IGCSE Matrices Index: Please click on the question number you want Question 1 Question 3 Question 5 Question 7 Question

2 Question 4 Question 6 Question 8

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Question 1 2 3 A= , 1 4 3 2 B= . 7 6

Express as a single matrix the following: a. 3A b. A + B c. B A d. AB e. A2

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Solution to question 1 2 3 A= , 1 4 a. 3 2 B= . 7 6

2 3 6 9 3A = 3 = 1 12 3 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 + 2 1 1 A+B = + = = 1 7 6 4 + 7 1 + 6 11 7 4

b.

c.

3 2 2 3 3 2 2 ( 3 ) 5 5 BA= = = 1 7 4 6 1 3 5 7 6 4
2 3 3 2 AB = 1 7 6 4 2 3 + 3 7 2 2 + 3 6 6 21 4 18 27 14 = = = 4 2 + 1 6 12 + 7 8 + 6 5 14 4 3 + 1 7 2 3 2 3 A2 = 1 4 1 4 2 2 + 3 4 2 3 + 3 1 4 12 6 3 8 9 = = = 4 3 + 1 1 8 + 4 12 + 1 12 11 4 2 + 1 4

d.

e.

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Question 2

6 7 A = 2 1 1 3

4 B = and C = ( 2 3 1) 2

Find if possible:
a. AB b. CA c. CB

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Solution to question 2

6 7 A = 2 1 1 3

4 B = and C = ( 2 3 1) 2

Find if possible:
6 7 6 4 + 7 2 24 + 14 10 4 AB = 2 1 = 2 4 + 1 2 = 8 + 2 = 6 2 1 4 + 3 2 4 + 6 2 1 3
6 7 CA = ( 2 3 1) 2 1 1 3 = ( 2 6 + 3 2 + 1 1 2 7 + 3 1 + 1 3 ) = (12 6 + 1 14 3 + 3 ) = ( 7 14 )

a.

b.

c.

CB is not possible as the number of rows in the second matrix B is 2 and the number of rows in the first matrix A is 3.

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Question 3

The diagram shows three town A, B and C.

Write down the following:

a. b.

the direct route matrix. the two-stage route matrix.

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Solution to question 3

To A B C
a.

One stage-matrix is:

From

A0 1 2 0 1 2 B 1 0 1 = 1 0 1 C 2 1 0 2 1 0

b.

The two-stage matrix is found by squaring the one-stage matrix as shown below

0 1 2 0 1 2 0 0 + 1 1 + 2 2 0 1 + 1 0 + 2 1 0 2 + 1 1 + 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 = 1 0 + 0 1 + 1 2 1 1 + 0 0 + 1 1 1 2 + 0 1 + 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 0 + 1 1 + 0 2 2 1 + 1 0 + 0 1 2 2 + 1 1 + 0 0 0 + 1+ 4 0 + 0 + 2 0 + 1+ 0 = 0 + 0 + 2 1+ 0 + 1 2 + 0 + 0 0 + 1+ 0 2 + 0 + 0 4 + 1+ 0 5 2 1 = 2 2 2 1 2 5

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Question 4

The results of three football teams are show below in a matrix, with another matrix showing the allocation of the points. W D L X Y Z
6 2 1 3 5 1 2 0 4

Points W D L
3 1 0

Find the number of points for each team.

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Solution to question 4

W D L X Y Z
6 2 1 3 5 1 2 0 4

Points W D L
3 1 0

The number of points for each team is found by multiplying the two matrices together
6 2 1 3 6 3 + 2 1 + 1 0 18 + 2 + 0 20 3 5 1 1 = 3 3 + 5 1 + 1 0 = 9 + 5 + 0 = 14 2 0 4 0 2 3 + 0 1+ 4 0 6 + 0 + 0 6

Points which gives A 20 B 14 C 6

Hence team A has 20 points, team B 14 points and team C 6 points.

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Question 5

4 3 1 If M = . Find the inverse matrix M . 2 5

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Solution to question 5

a b 1 d b 1 If M = , then M = . ad bc c a c d 4 3 So if M = then 2 5
M 1 = = 5 3 1 ( 4 )( 5 ) ( 3 )( 2 ) 2 4

1 5 3 20 6 2 4 1 5 3 = 26 2 4 1 5 3 = 26 2 4

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Question 6

2 5 1 0 If AB = I , where A = and I = , find the matrix B. 4 1 0 1

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Solution to question 6

2 5 1 0 AB = I , where A = and I = 4 1 0 1

AB = I A AB = A1I IB = A1 B = A 1
a b 1 d b 1 Now if If M = , then M = . ad bc c a c d
1

Therefore
A 1 = = 1 5 1 ( 2 )(1) ( 5 )( 4 ) 4 2

1 1 5 2 20 4 2 1 1 5 = 18 4 2 1 1 5 = 18 4 2

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Question 7

2 7 3 2 If XY = and X = , find the matrix Y. 2 4 8 1

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Solution to question 7

2 7 3 2 XY = and X = 2 4 8 1 2 7 XY = 2 4 2 7 X 1 XY = X 1 2 4 2 7 IY = X 1 2 4 2 7 Y = X 1 2 4
X 1 = 1 2 1 ( 3 )( 1) ( 2 )( 8 ) 8 3 1 1 2 = 3 16 8 3 = 1 1 2 19 8 3 1 1 2 = 19 8 3

Y=

1 2 + 2 2 1 7 + 2 4 1 1 2 2 7 1 = 19 8 3 2 4 19 8 2 + ( 3 ) ( 2 ) 8 7 + ( 3 ) 4 7 + 8 1 2 15 1 24 = = 19 16 + 6 56 12 19 22 44

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Question 8

2 1 If the matrix has no inverse find the value of k. 4 k

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Solution to question 8

2 1 For the matrix to have no inverse then the determinant is equal to 4 k zero. Hence 2k ( 1)( 4 ) = 0

2k + 4 = 0 2k = 4 k = 2
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