PS Momentum & Impulse Content Manual

SUBJECT: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
CONTENT MANUAL
TEACHER/LEARNER MANUAL
TERM 1
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
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2
JENN TRAINING; GRADE 12 CONTENT MANUAL TEACHER/LEARNER
CONTENTS PAGE
Examination guideline 3-4

Outcomes 4
Important terms and terminologies 5
Table of Formulae
Brief Notes 5– 10
Worked Examples & Activities 10 – 24
Bibliography & Reached Outcomes 25 - 26
ICON DESCRIPTION
MIND MAP EXAMINATION CONTENTS ACTIVITIES

GUIDELINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY TERMINOLOGY
WORKED EXAMPLES STEPS
Examination Guidelines
Momentum
3
• Define momentum as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.
• Describe linear momentum as a vector quantity with the same direction as the
velocity of the object.
• Calculate the momentum of a moving object using p = mv.
• Describe the vector nature of momentum and illustrate it with some simple
examples.
• Draw vector diagrams to illustrate the relationship between the initial
momentum, the final momentum and the change in momentum for each of the
cases above.
Newton's second law in terms of momentum

• State Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum: The net (or
resultant) force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum
of the object in the direction of the net force.
∆𝑝
• Express Newton's second law in symbols: Fnet= ∆𝑡
• Calculate the change in momentum when a resultant force acts on an object
and its velocity:
o Increases in the direction of motion, e.g. 2nd stage rocket engine fires
o Decreases, e.g. brakes are applied
o Reverses its direction of motion, e.g. a soccer ball kicked back in the
direction it came from
Impulse
• Define impulse as the product of the net force acting on an object and the time
the net force acts on the object.
• Deduce the impulse-momentum theorem: FnetΔt = mΔv
• Use the impulse-momentum theorem to calculate the force exerted, the time for
which the force is applied and the change in momentum for a variety of
situations involving the motion of an object in one dimension.
• Explain how the concept of impulse applies to safety considerations in everyday
life, e.g. airbags, seatbelts and arrestor beds.
Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions

• Explain what is meant by:
o An isolated system (in Physics): An isolated system is one on which the
net external force acting on the system is zero.
o Internal and external forces
• State the principle of conservation of linear momentum: The total linear
momentum of an isolated system remains constant (is conserved).
• Apply the conservation of momentum to the collision of two objects moving in
one dimension (along a straight line) with the aid of an appropriate sign
convention.
• Distinguish between elastic collisions and inelastic collisions by calculation.
Outcomes
Momentum
• Define momentum as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.

• Describe linear momentum as a vector quantity with the same direction as the velocity of the
object.
4
• Describe the vector nature of momentum and illustrate it with some simple examples.
• Draw vector diagrams to illustrate the relationship between the initial momentum, the final
momentum and the change in momentum for each of the cases above.
Newton's second law in terms of momentum

• State Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum
• Express Newton's second law in symbols
• Calculate the change in momentum when a resultant force acts on an object and its velocity
Impulse
• Define impulse as the product of the net force acting on an object and the time the net force
acts on the object.
• Deduce the impulse-momentum theorem
• Use the impulse-momentum theorem to calculate the force exerted, the time for which the
force is applied and the change in momentum for a variety of situations involving the motion of
an object in one dimension.
• Explain how the concept of impulse applies to safety considerations in everyday life, e.g.
airbags, seatbelts and arrestor beds.
Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions

o An isolated system
• State the principle of conservation of linear momentum
• Apply the conservation of momentum to the collision of two objects moving in one dimension
(along a straight line) with the aid of an appropriate sign convention.
Distinguish between elastic collisions and inelastic collisions by calculation.
Important Terms and Terminologies

Contact forces Contact forces arise from the physical contact between two
objects (e.g. a soccer player kicking a ball)
Non-contact forces Non-contact forces arise even if two objects do not touch each
other (e.g. gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic
force)
Momentum Linear momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its
velocity. In symbols: p= mv Unit: Ns or kg.m.s-1
Newton’s second law The net or resultant force acting on an object is equal to the
5
of motion in terms of rate of change of momentum of the object in the direction of
momentum the net force.
∆𝑝
In symbols: F = ∆𝑡
Principle of The TOTAL linear momentum in an isolated system remains
conservation of linear constant (is conserved).
momentum In symbols: ∑ 𝑝before = ∑ 𝑝after
Closed system A system in which the net external force acting on the system
is zero.
Impulse The product of the resultant/net force acting on an object and
the time the resultant/net force acts on the object.
In symbols: Impulse = Fnet∆t Unit: Ns or kg.m.s-1
CONTENT
Brief Notes
Momentum
Momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its velocity.
6
momentum = mass x velocity
p = mv
unit: kg.m.s-1
Momentum is a vector quantity whose direction is that of velocity. It should always be expressed
both in magnitude and direction.
Momentum is a measure of the body’s motion just like kinetic energy. The greater the momentum
of a body the harder it is to stop that body.
From the expression of momentum, momentum depends on the mass and velocity of an object.
Given the same mass, the higher the velocity the greater the momentum. Given the same velocity,
the bigger the mass the greater the momentum.
Change in momentum and Relationship with Newton’s Second Law of Motion
According to Newton’s second law of motion a net/resultant force causes a body to accelerate in
the direction of the resultant force. When a body accelerates its velocity changes. This causes the
momentum of the body to also change.
Change in momentum = Final momentum – Initial momentum

∆p = pfinal - pinitial
= mvf - mvi
= m(vf –vi)
= m∆v
From Newton’s second law of motion,

∆𝑣
FR = ma, where a =
∆𝑡
𝑚∆𝑣
FR = ∆𝑡
But we already established that m∆v = ∆p.

∆𝑝
Therefore FR = ∆𝑡
.
Thus Newton’s second law of motion can also be stated in terms of momentum.
The resultant/net force acting on a body is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body in
the direction of the net/resultant force.
Illustrative Examples
1. Velocity increases in the direction of motion due to the presence of a force acting in
the direction of motion.
A rocket of mass 950 kg is launched from rest to a velocity of 18 m.s-1 in 7 s. The rocket is
acted upon by the upward thrust of the exhaust gases.
Calculate
(a) The change in momentum of the rocket.
(b) The upward thrust onto the rocket.
Suggested Solution
Given: m = 950 kg
7
vi = 0
vf =18 m.s-1
∆t = 7 s
(a) ∆p = m(vf – vi)

= 950(18 – 0)
= 17 100 kg.m.s-1 upwards
(b) FT
Fg
∆𝑝
Fnet = ∆𝑡
17 100
FT – Fg = 7−0
FT = (950)(9.8) + 2 442.857
FT = 11 752.857 N; upwards
2. Velocity decreases and momentum also decreases as a result of a force acting in

opposite direction to motion.
A vehicle of mass 1 200 kg is moving southwards at a velocity of 20 m.s-1. The driver

realized some traffic police ahead and started to apply brakes. The velocity decreased to
5 m.s-1 in 10 s.
Calculate the
(a) Change in momentum.
(b) Net force acting on the vehicle when the brakes were being applied.
Suggested Solution:
Given m = 1 200 kg
vi = 20 m.s-1
vf = 5 m.s-1
∆t = 10 s
Take southwards to be +ve
(a) ∆p = m (vf – vi)

= 1 200( 5 – 20)
= - 1 800 kg.m.s-1
= 18 000 kg.m.s-1; Northwards
∆𝑝
(b) Fnet = ∆𝑡
8
−18 000
= 10−0
= - 1 800 N
= 1 800 N; Northwards
3. A body changes direction of motion due to an opposing force. The velocity and
momentum change.
A tennis ball of mass 75 g hits a wall at a velocity of 21 m.s-1. The ball bounces back at a
velocity of 17 m.s-1. The tennis ball was in contact with the wall for 0.1 s.
Calculate the
(a) Change in momentum of the ball.
(b) Force exerted by the ball onto the wall.
Suggested Solution
Take the original direction of motion of ball to be +ve

Given m = 75 x 10-3 kg = 0.075 kg
vi = 21 m.s-1
vf = - 17 m.s-1
∆t = 0.1 s
(a) ∆p = m(vf – vi)

= 0.075(-17 – 21)
= - 2.85 kg.m.s-1
= 2.85 kg.m.s-1; away from the wall
∆𝑝
(b) Fnet = ∆𝑡
−2.85
= 0.1
= - 28.50 N
= 28.50 N; away from the wall.
Impulse
If a resultant/net force acts on an object for some time interval, ∆t, the object’s momentum
changes. We have established that:
∆𝑝
Fnet = ∆𝑡
Rearranging this would give us:
Fnet∆t = ∆p
= m∆v
This is the impulse-momentum theorem. The quantity Fnet∆t is called impulse.
Impulse is the product of the net force acting on an object and the time the net force acts on the
object.
Impulse, Fnet∆t = Change in momentum
Fnet∆t = ∆p
= m(vf – vi)
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Impulse is a vector quantity with unit of N.s or kg.m.s-1. If we plot Fnet vs ∆t, then impulse is the
area under the graph/curve.
Safety Applications of Impulse

∆𝑝
From Fnet = ∆𝑡 it is clear that to minimize the impact of Fnet we should minimize ∆p and/or maximize
∆t. The smaller the change in momentum, ∆p and the longer time interval, ∆t hence the smaller the
net force, Fnet and as a result the less the damage the net force can cause. This is applied in the
following safety measures.
1. Air bags
In the event of a car collision, the airbag control unit (ACU) is triggered to inflate the airbags
in a flush, ≈ 0.03 s. This is fast enough so that by the time the passenger gets to the
airbags they will be inflated. As the passenger gets in contact with the inflated airbag it
starts to deflate slowly through the vents at the back thereby increasing ∆t to provide
cushion to the passenger. This would reduce the chances of fatal injuries to the
passengers.
2. Seat belts
When a car comes to a sudden stop, the seat belt prevents the passenger from continuing
to move and it elongates the time interval, ∆t required for the passenger to come to a stop.
This reduces the impact of Fnet.
3. Arrestor bed
When the brakes of a car fail the vehicle may be driven through an arrestor bed filled with
loose sand and/or pebble stones that will retard the vehicle until it stops. Arrestor beds
decreases a truck’s momentum to zero over a long time interval and so the force exerted
on the truck is small enough not to harm the truck driver.
4. When a person jumps from a height to land onto the ground, s/he should bend the knees as
s/he touches the ground. This would increase the time interval, ∆t to come to a stop thereby
minimizing the impact of the Fnet on the person. There can be serious injuries should the
person lands on the ground with legs straight.
5. When catching a cricket ball the cricketer should move the hands backwards as soon as
the ball gets to the hands. This would increase the time interval, ∆t to stop the ball thereby
reducing the Fnet onto the hands.
6. Crumple zones in modern cars
Modern cars have crumple zones in front and at the back. The time, ∆t it takes for the car to
crumple in the event of a collision is equal to the time for the car to stop. This increases ∆t
and reduces Fnet thereby decreasing the chances of serious injuries.
Conservation of momentum
Isolated system- one in which the net external force acting on the system is zero.
Internal forces- These are forces applied on each other by objects within a system; e.g. two
bodies colliding, gravitational force.
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External forces- Forces from outside a system that act on the bodies within a system.
Gravitational force is not an external force. Examples include applied force, frictional force, air
resistance, tension force in ropes and chains
Principle of Conservation of momentum
The TOTAL linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant (is conserved).
Bodies can collide and then move away from each other. We always assume no loss of mass; e.g.
snooker balls.
Bodies can collide and combine to become one bigger mass; e.g. cars colliding.
In an explosion one body can disintegrate into smaller masses that can scatter all over.
In all these cases the principle of conservation of linear momentum applies as long as there are no
external forces operating.
Why is momentum conserved?
In the event of a collision or explosion, bodies push each other apart with equal but opposite forces
(Newton’s third law). The time over which objects exert forces onto each other is the same. Hence
momentum is the same but opposite.
Elastic and Inelastic Collision
A collision can be elastic or inelastic. This depends on whether the kinetic energy is maintained
during the collision.
1
Ek = 2mv2
In an elastic collision the total kinetic energy is maintained; i.e.

Ek (before collision) = Ek (after collision)
In an inelastic collision the total kinetic energy is not maintained; i.e.

Ek (before collision) ≠ Ek (after collision)
The table below show some differences between elastic and inelastic collisions.
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

1. No change in shape of the object Permanent change in shape of object occurs.
2. No coupling (joining) of the objects Objects couple (are joined) and move further as a
unit.
3. Internal energy of objects remains The internal energy (e.g. heat energy) of the
constant. objects increases.
4. Ek of the closed system remain .Total Ek of the objects in the system decreases (is
conserved; i.e converted to other forms of energy; e.g. heat and
Ek (before collision) = Ek (after collision) sound)
Thus: Ek (before collision) ≠ Ek (after collision)

1 1 1 1
2
m1vi12 + 2m2vi22 = 2m1vf212 + 2m2vf22
Example: Example:
Collisions are never elastic. Two cars that collide and remain joined after a
➢ Collisions between snooker balls are collision.
11
almost elastic.
➢ Balls that bounce very high have an
(almost) elastic collision with the ground.
Adapted from: Louw R. & Whiting K. (2011) The Answer Series
Worked Examples and Activities
Worked Example 1
A girl sits in a boat, which is initially stationary, in the middle of a lake. In trying to propel herself
back to the shore, she throws a 1 kg object forward at 10 m.s–1 as shown in the diagram below.
Assume the combined mass of the girl and the boat is 100 kg.
Ignore friction between the water and the boat. Also ignore the up and down motion of the boat.
1.1 Define momentum in words.
Answer:
The resultant/net force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum of (2)
the object in the direction of the resultant/net force. ✓✓
1.2 Write down the initial momentum of the boat and the object.
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Answer: (1)
0 ✓
1.3 Calculate the momentum of the object immediately after it has been thrown.
Answer:
p = mv ✓
8
= (1)(10) ✓
= 10 kg.m.s-1 ✓
(3)
1.4 Calculate the velocity of the girl after the object has been thrown.
Answer:
∑ 𝑝 before = ∑ 𝑝 after ✓
m1vi1 + m2vi2 = m1vf1 + m2vf2

0 + 0✓ = 100v ✓+ 10 ✓
- 100v = 10
v = 0.1 m.s-1 ✓ (5)

[11]
Activity 1
Marks: 12 Duration: 12 Min
A 2 kg block is sliding to the right on a frictionless horizontal surface at 4 m·s -1. A force of 2
500 N is now exerted on the block for a short period of time as indicated in the graph
below.
1.1 Define the term impulse. (2)

Answer:
1.2 Calculate the magnitude of the impulse on the block. (3)

Answer:
1.3 Calculate the velocity of the block immediately after the force stops acting
on the block if the force was exerted to:
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1.3.1 The right (4)
Answer:
1.3.2 The left (3)

Answer:
[12]
Activity 2
A bullet of mass 20 g is fired from a stationary rifle of mass 3 kg. Assume that the bullet moves
horizontally. Immediately after firing, the rifle recoils (moves back) with a velocity of 1,4 m∙s -1.
2.1 Calculate the speed at which the bullet leaves the rifle. (4)
Answer:
The bullet strikes a stationary 5 kg wooden block fixed to a flat, horizontal table. The bullet is
brought to rest after travelling a distance of 0,4 m into the block. Refer to the diagram below.
2.2 Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the block on the bullet. (5)
Answer:
14
2.3 How does the magnitude of the force calculated in QUESTION 2.2 compare to
the magnitude of the force exerted by the bullet on the block? (1)
Write down only LARGER THAN, SMALLER THAN or THE SAME.
Answer:
[10]
Worked Example 2
The diagram below shows two sections, XY and YZ, of a horizontal, flat surface. Section XY is
smooth,
while section YZ is rough.
A 5 kg block, moving with a velocity of 4 m∙s-1 to the right, collides head-on with a stationary 3 kg
block.
After the collision, the two blocks stick together and move to the right, past point Y.
The combined blocks travel for 0,3 s from point Y before coming to a stop at point Z.
2.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words.
Answer: (2)
The total (linear) momentum of an isolated (closed) system ✓is constant (is conserved) ✓
OR
In an isolated (closed) system, the total (linear) momentum ✓before collision is equal to the total
linear momentum after collision. ✓
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2.2 Calculate the magnitude of the:
OPTION 1/OPSIE 1
POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 4.2.1
POSITIEWE NASIEN VANAF VRAAG 4.2.1
Fnet∆t = ∆p = (pf – pi) = (mvf – mvi) ✓

Fnet(0,3) ✓ = 8 [(0 – (2,5)]✓
Fnet = - 66,67 N
∴ Fnet = 66,67 N✓
OPTION 2/OPSIE 2 OPTION 3/OPSIE 3
POSITIVE MARKING FROM POSITIVE MARKING FROM
4.2.1 4.2.1
POSITIEWE NASIEN VANAF POSITIEWE NASIEN VANAF (4)
2.2.1 Velocity of the combined blocks at point Y
Answer:
∑pi = ∑pf
m1 v1i + m2v2i = m1 v1f + m2v2f 1 mark for any
m1 v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2)vf 1 punt vir enige
(5)(4) + (3)(0) ✓ = (5 + 3)vf✓
∴ v = 2,5 m∙s-1 ✓
OR/OF
Δp5kg = -Δp3kg ✓
mvf - mvi = mvf - mvi
5vf – (5)(4)✓ = 3vf – (3)(0) ✓
vf = 2,5 m∙s-1 ✓ (4)
2.2.2 Net force acting on the combined blocks when they move through section YZ
Answer:
16
4.2.1 4.2.1
Fnet = ma ✓ vf = vi + a∆t
m(v f - v i ) 0 = 2,5 + a(0,3) ✓
=
Δt a = - 8,333 m·s-2
8(0 - 2,5) ✓ Fnet = ma ✓
= = - 66,67 N
0,3 ✓ = 8 (-8,333) ✓
∴ Fnet = 66,67 N✓ = - 66,67 N
∴ Fnet = 66,67 N✓
[10]
17
Activity 3
The graph below shows how the momentum of car A changes with time just before and just after a
head-on collision with car B.
Car A has a mass of 1 500 kg, while the mass of car B is 900 kg. Car B was travelling at a
constant velocity of 15 m∙s-1 west before the collision. Take east as positive and consider the
system as isolated.
3.1 What do you understand by the term isolated system as used in physics? (1)
Answer:
Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions.

3.2 Calculate the:
3.2.1 Magnitude of the velocity of car A just before the collision (3)
Answer:
3.2.2 Velocity of car B just after the collision (4)
Answer:
18
3.2.3 Magnitude of the net average force acting on car A during the collision (4)
Answer:
[13]
19
Activity 4
Marks:11 Duration: 11 Min
A 2 kg block is at rest on a smooth, frictionless, horizontal table. The length of the block is x.
A bullet of mass 0,015 kg, travelling east at 400 m∙s-1, strikes the block and passes straight
through it with constant acceleration. Refer to the diagram below. Ignore any loss of mass of the
bullet and the block.
4.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)

Answer:
The block moves eastwards at 0,7 m∙s-1 after the bullet has emerged from it.
4.2 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the bullet immediately after it emerges from
the block. (4)
Answer:
4.3 If the bullet takes 0,002 s to travel through the block, calculate the length, x, of the
block. (5)
Answer:
[11]
20
Activity 5
The diagram below shows a bullet of mass 20 g that is travelling horizontally. The bullet strikes a
stationary 7 kg block and becomes embedded in it. The bullet and block together travel on a rough
horizontal surface a distance of 2 m before coming to a stop.
5.1 Use the work-energy theorem to calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the bullet-
block system immediately after the bullet strikes the block, given that the frictional force (5)
between the block and surface is 10 N.
Answer:

Answer:
5.3 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity with which the bullet hits the block. (4)
Answer:
[11]
21
Worked Example 3
The diagram below shows two skateboards, A and B, initially at rest, with a cat standing on
skateboard A. The skateboards are in a straight line, one in front of the other and a short
distance apart. The surface is flat, frictionless and horizontal.
3.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words.
Answer:
The total linear momentum of a closed (isolated) system remains constant (is conserved).
✓✓
OR
In an isolated system, the total linear momentum before collision is equal to the total linear
momentum after collision ✓✓ (2)
(If key words isolated and total missing -1 mark for each.)
EACH skateboard has a mass of 3,5 kg. The cat, of mass 2,6 kg, jumps from skateboard A
with a horizontal velocity of 3 m∙s-1 and lands on skateboard B with the same velocity of 3
m∙s-1.
Refer to the diagram below.
3.2 Calculate the velocity of skateboard A just after the cat has jumped from it.
Answer:
∑ pf = ∑ pi
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f [Any one of these] ✓
For the system cat-skate board A

(3,5)(0) + (2,6)(0) ✓ = (3,5)vskateboard + (2,6)(3) ✓
vskateboard = 2,23 m∙s-1✓ to the left ✓
ACCEPT = -2,23 m∙s-1 ✓✓ (5)

Immediately after the cat has landed, the cat and skateboard B move horizontally to the right
at 1,28 m∙s-1.
3.2 Calculate the magnitude of the impulse on skateboard B as a result of the cat's
landing.
22
Answer:
Fnet Δt = Δp = mvf - mvi ✓

= (3,5)(1,28 - 0) ✓
= 4,48 N∙s (4,48 kg∙ms-1) ✓
OR 3
Fnet Δt = Δp = mvf - mvi ✓

= (2,6)(1,28 - 3) ✓
= -4,48 N∙s (4,48 kg∙ms-1)
Δp = 4,48 N.s ✓
[10]
23
Activity 6
A teacher demonstrates the principle of conservation of linear momentum using two trolleys. The
teacher first places the trolleys, A and B, some distance apart on a flat frictionless horizontal
surface, as shown in the diagram below. The mass of trolley A is 3,5 kg and that of trolley B is 6,0
kg.
Trolley A moves towards trolley B at constant velocity. The table below shows the position of trolley
A for time intervals of 0,4 s before it collides with trolley B.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITION AND TIME FOR TROLLEY A
Position of trolley A (m) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Time (s) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2
6.1 Use the table above to prove that trolley A is moving at constant velocity before it
collides with trolley B. (3)
Answer:

Answer:
At time t = 1,2 s, trolley A collides with stationary trolley B. The collision time is 0,5
s after which the two trolleys move off together.
6.3 Calculate the magnitude of the average net force exerted on trolley B by trolley A. (6)
Answer:
[11]
24
Activity 7
7.1 Define the term impulse in words. (2)

Answer:
7.2 The diagram below shows a gun mounted on a mechanical support which is fixed
to the ground. The gun is capable of firing bullets rapidly in a horizontal direction.
Each bullet travels at a speed of 700 m∙s-1 in an easterly direction when it leaves
the gun.
(Take the initial velocity of a bullet, before being fired, as zero.)
The gun fires 220 bullets per minute. The mass of each bullet is 0,03 kg.
Calculate the:
7.2.1 Magnitude of the momentum of each bullet when it leaves the gun (3)
Answer:
7.2.2 The net average force that each bullet exerts on the gun (5)
Answer:
7.3 Without any further calculation, write down the net average horizontal force that the (2)
mechanical support exerts on the gun.
Answer:
[12]
25
Activity 8
A bullet moves east at a velocity of 480 m∙s-1. It hits a wooden block that is fixed to the floor. The
bullet takes 0,01 s to move through the stationary block and emerges from the block at a velocity of
80 m∙s-1 east. See the diagram below.
Ignore the effects of air resistance.
Consider the block-bullet system as an isolated system.
8.1 Explain what is meant by an isolated system as used in Physics. (2)

Answer:
8.2 The magnitude of the momentum of the bullet before it enters the block is
24 kg∙m∙s-1.
8.2.1 Mass of the bullet (3)
Answer:
8.2.2 Average net force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet (5)
Answer:
[10]
26
Activity 9
Ball P of mass 0.16 kg, moving east at a speed of 10 m.s-1, collide head-on with another ball Q of
mass 0.20 kg, moving west at a speed of 15 m.s-1. After the collision, ball P moves west at a speed
of 5 m.s-1, as shown in the diagram below.
Ignore the effects of friction and the rotational effects of the balls.
9.1 Define the term momentum in words. (2)

Answer:
9.2 Calculate the:

9.2.1 Velocity of ball Q after the collision (2)
Answer:
9.2.2 Magnitude of the impulse on ball P during the collision. (6)
Answer:
[10]
27
Bibliography
1. DBE National Question Papers
2. DOE Provincial Question Papers
3. http://www.dynamicscience.com.au
4. Grade 12 Examinations Guidelines
5. Everything Sciences (Siyavula)
6. Louw R. & Whiting K. (2012) The Answer Series, Physical Sciences
Outcomes reached YES NO

• Define momentum as the product of an object's mass and its
velocity.
• Describe linear momentum as a vector quantity with the same
direction as the velocity of the object.
• Describe the vector nature of momentum and illustrate it with some
simple examples.
• Draw vector diagrams to illustrate the relationship between the
initial momentum, the final momentum and the change in
momentum for each of the cases above.
• State Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum
• Express Newton's second law in symbols
• Calculate the change in momentum when a resultant force acts on
an object and its velocity
• Define impulse as the product of the net force acting on an object
and the time the net force acts on the object.
• Deduce the impulse-momentum theorem
• Use the impulse-momentum theorem to calculate the force
exerted, the time for which the force is applied and the change in
momentum for a variety of situations involving the motion of an
object in one dimension.
• Explain how the concept of impulse applies to safety
considerations in everyday life, e.g. airbags, seatbelts and arrestor
beds.
o An isolated system (in Physics): An isolated system is one
on which the net external force acting on the system is
zero.
• State the principle of conservation of linear momentum: The total
linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant (is
conserved).
• Apply the conservation of momentum to the collision of two objects
moving in one dimension (along a straight line) with the aid of an
appropriate sign convention.
• Distinguish between elastic collisions and inelastic collisions by
calculation.
28

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SUBJECT: PHYSICAL SCIENCES

MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

JENN TRAINING: CONTENT MANUAL TEACHER/LEARNERS:

● Prepare carefully, but don’t panic

Track Your Symptoms:

How to protect yourself:

Examination guideline 3-4

MIND MAP EXAMINATION CONTENTS ACTIVITIES

Newton's second law in terms of momentum

Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions

• Define momentum as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.

Newton's second law in terms of momentum

Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions

Important Terms and Terminologies

Momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its velocity.

Change in momentum and Relationship with Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Change in momentum = Final momentum – Initial momentum

From Newton’s second law of motion,

But we already established that m∆v = ∆p.

(a) ∆p = m(vf – vi)

2. Velocity decreases and momentum also decreases as a result of a force acting in

A vehicle of mass 1 200 kg is moving southwards at a velocity of 20 m.s-1. The driver

(a) ∆p = m (vf – vi)

Take the original direction of motion of ball to be +ve

(a) ∆p = m(vf – vi)

This is the impulse-momentum theorem. The quantity Fnet∆t is called impulse.

Safety Applications of Impulse

6. Crumple zones in modern cars

Principle of Conservation of momentum

Why is momentum conserved?

Elastic and Inelastic Collision

In an elastic collision the total kinetic energy is maintained; i.e.

In an inelastic collision the total kinetic energy is not maintained; i.e.

Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

Thus: Ek (before collision) ≠ Ek (after collision)

Worked Examples and Activities

1.1 Define momentum in words.

m1vi1 + m2vi2 = m1vf1 + m2vf2

v = 0.1 m.s-1 ✓ (5)

Marks: 12 Duration: 12 Min

1.1 Define the term impulse. (2)

1.2 Calculate the magnitude of the impulse on the block. (3)

1.3.2 The left (3)

Marks: 10 Duration: 10 Min

2.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words.

Fnet∆t = ∆p = (pf – pi) = (mvf – mvi) ✓

2.2.1 Velocity of the combined blocks at point Y

Marks: 13 Duration: 13 Min

Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions.

3.2.2 Velocity of car B just after the collision (4)

Marks:11 Duration: 11 Min

4.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)

5.2 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)

3.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words.

Refer to the diagram below.

For the system cat-skate board A

vskateboard = 2,23 m∙s-1✓ to the left ✓

PS Momentum & Impulse Content Manual

PS Momentum & Impulse Content Manual

PS Momentum & Impulse Content Manual