Gender Pay Gap in India: Evidence from Urban Labor Market by Shamim Ara

A majority of research concludes that globalization has exacerbated the gender pay gap. These

investigations additionally reveal that the cost of employment for women has decreased

significantly in the post-reform period. Between 2000 and 2005, female wages fell by 4.7% per

year. throughout the same duration, the actual salaries of regular salaried women workers fell by

32% in rural regions and 10% in towns and cities. Additional research is required to determine if

the gender wage gap is due to differences in a human capital endowment or to pure labor market

discrimination. It is found that 31 percent of the gender wage gap is attributed to endowment

difference and the remaining 69 percent is due to pure labor market discrimination.

The Gender Pay Gap and Trade Liberalization: Evidence for India by Puja Vasudeva

Dutta

The study highlights the significance of investigating job outcomes, particularly salaries and job

opportunities for women, in the setting of trade policies and globalization. It highlights India's

major economic reforms in the 1990s, such as trade liberalization and industrial policy changes,

which resulted in substantial growth in GDP but did not significantly increase waged

employment participation for men or women. When it comes to interindustry, the unjustified

industry gender pay gap is favorable, with exceptions in the Transport Equipment,

Communications, and Basic Metal sectors. Increased import penetration may lead to more

competition in the product market, limiting firms' ability to discriminate. In contrast, if large

firms have some level of Monopoly power in export-oriented industries can lead to unequal

treatment of both genders, reducing profits.

Gender Pay Gap in India: A Reality and the Way Forward—An Empirical Approach Using

Quantile Regression Technique by Puja Sengupta

The widespread opinions defending the lower wages for women include the incapacity of women

to work in heavy industries and their natural choice being light industries, women seeking

employment (about 94%) in the unorganized sector, women being physically weaker and unable

to work for lengthy periods, and their inability to devote much time to job training as they have

to care for family and devote time for parenting, unlike men who can attend long job training and

earn more than women. The research results endorse previous claims that held personal

characteristics that caused wage disparities. As a result, women's professional development

appears to be hampered by a lack of education, the role of family caretaker, and career breaks.