Programa Académico Ingeniería Aeronáutica

Gas turbine
engines II
http://www.numit.com.my/images/_products/numeca/fineopen/lagrangian2.gif

MSc. Harold J. Acosta Leon

http://www.mechsol.com/case-study/aeroderivative-gas-turbine-modifications-to-
solve-a-problem/

Week7 Gas turbine engines II Gas turbine theory

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Todays related topics:

1. Thermal boundary layer
2. Prandtl Number
3. Reynolds Number
4. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent
Flow

http://www.cfdsupport.com/gallery.html

http://www.fastmotoring.com/index.php/2010/04/the-new-hennessey-venom-gt-combines-
british-handling-with-american-muscle-engine/

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Introduction

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1. Thermal Boundary
Layer

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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Thermal Boundary layer
It happens when
A fluid at a specific temperature flows over a surface
_______________________________

The flow region over the surface in which _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

The thermal boundary layer provides the convection

heat transfer between a solid surface and the fluid

The thickness of the thermal boundary layer (𝛿𝑡 )

increases in the flow direction
𝑇∝ Flow of a fluid at a uniform temperature
𝑇𝑠 Temperature an isothermal flat plate

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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2. Prandtl-Number

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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2. Prandlt Number
Molecular diffusivity of momentum 𝒗 𝝁𝑪𝒑
Pr = = =
Molecular diffusivity of heat 𝜶 𝒌

Represents the relative thickness ____________________

__________________________________

Typical ranges of Prandtl number: 𝑷𝒓 < 𝟏 𝑷𝒓 > 𝟏

Heat diffuses very Heat diffuses very
Quickly Slowly

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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3. Reynolds number

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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3. Reynolds number
inertial forces VLc ρVLc
Re = = =
Viscous v μ

Consider: • 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 [𝑚]

Surface geometry 𝜌 𝑚2
• = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
Surface roughness 𝜇 𝑠
Free-stream velocity • V= upstream velocity [m/s ]
Surface temperatura
Type of fluid

Represents the ______________ of the flow

from laminar to turbulent by the ratio of the
inertial forces to _______________

𝑳𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔

________________ Laminar Flow

_____________________ Keep the fluid in “line”
(edies)

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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4. Heat and Momentum

Transfer in Turbulent Flow

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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4. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow
In Turbulent flow

There is a transport of

Energy

Eddies

Turbulent is characterized by
Random and rapid fluctuation of swirl
region called _______________

Eddies provide a ________________

mechanism for
Transport
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00803230/document

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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4. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow
Flows in engineering are turbulent
Wall shear stress

Affects: Heat transfer

________

Eddies are fluctuations of groups of fluid particles

throughout _________________

Eddies provide an additional mechanism for momentum and

heat transfer:
• Turbulent flows has higher values of friction and heat
________________________

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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4. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow
m
Eddies swirl ϵ
transport for
Qሶ

U´: instantaneous ________________

_____________________

With eddies there is a fluctuation of

more properties

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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4. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow
For shear stress, it is no true:

As τw for turbulent flow is

higher due to eddies swirl
http://elsa.onera.fr/gallery.html

Reynolds stresses

experimental results show that 𝑢ƴ 𝑣ƴ is a negative quantity

Fluid particles moving through dA

From a layer of v ư to a layer of vư

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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4. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow
From the eddy motion of particles in gas colliding:

(2)

Eddie viscosity or turbulent

viscosity
(1)
Then, the total shear stress is expressed as:

is the ________________________
_________________________________
___________________________

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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4. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow

The __________________ is related to the

average size of the eddies

Are primarily responsible for mixing, and

expressed the turbulent shear stress as:

https://engineering.purdue.edu/CFDLAB/projects/turbinlet.html

In the vicinity of the wall, lm is nearly

proportional to the distance from the wall)

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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4. Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow
Kg
mሶ = ρvƴ mass flow rate of fluid per unit area normal to flow
m2
J
h= Cp T ________________________)
kg

Then, the rate of thermal energy transport by ________________is:

𝜕𝑇ത
𝑞𝑡ሶ = ρCp vƴ T ሖ=− 𝑘𝑡
𝜕𝑦
Consequently:

is the kinematic eddy viscosity/ kinematic turbulent is the Kinematic _____________________________or

viscosity or ________________________________ eddy diffusivity of heat
________________________

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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Exercises
A metallic airfoil of elliptical cross section has a mass of 50 kg, surface area of 12 m2 , and a
specific heat of 0.50 kJ/kg ˚C). The airfoil is subjected to air flow at 1 atm, 25˚C, and 8 m/s
along its 3-m-long side. The average temperature of the airfoil is observed to drop from
160˚C to 150˚C within 2 min of cooling. Assuming the surface temperature of the airfoil to
be equal to its average temperature and using momentum-heat transfer analogy,
determine the average friction coefficient of the airfoil surface.

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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Exercises

Consider an airplane cruising at an altitude of 10 km where standard atmospheric

conditions are 50˚C and 26.5 kPa at a speed of 800 km/h. Each wing of the airplane can be
modeled as a 25-m 3-m flat plate, and the friction coefficient of the wings is 0.0016. Using
the momentum-heat transfer analogy, determine the heat transfer coefficient for the wings
at cruising conditions

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer

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Thanks

Section 14 Gas turbine engines II Heat and momentun transfer