Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ac 2
Ac 2
• the slots are not parallel to the shaft but these are skewed to provides:
1. Humming is reduced, which ensures quiet running.
2. At different positions of the rotor, smooth and sufficient torque is obtained.
3. It reduces the magnetic locking of the stator and rotor.
4. It increases the rotor resistance due to the increased length of the rotor bar
conductors.
Construction of a Three-phase Induction Motor
2- Phase wound rotor (slip ring rotor):
• This rotor is also cylindrical in shape which consists of large number of stampings
• A number of semi-closed slots are punched at its outer periphery. A 3-phase insulated winding is
placed in these slots
• The rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of stator
• The rotor winding is connected in star and its remaining three terminals are connected to the slip
rings
• The rotor core is keyed to the shaft. Similarly, slip-rings are also keyed to the shaft but these are
insulated from the shaft.
• depending upon the requirement any external resistance can be added in the rotor circuit.
• A mild steel shaft is passed through the center of the rotor and is fixed to it with key. The purpose of
shaft is to transfer mechanical power.
Construction of a Three-phase Induction Motor
Construction of a Three-phase Induction Motor
• The speed at which the rotating magnetic field revolves is called the synchronous speed (𝑁𝑠 ).
• Referring to Figure in the previous slide, for one complete cycle of current 𝐼𝐴 from the origin,
the field has completed one revolution. Therefore, for a 2-pole stator winding, the field makes
one revolution in one cycle of current.
• In a 4-pole stator winding, it can be shown that the rotating field makes one revolution in two
cycles of current.
• In general, for P poles, the rotating field makes one revolution in P/2 cycles of current.
𝑃
∴ Cycles of current = × revolutions of field
2
𝑃
or Cycles of current per second = × revolutions of field per second
2
Speed of rotating magnetic field
• Consider a portion of 3-phase induction motor as shown in Figure below. The operation of the
motor can be explained as under:
1. When 3-phase stator winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic
120𝑓
field is set up which rotates round the stator at synchronous speed 𝑁𝑠 = .
𝑃
2. The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which as yet,
are stationary. Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary
rotor, emfs are induced in the rotor conductors. Since the rotor circuit is short-circuited,
currents start flowing in the rotor conductors.
Principle of Operation
3. The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field produced by the
stator. Consequently, mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors. The sum of the
mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors produces a torque which tends to move
the rotor in the same direction as the rotating field.
4. The fact that rotor is urged to follow the stator field (i.e., rotor moves in the direction of
stator field) can be explained by Lenz’s law. According to this law, the direction of rotor
currents will be such that they tend to oppose the cause producing them. Now, the cause
producing the rotor currents is the relative speed between the rotating field and the
stationary rotor conductors. Hence to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running
in the same direction as that of stator field and tries to catch it.
Slip
• The rotor can never reach the speed of stator flux. If it did, there would be no relative speed
between the stator field and rotor conductors, no induced rotor currents and, therefore, no torque
to drive the rotor.
• The friction and windage would immediately cause the rotor to slow down. Hence, the rotor
speed (𝑁) is always less than the stator field speed (𝑁𝑠 ). This difference in speed depends upon
load on the motor.
• The difference between the synchronous speed 𝑁𝑠 of the rotating stator field and the actual rotor
speed N is called slip. It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed, represented
by symbol 𝑆.
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁
% slip, %𝑠 = × 100
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁
Or fractional slip, 𝑠 =
𝑁𝑠
Slip
• The difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed is called slip speed
i.e., Slip speed = 𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁
• When the rotor is stationary (i.e., 𝑁 = 0), slip, 𝑠 = 1 or 100 %.
• The value of slip at full load varies from about 6% for small motors to about 2%
for large motors.
• In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 0.1%
to 3% so that it is essentially a constant-speed motor.
Rotor Current Frequency
• At standstill (i.e. the rotor is stationary), the frequency of the rotor current is the same as the
supply frequency 𝑓.
• When the rotor starts revolving, then the frequency depends upon the relative speed or slip speed
(𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁).
• If the rotor current frequency is 𝑓 ′ then;
(𝑁𝑠 −𝑁)𝑃 𝑁𝑠 −𝑁
𝑓′ = ∵𝑠=
120 𝑁𝑠
𝑆𝑁𝑠 𝑃
=
120
∴ 𝑓 ′ = 𝑠𝑓
i.e., Rotor current frequency = Fractional slip x Supply frequency
• As the rotor picks up speed, the relative speed between the rotating flux and the rotor
decreases. Consequently, the slip s and hence rotor current frequency decreases.
Example
A 3-phase, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz four-pole induction machine delivers rated output power at a slip
of 0.05 (this can be stated as a slip of 5%). Determine the
(a) synchronous speed.
(b) motor speed.
(c) frequency of the rotor circuit.
(d) slip speed.
Solution:
120𝑓 120×60
a) .𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃
=
4
= 1800 rpm
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁
b) .𝑠 =
𝑁𝑠
⇒ 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑠 (1 − 𝑠) ∴ 𝑁 = 1800 1 − 0.05 = 1710 prm
c) . 𝑓 ′ = 𝑠𝑓 = 0.05 × 60 = 3 Hz
d) . 𝑁𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁 = 1800 − 1710 = 90 rpm
Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
• The circuit of a 3-phase induction motor at any slip s, is shown below.
• At any slip s, the relative speed between stator field and the rotor is decreased.
• Consequently, the rotor emf and frequency are reduced proportionally to 𝑠𝐸2 and 𝑠𝑓
respectively. At the same time, per phase rotor reactance 𝑋2 , being frequency dependent,
is reduced to 𝑠𝑋2 .
• The rotor resistance/phase is 𝑅2
and is independent of frequency
and, therefore, does not depend
upon slip.
Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
• Thus at any slip s,
Rotor emf/phase = 𝑠𝐸2
Rotor reactance/phase = 𝑠𝑋2
Rotor frequency = 𝑠𝑓
where 𝐸2 , 𝑋2 and 𝑓 are the
corresponding values at standstill
i.e. (at 𝑠 = 1)
Rotor Current
• Since the motor represents a balanced 3-phase load as shown in the previous slide, we need
consider one phase only as shown below.
• At standstill:
𝐸2 𝐸2
Rotor current/phase, 𝐼2 = =
𝑍2
𝑅2 2 +𝑋2 2
𝑅2 𝑅2
Rotor p.f., cos 𝜙2 = =
𝑍2
𝑅2 2 +𝑋2 2
A 4-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a star-connected rotor. The rotor has a
resistance of 0.1 Ω per phase and standstill reactance of 2 Ω per phase. The induced
emf between the slip rings is 100 V. if the full-load speed is 1460 rpm, calculate
1. The slip,
2.The emf induced in the rotor in each phase,
3. The rotor reactance per phase,
4.The rotor current,
5. The rotor power factor.
Assume slip rings are short-circuited.
Solution:
120𝑓 120×50
1) .𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃
=
4
= 1500 rpm
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁 1500−1460
%𝑠 = × 100 = × 100 = 2.66%
𝑁𝑠 1500