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4.1 Practice A
1. Name the vector and write K
its component form.
J

2. The vertices of  ABC are A( 2, 3), B(−1, 2), and C (0, 1). Translate  ABC using
the vector 1, − 4 . Graph  ABC and its image.

3. Find the component form of the vector that translates A(3, − 2) to A′( −1, 4).

y
4. Write a rule for the translation 4
of RST to R ′S ′T ′. S′ R′

S R 6 x
T′
−4
T

In Exercises 5 and 6, use the translation ( x , y ) → ( x + 1, y − 3) to find the image

of the given point.

5. Q(5, 9) 6. M ( − 3, −8)

In Exercises 7 and 8, graph CDE with vertices C ( − 1, 3) , D (0, − 2) , and E (1, 1) and
its image after the given translation or composition.

7. Translation: ( x, y ) → ( x − 3, y + 1) 8. Translation: ( x, y ) → ( x + 10, y − 8)

Translation: ( x, y) → ( x − 7, y + 15)

9. You want to plot the collinear points A( − 2, 3), A′( x, y ), and A′′(3, 7) on the same
coordinate plane. Do you have enough information to find the values of x and y?
Explain your reasoning.
4
10. You are using the map shown to navigate Community
Center
through the city. You decide to walk to
the Post Office from your current location
3
at the Community Center. Describe the
translation that you will follow. If each
grid on the map is 0.05 mile, how far
2
will you travel?

1
Post
Office

0
0 1 2 3

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4.1 Practice B
1. The vertices of FGH are F ( − 2, − 6), G(3, 0), and H (1, − 4). Translate FGH
using the vector − 2, 7 . Graph FGH and its image.

2. Find the component form of the vector that translates A( − 4, 8) to A′(7, − 9).

y
3. Write a rule for the translation B
of  ABC to A′B′C ′.
C
A
−4 B′ 8 x

−4
C′
A′

In Exercises 4 and 5, use the translation ( x , y ) → ( x − 4, y + 3) to find the

image of the given point.

4. G( − 2, 4) 5. H ( −10, 5)

6. Graph JKL with vertices J (− 2, 8), K (1, − 3), and L(5, 4) and its image after the
composition.

Translation: ( x, y) → ( x + 6, y − 1)
Translation: ( x, y) → ( x − 1, y − 7)

7. Is the transformation given by ( x, y ) → ( 2 x + 2, y + 1) a translation? Explain

your reasoning.

8. A popular kid’s game has 15 tiles and 1 open space. The goal
of the game is to rearrange the tiles to put them in order (from 8 2 3 7
least to greatest, starting at the upper left-hand corner and going
across each row). Use the figure to write the transformation(s) 5 6 4 14
that describe the path of where the 8 tile is currently, and where 1 9 13
it must be by the end of the game. Can this same translation be
used to describe the path of all the tiles? 11 15 10 12
9. Graph any triangle and translate it in any direction. Draw translation vectors for each vertex
of the triangle. Is there a geometric relationship between all the translation vectors? Explain
why this makes sense in terms of the slope of the line.

10. Point P( 4, − 2) undergoes a translation given by ( x, y ) → ( x + 3, x − a), followed by

another translation ( x, y) → ( x − b, x + 7) to produce the image of P′′( − 5, 8). Find
the values of a and b and point P ′.

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4.2 Practice A
In Exercises 1–3, graph ABC and its image after a reflection in the given line.

1. A(0, 2), B (1, − 3), C ( 2, 4); x-axis

2. A( − 2, − 4), B (6, 2), C (3, − 5); y -axis

3. A( 4, −1), B (3, 8), C ( −1, 1); y = − 2

In Exercises 4 and 5, graph the polygon and its image after a reflection in the
given line.
4. y = − x 5. y = x

P y y
8
Q
R
4
S

−8 8 x −8 −4 P 4 8 x

−4
S
R Q
−8

In Exercises 6 and 7, graph JKL with vertices J (2, 3) , K ( − 2, 1) , and L( − 1, 5) and

its image after the glide reflection.

6. Translation: ( x, y ) → ( x − 1, y ) 7. Translation: ( x, y ) → ( x + 2, y − 3)
Reflection: in the x-axis Reflection: in the line x = − 2

In Exercises 8 and 9, determine the number of lines of symmetry for the figure.
8. 9.

10. Find point W on the y-axis so that VW + XW is a minimum given V ( 2, 3) and

X ( − 2, −1).

11. A line y = 3x − 5 is reflected in x = a so that the image is given by y = 1 − 3 x.

What is the value of a?

12. Your friend claims that it is not possible to have a glide reflection if you have two
translations followed by one reflection. Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.

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4.2 Practice B
In Exercises 1 and 2, graph CDE and its image after a reflection in the given line.

1. C (3, 4), D ( 2, −1), E (0, − 5); y -axis 2. C (1, 6), D(12, 2), E (7, − 8); x = 8

In Exercises 3 and 4, graph the polygon and its image after a reflection in the
given line.
3. x-axis 4. y = −1

L y y
6 8
K N

4 4
K
M
2
−4 M x
L
−4
−2 N 2 4 x

In Exercises 5 and 6, graph ABC with vertices A( − 1, 4) , B (2, − 1) , and C ( 4, 3) and

its image after the glide reflection.

5. Translation: ( x, y ) → ( x + 2, y − 1) 6. Translation: ( x, y ) → ( x − 3, y + 1)
Reflection: in the line y = x Reflection: in the line y = − x

7. Determine the number of lines of symmetry 8. Find point P on the x-axis so that
for the figure. AP + BP is a minimum.
y
4

B A
2

−2 2 4 x

−2

9. Is it possible to perform two reflections of an object so that the final image

is identical to the original image? If so, give an example. If not, explain
your reasoning.

10. A triangle undergoes a glide reflection. Is it possible for the sides of the
triangle to change length during this process? Explain your reasoning.

11. Your friend claims that it is not possible to have a glide reflection if you have
one translation followed by two reflections. Is your friend correct? Explain
your reasoning.

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4.3 Practice A
1. Trace the polygon and point P. Then draw a 60° rotation of the polygon about
point P. A

P D B

2. Graph the polygon and its image after a 270° rotation about the origin.
y J
4

M
K

−2 4 x

−2

In Exercises 3 and 4, graph RST with vertices R (2, 3) , S ( − 2, 1) , and T ( − 1, 5)

and its image after the composition.

3. Translation: ( x, y ) → ( x − 2, y − 1) 4. Reflection: in the line x = y

Rotation: 90° about the origin Rotation: 180° about the origin

In Exercises 5 and 6, determine whether the figure has rotational symmetry. If so,
describe any rotations that map the figure onto itself.
5. 6.

7. Draw AB with points A( 2, 0) and B (0, 2). Rotate the segment 90° counterclockwise
about point A. Then rotate the two segments 180° about the origin. What geometric
figure did you create using the original segment and its images?

8. List the uppercase letters of the alphabet that have rotational symmetry, and state the
angle of the symmetry.

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4.3 Practice B
1. Graph the polygon and its image after a 90° rotation about the origin.

y
W
4

V
−4 U 4 8 x
T −4

In Exercises 2 and 3, graph CDE with vertices C ( − 1, − 3) , D ( 4, 2) , and E ( − 5, − 1)

and its image after the composition.
2. Rotation: 180° about the origin 3. Reflection: in the line x = y
Translation: ( x, y ) → ( x + 3, y + 1) Rotation: 270° about the origin

In Exercises 4 and 5, determine whether the figure has rotational symmetry. If so,
describe any rotations that map the figure onto itself.
4. 5.

6. Is it possible to have an object that does not have 360° of rotational symmetry?
Explain your reasoning.

7. A figure that is rotated 60° is mapped back onto itself. Does the figure have
rotational symmetry? Explain. How many times can you rotate the figure
before it is back where it started?

8. Your friend claims that he can do a series of translations on any geometric object
and get the same result as a rotation. Is your friend correct?

9. Your friend claims that she can do a series of reflections on any geometric object
and get the same result as a rotation. Is your friend correct?

10. List the digits from 0–9 that have rotational symmetry, and state the angle of
the symmetry.

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4.4 Practice A
In Exercises 1 and 2, identify any congruent figures in the coordinate plane. Explain.
1. y 2. y
6
6
8 7
3 2 8 4
1 3
4 2
2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 x
1
−2
7 −8 −6 −4 −2 9 4 6 x
5 10
−4 −2
2
4
−4 5
6
−6

In Exercises 3 and 4, describe a congruence transformation that maps ABC

to A′B ′C ′.

3. y 4. A y
4
A′

−8 A 8 x B C
B′ C′ −8 B′ C′ 4 x
B C
−8 −6
A′

In Exercises 5 and 6, determine whether the polygons with the given vertices are
congruent. Use transformations to explain your reasoning.

5. A(5, 2), B ( 2, 2), C ( 2, 7) and S ( − 4, − 5), T ( −1, − 5), U ( −1, 0)

6. E (6, − 2), F (10, − 2), G (10, − 8), H (6, − 8) and W ( 4, 8), X ( 4, 10), Y (8, 10), Z (8, 8)

7. In the figure, a  b, CDE is reflected in line a, and C ′D′E ′ is reflected C

in line b. List three pairs of segments that are parallel to each other. Then
D E
determine whether any segments are congruent to EE′′.
D′ E′ a
In Exercises 8 and 9, find the measure of the acute or right angle formed by
intersecting lines so that P can be mapped to P ′′ using two reflections.
C′
8. A rotation of 28° maps P to P′′.
C″ b

9. The rotation ( x, y ) → ( − y, x) maps P to P′′.

D″ E″

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4.5 Practice A
In Exercises 1 and 2, find the scale factor of the dilation. Then tell whether the
dilation is a reduction or an enlargement.
1. 2.

P
9
C
27
P 10
P′
4
P′ C

In Exercises 3–5, copy the diagram. Then use a compass y

and straightedge to construct a dilation of quadrilateral A B
ABCD with the given center and scale factor k. P
3. Center B, k = 3 D C
x
4. Center P, k = 1
2

5. Center C, k = 75%

In Exercises 6 and 7, graph the polygon and its image after a dilation with a scale
factor k.

6. P (1, 2), Q ( 2, 2), R ( 4, − 2), S ( −1, − 3); k = 2

7. A( − 4, 4), B ( − 2, 6), C (1, −1), D ( − 2, − 4); k = − 75%

8. A standard piece of paper is 8.5 inches by 11 inches. A piece of legal-size 8.5 in.
paper is 8.5 inches by 14 inches. By what scale factor k would you need
to dilate the standard paper so that you could fit two pages on a single piece
of legal paper?
14 in.
9. The old film-style cameras created photos that were best printed at 3.5 inches
by 5 inches. Today’s new digital cameras create photos that are best printed
at 4 inches by 6 inches. Neither size picture will scale perfectly to fit in an
11-inch by 14-inch frame. Which type of camera will you minimize
the loss of the edges of your picture?

10. Your friend claims that if you dilate a rectangle by a certain scale factor, then the
area of the object also increases or decreases by the same amount. Is your friend
correct? Explain your reasoning.

11. Would it make sense to state “A dilation has a scale factor of 1?” Explain your reasoning.

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4.5 Practice B
In Exercises 1 and 2, find the scale factor of the dilation. Then tell whether the
dilation is a reduction or an enlargement.
1. 2. P′
P 9 12
P
8
P′ 1.5
C
C

In Exercises 3 and 4, copy the diagram. A

Then use a compass and straightedge
to construct a dilation with the given
D P B
center and scale factor k.
3. Center B, k = 2 C

4. Center P, k = 75%

In Exercises 5 and 6, graph the polygon and its image after a dilation with
a scale factor k.

5. J ( − 3, 4), K ( 2, 1), L (3, − 2), M ( − 5, − 4); k = 50%

6. V (1, 1), W ( −1, 0), X ( − 4, 2), Y ( − 3, 4), Z (0, 3); k = − 3

7. You look up at the sky at night and see the moon. It looks like it is about
2 millimeters across. If you then look at the moon through a telescope that
has a magnification of 40 times, how big will it look to you through the
telescope?

8. What would it mean for an object to be dilated with a scale factor of k = 0?

9. Your friend claims that if you dilate a rectangle by a certain scale factor, then the
perimeter of the object also increases or decreases by the same factor. Is your
friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
A′
10. The image shows an object that has been dilated with an
unknown scale factor. Use the given measures to
determine the scale factor and solve for the value of x. A

16
3x + 2
C

2
2x

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4.6 Practice A
In Exercises 1 and 2, graph PQR with vertices P ( − 1, 5) , Q ( − 4, 3) , and R ( − 2, 1)
and its image after the similarity transformation.

1. Rotation: 180° about the origin

2 2 (
2. Dilation: ( x, y ) → 1 x, 1 y )
Dilation: ( x, y ) → ( 2 x, 2 y ) Reflection: in the x-axis

3. Describe a similarity transformation that maps the black preimage onto the dashed image.
y
X′ W′
W X

−8 4 x

Z Y
Y′
Z′
−8

In Exercises 4 and 5, determine whether the polygons with the given vertices are
similar. Use transformations to explain your reasoning.

4. A( − 2, 5), B ( − 2, 2), C ( −1, 2) and 5. J ( − 5, − 3), K ( − 3, −1), L ( − 3, − 5), M ( − 5, − 5) and

D (3, 3), E (3, 1), F ( 2, 1) T (3, 3), U ( 4, 3), V ( 4, 2), W (3, 1)

6. Prove that the figures are similar.

Q
Given Equilateral GHI with side length a,
G b
equilateral PQR with side length b
a
P
Prove GHI is similar to PQR.
I H

7. Your friend claims you can use a similarity transformation to turn a square into
a rectangle. Is your friend correct? Explain your answer.

8. Is the composition of a dilation and a translation commutative? In other words,

do you obtain the same image regardless of the order in which the transformations
are performed? Justify your answer.

9. The image shown is known as a Sierpinski triangle.

It is a common mathematical construct in the area
of fractals. What can you say about the similarity
transformations used to create the white triangles
in this image?

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