
process of decoding symbols to
derive meaning from a text.

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What is Reading?
⊹ Reading is an activity that
challenges our beliefs, inspires our
imagination, and expands our
understanding of the world.

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What is Reading?
⊹ Reading involves a complex
interaction between the text and
the reader. The reader’s
interpretation is shaped by his or
her prior knowledge, experiences,
and attitudes.
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What is Reading?
⊹ Reading is an indispensable skill
that requires continuous practice,
development, and refinement.

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“Read a thousand books, and your
words will flow like a river.”
― Lisa See

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What is writing?
⊹ Writing is the activity or skill of marking
coherent words on paper and composing
text.
⊹ The writing process has the following
general steps: pre-writing, writing, and
revising. These can be further broken
down into a more specific sequence.
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What is writing: the writing process
o Discovering ideas by pre-writing
o Finding a thesis statement
o Developing a thesis statement with
supporting details
o Organizing the details using an outline
o Writing paragraphs in the first draft
o Revising the draft
o Editing and proofreading
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What is writing?
⊹ Understanding the writing process can
help improve your writing skills because
being aware of how each part works can
make writing more manageable.
⊹ It also allows you to save time and be
more confident as you take on writing
assignments.
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A piece of advice
Neither is the writing process linear;
more often than not, it is circular and
repetitive. The process changes
according to your preferences and
the assignment.

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A piece of advice
You may rely on your writing habits,
but try improving them by
experimenting with the suggested
practices. Thus, you can adapt what
works best for you.

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A piece of advice
Being a critical reader can help you
become a better writer, but that is not
enough. Being exposed to the writing
process and recognizing your own
practices as a writer are ways in which
you can bolster your writing skills.

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A piece of advice
Once you understand the writing
process and figure out what works for
you, you will be able to practice more
skillful writing and produce better
compositions.

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 TEXT AS CONNECTED
2 DISCOURSE
Text is defined by Collins & Hollo (2000) as:
⊹ Defined in linguistics as “a stretch of language” which
is perceived as a purposeful connected whole
⊹ May be spoken or written, produced by one person or
more, and is created by text-internal cohesion and
text-external coherence.

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⊹ Not a grammatical unit but a product of
communication or piece of language whose shape is
motivated by its semantic purposes and pragmatic
roles
⊹ Interchangeably used by linguists with the word
discourse
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Discourse is defined by Collins & Hollo (2000) as:
⊹ Any stretch of language larger than a sentence,
whether spoken or written, and having a logically
consistent and unified structure
⊹ Follows different flows and uses patterns of
paragraph development

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 Patterns of Paragraph
3 Development
Paragraphs can be developed
using a variety of patterns
that reflect our thinking about
the material.

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Patterns of Paragraph Development
Narration

Description

Definition

Exemplification

Comparison and Contrast

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Patterns of Paragraph Development
Process

Cause and Effect

Classification

Problem-Solution

Persuasive and Argumentative

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 Narration as a Pattern of
4 Paragraph Development
Narration (narrative writing)
⊹ It focuses on telling either a fictional
story – one that is made up – or a real-
life story where the author follows a plot
structure.
⊹ It is often anecdotal, experiential, and
personal, allowing students to express
themselves in a creative and moving
ways.
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 Elements of a short story
1. SETTING – It is when and where the story
happens.
2. CHARACTERS – These are the people
involved in the story. It can be classified as
the protagonist, antagonist, or supporting
character.
3. PLOT – It refers to the sequence of events.
It includes a climax or turning point at
which the characters or events change.
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 Elements of a short story
4. THEME – It is the central argument or
big idea that the author wants to
convey. It is often associated with a
moral of a story or fundamental truth
about human nature, which can be a
hidden meaning in the text.

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 Elements of a short story
5. STYLE – The author’s style has to do with
the his or her vocabulary, use of imagery,
tone, or the feeling of the story. It has to do
with the author’s attitude toward the
subject. In some short stories, the tone can
be ironic, humorous, cold, or dramatic.

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STRUCTURE OF A
NARRATIVE ESSAY

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✔ A thesis that states the main point of the essays and
gives the arrangement of ideas
✔ In narrative writing, it provides a concise summary of
events but only to drop hints on the following
sequence. The thesis is often found in the
INTRODUCTION.
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✔ Transition sentences that connect the events and
guide the reader to follow the story most importantly
in the BODY OF THE PARAGRAPH
✔ The sentences in the body paragraph will suffice all
the information needed to complete the event. It can
be arranged in a number of ways (e.g. chronological
order).
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✔ A CONCLUSION that ends the story by
providing a moral, prediction, or revelation
✔ Conclusion is also essential in narrative essays.
This is where you must write a brief statement
that declares the resolution of the events in the
story.
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Examples of concluding statement:
MORAL

The little boy had finally learned

that telling the truth was the
most important thing to do.

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Examples of concluding statement:
PREDICTION

I can only hope that one day I

will be able to do the same for
another traveler who is
suffering through a terrible
journey.
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Examples of concluding statement:
REVELATION

Every New Year’s Eve, my wife

and I return to that magical spot
and remember the selfless act
that saved our lives.
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narrative essay
SAMPLE
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 A Journey of Discovery

It was a crisp autumn morning when I decided to

embark on a spontaneous road trip. The leaves had
transformed into a vibrant mosaic of reds, yellows, and
oranges, beckoning me to escape the routine of daily life
and embrace the unknown. With a hastily packed bag and a
full tank of gas, I set out on a journey of self-discovery.

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 The road stretched endlessly before me, winding
through picturesque landscapes and quaint little towns. I
had no destination in mind, only a desire to explore and find
a deeper connection with myself. The rhythmic hum of the
tires on the pavement served as a soothing soundtrack, and
the open road became my canvas for introspection.

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 As I drove, memories from my past surfaced like autumn
leaves carried by the wind. Each mile became a marker of
reflection, a chance to revisit moments that had shaped my
identity. The quaint roadside diners and charming gas
stations became more than pit stops; they were the
backdrop to the narrative of my life.

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 The journey was not without its challenges. Unexpected
detours and roadblocks forced me to navigate the twists
and turns of both the literal and metaphorical roads. Yet,
with each obstacle, I discovered resilience within myself
that I hadn't recognized before. It was as if the universe
conspired to test my determination and commitment to this
odyssey of self-discovery.

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 Amidst the solitude of the open road, I found solace in
the simplicity of the present moment. The vastness of the
landscape mirrored the vastness of my own potential, and
the journey itself became a metaphor for the continuous
evolution of the self. I embraced the uncertainty, finding
liberation in not knowing where the next turn would lead.

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 As the sun dipped below the horizon, casting a warm
glow across the landscape, I realized that the journey was
not about reaching a specific destination but about
embracing the process of becoming. The road trip had
become a pilgrimage of self-awareness, an exploration of
the internal landscapes that mirrored the external beauty I
witnessed through my windshield.

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 Days turned into nights, and nights into days, as I
surrendered to the ebb and flow of the journey. Eventually, I
found myself back where I started, physically tired but
spiritually rejuvenated. The road trip had become a chapter
in the ongoing narrative of my life—a chapter filled with
unexpected discoveries, personal growth, and a newfound
appreciation for the beauty of the unknown.

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 As I parked my car and stepped out onto familiar
ground, I carried with me the lessons learned on the open
road. The journey of self-discovery, like the changing
seasons, is a perpetual cycle—one that I now embrace with
open arms, knowing that every road, no matter how
winding, leads to a deeper understanding of oneself.

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THANK YOU!
Hazel Marie Rabano, LPT
Our Lady of Fatima University
Senior High School Department

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REFERENCES
TEXTBOOK
Divina, B., Llamado, J., Relos, J., Cruz, K., and Domingo, A.
(2020). Reading and Writing Learning Packet. (pp. 3-5).
Our Lady of Fatima University.
Menoy, J. & Constantino, G. (2016). Reading and Writing
Skills. (pp. 1-3). Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

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