Introduction To C Programming

CSE-1121 (Structured Programming Language)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

DUET, Gazipur-1700
Md. Mahbub Alam

Lecture, Department of CSE
November, 2012(EVEN SEMESTER)
Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 1

(CSE-1121)
Text Books and Other Class Room Material
 Text Books
1. Programming in ANSI C (3rd Edition) by E Balagurusamy
2. C – The Complete Reference (4th Edition) by Herbert Schildt
3. C – How To Program (4th Edition) by Deitel & Deitel
 Useful Links
• http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-tutor.html
• http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C

(CSE-1121)
Course Outline
 Introduction to C programming  Introduction to C programming
 Constants, variable & data types  Constants, variable & data types
 C Operators & expressions  C Operators & expressions
 Managing I/O operations in C  Managing I/O operations in C
 C Control structure  C Control structure
 C Arrays  C Arrays
 C Characters and Strings  C Characters and Strings
 C Functions
 C Pointers
 Structure and Union in C
 Dynamic Memory Allocation in C
 File processing in C
 Graphics programming in C
 Built in functions in C

(CSE-1121)
Class Hour
Theory: 2 lecture per week
Tuesday 08:30 AM – 09:20 AM
Thursday 09:20 AM – 10:10 AM
Room No - 414
Lab: Thursday 10:40 AM – 01:10 PM & 02:00 PM – 04:30 PM
Lab – Software Lab
How Contact With Me

Room No : 332
Mobile : +8801672917778
Email : emahbub.cse@gmail.com
How I Contact With You

Google Group
Group Name : DUET CSE 12TH BATCH
Group Email : cse12th_duet@googlegroups.com

(CSE-1121)
Marks Distribution
Total Mark 300
Class Attendance 10% 30
Class Test/Quiz Test/Assignment 20% 60
Final Exam 70% 210
Total 100% 300
Grading System
Numerical Grade Letter Grade Grade point
80% or above A+ (A Plus) 4.00
75% to less than 80% A (A Regular ) 3.75
70% to less than 75% A- (A Minus) 3.50
65% to less than 70% B+ (B Plus) 3.25
60% to less than 65% B (B Regular) 3.00
55% to less than 60% B- (B Minus) 2.75
50% to less than 55% C+ (C Plus) 2.50
45% to less than 50% C (C Regular) 2.25
40% to less than 45% D 2.00
Less than 40% F 0.00

(CSE-1121)
Lecture01 (Introduction to C programming )
June 26, 2010
 Today's Outline
 History of C
 Importance of C
 What is C used for?
 C vs. Related language
 Basic Structure of C program
 “Hello World Program”
 C program development environment

(CSE-1121)
History of C
 C evolved from two previous programming languages, BCPL and B
by “Dennis Ritchie” at Bell Laboratories on DEC PDP-11 machine
in 1972.
- In 1967, BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) was developed by
Martin Richards as a language for writing operating system software &
compilers.
- In 1970, Ken Thompson developed B using many features of BCPL and early
versions of UNIX operating system at Bell Laboratories on DEC PDP-7
machine.
 Initially, C widely known as the development language of the UNIX
operating system but today virtually all new major operating systems
are written in C and/or C++.
 By the late 1970's, C had evolved into what is now referred as
"Traditional C“.
(CSE-1121)
History of C (Cont.)
 Rapid expansion of C over various types of computers led to many
variations of the language that were similar but often incompatible
which was serious problem for program developers who needed to
develop platform independent code.
 A technical committee (X3J11) was created under ANSI to define a
standard version of C. In 1989, the committee approved a standard
version of which was known as ANSI C (C89).
 In 1990, this standard was approved by ISO referred to as
ANSI/ISO Standard C which was updated in 1999 referred to as
C99.
 In 2007 – work on new C standard C1X announced.
• In this course: ANSI/ISO Standard C (C89/C90)

(CSE-1121)
Why teach C?
• C is small (only 32 keywords).
• C has rich set of built-in functions and support variety of data
types & operators.
• C is highly portable (Machine independent).
• C is structured.
• C has ability to extend itself.
• C is stable (the language doesn’t change much).
• C is quick running (code written in c is efficient & fast).
• C is the basis for many other languages (C++, C#, Java, Perl etc).
• C is a Programmers Language.
 It may not feel like it but C is one of the easiest language to

learn.

(CSE-1121)
What is C used for?
• Systems programming:
– OSes, like Linux
– microcontrollers: automobiles and airplanes
– Embedded processors: phones, portable electronics, etc.
– DSP processors: digital audio and TV systems.

(CSE-1121)
C vs. Related Language
• More recent derivatives: C++, Objective C, C#
• Influenced: Java, Perl, Python (quite different)
• C lacks:
– exceptions
– range-checking
– garbage collection• object-oriented programming
– polymorphism...
– Low-level language faster code (usually)

(CSE-1121)
Basic Structure of C Program
Documentation Section Set of comments lines( prg. name, author & other info)
Link Section Link the program with functions of system library
Definition Section Defines all symbolic constants
Global Declaration Section Declares global variables & user-defined functions
main() Function Section
Every program must have main() function. Program
{ execution begins at opening braces & ends at closing braces
} of main() function.
Subprogram Section
function1()
{ Definition of all user-defined functions
}
::::::::::
functionN()
{
}

(CSE-1121)
Hello World Program
Comments
/* My first C program which prints Hello World */
#include <stdio.h>
Main() function begin here
int main ()
{ Library function
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
} Return 0 from main means our program
finished without errors
Main() function ends here

(CSE-1121)
Typical C program
development environment

(CSE-1121)
Any Question?

(CSE-1121)
Thank You All

(CSE-1121)
Lecture02(Constants, variable & data types)
 Today's Outline
 Data Types
 C Tokens
 Keywords & Identifiers
 Constants
 Variables
 The four C scopes
 Type Qualifiers
 Storage Class Specifiers

(CSE-1121)
C Tokens
 Token: Smallest individual units in C program are known as token.
e.g. Keywords - int, break, for, struct etc
Identifiers - count, amount etc
Constants - 10, 5.5, -7.5 etc
Strings - “DUET”, “1st Year” etc
Operators - +, -, *, /
Special Symbols - [] {} etc

(CSE-1121)
C Data Types
 The datatype of an object in memory determines the set of values it
can have and what operations that can be performed on it.
 All C compiler supports 5 foundational data types, namely
integer(int), floating-point(float), double precision floating-point
(double), character(char), & void.
Data Type Size (bits)
char 8
int 16 or 32
float 32
double 64
 void type either explicitly declares a function as returning no value

or creates generic pointers.

(CSE-1121)
C Keywords
 All keywords have fixed meanings & these meanings can not be
changed. Serve as basic building blocks for program statements.
 All keyword must be written in lowercase letters.
• Flow control (6) - if, else, return, switch, case,
default
• Loops (5) - for, do, while, break, continue
• Common types (5) - int, float, double, char, void
• Structures (3) - struct, typedef, union
• Counting and sizing things (2) - enum, sizeof
• Rare but still useful types (7) - extern, signed,unsigned,
long, short, static, const
• Evil keywords which we avoid (1) - goto
• Others (3) - auto, register, volatile
(CSE-1121)
C Identifiers
 In C, the names of variables, functions, labels & various other user-
defined items are called identifiers.
 Rules for identifiers:
• First character must be an alphabet or underscore and subsequent characters
must be either letter, digits, or underscore.
• Only 31 characters are significant.
• Can not be the same as a C keywords & should not have the same name as
functions that are in C library.
• Must not contain white space.

(CSE-1121)
Variables
 A variable is a named location in memory that is used to hold a value
that can be modified by the program.
 All variable must be declared before they can be used.
Format: type varable_name; e.g. int count;
 Variable name must be meaningful to reflect its function or nature.

 Variable initializations Format: type variable_name = constant;
 Where variables to be declared:
- Inside function (local variables)
- In the definition of function parameters (Formal parameters)
- Outside of all functions (global variables)

(CSE-1121)
Constants
 Constants refers to fixed values that do not change during program
execution.
 Constants can be of any type of the basic types.
 Constants are also called literals.
 Example: int 10, 135, -23
long int 5678349L
unisigned int 580U
unisigned long int 9845464UL
float 120.25f
long double 1020.75L
character constants ‘D’
string “DUET”
HEX 0x80
Octal 016

(CSE-1121)
Backslash Character Constants
 Backslash character constants are used in output functions.
 Also known as escape sequence
Code Meaning
\b Backspace
\n New line
\f Form Feed
\r Carriage Return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\” Double quote
\’ Single quote
\\ Backslash
\a Alert
\? Question mark
\0 Null
(CSE-1121)
Any Question?

(CSE-1121)
Thank You All

(CSE-1121)
Lecture03(C Expressions & Operators)
 Today's Outline
 C operators
 Operator Precedence & Associativity
 C Expression Evaluation
 Type Conversion in Expressions

(CSE-1121)
C Operators
 An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform
certain mathematical or logical manipulations.
 Operators used in programs to manipulate data & variables
 C is very rich in built-in operators, classified into
following number of categories:
• Arithmetic
• Relational
• Logical
• Bitwise
• Assignment
• Increment/Decrement
• Conditional

(CSE-1121)
C Operators - Arithmetic Operators
 Following table lists C’s arithmetic operators:
Operator Meaning
+ Addition or unary plus
- Subtraction or unary minus
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulus
 Integer division(/) truncates any fractional part (remainder).

 Modulus operator (%) can not used be used on floating-point
data. During modulus operation, sign of the result is always the
sign of the first operand. .
e.g. 5/2 -> 2 -11%2 -> -1 11/-2 -> 1
(CSE-1121)
C Operators – Relational Operators
 Relational refers to the relationships that values can have with one
another.
 Expressions that use relational operators return 0 for false & 1 for
true.
Operator Meaning
> Is greater than
>= Is greater than or equal to
< Is less than
<= Is less than or equal to
== Is equal to
!= Is not equal to

(CSE-1121)
C Operators – Logical Operators
 Logical refers to the ways relationships can be connected.
 Expressions that use logical operators return 0 for false & 1 for true.
Operator Meaning
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT
 The truth table for logical operators is shown below:

P Q P && Q P || Q !P
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
(CSE-1121)
C Operators – Bitwise Operators
 Bitwise operation refers to testing, setting, or shifting the actual bits
in a byte or word, which correspond to the standard char or int data
types.
 Bitwise operator can not be used on float, double, long double or
void data types.
Operator Meaning
& AND
| OR
^ XOR
~ One’s Complement (NOT)
>> Shift right
<< Shift left

(CSE-1121)
C Operators – Assignment Operator
 ‘=‘ used to assign the result of an expression to a variable. General
form: variable_name = expression;
 Multiple assignments: x = y = z = 0;
 Compound assignments: The statement of the form var = var
operator expression can be written as var operator = expression
e.g. x = x + 1 can written as x += 1
Operator Example
+= X += 1
-= X -= 1
*= X *= Y
/= X /= Y
%= X %= Y

(CSE-1121)
C Operators – Increment/Decrement
 ‘ ++ ’ adds 1 to its operand and ‘ -- ’ subtracts 1 from its operand.
 x = x +1 is same as ++x and x = x – 1 same as --x
 Both the increment and decrement operator may either in prefix or
postfix form.
 When postfix (x++ or x--) is used with a variable in an expression,
the expression is evaluated first using the original value of the variable
and then the variable is incremented (or decremented) by one.
 When prefix (++x or --x) is used in an expression, the variable is
incremented (or decremented) first and then the expression is
evaluated using new value of the variable.

(CSE-1121)
C Operators – Conditional Operator
 Also called ternary operator “ ?: ”
 General form: exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
 operation same as if-then-else statement
a = 10; a = 10;
b = 15; b = 15;
If (a > b) x = (a > b) ? a : b;
x = a;
else
x = b;

(CSE-1121)
(CSE-1121)
(CSE-1121)
(CSE-1121)
(CSE-1121)
C Type Conversion
 Implicit type conversion: C automatically converts any
intermediate values to the proper type so that the expression can be
evaluated without loosing any significance, called implicit type
conversion.
Rule: If the operands are of different types, the ‘lower type’ is automatically
converted to ‘higher type’ before operation proceeds.
 Explicit type conversion: When we force an expression to be a

specific type, called explicit type conversion.
General form: (data_type) expression;
e.g. int x;
float y;
x = (int) (y + 10.5);
(CSE-1121)
(CSE-1121)
Any Question?

(CSE-1121)
Thank You All

(CSE-1121)
Lecture04(Control Structure PART-I)
 Today's Outline
 Decision making statements in C
• Simple if statement
• if_else statement
• else_if ladder
• nested if_else statement
• switch statement
• goto statement

(CSE-1121)
Simple if Statement
 Format:
If ( test condition )
statements;
scanf( “ %f “ , &marks );
if( marks >= 80 )
printf( "Yes, the student get A+“ );

(CSE-1121)
if_else Statement
 Format:
if ( test condition )
statements;
else
statements;
if( num % 2 == 0 )
printf( “Even number“ );
else
printf( “Odd number” );

(CSE-1121)
else_if ladder Statement
 Format:
if(condition 1) if( marks > 79 )
statements; printf( " Honours “ );
else if(condition 2) else if( marks > 59 )
statements; printf( " First Division “ );
else if(condition) else if( marks > 49 )
statements; printf( " Second Division “ );
.............. .. else if( marks > 39 )
.............. .. printf( " Third Division “ );
else if(condition n) else
statements; printf(" Fail ");
else
default statement;

(CSE-1121)
nested if_else Statement
 Format:
if ( condition ) if(a>b)
if ( condition ) {
if(a>c)
statement1; printf("a is the largest:%d",a);
else else
statement2; printf("c is the largest:%d",c) ;
else }
statement3 else
{
if(c>b)
printf("c is the largest:%d",c);
else
printf("b is the largest:%d",b) ;
}

(CSE-1121)
switch Statement
 Format: index=marks/10;
switch (index)
{
Switch ( expression ) case 10:
case 9:
{
case 8:
case constant1: printf(" Honours ");
statements; break;
break; case 7:
case 6:
case constant2:
printf(“ First Division ");
statements; break;
break; case 5:
............... printf(“ Second Division ");
break;
...............
case 4:
default: printf(“ Third Division ");
statements; break;
break; default:
printf( “ Fail ");
}
break;
}
(CSE-1121)
goto Statement
 Format:
goto label; main()
......... {
......... double x,y;
label: read:
statements; scanf("%lf",&x);
if(x<0)
label:
goto read;
statements;
y=sqrt(x);
.........
printf("%lf",y);
.........
}
goto label;

(CSE-1121)
Any Question?

(CSE-1121)
Thank You All

(CSE-1121)
Lecture05(Control Structure PART-II)
 Today's Outline
 Looping statements in C
• for loop
• while loop
• do-while loop
 Jump Statements in C
• continue
• break
• goto
Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language (CSE- 1

1121)
for loop
 General Format:
for( initialization; condition; increment/decrement )
{
statements; //body of the loop
}
Init
false
Condition
true
Body of loop
Inc / Dec

1121)
for loop (Cont.)
 Example:
int sum = 0, count;

for(count = 1; count <= 5; count++)
sum = sum + count; //body of the loop
printf("%d", sum);

1121)
while loop
 General Format:
while( condition )
{ Condition
false

true
}
Body of loop
int sum = 0, count;

count = 1;
while( count <= 5)
{
sum = sum + count;
count++;
}
printf("%d", sum);

1121)
do while loop
 Format:
do
{
Body of loop
}while( condition );
true
Condition
int sum = 0, count;

false
count = 1;
do
{
sum = sum + count;
count ++;
}while( count <= 5);
printf("%d", sum);

1121)
loop (cont.)
• Loop
– Group of instructions computer executes repeatedly while some
condition remains true
• Counter-controlled repetition
– Definite repetition:
– Known in advance how many times loop will execute
– Control variable used to count repetitions
• Sentinel-controlled repetition
– Indefinite repetition
– Used when number of repetitions not known in advance
– Sentinel value indicates "end of data"

1121)
continue
 Skips the remaining statements in the body of a while, for or do…while
statement and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop
– while and do…while
• Loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately after the continue
statement is executed
– for
• Increment/ decrement expression is executed first, then the loop-
continuation test is evaluated
int i, sum = 0;
for(i=0; ;i++)
{
if(i%2==1)
continue;
sum += i;
}
1121)
break
• Causes immediate exit from a while, for, do…while or switch
statement.
• Program execution continues with the first statement after the control
structure.
• Common uses of the break statement
- Escape early from a loop
- Skip the remainder of a switch statement
int i, sum=0;
for(i=1; ; i++)
{
sum += i;
if(sum >= 10)
break;
}
1121)
goto Statement
 Format:
goto label;
main()
.........
{
.........
double x,y;
label:
read:
statements;
scanf("%lf",&x);
if(x<0)
label: goto read;
statements; y=sqrt(x);
......... printf("%lf",y);
......... }
goto label;

1121)
Any Question?

1121)
Thank You All

1121)

Introduction To C Programming

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CSE-1121 (Structured Programming Language)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Md. Mahbub Alam

November, 2012(EVEN SEMESTER)

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 1

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 2

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 3

How Contact With Me

How I Contact With You

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 4

Class Attendance 10% 30

Class Test/Quiz Test/Assignment 20% 60

Final Exam 70% 210

Total 100% 300

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 5

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 6

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 8

 It may not feel like it but C is one of the easiest language to

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 9

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 10

Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 11

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/* My first C program which prints Hello World */

Main() function ends here

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Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language 1

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 void type either explicitly declares a function as returning no value

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 Variable name must be meaningful to reflect its function or nature.

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 Integer division(/) truncates any fractional part (remainder).

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 The truth table for logical operators is shown below:

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 Explicit type conversion: When we force an expression to be a

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Md. Mahbub Alam Structured Programming Language (CSE- 1

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int sum = 0, count;

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