Western Cape Education Department

RELIGION STUDIES

REVISION BOOKLET
TERMS 1 & 2
GRADE 12
2022

The revision program is designed to assist you in revising the critical content
and skills envisaged/planned for term two. The purpose is to prepare you to
understand the key concepts and to provide you with an opportunity to
establish the required standards and application of the necessary knowledge
to succeed in the subject.

This revision booklet focuses on the following content:

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1. Introduction

Religion Studies is the study of religion as a universal human phenomenon

and of religions found in a variety of cultures.

Understanding of RELIGION as a diverse and human phenomenon

Recognition Understanding and Appreciation
We value:
Dignity
Empathy
Respect
Value
Compassion
Harmonious Co-existence

Religion and religions are studied without favouring any or discriminating against
any, whether in theory or in practice, and without promoting adherence to any
particular religion.
Religion Studies leads to the recognition, understanding and appreciation of a variety
of religions within a common humanity, in the context of a civic understanding of
religion and with a view to developing religious literacy.

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2. Concepts
CONCEPTS EXPLANATION

Uniqueness A religion's uniqueness is at least one distinctive

feature that sets it apart from other religions.
A unique feature is 'one-of-a-kind', something that
belongs only to that religion and no other.

Unity Unity means standing together, for a common purpose.

It is usually possible to identify the aspect in which
religions are united – they share a belief or a practice;
they stand together to fight for a cause, etc.
Doctrine A doctrine is often contested.
There is a sense of argument and negotiation, as
doctrines are constructed in relation to philosophical
worldviews.
Dogma A dogma has to do with the claim to absolute authority
of certain teachings.
A dogma is more formal, fixed and authoritative and
therefore not contested.
Dogmas are binding on members if they want to claim
membership of a religion.
This means that in order to be regarded as a member
of a religion, a person needs to accept its dogmas
Ecumenism The principle or movement of promoting unity and co-
operation among the Christian churches in the world.
Religious belief Religious belief connected to religious teachings –
teaching leads to belief and behind a belief there is a
teaching.
Religious teaching A religious teaching is systematic information about a
religion.
If the teaching is accepted by faith, it becomes a
person's religious belief.
Apartheid A system of institutionalized racial separation that
existed before 1994 in South Africa
Stereotyping This is a generalisation of someone or a group of
people that is fixed and widely held, that one has
accepted unquestioningly from others, without personal
reflection or experience or research.
The acceptance is based on a preconceived idea or
ignorance or prejudice.

Bias This is an unfair favouring of one or other point of view.

It is similar to prejudice.
It is the opposite of impartiality.

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Impartiality It means reporting all sides of an issue without
favouring any one.
Synonyms for impartiality are neutrality, fairness, non-
bias,
objectivity.
It is the opposite of bias or prejudice
Sensationalism Sensationalism is reporting with the intention of raising
'hype' around an issue.
The reason is often commercial – to grab attention and
so attract sales.

Factual account This is an account that reports the facts, without

emotive language.
It is the opposite of a sensational or emotional or
biased account.
Democracy A system of government in which laws and leadership
are directly or indirectly decided by the majority of
people
Moral-regeneration Re-building, restoring and reviving universal values of
humanity in society
Reconciliation Restoration of friendly and healthy relations in a
conflict situation

Sannyasin This refers to someone who chooses the optional

stage of life of the devout person.
This person withdraws from society, gives up all
possessions and wanders about.
It is a practice in Hinduism.
Exclusivism The attitude / view that one particular religious tradition
alone teaches the truth and is the only way to
salvation.
Inclusivism The attitude / view all religions have some truth, but the
full truth can only be found in one’s own religion

Pluralism The attitude / view that all religions are paths towards
the truth, and they are equally true

Syncretism When one religion incorporates / add the teachings or

practices of another religion their theirs

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3. History and present dynamics of inter-religious relationships in South
African, African and international communities:

PARLIAMENT OF THE WORLD'S RELIGIONS

The first session Parliament of the World's Religions was held in Chicago in 1893
with the aim of creating a global dialogue of faiths. Since that event, there have been
several further Parliament session.
[Source: Shuters Top Class Religion
Studies Grade 12]

Positive outcomes of the first Parliament of the World's Religions

➢ It is regarded as the beginning of our present day awareness of inter-religious
dialogue and relationships.
➢ Hinduism was introduced to the West. The talks by Swami Vivekananda
especially made an impression.
➢ The Parliament has continued to today, successfully promoting inter-faith
dialogue and co-operation in the world.
➢ Practically, it has helped with mediation between groups in conflict situations.
➢ It has helped with alleviating suffering. E.g. the Parliament developed a
programme to help children in Africa who are affected by HIV/Aids and
provided medical supplies.
➢ It provides skills development programmes for people in developing countries.
Explanation of 'global dialogue of faiths'
➢ It means different religions from all over the world coming together.
➢ The aim is to converse with respect and inclusivity of all sides, seeking to
understand rather than to win an argument (dialogue).
Difference between the parliament of a country from the Parliament of the World's
Religion
➢ The parliament of a country is part of its government, made up of
representatives who have some power and authority.
➢ However, any person may attend PWR, whether representing a larger body or
not.
➢ PWR does not have any power or authority to actually enforce any of the
resolutions taken.
➢ It relies on those present to go back home to their countries and voluntarily
implement the recommendations of the Parliament.

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Organisations which promote inter-religious relationships:
The Programme for Christian-Muslim Relations in Africa (PROCMURA)
Historical background of Purpose of PROCMURA Achievements of
PROCMURA PROCMURA

• The organisation • The purpose of • They succeed in

was founded in PROCMURA is to promoting peaceful
1959 witness to the co-existence
• It is a Christian gospel within an between the
organisation interfaith Christians and
• It is the oldest and environment Muslims in Africa,
the pioneer • To promotes and thus inter-
interfaith peaceful co- religious conflicts
organisation in existence among are decreasing in
Africa the Christians and Africa
• Its headquarters the Muslims • They also succeed
are in Nairobi, the • To promotes in constructive
capital city of constructive engagements
Kenya engagement within within Muslims for
• The focus is on Muslims for peace peace, because
Christian-Muslims • To run there is peaceful
relations programmes to co-existence
help women, youth among the
and education Muslims in Africa
• To facilitate • •They are
reconciliation succeeding in
promoting
education,
because they
conduct
workshops,
research and write
books on the
subject of
Christian-Muslim
relations in Africa

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The African Council of Religious Leaders (ACRL)
Historical background of Purpose of ACRL Achievements of ACRL
ACRL
• It is also known as • To encourage
Religions for religious leaders
Peace (RfP) and their
• It was founded in communities to
2002 commit to peace
• Its headquarters • To promote just
are in Kenya and inclusive
societies
• To promote
respect for
religious
differences
• To preserve /
protect the identity
of each religious
community
• • To empower
religious leaders in
conflict resolution
skills
The Inter-Faith Action for Peace in Africa (IFAPA)
Historical background of Purpose of IFAPA Achievements / Impact of
IFAPA IFAPA
• It was founded in • To unite religious
2002 communities
• It includes across Africa
representatives • In order to work
from African together for peace
Traditional on the continent
Religion, Bahai • To prevent inter-
Faith, Buddhism, religious conflict
Christianity, • To intervene in
Hinduism, Islam inter-religious
and Judaism conflicts
• To protect
human life and the
environment
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• They provide
training on peace
and dialogue for
religious leaders of
different religions
• They fight against
violent misuse of
religion
• They advocate for
disarmament of all
weapons of
destruction on the
continent
• They promote
inclusive
democracy and
good governance
on the continent
• They participate in
the fight against
climate change
• They established
and registered
national chapters
(branches) in more
than thirty
countries in Africa
• They sent inter-
religious
delegations to
intervene in conflict
areas
• They also sent
women’s
delegation to
Northern Europe
• They participated
in the election of
 parliament
members in Togo
• They participated
in the World Social
Forum held in
Kenya
• They established
IFAPA Women
Network

4. Internal differentiations within religions

Christianity

❖ Differences in beliefs (teachings)

EXAMPLE 1: Christianity
The Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism
• Considers itself the • The Trinity and the • Unlike Catholicism,
original Christian Holy Spirit are the Protestant
Church. understood in a Churches did not
• This Church different way to the believe that
teaches that God is views of the salvation was
made of three Catholic something that had
separate yet equal • Church. • to be earned
parts, namely, the • At the end of the through rituals and
Father, Son 6th century CE, the practices.
• and Holy Spirit. RCC of the West • Protestants
This is known as (Western Church) believed that
Trinity introduced the salvation was
• This Church filioque attainable as a gift
practises a number • (from the Son) given freely by God
of rituals called clause. through the works
Sacraments, such • This clause taught • of Jesus Christ on
as confession, that the Holy Spirit earth.
baptism, came from God. • Protestantism is
• confirmation, the • The Eastern made up of
last rite before the Church disagreed different Churches.
death of a person, with adding the • They believed that
Confirmation, Son because they the teachings of
ordination to believed that this the Bible had more
priesthood and made the authority than the
• sacrament of • Father and Son Pope or the
marriage. (It superior than the Catholic
practises seven Holy Spirit. • Church.
sacraments). • The Eastern • Priests and
• • The centre of Church also ministers do not
Christian life is challenged the have to be celibate

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 based on the idea that the and they are
Eucharist (Holy Western Church allowed to marry.
Communion). and the Pope had • • Unlike the
more Catholic Church
• power to add or the Protestant
change Christian Churches allow
teachings and women to be
traditions. priests or ministers
• The clergy within
the Church do not
have to be celibate
and are allowed to
marry.
• The Eastern
Orthodox
Churches see
devotion as a more
important
expression of faith
than the
• right doctrine as in
the case of the
Roman Catholic
Church.

❖ Differences in governance

Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism

• Political control is
traditional and seen to be
centred in Rome.
• The head of the Catholic
Church is the Pope.
• The first Pope is said to
be St. Peter.
• The Catholic Church
has many orders of
monks, priests, friars and
nuns.
• All Catholics are
governed by the Vatican.
• The Parish is an area or
district with a particular
church and priest.
• Political control was
traditionally in
Constantinople (Istanbul).
• They are found in the
Middle East, parts of
Africa, Greece and
Russia.
• The church structure
comprises of priests and
bishops.
• There is no single
leader.
• Authority within the
church is in the hands of
a group of bishops.
• A diocese is a group of
parishes under the
leadership of the bishop.
• This movement was
started in 1517 by a
German monk, Martin
Luther.
• The local churches are
guided/ ruled by the
ordained ministers and
bishops or elected elders.
• There is no uniformity in
the governance of
Protestant churches.
• The overall rule is by
higher authority such as a
synod or General
Assembly, chaired by a
presiding
bishop.
• In the Protestant
churches, each church is
independent.

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 • The churches are not
responsible to any higher
authority than the
congregation.

❖ Differences in practices

Catholicism Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism

• Celibacy among • Clergy are not • Ordination of

the clergy is celibate, and are women is a
mandatory. allowed to marry Protestant practice.
• Practices include • Devotion is seen • They conduct
fasting during the as more important healing through
Lent, to observe than right doctrine prophecy.
the crucifixion of • Baptism is by • • Priests and
Jesus. immersion. ministers do not
• Penance is the • • This is followed have to be celibate
paying of penalty by anointment and they are
for sinning. (Chrismation). allowed to marry
• This penance is
determined at the
time of confession.
• Pilgrimage to holy
lands (e.g. the
Vatican) and
meditation are key
practices for
Catholics.
• • The most
important practice
is receiving of the
Eucharist.

Islam

❖ Differences in beliefs (teachings)

Shi’a Islam Sunni Islam

• They believe that caliphate
(successor) should be from the
descendants of the Prophet
• Muhammad.
• They believe that the caliphs are
divinely appointed imams.
• They also believe that caliphs
have supernatural knowledge
and authority to lead the faithful
• Sunnis believe that the faithful
rather than the descendants of
the Prophet should elect their
• leaders.
• Sunni refers to following the
sunnah (example) of the Prophet
Muhammad.
• • All the companions of the
Prophet are believed to be given

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 • • They share a collective guilt for equal respect in Islamic
not coming to the aid of Husain jurisprudence.
when he was killed.

❖ Differences in governance

Shi'a Islam Sunni Islam

The Shi'a Muslims revere the
descendants of the Prophet
Muhammad.
• They believe that the descendants
have a divine right to lead the Muslims.
• They reserve the title Imam for certain
past leaders who were believed to be
chosen by God.
• The governance is in the hands of
mullahs.
• The Mullahs also have considerable
political influence.
• There is no clergy in Sunni Islam.
• Any Muslim can serve on the
community boards.
• Governance is community based.
• Scholars of Islam and community
members serve on the governing
boards of mosques, madrassas
and schools.
• In governance the Sunnah of the
Prophet is observed.

❖ Differences in practices

Shi'a Islam Sunni Islam

• They are allowed to combine the
five daily prayers to three.
• They practise 'mut'a' (temporary
marriage).
• They practise self-mutilation on
observance of the martyrdom of
Hussein, grandson of Prophet
• Muhammad.
• They undertake pilgrimage to
Karbala in Iraq.
• Sunnis are not allowed to
combine the five daily prayers.
• Mut'a is not permitted.
• All practices are according to the
'sunnah' (practices) of the
Prophet.
• • They undertake pilgrimage to
Mecca

African Traditional Religion

❖ Differences in beliefs (teachings)

AmaZulu Aka (Central Africa) Yoruba

Example 3: African
Traditional Religion
AmaZulu
• AmaZulu acknowledge
the existence of a
Supreme Being, called
Umvelinqangi.
• The Aka believe in a
creator spirit, called
Bembe.
• They believe that
Bembe retired after the
act of creation.
• Because they are
nomadic and hunter
• Olodumare is the
principal Creator
• Each human possesses
a fate or destiny.
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• Life and death are seen
as cyclical (reincarnation
in human form).

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• They believe that His
status is so lofty that one
cannot directly approach
Him.
• Communication with
Umvelinqangi is done
through the ancestors.
• AmaZulu believe in the
feminine divinity, called
uNomkhubulwane.
• UNomkhubulwane is
associated with fertility
and agriculture.
• They also believe in the
ceremony called ‘brought
back’, where the living
dead is established as an
ancestor
❖ Differences in practices
AmaZulu
• They burn incense
during communication
with the ancestors.
• When there is
misfortune or illness, they
consult the traditional
healer or diviner.
• UNomkhubulwane
(feminine divinity) is
approached through a
pilgrimage to the
mountain during
the times of natural
disasters or drought.
• Young girls undertake a
pilgrimage to the
mountain to communicate
with uNomkhubulwane.
gatherers, they believe in
the forest spirit called,
Dzengi.
• They believe that
Dzengi assists them in
the successful hunting of
elephants.
Aka (Central Africa)
• Dancing and singing are
performed in honour of
Dzengi.
• They slaughter an
animal in communication
rituals with the ancestors.
• When they go for
hunting they perform a
ritual which involves
animal slaughtering to
communicate with the
animal spirit.
• They consult ngangas
when taking difficult
decisions.
• When there is illness or
crisis in the family or
community, the ngangas
(traditional healers) are
consulted.
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• The aim is spiritual
improvement.
• Good spirits become
one with Olodumare
Yoruba
• Religious practices
focus on Ori-Orun
(spiritual self)
• Sincere meditation and
veneration strengthen
one’s links with the
spiritual realm.
• Spiritual contact is made
via various intermediaries,
including Orisas (lesser
divinities) and
• Babalawo (priest of
divination)
• Each town has its own
orisa, and a temple
dedicated to it.
5. CENTRAL BELIEFS OF RELIGIONS (The core teachings of religions, under
the following headings):
CHRISTIANITY
Reward and The nature of divinity The origin and role of Evil
punishment
• Reward and • Christianity • Christianity as an
punishment is believes in the example:
fair. existence of the • According to Christianity
• Rewards Divine and Supreme God did not create evil
motivate Being known as when he created the
believers to God. world.
sacrifice their • God is • He created a perfect
life because of omnipresent.(not world and perfect
• the greater confined to physical human beings.
rewards. laws of space) • Evil was introduced
• Rewards have • God is omniscient later, through human
influenced (all knowing). activities, when Adam
people to die • God manifested and Eve disobeyed
for their belief. Himself as Three God's
• Punishment Persons (Trinity): • commands.
helps believers • God the Father as • Christians call this kind
to live the Creator of the of disobedience 'sin'.
according to universe. • Christians believe that
their • God the Son, the evil is often used by
religious Saviour and Satan who was once
teachings. Liberator of God's angel, but
• Punishment is humanity. rebelled against
one of the • God the Holy Spirit God.
motivation as Counsellor for the • Evil separates humans
factors to Christians from God, their maker.
adhere to • It relegates humans to
religious being strangers in God's
teachings. eyes.
• We are all • • But God has provided
rewarded in a remedy for this
this world by alienation through Jesus
doing good. Christ
There is no
need for extra
reward.

Nature of humanity The nature of the world

• According to Christianity, in the
• Christianity believes that humans beginning there was nothing but
were created in the image of chaos.
God.

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 • Adam and Eve were instructed to
look after the Garden of Eden
and the whole of the creation.
• As co-creators with God, humans
are God’s representatives on
earth.
• God appointed human beings to
look after the world on His behalf.
• • Human beings were also given
the highest status above all
God’s creation.
• The book of Genesis says God
created the world and the
universe in six days and rested
on the
• seventh day.
• The world was perfect after the
HolyTrinity had finished with the
creation.
• Human, marine, animal and plant
life all belong to God.
• According to Christian
understanding the world is
subject to the governance of
humanity.
• But in control of God.
• Just as God has created the
world, he can destroy it.
• • He will destroy the world
infested with evil and create a
new one

6. UNIQUE FEATURES RELIGIONS

AFRICAN TRADITION RELIGION
• They venerate the ancestors.
• Communal way of life is central.
• It is a clan-based religion.
• It is characterised by the concept of ubuntu.
• There is a veneration of ancestors.
• Life after death does not involve reward or punishment.
CHRISTIANITY
• Christianity believes in the Trinity; that there is only one God and in this one God
there
are three persons.
• The three persons of the Trinity are God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy
Spirit.
• Jesus is the Son of God.
• Jesus is God incarnate.
• Jesus died on the cross and rose again from the dead/ resurrection.

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HINDUISM
• Hinduism has many gods and goddesses who represent aspects of Brahman.
Krishna,
Shiva, Vishnu are examples.
• In Hinduism the soul is regarded as eternal and unchangeable.
• Hinduism teaches that human beings are the causes of all evil.
• Hindus have four aims in life: dharma (the way of Higher Truth), artha (acquisition
of
wealth), karma (sensual enjoyment), moksha (release from suffering).
• There are four castes/classes in society: priestly (Brahmanas/Brahmins), ruler
(ksatriyas),
workers or traders (vaisya/vaishyas), servants (sudras).
• There are four stages of life (ashramas): student, married, retirement and the
optional
devout stage (sannyasins).
• Hindus believe in reincarnation, where the soul goes through a series of births and
deaths.
• The soul is driven from birth to death and from death to birth in a continuous cycle
called samsara.
• A unique feature of Hinduism is the concept of reincarnation –rebirth in various life
forms.
JUDAISM
• They believe that they are the nation chosen by God.
• They believe that Messiah will come and rule the world with them.
• God revealed Himself and His Law to the Jews.
• They believe that there is only one God who is righteous and at work in the natural
and social order.
ISLAM
• The belief is that there is only ONE God called Allah.
• They believe that God sent various prophets but the final messenger is Prophet
Muhammad.
• They believe that the Qur'an was revealed in Arabic language and must be read in
Arabic

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language.
• Their way of life is much the same as their religion.
• Their sources are the Qur'an and Hadith.
TAOISM
• The Tao-te–Ching was written in a night by its legendary founder Lao-tzu.
• He was born with white hair.
• He spent eight or 80 years in his mother's womb.
• According to Tao it is impossible to describe divinity completely.
• The working of the universe is divine.
• All things come from being and being comes from non-being.
• According to the Taoist, everything in creation consists of two kinds of forces, the
yang
and the yin.

7. Role of media in influencing public opinion on religion

Negative and positive impact of the media on people's religious beliefs
Negative impact
• People might easily turn away
from their religions due to what
they hear/see from the media.
• They might be tempted to model
characters they see in the media.
• People might be misled and think
that the media is the solution to
their problems.
• Most of the time what we see in
the media does not reflect the
true life of those people.
• People become addicted to
media and they socialise less.
Positive impact
• Media can be used effectively to
reach people who are
unreachable, e.g.
Khumbulekhaya
• Media can be used to promote
an awareness campaign to
people.
• Media can be used to promote
religious events and educate
people on recent matters.

Different ways in which religions can respond to negative media coverage of

religious issues.
o They can protest against the media.
o They can organise their members to boycott the media.

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 o They can approach the legal challenge.
o They can be involved in counterargument and challenge the media in order to
voice their side of the story.
o They can be engaged in a collective response from interdenominational or
interreligious organisations.
o Religions must have knowledge of how to use media and its restrictions.
o Religions should be proactive and explain their point of view in the media.
o Religion must also understand the responsibilities that media have towards
communities.
o Religious organisations must teach their members how to handle media.
o Religious organisations must invite media experts for advice.
o Media need to have knowledge and understanding of different religions before
reporting on religious issues.
o Media have a responsibility to present the information in an unbiased manner.
o Because articles are written by individuals with personal opinions, these
opinions may influence the readers on significant issues.
o Media must exercise caution in making comments and statements that seem
judgemental about
o religious issues.
o Constitutional rights make provision for fair coverage on religious issues.

Factors that may cause the media to be biased against reporting religious issues
o There are political reasons.
o Religion is a highly contentious political issue. The public have very strong
attitudes
o towards religion, and media bias can influence such a sentiment.
o The media thrives on sensationalism, as this sells papers/advertising
space.
o Reporters often do not have the specialist knowledge to interpret religious
issues.
o The media relies on generation of income. They therefore report
selectively on issues that will sell newspapers.
o Editorial decisions are influenced by political interests.
o Advertisers also influence how religious issues are covered in the media.
Advantages and disadvantages of Media in Religion
Advantages
o Social media presents up-to-date information to the public.
o Religious organizations can use social media to promote
themselves.
o Different religions can use media to announce their activities e.g.
Easter celebrations in
o Christianity, Diwali celebrations in Hinduism.
o Individuals can also air their views on different aspects of life.

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 o Social media can assist in ensuring that messages that are
intended for specific sections of the community reach the intended
recipients.
o They can also use media to convey messages of hope to the whole
nation.
Disadvantages
o It can promote radical personal opinions that may impact negatively on
significant religious issues.
o It can be an effective tool for religious propaganda.
o It may cause degeneration of moral values in society, as children can
have easy access to undesirable material.
o People can become addicted to media and live self-centred lives.

8. Religion in areas of recent conflict in South Africa, Africa and the world
Possible reasons for Conflict between Muslims and Christians is more common in
Africa than on other continents.
• Poverty is often a catalyst in religious conflict.
• This is because, when people compete for scarce resources (arable land,
water, etc.) there is bound to be conflict.
• Both Christianity and Islam have a strong presence on the continent.
• Each has its own identity.
• People live in communities which have a strong religious identity, being either
Muslim or
o Christian.
• Both religions are actively propagated. This can lead to confrontation.
• Since the poor usually work in the informal economy, they remain within their
religious groupings.
• This further reinforces the religious divide.
• Governments in Africa are weak, and do not enforce law and order.
• They also sometimes favour one religion over another. This then leads to
religious tension.
• African countries have poor border control.
• This allows for trade in illegal weaponry.
Causes of the conflict
• EXAMPLE 1: CONFLICT IN DARFUR/SUDAN
• Divisions in Darfur society can be traced back over 100 years.
• The two main causes of the divisions are ethnic and cultural.
• Religion itself does not appear to be a radical source of division.
• Most people in the area are Sunni Muslims although there are also a number
of African traditionalists.
• There are also those who are Christians.
• Through the centuries, nomads and farmers worked out a way to co-exist.

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 • Darfur was a centre of the slave trade in North East Africa, and some
acrimony persists.
The extent to which religion is involved in the conflict
• In 2005 South Africa brokered a peace deal between North and South Sudan
however, conflict.
• A UN backed referendum in 2011 decided on partition of the South.
• The harmonious relationship between Khartoum and Juba was short-lived.
• The conflict continues, with the main issue being the Heglig oil fields
• Ethnic and tribal conflicts continue in South Sudan.
• As a result, South Sudan is faced with a huge humanitarian crisis.
What religions did to resolve the conflict (DURFUR)
• Religious aid organizations such as Islamic Relief Agency and the
Catholic Agency for Overseas
• Development focus on practical support.
• They supply building materials and medical assistance.
• They build and repair clinics and schools.
• They supply food.
• They also train the local communities on Life Skills.
• These organizations are not able to play a role in stopping the conflicts.
• There is some degree of coordination that has taken place between
these agencies.
EXAMPLE 2: ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT
Causes of the conflict
• After World War II Britain issued the Balfour Declaration.
• This made Palestine a British Protectorate.
• Palestinians were never consulted on the matter.
• In terms of the Balfour Declaration, sections of Palestinian land were set
aside for Jews from Europe to settle. Jews initially bought land from
Palestinians, but later forced them off their lands.
• In 1948 Jews declared their independence from Palestine and named
their land Israel.
• Jews emigrated en masse from Europe and Muslim countries to the new
Jewish state.
• Muslims were forced to flee the land Jews called Israel.
• The settlers soon invaded land belonging to Palestinians, and the latter
became refugees.
• Today Jews still continue to build settlements in confiscated Palestinian
land.
The extent to which religion is involved in the conflict
EXAMPLE 2: ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT
• It is only some Jews who claim the land as a 'God-given right'.

19
 • Orthodox Jews reject the concept of a Jewish homeland.
• In this case, Jews use religion to both justify and reject the existence of a
Jewish homeland.
• This leads to low -level intra-religious conflict among the Jews.
• However, the Palestine-Israel conflict is not religious: it is about land and
human rights.
Roles that religions can do to resolve the conflict
EXAMPLE 1: ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT
• Each of the Abrahamic religions should develop understanding and
respect of the other.
• This will lead to tolerance, so that religion may not be used as an excuse
to oppress one another.
• They should foster interreligious partnerships among the various
communities, as they are divided along religious lines.
• They should have joint prayer meetings at sites holy to each religion.
• Religion should never be used to abuse the human rights of people from
other religions.
• Role that religious organisations play to prevent conflicts
• They can have multi-faith gatherings to create religious tolerance.
• All religions should work with government, so that all religions are
treated equally by the state.
• All religions should advocate freedom of religion. People would then
choose religions or world views, based on free will.
• Both Christian and Muslim leaders should support peace initiatives.
• They should show support for the African Union peacekeepers.
• They should jointly participate in humanitarian efforts, so as to develop a
working relationship.
• There must be disarmament of all warring factions.
• They should form a government of national unity (GNU), which must
include all factions of the society.
• All corruption by government officials should be exposed and punished.
• They should establish a truth and reconciliation commission, so that past
atrocities may be brought to light.
• Those who confess their political crimes should be given amnesty.
• The state must adopt a secular approach and must protect all religions
equally.
• An independent judiciary must be established.
• A religious leaders' forum must be established so that all religions can
interact with the government.
Negative impact of religious conflict in community and in the country.
• Destruction of lives and property
• Lower economic growth
• Lack of education

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 • lack of social interaction
• most important is loses of innocent people
• The increase of the feeling of hatredness among religions
• Tension and limited social activities
• Ruin country reputation at international level
• Promote ill-discipline in the religions
• lead people not to tolerate each other in the community

Activity 1
Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.
RELIGION AND MEDIA

In several studies of religious coverage in the media the main conclusions were the
following:
(a) Coverage had increased significantly over the last decade but was very
negative.
(b) Towards orthodox faiths, the tone is mostly hostile, but towards minority
religions, it is favourable.
(c) The people interviewed most often are those who question orthodox religions.
(d) The political elements of religious ideas and institutions receive the most
coverage.
(e) The struggles of women and minorities also receive a lot of attention.
(f) Issues involving sexual morality also receive a lot of attention.
(g) Theological and spiritual questions are rarely presented as newsworthy.
[Adapted from Religion Studies Grade 12, Steyn et al.]

1.1 What do you understand by the word media? Include TWO different kinds of
media in your answer. (6)
1.2 Discuss conclusion (a) in the extract above and indicate whether it is
beneficial to religion. (6)
1.3 Refer to conclusion (b) in the extract above and answer the following
questions:
1.3.1 Explain, in your own words, what is meant by orthodox faiths and minority
religions in this context. (4)
1.3.2 Suggest TWO reasons why 'the tone is mostly hostile' towards orthodox
faiths, but ‘favourable' towards minority religions. (4)

21
1.4 Refer to conclusion (f) in the extract above. Discuss ONE example of this you
have noticed in the media. (10)
1.5 With regard to religious coverage in the media, explain what is meant by
EACH of the following and give a suitable example in EACH case:
1.5.1 Stereotyping (4)
1.5.2 Bias (4)
1.5.3 Impartiality (4)
1.5.4 Sensationalism (4)
1.5.5 Factual account (4)

[50]
Activity 2
2.1 Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

PARLIAMENT OF THE WORLD'S RELIGIONS

The first session Parliament of the World's Religions was held in Chicago in
1893 with the aim of creating a global dialogue of faiths. Since that event,
there have been several further Parliament sessions.
[Source: Shuters Top Class Religion Studies Grade 12]

2.1.1 What are THREE positive outcomes of the first Parliament of the World's
Religions? (6)

2.1.2 In TWO sentences, explain the phrase 'global dialogue of faiths'. (4)
2.1.3 How is the parliament of a country different from the Parliament of the World's
Religions? (6)
2.1.4 The Parliament of the World's Religions is but one interreligious organisation.
Name ONE other interreligious organisation and discuss its successes and
failures. (12)
2.1.5 The Parliament of the World's Religions was held in Cape Town in 1999. Give
THREE reasons why Cape Town was chosen. (6)
2.2 Explain the relationship between religious teaching and religious belief. (4)
2.3 State TWO differences between doctrine and dogma. (4)
2.4 Explain the following in the context of religion:

22
2.4.1 Uniqueness (2)
2.4.2 Unity (2)
2.5 Give ONE example of the following:
2.5.1 Unity within a religion (2)
2.5.2 Unity between different religions (2)

[50]
Activity 3
3.1 Explain EACH of the following and name ONE religion with which it is
associated:
3.1.1 Monotheism (4)
3.1.2 Sannyasin (4)
3.1.3 Ubuntu (4)
3.1.4 Dharma (4)
3.2 Identify ONE common feature of EACH of the following groups:
3.2.1 Christianity, Islam and Judaism (2)
3.2.2 Hinduism and Buddhism (2)
3.2.3 African Traditional Religion and the African Initiated Churches (2)
3.3 All Muslims share a common set of beliefs (imaan). List SIX of these belief
(12)
3.4 Compare the concepts of religion and ideology. (4)

3.5 Choose ONE religion and discuss THREE of its unique features. (12)
[50]

23
MEMORANDUM
QUESTION 1
1.1 • The word 'media' is the plural of the Latin 'medium' meaning 'by means of'.
• We understand media as the means by or through which mass
communication is carried out.
• Kinds of media: social media/ social networks;
• electronic media; TV, films
• Print media/ mass media – magazines, newspaper, publications,
pamphlets, articles; radio, broadcasting, etc.
(6)
1.2 • The significant increase in coverage is in line with the communications
explosion of our times.
• Due to today's easy access to information, more people are curious to know and
find out things, including religious matters, for themselves.
• These days many ordinary people are also well-educated, not just the religious
experts, and their education enables them to form their own opinions in religious
matters and world affairs.
• The increase in coverage can be beneficial to religion as it involves more people
and there can be greater accountability all round.
• On the other hand, mere increase in coverage is not automatically a benefit,
especially if the coverage is skewed.
(6)
1.3.1 • 'Orthodox faiths' means the major traditional religions of the world, e.g.
Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism.
• 'Minority religions' means the smaller, lesser-known religions, such as indigenous
knowledge systems/indigenous religions, Jainism, Confucianism, Shinto
(4)
1.3.2 • Our increasingly secular world is not very interested in religion, particularly
the traditional, mainline religions.
• Our secular world may even be quite hostile to religion.
• These religions, regarded as 'old' and 'stuffy', are not seen as newsworthy unless
the news can be made sensational.
• The modern trend is towards protecting minorities who do not have much of a voice
to speak for themselves.

24
• Previously, the minority religions, such as the indigenous religions, were in danger
of dying out.
(4)
1.4 EXAMPLE 1:
• Recently there have been reports in the print media/newspapers about sexual
abuse of boys by clergy in the Anglican Church.
• Two men have revealed this after more than 20 years of silence, one a well-known
author.
• The Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, Archbishop Thabo Makgoba, devoted part
of his Easter sermon to this matter, which has been a shock to the church.
• He acknowledged that the church has lagged behind in investigating such matters.
• The article gave a balanced view.
• The Archbishop must be complimented for his honesty and for the steps he has
taken to prevent such crises.
EXAMPLE 2:
• According to a report in the social media, the Cultural, Religious and Language
Rights Commission has been investigating reports of sexual abuse by religious
leaders.
• A spokesperson for the Commission has stated that this issue is 'more common
than we thought'.
• The Commission is doing its work following up the complaints in an objective and
professional manner.
• At the same time, it laments the spread of sexual abuse that it is uncovering.
• Initial reports indicate that the sexual abuse has been going on for a long time, but
in silence and secrecy.
• The victims feel helpless because the perpetrator is an authority figure in a position
of trust.
• They are also often threatened with violence, and therefore remain silent.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(10)
1.5.1 • This is a generalisation of someone or a group of people that is fixed and
widely held, that one has accepted unquestioningly from others, without personal
reflection or experience or research.
• The acceptance is based on a preconceived idea or ignorance or prejudice.
• Example: Germans are anti-Jew.

25
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(4)
1.5.2 • This is an unfair favouring of one or other point of view.
• It is similar to prejudice.
• It is the opposite of impartiality.
• Example: In the apartheid era, the state was biased towards a specific
interpretation of the Bible that favoured white supremacy.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited. (4)
3.5.3 • It means reporting all sides of an issue without favouring anyone.
• Synonyms for impartiality are neutrality, fairness, non-bias, objectivity.
• It is the opposite of bias or prejudice.
• Example: The South African Constitution shows impartiality in matters of religion or
race.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited. (4)
1.5.4 • Sensationalism is reporting with the intention of raising 'hype' around an
issue.
• The reason is often commercial – to grab attention and so attract sales.
• There is less concern to take a reasoned approach.
• There is no concern to get to the truth of the matter.
• Example: the pastors who sprayed their congregation with insecticide received
worldwide publicity.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(4)
1.5.5 • This is an account that reports the facts, without emotive language.
• It is the opposite of a sensational or emotional or biased account.
• E.g. A report on Roman Catholic priests that balances the good and the bad,
showing the proportion of those involved in child abuse and measuring this against
the general population.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(4)

[50]

26
QUESTION 2
2.1.1 • It is regarded as the beginning of our present day awareness of inter-religious
dialogue and relationships.
• Hinduism was introduced to the West. The talks by Swami Vivekananda especially
made an impression.
• The Parliament has continued to today, successfully promoting inter-faith dialogue
and co-operation in the world.
• Practically, it has helped with mediation between groups in conflict situations.
• It has helped with alleviating suffering. E.g. the Parliament developed a programme
to help children in Africa who are affected by HIV/Aids and provided medical
supplies.
• It provides skills development programmes for people in developing countries.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(6)
2.1.2 • It means different religions from all over the world coming together.
• The aim is to converse with respect and inclusivity of all sides, seeking to
understand rather than to win an argument (dialogue).
(4)
2.1.3 • The parliament of a country is part of its government, made up of
representatives who have some power and authority.
• However, any person may attend PWR, whether representing a larger body or not.
• PWR does not have any power or authority to actually enforce any of the
resolutions taken.
• It relies on those present to go back home to their countries and voluntarily
implement the recommendations of the Parliament.
(6)
2.1.4 EXAMPLE 1:
• African Council of Religious Leaders – Religions for Peace. Successes:
• They successfully bring religious leaders in Africa together in an atmosphere of
inclusivity, respect and dialogue.
• They preserve the religious identity of the various religions.
• They uphold the principles of representivity, subsidiarity and solidarity.
• They support locally led inter-faith activities and services.
• They participated in the World Social Forum.

27
• The positive work that has been done has made a difference to those communities
and is greatly appreciated.
Failures:
• There is still much suffering in Africa as a result of conflict.
• There is still suffering as a result of poverty and lack of resources in Africa.
• Not all countries and government authorities recognize and give support to the
African Council of Religious Leaders – Religions for Peace.
• The organization has limited resources, and it relies on public donations.
EXAMPLE 2:
• World Conference of Religions for Peace.
Successes:
• The organization is active on every continent.
• It has formed many inter-religious groups to address common problems.
• These groups are also working to promote world peace.
• They have mediated in conflict situations. E.g., Sierra Leone, Bosnia and Kosovo.
• They have organized an international network of religious women's organisations.
Failures:
• Despite the great and dedicated work by this organisation, the world seems to be
experiencing an increase in conflict and lack of peace.
• There even seems to be an increase in religious conflict in the world.
• Volunteer organisations like this invariably struggle to obtain the resources required
to match their needs.
(12)
2.1.5 • Cape Town is home to many races, religious traditions, and cultural varieties.
• They wanted to experience spiritual and cultural variety, to exchange insight and to
share wisdom.
• The world was full of admiration for South Africa on its achievement of democracy
in 1994.
• People were keen to come to South Africa in support of its peaceful transition,
including religious people.
• President Nelson Mandela supported interreligious relationships and attended the
Parliament.
• Cape Town is a world class city/has the necessary infrastructure.

28
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(6)
2.2 • A religious teaching is systematic information about a religion.
• If the teaching is accepted by faith, it becomes a person's religious belief.
• Therefore, teaching and belief are connected – teaching leads to belief and behind
a belief there is a teaching.
(4)
2.3 • A doctrine is often contested.
• There is a sense of argument and negotiation, as doctrines are constructed in
relation to philosophical worldviews.
• A dogma has to do with the claim to absolute authority of certain teachings.
• A dogma is more formal, fixed and authoritative and therefore not contested.
• Dogmas are binding on members if they want to claim membership of a religion.
This means that in order to be regarded as a member of a religion, a person needs
to accept its dogmas.
(4)
2.4.1 • A religion's uniqueness is at least one distinctive feature that sets it apart from
other religions.
• A unique feature is 'one-of-a-kind', something that belongs only to that religion and
no other.
(2)
2.4.2 • Unity means standing together, for a common purpose.
• It is usually possible to identify the aspect in which religions are united – they share
a belief or a practice; they stand together to fight for a cause, etc.
(2)
2.5.1 • People in a religion might have a strong sense of togetherness and support
for each other, forming a united community.
• People in a religion are united in their belief in the teachings of that particular
religion.
• Members carry out the same practices within a religion.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(2)
2.5.2 • Different religions might come together to provide humanitarian assistance for
a community affected by a natural disaster.
• They unite to address social challenges, such as gangsterism or substance abuse,
in their communities.

29
• Different religions might be in unity with regard to a teaching/belief.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
[50]
Question 3
3.1.1 • This is the worship of or belief in only one god.
• The Abrahamic religions are monotheistic
• The Abrahamic religions are Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
(4)
3.1.2 • This refers to someone who chooses the optional stage of life of the devout
person.
• This person withdraws from society, gives up all possessions and wanders
about.
• It is a practice in Hinduism.
(4)
3.1.3 • This means showing respect and empathy for people.
• It includes helping those who are physically, emotionally, socially or
spiritually in need.
• It is a communal way of life based on 'Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu' meaning
'I am because we are'.
• It is the ethics or moral order based on respect for people.
• It is found in African Traditional Religion.
(4)
3.1.4 • Dharma refers to the way of Higher Truths (doctrines)
• This is how it is understood in Buddhism
OR
• Dharma is the belief that there is divine order in the whole of existence.
• This is how it is understood in Hinduism.
(4)
3.2.1 • These make up the Abrahamic religions/Religions of the Book/ the Near East
or
Middle East cluster.
• They are monotheistic.
• They share many prophets – Abraham, Isaac, Moses.
• They place great emphasis on religious teaching.

30
 • They regard their sacred scripture as divinely inspired.
• They believe in the Judgement Day.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(2)
3.2.2 • They belong to the cluster of the Indian sub-continent.
• Buddhism arose out of Hinduism, so they share a common root.
• They both believe in reincarnation (samsara), although they have different
perceptions of it.
• They both have the teachings of moksha and karma.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(2)
3.2.3 • They include much African culture in their rituals and practices.
• They believe that ancestors are intermediaries between God and the living.
• They enjoy 'lively' services with spirited singing and dancing.
• The priests in the Zionist Christian Churches play a role similar to healers in
ATR.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited.
(2)
3.3 NOTE: Practices such as fasting and Hajj are NOT credited.
• They believe in Allah the Lord of all that exists.
• They believe that there is only one God, Allah.
• They believe in the angels.
• They believe in His Books.
• They believe in all His messengers.
• They believe in Judgement Day.
• They believe in Divine decree, good or bad.
• They believe in predestination.
• They believe in life after death.
(12)
3.4 • Each is a set of thoughts, ideas, teachings, beliefs and practices that guides
the worldview of their followers.
• The word 'ideology' is often used as a substitute for religion, especially when
the supporter of a particular ideology does not have a religion.

31
 • Current use of the word often implies that the speaker is talking about a set
of beliefs not his/her own.
• Ideology includes both secular and religious worldviews.
(4)
3.5 EXAMPLE 1: AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION (ATR)
• Ancestor veneration/Intermediaries
• Although ATR believes in a Supreme Being, the followers do not interact
much with this divinity who is seen as almighty and remote.
• Instead, they interact greatly with the ancestors whom they regard as
intermediaries between the Supreme Being and humans.
• The ancestors are a very important part of this religion. They guide and
protect the family who consult them on all matters.
• Humans interact with the ancestors through the human intermediaries
known as sangomas or diviners.
• To become a sangoma is a special calling.
• Communal way of life/a clan-based religion/the concept of ubuntu
• There is a strong emphasis on the community, little idea of individualism.
• The structure and organisation of society is clan-based, led by the elders for
whom there is great respect. The elders will become the ancestors.
• The spirit in the community is that of Ubuntu which fosters care for each
other.
• Emphasis on practice/No special day of worship.
• This religion emphasises 'doing'.
• It has many rituals, carried out for various purposes, led by the elder of the
clan.
• There is no special date or time for the rituals.
• They are carried out when needed and agreed upon by the clan or
community.
• When the ritual is carried out, that time and activity are sacred. There is no
special day of worship.
NOTE: Other relevant answers must be credited. (12)
[50]

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