AEP611S ADVANCED ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES 215

SOLVED EXERCISES AND EXAMPLES

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

PART 1: SYNTHESIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS FROM THEIR SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

QUESTION 1.1 [20]

If Van1 = 50/0° V, Van2 = 20/90° V and Van0 = 10/180° V, (a) determine, analytically, the voltages to neutral Van, Vbn
and Vcn (11.0 marks). (b) show graphically (using phasor diagrams) the sum of the given symmetrical components
which determine the line-to-neutral voltages (6.0 marks). (c) Draw the phasor diagram of the line-to-neutral
voltages, Van, Vbn and Vcn. (3.0 marks). Answers:

𝑉𝑎𝑛 44.721∠26.6° 45∠27°

[𝑉𝑏𝑛 ] = [ 74.700∠ − 134° ] ≈ [75∠ − 134°] 𝑉
𝑉𝑐𝑛 37.703∠117.96° 38∠118°

QUESTION 1.2

Given a set of unbalanced voltages: 𝐕𝐚 = 5∠53° 𝑉, 𝐕𝐛 = 7∠ − 164° 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐕𝐜 = 7∠105° 𝑉; find the symmetrical
components of the voltages and draw the relevant phasor diagrams.

Solution:

𝑎 = 1∠120°; 𝑎2 = 1∠240°

𝑉𝑎0 𝑉 + 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑉𝑐
1 1 1 1 2 𝑉𝑎 1 𝑎 2 1 5∠53° + 7∠ − 164° + 7∠105°
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
[ 𝑎1 ] = [1 a a ] [ 𝑏 ] = [ 𝑎 + a𝑉 𝑏 + a 𝑉𝑐 ] = [5∠53° + (1∠120°)(7∠ − 164°) + (1∠240°)(7∠105°)]
𝑉𝑎2 3 2 3 2 3 5∠53° + (1∠240°)(7∠ − 164°)+ (1∠120°)(7∠105°)
1 a a 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑎 + a 𝑉𝑏 + a𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑎0 1 5∠53° + 7∠ − 164° + 7∠105°
⟹ [𝑉𝑎1 ] = [5∠53° + 7∠ − 44° + 7∠345° ]
𝑉𝑎2 3
5∠53° + 7∠76°+ 7∠225°

From the results of the Matlab Script displayed on the next page below:
𝑉𝑎0 1 5∠53° + 7∠ − 164° + 7∠105° 3.4718∠122.0799° 3.5∠122°
[𝑉𝑎1 ] = [5∠53° + 7∠ − 44° + 7∠345° ] = [5.0157∠ − 10.2652°] ≈ [5.0∠ − 10°] 𝑉
𝑉𝑎2 3
5∠53° + 7∠76°+ 7∠225° 1.9470∠92.4258° 1.9∠92°

𝑉𝑏0 𝑉𝑎0 3.5∠122° 3.5∠122° 3.5∠122°

[𝑉𝑏1 ] = [ a2 𝑉𝑎1 ] = [(1∠240°)(5.0∠ − 10°)] = [5.0∠230°] = [5.0∠ − 130°] 𝑉
𝑉𝑏2 a𝑉𝑎2 (1∠120°)(1.9∠92°) 1.9∠212° 1.9∠ − 148°

𝑉𝑐0 𝑉𝑎0 3.5∠122° 3.5∠122° 3.5∠122°

a𝑉
[𝑉𝑐1 ] = [ 𝑎1 ] = [(1∠120°)(5.0∠ − 10°)] = [5.0∠110°] = [ 5.0∠110° ] 𝑉
𝑉𝑐2 a2 𝑉𝑎2 (1∠240°)(1.9∠92°) 1.9∠332° 1.9∠ − 28°

The Phasor Diagrams:

Va and its symmetrical components:

𝑉𝑎0 1 5∠53° + 7∠ − 164° + 7∠105° 3.4718∠122.0799° 3.5∠122°

[𝑉𝑎1 ] = [5∠53° + 7∠ − 44° + 7∠345° ] = [5.0157∠ − 10.2652°] ≈ [5.0∠ − 10°] 𝑉
𝑉𝑎2 3
5∠53° + 7∠76°+ 7∠225° 1.9470∠92.4258° 1.9∠92°

1
𝐕𝐚 = 5∠53° 𝑉,

Vb and its symmetrical Components:

𝑉𝑏0 𝑉𝑎0 3.5∠122° 3.5∠122° 3.5∠122°

[𝑉𝑏1 ] = [ a2 𝑉𝑎1 ] = [(1∠240°)(5.0∠ − 10°)] = [5.0∠230°] = [5.0∠ − 130°] 𝑉
𝑉𝑏2 a𝑉𝑎2 (1∠120°)(1.9∠92°) 1.9∠212° 1.9∠ − 148°

𝐕𝐛 = 7∠ − 164° 𝑉

Vc and its symmetrical Components:

𝑉𝑐0 𝑉𝑎0 3.5∠122° 3.5∠122° 3.5∠122°

[𝑉𝑐1 ] = [ a𝑉𝑎1 ] = [(1∠120°)(5.0∠ − 10°)] = [5.0∠110°] = [ 5.0∠110° ] 𝑉
𝑉𝑐2 a2 𝑉𝑎2 (1∠240°)(1.9∠92°) 1.9∠332° 1.9∠ − 28°

𝐕𝐜 = 7∠105° 𝑉

2
Figure Q2.1. The phasor diagram of the unbalanced phasors.

3
Using Matlab:
%Title of Script: SymCompAEPQ2
% Solved Examples and Exercises on Symmetrical Components: Question 2:
% Determining the symmetrical components of unbalanced voltages
% Given a set of unbalanced voltages: V_a=5?53° V,V_b=7?-164° V and V_c=7?105° V;
% Find the symmetrical components of the voltages and draw the relevant phasor
diagrams.
% Input the given unbalanced voltages:
% Va:
VaTh=53*pi/180;
VaRh=5;
Va=VaRh*(cos(VaTh)+i*sin(VaTh));
% Vb:
VbTh=-164*pi/180;
VbRh=7;
Vb=VbRh*(cos(VbTh)+i*sin(VbTh));
% Vc:
VcTh=105*pi/180;
VcRh=7;
Vc=VcRh*(cos(VcTh)+i*sin(VcTh));
% Input the voltage matrix of the unbalanced voltages:
Vabc=[Va
Vb
Vc]

Matlab Result:
Vabc =
3.0091 + 3.9932i
-6.7288 - 1.9295i
-1.8117 + 6.7615i

% Input the transformation matrix, 'A':

a=-0.5+j*0.866
A=[1 1 1
1 a^2 a
1 a a^2]

Matlab result:
a=
-0.5000 + 0.8660i
A=
1.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i
1.0000 + 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.8660i -0.5000 + 0.8660i
1.0000 + 0.0000i -0.5000 + 0.8660i -0.5000 - 0.8660i

% Determine the symmetrical components of the unbalanced voltages:

V012=inv(A)*Vabc

Matlab Result:
V012 =
-1.8439 + 2.9417i
4.9354 - 0.8938i
-0.0824 + 1.9453i

% Write down the symmetrical components in polar notation:

V012=[abs(V012),angle(V012)*180/pi]
Matlab Result:
V012 =
3.4718 122.0799
5.0157 -10.2652
1.9470 92.4258

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PART 2: SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES AND NETWORKS

(In this section, you may ignore questions 3 to 5)

QUESTION 1
A balanced three phase voltage of 100-V line to neutral is
applied to a balanced Y-connected load with an impedance-
grounded neutral. The three-phase load consists of three
reactances and is shown in Figure Q1.1. Each phase has a
series reactance of Zs = j12 Ω and Zn = j12 Ω. Determine the
line currents using symmetrical components.

Hints:
1. Derive the eqn. of In in terms of its symmetrical
components.
2. Write the equations of the voltages at the terminals of the
Figure Q1.1.
load with respect to the ground.
3. Manipulate the equations in (2.) above so that they are in terms of the symmetrical components of the voltages
and the currents. This will also yield equivalent symmetrical component impedance matrix of the load.
4. Solve for the currents in (3.) above to obtain the symmetrical components of the currents.
5. Determine the line currents from their symmetrical components determined in (4.) above.

QUESTION 2
A balanced three phase voltage of 100-V line to
neutral is applied to a balanced Y-connected load
with an ungrounded neutral. The three-phase load
consists of three reactances and is shown in Figure
Q2.1. Each phase has a series reactance of Zs = j12 Ω.
Determine the line currents using symmetrical
components.

Figure Q2.1.

QUESTION 3
Consider the balanced Y-connected load that is shown in
Figure Q2.1. The neutral point (n) of the windings is
grounded through an impedance Zn. The load in each phase
is denoted by ZY. From first principles, derive the load
symmetrical component impedance matrix (Z012) and draw
the three sequence networks for the Y-connected load.

Figure Q3.1.

5
 QUESTION 4
Consider the balanced Δ -connected load shown in
Figure Q4.1 in which the load in each phase is denoted
by ZΔ. Show, from first principles, that a Δ -connected
load does not have any zero-sequence circulating
current. Note that the positive- and negative-
sequence impedance for this load will be equal to ZΔ.

Hints: Figure Q4.1.

1. Write the phase voltages in terms of the phase currents and the impedances.
2. Add up the three voltages.
3. Relace all the quantities by the sums of their symmetrical components.
3. Simplify the expression and make your conclusion.

QUESTION 5
Draw the sequence circuits for each of the synchronous generators given in Figure Q5.1. Also, for each generator,
give the E012 and Z012 matrices.

(a) Solidly grounded generator.

(b) Star-connected generator without ground. (c) Delta-connected generator.

Figure Q5.1.

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 PART 3: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ON UNLOADED GENERATORS

QUESTION 3.1 SINGLE-LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT ON AN UNLOADED SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

A synchronous generator is rated at 20 MVA, 13.8 kV and it has a positive-sequence reactance of j2.4 Ω. The
negative-sequence reactance and the zero-sequence reactance are, respectively, j3.3 Ω and j0.95 Ω. The neutral of
the generator is ‘solidly’ grounded. Determine the fault current in the generator for a fault in phase ‘a’, the phase
voltages and the line-to-line voltages when a single-line-to-ground (S-L-G)/line-to-ground (L-G) fault occurs at the
generator terminals with the generator operating at its rated voltage. Draw the pre-fault and post-fault phasor
diagrams of the line voltages and currents. Resistance is neglected.

Solutions:

Figure Q3.1.1. Single-line-to-ground fault on

phase ''a'' of an unloaded synchronous generator.

1. The symmetrical components of the currents, from Figure Q3.1.2

are

𝐄𝐚𝐧 (13.8 × 103 /√3)∠0°

𝐈𝐚𝟎 = 𝐈𝐚𝟏 = 𝐈𝐚𝟐 = =
𝑍0 + 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 𝑗(2.4 + 3.3 + 0.95)

7967.434∠0°
= = −𝑗1198.11 𝐴
𝑗6.65

2. The fault current is

Figure Q3.1.2. Connections of the sequence
𝐈𝐟 = 𝐈𝐚 = 𝟑𝐈𝐚𝟏 = 3 × −𝑗1198.11 = −𝑗3594.331 𝐴 networks of an unloaded synchronous generator
for a single-line-to-ground fault on phase ''a'' at
𝐼𝑓 = 3594 𝐴 ≈ 3.6 𝑘𝐴 the terminals of the generator.

3. The symmetrical components of the voltages are (derived from Figure Q3.1.2):

𝐕𝐚𝟏 = 𝐄𝐚𝐧 − 𝐈𝐚𝟏 𝐙𝟏 = 7967.434∠0° − (−𝑗1198.11 × 𝑗2.4) = 7967.434 − 2875.464 = 5091.97∠0° 𝑉

𝐕𝐚𝟐 = 𝟎 − 𝐈𝐚𝟐 𝐙𝟐 = 0.0 − (−𝑗1198.11 × 𝑗3.3) = −3953.763 𝑉 = 3953.763∠180° 𝑉

𝐕𝐚𝟎 = 𝟎 − 𝐈𝐚𝟎 𝐙𝟎 = 0.0 − (−𝑗1198.11 × 𝑗0.95) = −1138.2045 𝑉 = 1138.2045∠180° 𝑉

4. The phase voltages are given by:

𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎0 0.0∠0° 0.0∠0°
[𝑉𝑏 ] = [ 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ] [𝑉𝑎1 ] = [8017.4∠ − 102.3°] 𝑉 ≈ [8.0∠ − 102.3°] 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2 8017.4∠102.3° 8.0∠102.3°

5. The line voltages are determined as follows:

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Vab = Va – Vb = 0.000 – 8017.4/-102.3° = – 8017.4/-102.3° = 8017.4/-282.3° = 8017.4/77.7° V

Vbc = Vb – Vc = 8017.4/-102.3° - 8017.4/102.3°

= (-1707.95 -j7833.365) – (-1707.95 +j7833.365) = 0.000 -j15666.73 = 15666.73/-90° V

Vca= Vc – Va = 8017.4/102.3° - 0 kV = 8017.4/102.3° V

8. Pre-fault and Post-fault phasor diagrams of the phase and line voltages:

Pre-fault: Post-fault Phase Voltages:

Post-fault Line Voltages:

8
Using Matlab:
%Title of Script: SymCompAEPQ3_1
% Solved Examples and Exercises on Symmetrical Components: Question 3.1:
% Determining the phase voltages from their symmetrical components
%
% Input the symmetrical components of the voltages:
% Va:
Va1=5091.970+j*0.000;
Va2=-3953.763+j*0.000;
Va0=-1138.2045+j*0.0000;
% Store the symmetrical components in a vector:
V012=[Va0
Va1
Va2]
% Input the transformation matrix, 'A':
a=-0.5+j*0.866
A=[1 1 1
1 a^2 a
1 a a^2]
% Solve for the unbalanced voltages:
Vabc=A*V012
% Write down the per-phase unbalanced voltages in polar notation:
Vabc=[abs(Vabc),angle(Vabc)*180/pi]
% Plot the phase voltages:
Vabc=A*V012
hold on
compass(Vabc(1,1),'b')
compass(Vabc(2,1),'g')
compass(Vabc(3,1),'r')
gtext('V_a')
gtext('V_b')
gtext('V_c')
clf
pause
% Plot the line voltages:
% Input the line voltages:
% Vab = 8.0174/77.7° kV; Vbc = 15.66673/-90° kV; Vca = 8.0174/102.3° kV
hold on
VabAng=77.7*pi/180;
VabRh=8.017;
Vab=VabRh*(cos(VabAng)+j*sin(VabAng));
VbcAng=-90*pi/180;
VbcRh=15.667;
Vbc=VbcRh*(cos(VbcAng)+j*sin(VbcAng));
VcaAng=102.3*pi/180;
VcaRh=8.0174;
Vca=VcaRh*(cos(VcaAng)+j*sin(VcaAng));
hold on
compass(Vab,'m')
compass(Vbc,'y')
compass(Vca,'k')
gtext('V_a_b')
gtext('V_b_c')
gtext('V_c_a')
pause
% clear plot
% clf

9
>> SymCompAEPQ3_1

V012 =
1.0e+03 *
-1.1382
5.0920
-3.9538

a=
-0.5000 + 0.8660i

A=
1.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i
1.0000 + 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.8660i -0.5000 + 0.8660i
1.0000 + 0.0000i -0.5000 + 0.8660i -0.5000 - 0.8660i

Vabc =
1.0e+03 *
0.0000 + 0.0000i
-1.7071 - 7.8336i
-1.7075 + 7.8336i

Vabc =
1.0e+03 *
0.0000 0
8.0174 -0.1023
8.0175 0.1023

10
EXERCISE 3.2: LINE-TO-LINE FAULT ON AN UNLOADED SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Repeat Exercise 3.1. for a double-line (D-L)/line-to-line (L-L) fault at the terminals of phases ‘b’ and ‘c’. Once again,
assume that the generator is unloaded and operating at rated terminal voltage when the fault occurs and
resistance is neglected.

EXERCISE 12.3: DOUBLE-LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT ON AN UNLOADED SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Repeat Exercise 3.1. for a double-line-to-ground (D-L-G)/Line-to-line-to-ground (L-L-G) fault at the terminals of
phases ‘b’ and ‘c’. Once again, assume that the generator is unloaded and operating at rated terminal voltage
when the fault occurs.

11