Alkanes: Names end in "-ane." Formula: CnH2n+2.

Alkenes: Names end in "-ene." Formula: CnH2n.

Alcohols: Names end in "-anol." Formula: CnH2n+1OH.
Carboxylic acids: Names end in "-anoic acid." Formula:
CnH2n+1COOH.
Compound: A substance formed by the chemical union of two or more elements.

Hydrocarbons: compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

They are named by their functional group. Functional Group: An atom, or group of
atoms, that determines the main chemical properties of an organic compound.

Crude Oil: Mixture of many diff. Compounds, mainly hydrocarbons

Fractional distillation separates crude oil compounds, primarily

hydrocarbons, based on their different boiling points.
Key steps:
1. Heating the Crude Oil:

Crude oil undergoes heating in a furnace, reaching temperatures exceeding 400ºC.At this elevated
temperature, most hydrocarbons in the crude oil transform into a gaseous state.

2. Fractionating Column:

The mixture of hot hydrocarbon gases enters a fractionating column.The column is designed with
varying temperatures, being hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.

3. Rising Up the Column:

The hot gases ascend the column.

As the temperature decreases along the column, hydrocarbons reach their respective boiling
points.

4. Condensation and Separation:

 Once the column's temperature drops below a specific hydrocarbon's boiling point, it condenses
into a liquid state.

 The condensed liquid is then separated.

5. Separation Based on Boiling Points:

 Longer chain hydrocarbons, with higher boiling points, condense closer to the bottom of the
column where it is hotter.

 Shorter chain hydrocarbons, with lower boiling points, remain in gaseous form until reaching a
lower temperature closer to the top of the column.

6. Handling Very Short Chain Hydrocarbons:

 Extremely short chain hydrocarbons, with exceptionally low boiling points, do not condense within
the column.

 They are separated at the top of the column as gases.

Properties of Fractions: As one ascends the fractionating column, hydrocarbons have:

 Lower viscosity, allowing for easier flow.

 Higher volatility, making them more susceptible to ignition.

 Lower boiling points

 Shorter hydrocarbon chains

Cracking methods:

Catalytic cracking, which utilizes a temperature of approximately 550°C and a zeolite catalyst
containing aluminum oxide and silicon oxide, and
Steam cracking, employing a higher temperature of over 800°C without a catalyst.

Cracking is a chemical reaction that involves the decomposition of larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules
into smaller, more valuable hydrocarbons, some unsaturated. Original: alkanes. The products of cracking
include both alkanes and alkene – First product = Alkane. Second Product = Alkene (C6H14 → C2H6 + C4H8)

Reasons for employing cracking in hydrocarbons:

Matching Supply and Demand: Cracking allows the adjustment of the supply of hydrocarbon fractions to
meet the demand for specific products.

Alkene Production for Petrochemical Industry

Complete Combustion:
 Occurs with a sufficient supply of air.

 Results in the production of carbon dioxide and water.

 Releases the maximum amount of energy.

 General equation: Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.

Incomplete Combustion:
Occurs with insufficient air or oxygen.

Produces water, carbon monoxide, and carbon.

Releases less energy than complete combustion.

Equation: Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water.

Incomplete Combustion Effects:

 Carbon Release:

 Carbon is released as soot, causing respiratory issues

and building blackening.

 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Health Risks:

 CO is a toxic gas, reducing blood oxygen-carrying

capacity, leading to drowsiness, unconsciousness, or
death.