SCORING PACKAGE FOR PREPARATORY CHEMISTRY

THIS PDF CONTAINS INFORMATION NEEDED TO SCORE 50M. Since 20Marks

is MCQ and Fill in the blanks and not theory questions. Some of the fill in the
blanks and MCQ will come from the pdf. But all theory questions are covered
in this PDF.

BEFORE LEARNING THE PDF, LOOK AT QUESTION NO PDF SENT IN GROUP.

ELECTROCHEM, SURFACE CHEM, ALDEHYDES KETONES ACIDS, AMINES,
ALCOHOLS PHENOLS ETHERS, COORDINATION IS NOT GIVEN IN PDF. IF
PROPERLY STUDY THIS YOU WILL DO WELL IN PAPER. IF YOU WANT TO
PREPARE OTHER CHAPTERS TOO, USE THE OTHER ANALYSIS PDF WHICH I
SENT BEFORE TO PREPARE IT. FIRST FINISH THIS THEN YOU CAN STUDY
ANYTHING ELSE, NO ISSUES. BEST OF LUCK..

1. Calculate the packing efficiency in simple cubic unit cell

2. Calculate the packing efficiency in body centered cubic unit cell.
3. Calculate the packing efficiency in face centered cubic unit cell or CCP.
4. Derive an integrated rate equation for the rate constant for a zero order
reaction. (J-2015, 2016, M-2017, J-2018)
Ans:
Consider the reaction RP
rate [R]0
d[R]
rate    [R]0 ([R]0  1)
dt
d[R]
  k 1
dt
d[R]  kdt
Integrationonboth sides
 d[R]  k  dt
[R]  kt  I (Where I  Integration cons tan t)
Whent  0 [R]  [R]0
[R]0  k  0  I
[R]0  I
[R]  kt [R]0
kt  [R]0 [R]
[R]0 [R]
k
t

PH-7411979425
 5. Derive an integrated rate equation for the rate constant for a first order
reaction. (M-2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, J-2017, 2019)
Consider the reaction RP
rate [R]1
d[R]
rate    [R]1
dt
d[R]
  k [R]1
dt
d[R]
 kdt
[R]

Integrationonboth sides
ln[R]  kt  I (Where I  Integrationcons tan t)
Whent  0 [R]  [R]0
ln[R]0  k  0  I
ln[R]0  I
ln[R]  kt  ln[R]0
kt  ln[R]0  ln[R]
[R]
kt  ln 0
[R]
2.303 [R]0
k log10
t [R]
6. Explain S N1 mechanism (Base hydrolysis of t-butyl bromide)
Ans: (Order=1)
Step 1: Formation of carbocation, which is a slow step
CH3 CH3

 

 
CH3  C  Br   CH3  C 
Slow Step
 Br 


CH3 CH3
t-butyl bromide t-butyl carbocation

Step 2: Attack of nucleophile on carbocation to form t-butyl alcohol

CH 3 CH3

CH3  C   
OH  F 
ast step
 CH3  C  OH

CH 3 CH3
t-butyl carbocation t-butyl alcohol

7. Explain S N2 mechanism (Base hydrolysis of methyl chloride)

Ans: (Order=2)

PH-7411979425
 OH- nucleophile attacks from back side forming transition state, C-Cl bond
is broken forming methyl alcohol

Methyl chloride Transition state Methyl alcohol

8. Write the mechanism of addition of HCN in presence of base on a

carbonyl compound (M-2016, J-2019)
Ans:

9. Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of Ethanol to

ethane

Ans:

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31. Write the equations of preparation of potassium dichromate from
chromite ore. (M-14,J-14,M-15,J-15,M-16,J-17,M-19,J-19,M-20,22)
Ans. Step 1: Chromite ore is roasted with sodium carbonate in excess of air to
get sodium chromate.
4FeCr2 O4 +8Na2 CO3 +7O 2  8Na2 CrO4 +2Fe2 O3 +8CO 2
 Step 2: Sodium chromate is acidified with sulphuric acid to give sodium
dichromate.
2Na2 CrO4 +2H+  Na 2Cr2O 7+2Na+ +H 2O
 Step 3: Potassium dichromate prepared by treating NaCl solution to sodium
dichromate
Na2 Cr2 O7 +2KCl  K2 Cr2 O7 +2NaCl

31. Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate from pyrolusite

ore. (J-2016, M-2017, M-2018)
Ans. Step 1: Pyrolusite ore is fused with KOH in presence oxidizing agent like O2
forming green potassium manganite.
2MnO 2 +4KOH+O 2  2K2 MnO4 +2H 2 O
Step 2: Potassium manganite ion undergoes disproportionation reaction in
acidic medium to give permanganate ion.
3MnO42- +4H+  2MnO-4+MnO 2+2H 2O

39. What is lanthanoid contraction? Write the reason for lanthanoid

contraction. (M-2014,M-2017,M-2022,J-2016,2018)
Ans. Gradual decrease in the atomic and ionic radii in Lanthanide series with
increase in atomic number is known as lanthanoid contraction.
Reason: Due to imperfect shielding effect of 4f electrons.
Consequences:
 The size of 4d and 5d series is similar
Eg: The almost identical radii of Zr, Hf & Nb ,Ta
 Difficulty in separation of Lanthanides due to similarity in chemical
Properties.
 Basicity of Lanthanide hydroxides decreases from La to Lu

40. Using VBT, explain hybridization, geometry, magnetic property of

[Co(NH3)6]3+ (Atomic no of Co=27)
Ans: Electronic configuration of Co3+ is [Ar] 3d6 4s0
Orbitals of Co3+ is

 When a strong ligand NH3 approaches central metal ion, spin pairing takes
place against Hund’s rule.

PH-7411979425
  Two 3d orbitals, one 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals undergoes d2sp3
 hybridization.






 6NH3 ligands donate 12electrons to central metal ion forming 6co-ordinate
 bonds






 Hybridization: d2sp3 hybridisation
 Geometry: Octahedral
 Magnetic property: Diamagnetic due to no unpaired electrons

36. Using VBT, explain hybridization, geometry, magnetic property of
[Co(F)6]3+ (Atomic no of Co=27)
Ans: Electronic configuration of Co3+ is [Ar] 3d6 4s0
Orbitals of Co3+ is

 When a weak ligand F- approaches central metal ion, spin pairing does not
 takes place against Hund’s rule.






 One 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals and two 4d orbitals, undergoes sp3d2

hybridization.

PH-7411979425
  6F- ligands donate 12electrons to central metal ion forming 6co-ordinate
bonds

 Hybridization: sp3d2 hybridization

 Geometry: Octahedral
 Magnetic property: Paramagnetic due to unpaired electrons

37. Using VBT, explain hybridization, geometry, magnetic property of

[Ni(CN)4]2- (Atomic no of Ni=28)
Ans: Electronic configuration of Ni2+ is [Ar] 3d8 4s0
Orbitals of Ni2+ is

 When a strong ligand CN- approaches central metal ion, spin pairing takes
 place against Hund’s rule.






 One 4d orbital, One 4s orbital, two 4p orbitals, undergoes dsp2

 hybridization.






 4CN- ligands donate 8electrons to central metal ion forming 6co-ordinate

 bonds






 Hybridization: dsp2 hybridization

 Geometry: Square planar
 Magnetic property: Diamagnetic due to no unpaired electrons

37. Using VBT, explain hybridization, geometry, magnetic property of

[Ni(Cl)4]2- (Atomic no of Ni=28)

PH-7411979425
Ans: Electronic configuration of Ni2+ is [Ar] 3d8 4s0
Orbitals of Ni2+ is

 When a weak ligand Cl- approaches central metal ion, spin pairing does not
takes place against Hund’s rule.

 One 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals, undergoes sp3 hybridization.

 4Cl- ligands donate 8electrons to central metal ion forming 6co-ordinate

bonds

 Hybridization: sp3 hybridization

 Geometry: Tetrahedral
 Magnetic property: Paramagnetic due to unpaired electrons

1. 1.00g of non electrolyte solute is dissolved in 50g of Benzene lowered

the FP of benzene by 0.40K. The FP constant is 5.12Kkg/mol. Find
Molar mass of Solute (M-2017)
ΔT =K W2 ×1000  0.40= 5.12×1.00×1000
f f
M 2 W1 M 2 ×50
Ans:
5.12×1.00×1000
M 2= =256g/mole
0.40×50

2. 31g of unknown molecular material is dissolved in 500g of water. The

resulting solution freezes at 271.14K. Calculate molar mass of solute.
(Given Kf=1.86Kkg/mole, T0 of water is 273K)
ΔT =K W2 ×1000
f f
M 2 W1
ΔTf =Tf -Tf 0 =273-271.14=1.86K
1.86×31.0×1000
1.86= =62g/mole
M2×500

3. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. when 1.80g of a non-volatile

solute was dissolved in 90g of benzene, the boiling point was raised to

PH-7411979425
 354.11 K. calculate the molar mass of the solute.(K b for benzene=2.53 K
kg mol-1) (J-2015)
W2 1000
ΔT =K × ×
b b
M2 W1
ΔTb =Tb -Tb0 =354.11-353.23=0.88K
2.53×1.8×1000
0.88= =57.5g/mole
M2×90

4. 200cm3 of aqueous solution contains 1.26g of protein. The OP of such

solution at 300K is found to be 2.57×10 -3bar. Calculate the molar mass
of Protein. (R=0.0821 L-atm/mole-K)
W2 W2×RT
πV= ×RT=M =
M2 2
πV
π=2.57×10-3 bar V=200cm3 =0.2L T=300K W2 =1.26g
1.26×0.0821×300
M = =60.37×103g/mole
2
2.57×10-3×0.2

5. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850

bar. When 0.5g of a non-volatile solute is added to 39.0g of benzene
[molar mass of benzene 78g mol-1], the vapour pressure of the solution
becomes 0.845 bar, what is the molar mass of the non-volatile solute?
(J-2014,J-2017)
P0 -P W2 ×M1
=
P0 M2 ×W1
P0 =0.850bar:P=0.845bar:M =78g/mole:W
1 =0.5g:W
2 =39g
1

0.850-0.845 0.5×78
= =170g/mole
0.850 M2 ×39

6. 5.8g of non-volatile solute was dissolved in 100g of carbon disulphide.

The vapour pressure if the solution was found to be 190mm of Hg.
Calculate molar mass of solute. Vapour pressure of pure Carbon
disulphide is 195mm of Hg. (Molar mass of CS2=76g/mole) (M-2016)
P0 -P W2 ×M1
=
P0 M2 ×W1
P0 =195mm of Hg: P=190mm of Hg: M1 =76g/mole W2 =5.8g: W1 =100g
195-190 5.8×76 =171.19g/mole
=
195 M2 ×100
7. 300cm3 of aqueous solution contains 2.12g of protein. The OP of such
solution at 270C is found to be 3.89×10 -3bar. Calculate the molar mass
of Protein. (R=0.0821 L-atm/mole-K) (J-2016)

PH-7411979425
 W2 W2×RT
πV= ×RT=M =
M2 2
πV
π=3.89×10-3bar V=300cm3 =0.3L T=(27+273)K W2 =2.12g
2.12×0.0821×300
M = =44.74×103g/mole
2
3.89×10-3×0.3

8. 18g of unknown molecular material is dissolved in 200g of water. The

resulting solution freezes at 272.07K. Calculate molar mass of solute.
(Given Kf=1.86Kkg/mole, T0 of water is 273K) (M-2015)
W2 1000
ΔT =K × ×
f f
M2 W1
ΔTf =Tf -Tf0 =273-272.07=0.93K
1.86×18.0×1000
0.93= =182g/mole
M2 ×200
9. Vapour pressure of benzene is 200mm of Hg. When 2g of non volatile
solute is dissolved in 78g of benzene. Benzene has vapour pressure of
195mm of Hg. Calculate molar mass of solute (Molar mass of benzene is
78g/mole) (M-2020)
P0 =200mm of Hg,P=195mm of Hg, W 2=2g, W 1=78g, M 1=78g/mole
P0 -P W2 M1 200-195 2 78
0
= × = = ×
P M2 W1 200 M2 78
M2 =80g/mole
10. On dissolving, 2.34g of solute in 40g of benzene, the boiling point of
solution was higher than that of benzene 0.81K. Kb is 2.53Kkg/mole.
Calculate molar mass of solute. (M-2014)
W2 1000
ΔT =K × ×
b b
M2 W1
2.53×2.34×1000
0.81=
M2×40
M2 =182.7g/mole

FOURTH MAIN ANSWERS: Q.No 37 to 41. Out of which 4 needs to be

attended. So we will attend Q.37 (Solids), 38 (Solutions), 40(Chem kinetics). If
you want to attend 39 (Electrochemistry) and 41 (Surface Chemistry), you
can.

SOLUTION: QUESTION NO 38
 Question no 38a: Numerical of Solution
 Question no 38b: Definition given below
1. Define molarity, molality and mole fraction? How does it vary with
temperature and write its unit.
MOLARITY MOLALITY MOLE FRACTION

PH-7411979425
 It is defined as the number It is defined as the It is defined as
of moles of solute dissolved number of moles of the ratio of
in one litre of the solution. solute per kilogram of number of moles
No of moles of solute the solvent. of the component
M=
No of moles of solute to the total
Volumeof solution in litre m= number of moles
Unit of molarity: moles/L
Mass of solvent in kg
of all the
Molarity depends on Unit of molarity: components
temperature. moles/Kg nSolute
1 Molarity independent X solute =
Molarity α of temperature
n Solute +n solvent
Temperature (Molarity never Unit: NO UNIT
changes with It does not
temperature) depend on
temperature

2. What are the factors affecting solubility of gas in liquid? (J-2014,17)

Pressure α Solubility of gas in liquid
Ans: 1
Temperature α
Solubilityof gasin liquid

3. State Henry’s Law and its applications. (M-14, M-18)

Ans: Henry’s Law: “At constant temperature solubility of a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas present above the
solution.”
PαX
P= KH .X KH depends on the nature of the gas and temperature.
KH =Henry'sconstant
Applications:
(a) To increase the solubility of CO 2 in soft drink and soda water, the bottle is
sealed under high pressure.
(b) At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen is less. This leads to low
concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high
altitudes and become weak and unable to think properly (ANOXIA)

4. State Raoult’s law of liquid-liquid dilute solutions? Write a mathematical

expression for it. (J-2019)
Ans: “ For a volatile solution, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the
solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution.”

5. Differentiate b/w ideal solution & non-ideal solution. (M-16, J-15, J-18)
Ideal solution: Non-ideal solution:
1)The solution which obey 1)The solution which doesn’t obey
Raoult’s law over the entire range Raoul’s law over the entire range
of concentration of concentration
2) Vmixing  0 2) Vmixing  0

PH-7411979425
 3) Hmixing  0
4) Components A and B can be
completely separated by fractional
distillation
5) Plots b/w vapour pressure and
mole fraction is linear
6) During mixing force of attraction
Does not changes.
Eg: Benzene + Toulene, n-Hexane + n-
Heptane, Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
3) Hmixing  0
4) Components A and B
cannot be separated by fractional
distillation
5) Plots of vapour pressure and mole
fractions forms curves
6) During mixing, force of attraction
Changes.
Eg: Phenol + Aniline, Ethanol + Water
+

6. What are azeotropes? Give an example. (M-2020)

Ans: Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and
vapour phase and boil at a constant temperature.
Eg: 95.5%Ethanol +4.5% water mixture (Minimum Boiling Azeotrope)
68%Nitric acid +32%water mixture (Maximum Boiling Azeotrope)

7. What is Reverse Osmosis? Write one application of it. (M-2017,2019)

Ans: When external pressure applied on SOLUTION is greater than osmotic
pressure, pure solvent flows from solution to solvent through semipermeable
membrane. This is called Reverse osmosis
Application: It is used in desalination of sea water.

8. What are isotonic solutions? Give example (M-2015,J-2018)

Ans: Two different solutions having same osmotic pressure are called isotonic
solution.
Ex: 0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl is solution is isotonic to fluid inside the blood
cell.
9. What is hypertonic solution? Give example
Ans: The solution having more osmotic pressure than other is called hypertonic
solution.

10. What is hypotonic solution? Give example

Ans: The solution having less osmotic pressure than other is called hypotonic
solution.

11. Write differences between Hypertonic and hypotonic solution.

Hypotonic soln
The solution having less osmotic
pressure than other
Cell swells
Size blood cell when it is placed in a
solution containing less than
0.9%(m/v) sodium chloride, Size of
blood cell swells
Hypertonic soln
The solution having more osmotic
pressure than other
Cell shrinks
Size blood cell when it is placed in a
solution containing more than
0.9%(m/v) sodium chloride, Size of
blood cell shrinks

12. What is Van’t Hoff Factor? Calculate Vant Hoff Factor for

PH-7411979425
 a) Dimerisation of Acetic acid b) KCl c) K 2SO 4 d) NaCl e) Glucose
f) Urea g) Dimerisation of ethanoic acid h) CaCO 3 i) MgSO 4 (M-
2017,2018, 2020)
Ans: Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ to account for the extent of association or dissociation
of a solute
total number of moles of particles after association or dissociation
i=
Numberof moles of particles before association or dissociation

Van’t Hoff Factor for

a) Dimerisation of Acetic acid= 0.5
b) KCl= 2
c) K2SO4=3
d) NaCl=2
e) Glucose=1
f)Urea=1
g) Ethanoic acid=0.5

13. Van’t Hoff factor for a solutions is a) less than one b) greater than one,
what does it indicate? (M-2016, 2018, 2017)
Ans: a) It indicates association of the solute.
b) It indicates dissociation of the solute.

14. Why vant hoff factor of acetic acid is 0.5.

Ans: Because molecules of ethanoic acid undergoes dimerisation due to hydrogen
bonding.

15. What is Colligative Property?

Ans: The properties of dilute solution which depend on the number of solute
particles irrespective of their nature of solute particles.
a) Osmotic pressure
b) Relative lowering of vapour pressure
c) Elevation in Boiling point
d) Depression in Freezing point

13. Mention the types of non-ideal solutions. (CAN COME IN MCQ)

Ans: There are two types
(a) Non-ideal solution with positive deviation from Raoult’s law
Ex: Mixtures of ethanol and acetone, Ethanol+water, Ethanol+chloroform,
Carbon disulphide+Acetone
(b) Non-ideal solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law
Ex: Mixture of phenol and aniline, Choroform+acetone, HCl+water, Nitric
acid+water

14. Differentiate between positive deviation and negative deviation from

Raoult’s law.
Non ideal solution with positive Non ideal solution with negative
Deviation Deviation
In this solvent-solute interactions In this solvent-solute interactions
are weaker than solvent-solvent and are stronger than solvent-solvent
solute-solute interactions. and solute-solute interactions.

PH-7411979425
 Vmixing  ve (Increases)
Hmixing  ve (Increases)
Forms minimum boiling azeotrope
Force of attraction after mixing
decreases
Vmixing  ve (Decreases)
Hmixing  ve (Decreases)
Forms maximum boiling azeotrope
Force of attraction after mixing
increases

15. What is Semi-Permeable membrane (SPM)? Give examples.

Ans: It is a membrane which allows only solvent molecules to pass through it but
not the solute molecules.
Ex: Pig’s bladder (Natural SPM)
Cellophane (Synthetic SPM)

16. What is Osmotic Pressure? Write an expression for OP?

Ans: The amount of external pressure required to prevent movement of solvent
molecules from solvent to solution through semi-permeable membrane is
called osmotic pressure.
V  nRT
NOTE: Osmotic pressure used in determining molar masses of proteins,
polymers and macromolecules

17. State Raoult’s law of relative lowering of vapour pressure (J-2017)

Ans: It states that the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to
the mole fraction of the solute.
Po  P 
X
Solute
Po

18. Among 1M glucose, 1M NaCl, 1M BaCl2 which has higher osmotic pressure,
vapour pressure, boiling point and freezing point
 Osmotic pressure: OP α i so, 1M BaCl2> 1M NaCl>1M glucose
 Vapour pressure: Lowering of VP α i so,1M BaCl2<1M NaCl<1M glucose
 Boiling point: Elevation BP α i so, 1M BaCl2> 1M NaCl>1M glucose
 Freezing point: Decrease in FP α i so, 1M BaCl2< 1M NaCl<1M glucose

QUESTION NO 40: CHEMICAL KINETICS

 40 a) First order or Zero order derivation
 40 b are the questions given below

1. Show the effect of catalyst on the rate of the reaction with the graph.
(M-2016,M-2018,J-2018)
Ans:

 NOTE: Gibbs free energy does and

equilibrium constant do not change on
adding catalyst
 Only Energy of activation decreases on
adding catalyst.

PH-7411979425
2. Write the factors affecting Effective collision of a reaction (M-2020, M-
2015)
Ans: 1. Activation energy.
2. Proper orientation of the molecule

3. Write Arrhenius equation and explain its terms. (TO EXPLAIN EFFECT
OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF REACTION) (M-2017)

k  A.e
Ea/RT
Ans:
Where, k=rate constant
A=Arrhenius factor or frequency factor
Ea=Activation energy (J/mole)
R=Gas constant
T=Temperature
-Ea/RT

e = Fraction of molecules which can cross Ea

Note: 1 E
Slopeof lnK v/s is - a
T R

4. Derive the expression for half-life of zero order reaction (OR) Show that
half-life is dependent on initial concentration of reactant. (M-2017)
[R]0 [R]
Ans: For the zero order reaction, k 
t
[R]0
At t  t 1/2 , ,[R] 
2
[R]0
[R] -
t1/2 =
0
2  t = 2[R]0 -[R]0  t = [R]0
1/2 1/2
k 2k 2k

5. Derive the expression for half-life of first order reaction. (OR) Show that
half-life is independent on intial concentration of reactants. (M-2014, J-
2014)
Ans: For the first order reaction,

2.303 [R]
k log 0
t [R]
[R]0
At t  t , ,[R] 
1/2
2

2.303 [R]0  t = 2.303 log 2  t = 2.303×0.3010  t = 0.693

k= log 1/2 10 1/2 1/2
t1/2 [R]0 k k k
2
6. Write the differences between Order and Molecularity. (J-2014)
Order Molecularity
Sum of the powers of the 1. It is defined as the number of
Concentration terms of the reacting species taking part in an
reactants in an experimentally elementary reaction, which must
determined rate law expression. collide simultaneously in order to
bring about a chemical reaction.

PH-7411979425
 2. It is an experimental quantity.
3. It can be zero or even a fraction.
4. It is applicable to elementary as
well as complex reactions.
2. It is a theoretical quantity.
3. It cannot be zero or a non-
integer.
4. It is applicable to only elementary
reactions.

7. Calculate the overall order of a reaction which has the rate expression
a) Rate= K [A]1/2[B]3/2 b) Rate=K[A]3/2[B]-1
1 3
a) Order= + =2
2 2
Ans:
3 1
b) Order= -1=
2 2

8. Write the S.I. units for rate constant of

a) First b) Zero
1-n
c) Second order reactions.
 Mol 
(Trick:   sec , n= order of reaction) (J-2019)
-1

 L 
Ans: a) First order reaction: sec-1
b) Zero order reaction: mol L-1sec-1
c) Second order reaction: Lmol1 sec1

9. Identify the order of reaction from the rate constants.

a) k=2.3×10-5Lmol-1s-1 b) 3×10-4s-1 c) k=25×10-3 mol/L/sec
Ans: a) Second order reaction
b) First order reaction
c) Zero order reaction

10. Give example for a) First order b) Zero order (J-2014)

c) Second order
Ans; a) Radioactive decay and hydrogenation of ethene is first order
b) Decomposition of ammonia on Pt surface and Decomposition of HI on gold
surface and all photochemical reactions is zero order.
c) Saponification of oil is second order

11. Give example for a) Unimolecular b) Bimolecular c) Termolecular

Ans: Unimolecular reaction: CaCO H 
eat
CaO  CO
3 2

Bimolecular reaction: H2  I2  2HI

Termolecular reaction: 2NO  O2  2NO2

12. Draw a graph for first and zero order reaction. What is the slope and
intercept of the line. (M-2017)

Zero Order First Order

PH-7411979425
 Slope= -k Slope= -k
Intercept=[R] o Intercept=ln[R] o

13. What is a pseudo-first order reaction? Give example. (M-2019,2014)

Ans: Higher order reactions can be converted into first order by changing the
experimental conditions is called first order reaction.
Eg:Inversion of cane sugar:
C12 H 22 O11 +H 2O HC 6 H12 O 6 +C 6H12O 6
+

14. Define the terms a) Activation energy (E a) b) Threshold energy

Ans: a) The minimum excess energy acquired by reacting molecules to form
activated complex is called activation energy
b) The minimum energy the reacting molecule should possess in order to
form the products is called threshold energy.

15. Draw energy distribution curve for effect of temperature on rate of

reaction. /Effect of temperature on rate of reaction. (J-2016)
Ans:

16.
What is Temperature Co-efficient of a reaction?
Ans: It is defined as the ratio of rate constant at T+100C and rate constant at T0C
K 0

Temperature co  efficient  T 10 C

 2 or 3
K T0 C

17. Temperature Co-efficient of the reaction is 2. How much rate of the

reaction changes when temperature changes from
T2 T1
a) 20o to 50oC b) 300 to 360K (Trick: TC 10 )

Ans: a) 8times (23) b) 64times (26times)

PH-7411979425
18. Calculate Half life of first order reaction whose rate constant is
5.51014 S 1 (J-2017)

Ans: 0.693  0.693  t  1.26 1013 sec

t1/2   t1/ 2 


k 5.51014 1/ 2

19. A first reaction is 10% complete in 10minutes. Calculate the time

taken for 90% completion of the reaction.
Ans: Case1:
[R]0  100,[R]  100 10  90, t  10 min
2.303 [R]0 2.303 100 2.303
k log  log  log1.111  0.0105 min1
t [R] 10 90 10
Case 2:
[R]0  100,[R]  100  90  10, t  ?
2.303 [R] 2.303 100
k log 0  log
t [R] t 10
2.303 100
0.0105 min1  log
t 10
t  219.33min
20. The specific reaction rate of the reaction quadruples when the
temperature changes from 30 0C to 50 0C. Calculate the energy of
activation of the reaction. (J-2014, M-2020)
k2
Ans: log  Ea T2  T1 
k1 2.303R  T1T2 

k2
=4,T =300C=300 +273=303K,T =500C=500 +273=323K
1 2
k1
Ea
log4= 323K-303K 
2.303×8.314  323×303 
log4×2.303×8.314×303×323
Ea=
20
Ea=56414J/mole=56.414KJ/mole

21. The rate of the reaction increases by 2times when temperature of the
reaction is raised from 300K to 310K. Calculate the Ea of the reaction.
(J-2014)

PH-7411979425
 k2 Ea
log =  1 1 
k 2.303R  T - T 
 

1  1 2 
k2
=2,T =300K,T =310K
1 2
k1
Ea
log2=  310K-300K 



2.303×8.314  310×300 

log2×2.303×8.314×300×310
Ea=
10
Ea=53598J/mole=53.598KJ/mole

22. 75% of the first order reaction is completed in 30min. Calculate rate
constant of the reaction. (J-2016)
2.303 R0
k log
t  R
2.303 100
k log
30 25
2.303 2.303 0.6021
k  log 4   0.04622 min1
30 30

23. 50% of first order reaction is completed in 40min. Calculate time

required to complete 65% of reaction
0.693 0.693
k   0.0173 min1
t1 40
2

R0 2.303 100

R  100  65
2.303
t log  log
k R 0.0173 35
2.303 2.303
t log 2.875   0.4559  60.58 min
0.0173 0.0173

24. What are the factors effecting rate of reaction? (J-2019, M-2020, 22)
Ans; a) Nature of reactants b) Concentration of reactants
c) Temperature d) Catalyst

PH-7411979425
 How to write rateof reaction.
Eg: aA+bB  cC+dD
1 Δ[A]
Rateof decomposition/Rateof consumption of A=-
a Δt
1 Δ[B]
Rateof decomposition/Rateof consumption of B=-
b Δt
1 Δ[C]
Rateof formation/Rateof production of C=+
c Δt
1 Δ[D]
Rateof formation/Rateof production of D=+
d Δt
1 Δ[A] 1 Δ[B] 1 Δ[C] 1 Δ[D]
Rateof reaction=- =- =+ =+
a Δt b Δt c Δt d Δt
25. For a reaction, 2R→P, Concentration of R decreases from 0.5mol/L to
0.4mol/L in 10minutes. Calculate rate in this interval. (J-2017)
1 Δ[A] 1 [A]2 -[A]1  1 (0.5-0.4)
Ans: Rateof reaction=- =- =- =0.005mole/L/sec
 
2 Δt 2 t -t 2 10
 2 1 

III MAIN QUESTIONS: This main contains Q. No 29 to 36. Out of which only 4
needs to be attended.

QUESTION NO 34: Manufacture of Potassium Permanganate and Dichromate

done before

QUESTION NO 30: VBT for FOUR complexes done before

QUESTION NO 33: Give reasons from d-block elements

CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC MOMENT USING SPIN ONLY FORMULA:

PH-7411979425
1. Give reasons: Why d-block elements are or show
COLOUR MAGNETIC VARIABLE COMPLEX GOOD
PROPERTY OXIDATION FORMATION CATALYSTS
STATE
i) Due to the i) Magnetic i) Energy i) High i) Partially
presence of properties is differences polarizing filled (n-1) d
unpaired because of between (n- power (Small orbital.
electron in unpaired 1)d and ns size and high
d-orbital electrons in d- electrons are charge) ii) Variable
orbitals. less oxidation
ii) Due to the ii) Provide state.
ability to ii) If it has ii) Both(n-1)d vacant d-
undergo d-d unpaired and ns orbitals for iii) Provide a
transition. electrons in d- electrons are suitable

PH-7411979425
 orbital then it involved in bond surface for
paramagnetic, if bonding formation. the reaction
unpaired to take place.
electrons is
absent then
diamagnetic.

2. What are interstitial compounds? Give example. (M-2019)

Ans. Non stoichiometric compounds formed when small atoms like H, C or N are
trapped inside the interstitial sites of crystal lattices of transition metals
Eg: TiC, VH0.56
Two physical characteristics of interstitial compounds are:
 High melting points, higher than those of pure metals.
 Very hard and they retain metallic conductivity.
 Chemically inert

3. Zinc, cadmium and mercury of group 12 are not regarded as transition

metals (or) pseudo transition elements, Why?
Ans. Zinc, cadmium and mercury have full d10 configuration (d orbitals are
completely filled in their ground state as well as in their common oxidation
states

4. The outer electronic configuration of Cr is 3d 54s1 instead of 3d44s2, and

Cu is 3d104s1 instead of 3d94s2, why? (J-2019)
Ans. Extra stability of half-filled 3d5 orbital for Cr
Extra stability of full-filled 3d10 orbital for Cu

4. The second ionisation enthalpy is high for Chromium and Copper, why?
(M-2015, J-2019)
Ans: The second ionisation enthalpy is unusually high values for Cr and Cu
because after losing one electron, Cr and Cu becomes half filled
extrastable and full filled extrastable, so it requires more energy to remove
next electron.

5. Answer all of the following: (M-2016, J-2014, J-2019, M-2017)

Name the 3d element which has Mn (+7)

maximum number of oxidation
states
Name the 3d element which do not Sc (+3)
show variable oxidation state
Name the 3d element with lowest Cu (+1)
Oxidation state

6. Give reasons: (SIMILAR TYPE WILL COME)

Cu is paramagnetic
2+ Spin magnetic moment Zn2+ is diamagnetic in
but Cu+ is diamagnetic. of Sc3+ is zero (M-2015) nature.

PH-7411979425
 Cu2+ is paramagnetic Sc3+ magnetic moment is Zn2+(Z=30) 3d10
because of d9 zero because of d0 configuration no
configuration has configuration has no unpaired electron, n=0,
unpaired electrons but unpaired electrons. μ=0 so its diamagnetic
Cu+ is diamagnetic
because of d10
configuration has no
unpaired electrons.

7. Give reasons: (SIMILAR TYPE WILL COME,)

Cu2+ is coloured but Ti4+ is colourless but Sc3+ is colourless but
Cu is not coloured.
+ Cr3+ are coloured Cr3+ are coloured
salts (M-2014) salts (M-2016)
Cu2+ is coloured Ti4+ is colourless Sc3+ is colourless
because of 3d 9 because of 3d0 because of 3d0
configuration has configuration has no configuration has no
unpaired electrons unpaired electrons unpaired
which facilitates d-d but Cr3+ is coloured electrons so no d-d
transition but Cu is
+ because unpaired transition but Cr3+ is
not coloured because of electrons which coloured because
3d10configuration has facilitates d-d unpaired
no unpaired electrons. transition. electrons which
facilitates d-d
transition.

8. Many Cu(I) are compounds are unstable in aqueous solution and

undergoes disproportionation why? (MP-2020)
Ans: Stability of Cu2+ ion is more than Cu + ion due to negative hydration
enthalpy of Cu2+ so Cu+ undergoes disproportionation reaction to form Cu2+
and Cu 2Cu   Cu2  Cu

9. Write the general electronic configuration of d block elements and 3d

series
Ans. d-block elements: [noble gas] (n-1)d1-10ns1-2
3d elements: [Ar] 4s1-2 3d1-10

V MAIN: Q.NO 42-47 AND FROM THIS ONLY THREE MUST BE ATTENDED. WE
WILL PREPARE HALOALKANES AND ARENES, BIOMOLECULES, POLYMERS,
AMINES.
Q.NO 36: BIOMOLECULES (2M HAWORTH + 2M DEFINITION + 1M)

1. Write the Haworth structure of Lactose. (J-2015, 2017, M-2018)

Ans:

PH-7411979425
2. Write the Haworth structure of maltose.(M-2014,2015,2019,J-2016)

Ans:

3. Write the Haworth structure of sucrose.

Ans:

5. Prove that Glucose has a) 6C-atoms b) 5-OH groups c) C=O group d)

CHO group e) Primary alcoholic group (CH 2OH)
Ans: a) Glucose has 6C-atoms: Glucose on reduction on heating HI in Red P, n-
Hexane is formed.
Glucose H    n-hexane
I+Red P +Heat

b) Glucose has 5-OH groups: Glucose on reacting with acetic anhydride

forms Glucose penta-acetate.
Glucose A   Glucose penta acetate
ceticanhydride

c) Glucose has Carbonyl (C=O) group: Glucose on reacting HCN in presence

of OH- forms Glucose cyanohydrin.
Glucose H  Glucose Cyanohydrin
-
CN+OH

d) Glucose has –CHO Aldehydic group: Glucose on oxidation with Bromine

water forms Gluconic acid.
Glucose B 
r water
2
 Gluconic acid
e) Glucose has Primary alcoholic group: Glucose on oxidation with
Bromine water forms Saccharic acid.
Glucose C  Saccharic acid
onc HNO3

PH-7411979425
6. What are non-reducing sugars? Give examples
Ans: The sugars which cannot reduce Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s solution are
reducing sugars. Eg: Sucrose

7. What is peptide bond? How is it formed? (M-2019, J-2019)

Ans: It is the amide (-CONH-) bond present between two amino acids units formed
by elimination of water molecule from -COOH group and −NH2 group of
adjacent amino acids in a peptide is called peptide bond.
H O
H 2 N  CH  COOH  H 2N  CH  COOH 2 
 H 2N  CH CONH  CH  COOH

R1 R2 R1 R2
Eg: When Glycine reacts with alanine, glycylalanine is formed.
H O
H 2 N  CH  COOH  H 2N  CH  COOH  
 H 2N  CH CONH  CH  COOH
2

H CH3 H CH3

10. How many peptide bonds are present in a) Dipeptide b) Tripeptide c)

Tetrapeptide d) Pentapeptide e) Polypeptide?(J-2017, M-2019, J-2018)
Ans: a) One (Formed by two amino acids [a-a])
b) Two (Formed by three amino acids [a-a-a])
c) Three (Formed by four amino acids [a-a-a-a])
d) Four (Formed by five amino acids [a-a-a-a-a])
e) (n 1) Peptide bonds n = number of amino acids

11. Write the differences b/w fibrous and globular proteins. (M-2017, J-
2016)
Fibrous proteins Globular proteins
These are proteins which have parallel These are the proteins which are
fibre like structure globular in shape
Polypeptide chains run parallel to each The polypeptide chain coil around
other around each other
Insoluble in water Soluble in water
Ex : Keratin , Myosin Eg: Insulin , Albumin

12. Write a note on structure of proteins.

Ans: Primary structure: Corresponds specific sequence of amino acids of amino
acids in polypeptide chains.
Secondary structure: It refers to the shape in which a long polypeptide
chain can exist.
Tertiary structure: It represents overall folding of the polypeptide chains
results in fibrous and globular proteins.
 The main force which stabilize secondary and tertiary structures are
hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, vanderwaal’s forces and electrostatic
forces.

PH-7411979425
 Quaternary structure: It refers to spatial arrangement of subunits in
peptide chain.

13. What is denaturation of proteins? Which structures remains intact and

loses by denaturation proteins? Give an example. (J-2017, M-2020)
Ans: Loss of biological activity of proteins and change in three dimensional
structure of proteins due to action of heat, change in pH.
 Due to denaturation of proteins, the proteins loses their secondary and
tertiary structure but primary structure remains intact.
 Eg: Coagulation of egg white on boiling, curdling of milk

14. What is zwitter ion of an amino acid? Write the general structure of
zwitter ion. (J-2017, J-2018)
Ans: Dipolar ion formed in aqueous
solution of amino acid. In aqueous
solution of amino acids, NH2 group
accepts H+ and COOH group donate
H+ is called zwitter ion

15. Write the zwitter ion structures of a) Glycine b) Alanine (M-2018)

a) Zwitter ionof Glycine : b) Zwitter Ionof Alanine
 
N H3  CH  COO  N H3  CH  COO 

H CH3

16. What are a) Essential amino acids b) Non essential amino acids? Give
example (J-2017, M-2018, J-2018)
Ans: Essential amino acids: Amino acids that cannot be synthesised in the body,
and must be taken through diet. Eg: Lysine, Leucine etc.
Non-essential amino acids: Amino acids that can be synthesised in the body
so need not be taken in the form of diet. Eg: Glycine, Alanine etc.

17. Write the functions and type of the following hormones:

a) Insulin and glucogon b) Epinephrine
c) Thyroxine d) Estrogens and androgens
Type Example Function
Polypeptide Insulin, glucagon Maintains blood sugar
level
Amino acid derivatives Epinephrine Brings out response to
stimuli
Amino acid derivatives Thyroxine (iodine Growth and development
containing hormone)
Steroids Estrogen and androgens Development of secondary
sexual characters

PH-7411979425
18. Write the differences between Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.
(M-2017)
Fat soluble vitamins Water soluble vitamins
Vitamins which are soluble in fat Vitamins which are soluble in water
They are stored in liver and adipose They cannot be stored in our body and
tissue excreted in the form of urine
Ex : Vitamin A, D, E, K Ex : Vitamin B, C

19. Name the vitamin which is stored in liver and adipose tissue.
Ans: Vitamin A, D, E, K

20. Name the vitamins which cannot be stored in our body.

Ans: Vitamin B, C

21. Write the deficiency diseases caused due to following vitamins

Vitamins Deficiency diseases
Vitamin A Night blindness
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Beri beri
Vitamin C ( Ascorbic acid ) Scurvy
Vitamin D Rickets
Vitamin B12 Pernicious Anaemia
Vitamin K Increasing time for blood clotting
Vitamin B2 Cheilosis

22. Write the components of DNA and RNA.

DNA RNA
a) Nitrogenous bases a) Nitrogenous bases
b)   D  2  deoxyribose sugar b)   D  ribose sugar
c) Phosphoric acid units. c) Phosphoric acid units.

23. Name the nitrogen present in DNA but not in RNA.

Ans: Thymine

24. Name the nitrogen present in RNA but not in DNA.

Ans: Uracil

25. Name the nitrogen bases present in RNA and DNA

RNA DNA
a) Adenine a) Adenine
b) Guanine b) Guanine
c) Cytosine c) Cytosine
d) Uracil d) Thymine

26. What are nucleotides and nucleosides?

Ans: Nitrogenous base + Pentose sugar → Nucleoside
Nitrogenous base + Pentose sugar + Phosphoric acid group→ Nucleotide.
Polymer of Nucleotide→ Polynucleotide

29. How is carbohydrates classified based on nature of hydrolysis? Give

examples.
Ans: Monosaccharides: Monosaccharides are the simple sugars which do not
undergo hydrolysis. Eg: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose etc..

PH-7411979425
  Oligosaccharides: Oligosaccharides are the sugars which undergo
hydrolysis to give 2 to 10 monosaccharaide units. Eg: Maltose, Lactose,
Sucrose etc..
 Disaccharides: Disaccharides are the sugars which undergo hydrolysis to
give 2 monosaccharide units. Eg: Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose etc..
 Polysaccharides: Polysaccharides are the carbohydrates which undergo
hydrolysis to give more than 10 (many) monosaccharide units. Eg: Starch,
Cellulose, Glycogen etc..

30. How are Monosaccharides classified? Give examples.

Ans: a) Based on the functional groups:
i) Aldoses: These carbohydrates contain aldehyde as functional group.
Eg: Glucose, Galactose etc..
ii) Ketoses: These carbohydrates contain ketone as functional group.
Eg: Fructose etc..
b) Based on the number of carbon atoms present.
i) Pentoses: The monosaccharide which contains only five carbon atoms.
Eg: Ribose, Deoxyribose etc..
ii) Hexoses: The monosaccharide which contains only six carbon atoms. Eg:
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose etc..

31. What are anomers? Give example.

Ans: The two forms which differ only in configuration at any one carbon atom are
called anomers. Eg: α-D-(+)-Glucose and β-D-(+)-Glucose are C-1 anomers.

32. Why Sucrose is called Invert sugar?

Ans: Sucrose is dextrorotatory substances, but after hydrolysis the mixture is
laevorotatory. Thus hydrolysis brings about change in sign of rotation and
hence it is called invert sugar.

33. Why Sucrose is non reducing sugar?

Ans: Sucrose is non-reducing sugar because it has no free aldehyde and no
ketonic group adjacent to CHOH , because both aldehyde and ketone group
are involved in glyosidic linkage

34. What are the components of starch? Write the differences between
amylose and amylopectin. (M-2014)
Amylose Amylopectin
It is the water soluble component of It is the water insoluble component of
starch starch
It constitutes about 15-20% of starch It constitutes about 85% of starch
It is a linear polymer if   D() glucose It is a branched polymer if   D()
units linked through 1-4 positions glucose units linked through 1-4
positions. Branching takes place at
every place at every 24-30 glucose
units through C1  C6 glycosidic linkage

PH-7411979425
35. Write the differences between Starch and Glycogen.
Starch Glycogen
It is the storage polysaccharide in It is the storage polysaccharide in
plants animals
Starch has both linear and branched Glycogen has branched polymers in
polymers in them them like amlyopectin
Made of two components a)Amylose Made up of one component
b)Amylopectin

37. Prove that Glucose is cyclic structure (OR) Glucose is not an open
structure
Ans: Glucose open structure could not explain why glucose does not react with
NaHSO3.
 Glucose does not react with Schiff base forming substituted imines.

38. What is the glycosidic linkage?

Ans: The linkage between to monosaccharide units through oxygen atom formed
by elimination of water molecule.
a) Sucrose: C1 of Glucose and C2 of fructose
b) Maltose: C1 of glucose and C4 of glucose
c) Lactose: C1 of galactose and C4 of glucose

5. What are anomers? Give example.

Ans: The two forms which differ only in configuration at any one C1 atom are
called anomers.
Eg: α-D-(+)-Glucose and β-D-(+)-Glucose are C-1 anomers

ONE MARKERS:
Give an example for non reducing Sucrose
sugar
Give an example for essential amino Valine
acid
Give an example for non essential Glycine
amino acid
Name the nitrogen base present in Thymine
DNA but not in RNA
Name the nitrogen base present in Uracil
RNA not in DNA
Iodine containing hormone Thyroxine
Give an example for optically Glycine
inactive amino acid
Name the protein present in Hair Keratin
Name the nucleic acid or genetic DNA
material for responsible for genetic
information and protein synthesis
Give an example for Aldohexose Glucose
Give an example for Ketohexose Fructose
Name the 6-membered glucose ring Pyranose
Name the 5-membered fructose ring Furanose

PH-7411979425
 Give an example for Dextrose Glucose
Monomer of starch α-D-(+)-Glucose
Monomer of glycogen α-D-(+)-Glucose
Monomer of cellulose β-D-(+)-Glucose
Sulphur containing amino acid Cysteine
Oxygen containing amino acid Serine
Heterocyclic amino acid Proline
Give an example for fibrous Keratin
protein(Water insoluble protein)
Give an example for Globular Albumin
protein(Water soluble protein)
Name the pentose sugar in DNA 2-deoxyribose
Name the pentose sugar in RNA Ribose
Name the polysaccharide present in Cellulose
cell wall
Name the nitrogen base present in Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
both DNA and RNA
How many primary and secondary One and Four
alcohol groups in glucose
Name the forces which stabilize Hydrogen bonding and disulphide
secondary and tertiary structure of linkages
proteins
Name the enzyme which decreases Sucrase
activation energy in acid hydrolysis
of sucrose
What is complimentary base pairing A  T,G  C
in DNA
Give an example for nucleoside Adenoside

QUESTION NO 42: HALOALKANES AND ARENES:

 42a) SN1 and SN2 mechanism already done
 42 b) and c) is given below
1. How to convert alcohols to haloalkanes by thionyl chloride? Give
equation (J-2016)
Ans: When alcohols react with thionyl chloride (SOCl2), they form chloroalkanes
by liberation of SO2 gas. This method is also called darzen’s method.
R-OH +SOCl2  R-Cl +SO 2 +HCl
Alcohol Chloroalkane

Eg: CH3 -OH +SOCl2  CH3 -Cl +SO2 +HCl

Methanol Chloromethane

2. What is Finkelstein reaction? Give an example.

Ans: When alkyl chloride (or) bromides reacts with sodium iodide (NaI) in dry
acetone gives alkyl iodides is called Finkelstein reaction.
R-X +NaI D  R-I +NaX
ryacetone

Haloalkane Iodoalkane

PH-7411979425
 Eg: CH 3 -Cl +NaI d 
ryacetone
 CH3 -I + NaCl
Chloromethane Iodomethane

3. What is Swart’s reaction? Give an example.

Ans: When alkyl chloride or bromide reacts with silver fluoride(AgF), Alkyl fluoride
is formed. This reaction is called Swarts reaction.
R-X +AgF 
 R-F +AgX
Haloalkane Fluorooalkane

Eg: CH 3 -Cl +AgF 

 CH 3 -F + AgCl
Chloromethane Fluoromethane

4. What is Wurtz reaction? Give an example. (M-2019)

Ans: Alkyl halides when heated with metallic sodium in dry ether, alkanes are
formed. It is called Wurtz reaction.
2R-X +2Na d 
ry ether
 R-R +2NaX
Alkylhalide Alkane

Eg: 2CH3 -Cl+2Na d 

ry ether
 CH 3-CH 3 +2NaCl
Chloromethane Methane

5. What is Wurtz - Fittig reaction? Give an example. (M-2016)

Ans: A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halide in presence sodium in dry ether
gives an alkylarene. It is called
Wurtz-Fittig reaction.

Eg: When bromobenzene reacts

with bromomethane in presence of
Na in dry ether, toluene is formed.

6. What is Fittig reaction? Give an example. (M-2018)

Ans: Aryl halides when treated with sodium in dry ether, diphenyl/biphenyl is
formed. It is called Fittig
reaction.

Eg: When bromobenzene reacts sodium in dry ether, diphenyl is formed.

7. Define the following:

a) Chiral carbon or Asymmetric carbon or Stereocentre: A carbon atom
attached to four different groups responsible for optical activity Ex: Lactic
acid.
b) Enantiomers: Optical isomers which are non-super imposable mirror
images of each other are called enantiomers.
Ex: d- and l- lactic acid.

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 c) Racemic mixture: Equal proportions of enantiomers whose optical
rotation is zero (Because of rotation of one isomer cancel another)
Ex: dl-lactic acid
d) Racemization: The process of conversion of enantiomer into a racemic
mixture.
e) Freons: The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are
called freons.
 It causes Ozone layer depletion. Ex: Freon 12 (CCl2F2), CCl3F, CClF3
f) Phosgene: Chloroform gets oxidized by air in presence of light to form a
chemical called phosgene (COCl2), which is poisonous gas. So
Chloroform is stored in dark bottles.
g) Grignard reagent: Organomagnesium Halide (RMgX) is called Grignard
reagent.
R-X +Mg d  R-Mg-X
ry ether
Haloalkane
Grignardreagent

8. State zaitsev rule? Give example.

Ans: “During dehydrohalogenation, the preferred product is that alkene which
has greater number of alkyl groups attached to carbon carbon double bond”
Eg:
 Pent-2-ene is the major product.

9. Haloarenes are less reactive

towards Nucleophilic
Substitution reaction? Give reasons. (M-2014, M-2017, J-2017)
Ans: i) Because of resonance effect
ii) Carbon attached to halogen in haloarenes is sp2 hybridised and hence
greater is the s character.
iii) Instability of phenyl cation. iv) Possible repulsion.

10. What happens when propene reacts with HBr in absence and presence
of peroxide?
Ans: When propene reacts with HBr, it follows markovnikov’s and
antimarkovnikov rule forming 2-bromopropane and 1-bromopropane

11. Explain Sandmeyer’s reaction with an example.

Ans: When benzene diazonium halide reacts with Cu2X2, haloarenes are formed.

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 Eg: When benzene diazonium chloride reacts with
Cu2Cl2, chlorobenzene is formed.

12. Which among the following compound

undergoes S N faster and why? R-F, RCl, R-Br, R-I
Ans: R-I undergoes SN reactions faster, because R-I bond is weaker as distance
between R and I atoms are more. (Size of –I is more)
Order of S N reaction: R-I>R-Br>R-Cl>R-F

13. Among CH3F, CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3I, which has highest BP?
Ans: CH3I (Size and force of attraction increases)
BP order: CH3F<CH3Cl< CH3Br< CH3I

14. Among propyl chloride, isopropyl chloride, t-butyl chloride, which has
highest BP?
Ans: Propyl chloride (Branching decreases, BP increases)

15. P-dichlorobenzene has more melting point then o and m-

dichlorobenzene, Why? (J-2016)
Ans: Because of high symmetry of p-dichlorobenzene.

16. Give reason: Halo alkanes are insoluble in water.

Ans: Because less energy is released when new attractions are set up between
halo alkanes and water molecules.
17. How to convert chlorobenzene to phenol by Dow process?
Ans: Chlorobenzene reacts with aqueous NaOH at 623K and 300atm pressure
forms phenol.

18. Among 4-nitrochlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, 2,4,6-

trinitrochlorobenzene which undergoes substitution nucleophilic
reaction.
Ans: Trinitrochlorobenzene reacts fastest. As number of nitro group increases,
substitution nucleophilic reaction becomes faster due to electron
withdrawing effect.

19. What happens when chlorobenzene reacts with Chlorine in presence of

anhydrous FeCl3. (CHLORINATION OF CHLOROBENZENE)
Ans: When chlorobenzene reacts with Cl2 in
presence of FeCl3, o-dichlorobenzene
and p-dichlorobenzene is formed.

20. What happens when chlorobenzene

reacts with Conc nitric acid and
conc sulphuric acid (NITRATION OF CHLOROBENZENE) (M-20)

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Ans: When chlorobenzene reacts with Conc
HNO3 and Conc H2SO4, 1-chloro-2-
nitrobenzene and 1-chloro-4-
nitrobenzene is formed.

21. Explain Friedel Craft Alkylation of ChloroBenzene.

Ans: Chlorobenzene when treated with methyl chloride in presence of Anhyd.
AlCl3 gives 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene and 1-Chloro-4-methylbenzene.

22. Explain Friedel Craft

Acylation of ChloroBenzene.
Ans: Chlorobenzene when treated with acetylchloride in presence of Anhyd. AlCl3
gives 2-Chloroacetophenone and 4-
chloroacetophenone.

23. Write the structure of DDT

Ans: DDT: p,p-dichlorophenyltrichloroethane

24. S N1 mechanisms are accompanied by racemisation, Why? (M-2020)

Ans: Due to formation of carbocation in first step, the carbon becomes sp2
hybridised. So nucleophile can attack from both sides.
 SN2 mechanism is accompanied by inversion not racemisation because
nucleophile can only attack from back side of halogen atom. No formation of
planar carbocation.

25. How alcohols is converted to haloalkanes from Phosphorous trihalide

and phosphorous pentachloride?
Ans: 3R-OH +PCl3  3R-Cl +H3PO3
Alcohol Chloroalkane

R-OH +PCl5  R-Cl +HCl+POCl3

Alcohol Chloroalkane

ONE MARKER:

Dehydrohalogenating agent Alc. KOH

R  X  KCN(alc)   KX R-CN (Cyanide)
R  X  AgCN(alc)   KX R-NC (Isocyanide)

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 R  X  KNO2   KX R-ONO (Nitrito)
R  X  AgNO 2   KX R-NO 2 (Nitro)
Name the reagent which convets Alcoholic KOH
haloalkane to alkene
What is Chirality The property of an object and its
mirror image being non-super
imposable of each other
What is the hybridization of Carbon sp2
in aryl halide
Name the gas liberated when 2- 2-butene gas and pent-2-ene gas is
chlorobutane and 2- liberated
bromopentane reacts with
Alc.KOH? (J-2019)

II MAIN TWO MARKERS: Q.NO 21-28 (We will try to attend questions from
Solid state, Lanthanides and Actinides, Chemical Kinetics, Chemistry in
Every day life)
Q.No 23: Already learnt in Chemical Kinetics

QUESTION NO 24: (Lanthanoids and Actinoids)

1. What is the common oxidation state of Lanthanoids and Actinoids?
Ans: +3

2. Why Lanthanoids show +3 oxidation state?

Ans: By losing 3electrons they obtain noble gas configuration.

3. Cerium shows +4 oxidation state, why? (M-2018, J-2016)

Ans: By losing 4electrons it forms noble gas configuration.

4. Cerium is a strong Oxidising agent, why? (M-2018)

Ans: Ce+4 is reduced to Ce3+ which is more stable so it is OA.

5. Actinoid contraction is more than lanthanoid contraction. Give reason.

(M-2018)
Ans. The actinoid contraction is, more than lanthanoid contraction due to poor
shielding by 5f electrons from nucleus.

6. Actinoids show larger number of oxidation states than lanthanoids.

Why? (OR) Actinoids show variable oxidation states, why? (J-14, J-16)
Ans. In actinoids 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energies, hence electrons
from these orbitals are available to lose or share.

7. The chemistry of actionoids is more complicated than lanthanoids.

Why? (M-2015, M-2020, J-2017)
Ans. The actinoids are radioactive elements having varying half lifes

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  Variable oxidation state
 Poor shielding of 5f electrons (Actinoid contraction)

8. Give reason: Zr and Hf have same atomic radii (OR) Atomic size of 4d
and 5d elements is same (J-2014,M-2016)
Ans: a) Because of lanthanoid contraction.
b) Poor shielding of 4f electrons.

9. What is electronic configuration of Lanthanides?

Lanthanoids Actinoids
[Xe] 4f 1 – 14 5d 6s
0- 1 2 [Rn] 4f 1 – 14 5d0- 1 6s2

10. Name the hardest lanthanoid element

Ans: Samarium

11. What happens when Ln reacts with a) H2 b) C c) X2 d) N2 (FIB)

Ans: a) 4Ln+3O  2Ln O (Oxides)
Hea t

2 2 3

b) Ln+2C  LnC2 (Carbides)

c) 2Ln+3X2  2LnX3 (Halides)
d) 2Ln+N 2  2LnN (Nitrides)

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 e) Ln+acids  H2  (H2 gas)
12. What is the composition of mischmetall? Give its one use.
Ans. Lanthanoid metal (~ 95%) and iron (~ 5%) and traces of S, C, Ca and Al.
USE: Mischmetall is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell and
lighter flint

13. Write the differences between Lanthanides and Actinides. (M-2015)

Lanthanides Actinides
Electron enters 4f orbital Electron enters 5f orbital
Lanthanides show +3, +2, +4 oxidation Actinides show +3 ,+4 , +5 , +6 , +7
states oxidation states
Lanthanoid contration is due to poor Actinoid contration is due to poor
shielding of 4f electrons shielding of 5f electrons
Only Promethium (Pm) is radioactive All are radioactive

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