ARCH.

3221 : WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

WATER : SUPPLY AND Wastewater Disposal

LECTURE 3: DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY FOR A BUILDING:
PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING
3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

• to provide sufficient rate of delivery of water

without wasteful over-sizing

• sizing can be done based on :

• practical experiences(small projects)

• through calculation
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

• since it is rare to use all appliances simultaneously,

max. demand is much lesser than simultaneous
demand

• simultaneous design flow rate is modified using

probability equation

•Assuming individual draw off is not greater than 0.5 lit/

sec at a point. even if there is more, such flows shall be for
shorter period

• Continues flows if any, shall be taken into account, by

adding 100% of their flow rates
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Demand rate and corresponding loading unit for

various appliances:
Z=(q/0.25)2
Where ‘Z’ is the loading value and ‘q’ is the flow rate in liters/ sec.

• the constant is based upon flow rate of 0.25 l/s, a

unit loading
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Flow rate and loading units(EBCS -9 1995)

No. Fitting Flow rate (lit/sec)(q) Loading value(Z)
1 W.C., Bidet, Wash basin 0.125 0.25
2 Flush valve(urinal) 0.125 0.25
3 Sink 0.25 1.00
4 Shower 0.25 1.00
5 Bath tub 0.35 1.96
6 Flush valve (W.C) 0.25 1.00
7 Laundary tub 0.52 4.33
8 Washing machine 0.25 1.00
9 Hose tap(20mm) 0.3 1.44
10 Hose tap(15mm) 0.2 0.64
11 Cistern for urinal 0.004 0.00
12 Spray tap 0.04 0.03
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Since it is unlikely that all draw-off will be

simultaneously used, the probable design flow Q is
given by;

Q=0.25(Z1+Z2+ . . . Zn)1/2

where, Zi = Z value of the appliance x number of that appliance

 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Example: calculate the design flow rate of a water supply line in a building,
feeding 3 W.C.s, 3 wash basins, 3 showers and 2 sinks?

As per probability equation:

W.C. Z1= 3 x 0.25 = 0.75

W.B. Z2 = 3 x 0.25 = 0.75
Shower Z3 = 3x 1.0 = 3.0
Sink Z4 = 2 x 1.0 = 2.0
Total = 6.5

Q= 0.25(Z1+Z2+…+Zn)
= 0.25(1.5 + 1.5 + 3+ 2 ) ½
= 0.25(6.5) ½
= 0.25 x 2.55 = 0.64 lit/sec
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Flow rate depends upon;

• length
• diameter
• roughness
• pressure drop along the pipe
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Head loss expressed in equivalent pipe length(B.S)

Approximate equivalent length in
Type of fittings pipe diameter (i.e. diameter X
this value gives in mm)
90º 30-36
Easy Bend 10
Flush connection to cistern or tank 20
Globe valve 34
Tee:
straight 20
Reducing one side 30
Reducing two side 36
Water entering branch 70-90
Gate valve 7
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Example: In a 15mm pipe, having a length of 3m, there are two 900
bend and one Gate valve. Calculate the effective length?

Equivalent length of 2 900 bend = 2 x 15mm x 36

= 1080mm = 1.08m
Equivalent length of Gate valve = 1 x 15mm x 7
= 105mm = 0.1m
Effective length of 15mm pipe = 3m + 1.08 + 0.1
= 4.18m

So, Head loss due to friction for 4.18m is to be found

Note: 1- Loss through water meter is to be added based on the manufactures

recommendation.
2- The residual head available at each tap should be at least equal to
the loss of head through the tap, at the design flow rate . It is
better to have a residual head of 2m in all appliances
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Typical head loss through taps and their equivalent length

Ø of tap in Tap flow rate in

mm lit/sec Loss of head in m Equivalent length in m

15 0.15 0.5 3.7

0.2 0.8 3.7
20 0.3 0.8 11.8
25 0.6 1.5 22
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Required min. terminal pressure in appliances:

Appliance Terminal pressure
Bath tub(hand spray) 0.8m(15mm,Q=0.2lit/sec)
Wash Basin 0.5m(15mm,Q=0.15lit/sec)
Water closet 0.5m(15mm,Q=0.10 lit/sec)
Sink 15mm 0.5m(15mm,Q=0.15lit/sec)
20mm 0.8m(20mm,Q=0.3lit/sec)
Float valve 0.3m
shower 0.8m to 1m

Note: But it is better to have a terminal pressure of 2m in all water

supply appliances at the delivery point.
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING
Sizing of pipes

Initial available head is normally measured from the outlet of the storage tank.
Trial and error method, starting from the 1st pipe length, from the storage tank is to
be done. The residual head of each pipe length( junction points to junction point)is
to be calculated, taking into account the head of each pipe work and head loss due
to position. If the residual head available at the discharge point is negative or less
than the required head, the diameter of preceding pipe is to be adjusted and the
procedure repeated.

Design Assumptions:
a) Velocity of flow for design of gravity pipe(supply pipe) may be < 1 m/sec
preferably 0.8m/sec. Velocity of flow for design of pumping main shall be
between 1.5 m/sec to 3m/sec, preferably 1.5m/sec. In any case it should not be
greater than 3m/sec.
b) Head loss in main pipe is preferably limited to 2m/100m
c) Reduction in capacity due to aging can be neglected

Note: Design is to be done junction-to-junction staring from the storage tank.

 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Procedure for pipe Sizing

1. Prepare the pipe work diagram, numbering from

junction to junction, starting from storage tank.
2. Calculate the fixtures fed by each pipe and
Determine the loading units for each length of pipe
3. Convert the loading units into design flow rate in
liters/sec(use probability equation)
4. Starting from storage tank with known flow rate
and velocity less than 3m/sec,(preferably in
between 1m/sec and 0.8 m/sec), select a diameter
of pipe. Note that the head loss is in
meter/100meter
5. Determine the height difference between the inlet
and the outlet of pipe(positive for drop and
negative for rise)
6. Measure actual length of pipe being considered
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Procedure for pipe Sizing

7. Determine an equivalent length of pipe for fitting,

valve, etc.
8. Determine the effective length of pipe work by
adding actual length and equivalent length of pipe
fitting, valve, etc.
9. Determine actual head loss of pipe work
considering effective length
10. Deduct actual head loss from available head
11. If the residual head is less than the required head,
for a particular out let fitting or if the head is
negative, repeat the same with a larger diameter
Note: (a) If the details of pipefittings and valves are not known add 20 to
30% of actual head loss in pipe work, as minor head loss due
to fittings and valves
(b) The average rate of flow is to be taken for single fitting, while
designing last pipe
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Hazen William’s formula

•For designing, water supply pipelines, flowing

full, under hydraulic pressure ;

V= 1.0955 x 10-4 .x C x D0.63 x Hf0.54

Where,
V= velocity of flow in m/sec
D= diameter of pipe in mm
Hf= hydraulic gradient or friction loss of head in meter/ 100m
C= coefficient, depending upon roughness of pipe
(varying from 80-140; usu.100)
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Average rate of flows with frictional loss and velocity

for single fitting:
A. Bath tab,20mm Q = 0.3 lit/ sec Hf= 11.8/100m
V= 0.954 m/sec
B. Sink, 20mm Q = 0.3 lit/ sec Hf=11.8/100m
V=0.954 m/sec
C. Sink, 15mm Q = 0.2 lit/ sec Hf= 23.79 m/100m
V= 1.13 m/sec
D. Shower, 15mm Q = 0.2 lit/ sec Hf= 23.79 m/100m
V= 1.13 m/sec
E. Wash basin, 15mm Q = 0.15 lit/ sec Hf= 14.44/100m
V= 0.84 m/sec
F. Water closet, 15mm Q = 0.1 lit/ sec Hf= 6.32/100m
V= 0.56 m/sec
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Example: Cast iron pumping main of a building water supply system to an

over head tank is 25 mm diameter and 120 meter length. Calculate
the head loss due to friction, if it has a capacity to discharge 1000
liters of water every half hour?
C =100 (Use Hazen William’s formula, since pipe line is under
pressure flow).

2000
Q= 2000lit/hr = = 0.00056 m3/sec
(1000 𝑥 60 𝑥 60)

But Q = A x V
𝑄
v= V=
0.00056
=
0.00056 𝑥 4
= 1.13 m/sec
𝐴
𝜋𝜋2/4 3.14 𝑥 .025 𝑥 .025
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Example:
As per Hazen William's formula

V = 1.0955 x 10-4 x C x D0.63 x Hf0.54

C = 100 , D = 25mm , V = 1.13m/sec

1.13 = 1.0955 x 10-4 x 100 x 250.63 x Hf0.54

1.13
Hf = 1.0955 x 10−4 x 100 x 250.63

Hf = 12.52 per 100 m.

For a length of Pumping main, the total head loss due to friction

= 12.52 m x 120 /100

= 15.024 m
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Example. calculate the diameters of pipes of a residential building as

shown in Fig. below?
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING
Note: The flow rate is computed, as per probability equation
where, Q = 0.25 x (𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍3 + ⋯ . +𝑍𝑍)

Computation of flow in each pipe:

EF = 1WC = 1 X 0.25 = 0.25 single WC Q = 0.13 lit/sec
EG = 1 shower = 1 X 1 = 1 Single shower Q = 0.25 lit/sec
DE = EF + EG = 0.25 + 1 = 1.25 Q = 0.25 x 1.25 = 0.23 lit/sec
DH = 1 WB = 1 x 0.25 =0.25 single WB Q = 0.13 lit/sec
CD = DE + DH = 1.5 + 0.25 = 1.75 Q = 0.25 x 1.75 = 0.33 lit/sec
CI = 1 sink = 1 x 1 = 1 single sink Q = 0.25 lit/sec
BC = CJ + CD = 1 + 1.75 = 2.75 Q = 0.25 x 2.75 = 0.41 lit/sec
KL = 1 WC = 1 x 0.25 = 0.25 Single WC Q = 0.13 lit/sec
KM = 1 bath = 1 x 2 = 2 Single Bath Q = 0.4 lit/sec
JK = KL + KM = 0.25 + 2 = 2.25 Q = 0.25 x 2.25 = 0.38 lit/sec
JN = 1 WB = 1 x 0.25 = 0 .25 single WB Q = 0.13 lit/sec
BJ = JK + JN = 2.5 + 0.25 = 2.75 Q = 0.25 x 2.75 = 0.41 lit/sec
OP = 1 WC = 1 x 0.25 = 0.25 single WC Q = 0.13 lit/sec
OQ = 1 WB = 1 x 0.25 = 0.25 single WB Q = 0.13 lit/sec
BO = OP + OQ = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 Q = 0.25 x 0.5 = 0.2 lit/sec
AB = BO + BJ + BC = 0.5 + 2.75 + 2.75 = 6 Q = 0.25 x 6 = 0.61 lit/sec
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Pipe AB
Assuming Ø 32 pipe and since Q = V x A
𝑄
v=
𝐴
0.00061 0.00061 𝑥 4
V= = = 0.76 m/sec
𝜋 .032 2/4 3.14 𝑥 .032 𝑥 .032

then using Hazen William's formula

V = 1.0955 x 10-4 x C x D0.63 x Hf0.54

C = 100 , D = 32mm , V = 0.76m/sec

0.76 = 1.0955 x 10-4 x 100 x 250.63 x Hf0.54

0.76
Hf = 1.0955 x 10−4 x 100 x 320.63

Hf = 4.49 per 100m

 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Pipe AB
So for the length of 3.65m we will have a loss of

3.65 𝑥 4.49
= = 0.16 m
100

Since we will not be considering the details of pipefittings and valves we

add 30% of actual head loss to compensate the minor losses,

= 30% x 0.16 = 0.05 m

So the total loss in pipe AB is

= 0.16 + 0.05 = 0.21 m

So since there has been a head gained of 3.65 m through a drop(gravity),

then pipe AB will pass the available remaining head after deducting the loss,

= 3.65 -0.21 = 3.44 m to pipe BC ,BJ & BO.

 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Tabulated Result
Minor
Drop Total
Design pipe Head loss Actual Head loss Available
Pipe velocity (+ve) Available Effective head
No. flow size per Head length loss 20% to head
Name (m/s) Rise head(m) length (m) loss
(lit/sec) (mm) 100(m) (m) (m) 30% (m)
(-ve) (m)
(m)
1 AB 0.61 32 0.76 4.49 - - 3.65 3.65 - 0.16 0.05 0.21 3.44
2 BC 0.41 25 0.84 7.16 3.44 3.65 7.09 3.65 - 0.26 0.08 0.34 6.75
3 CD 0.33 20 1.05 14.21 6.75 0 6.75 1 - 0.14 0.04 0.18 6.56
4 DE 0.23 20 0.73 7.28 6.56 0 6.56 1.5 - 0.11 0.03 0.14 6.42
5 EF 0.13 15 0.74 10.27 6.42 -0.4 6.02 1.4 - 0.14 0.04 0.19 5.83
6 EG 0.25 15 1.42 34.49 6.42 -1.8 4.62 1.8 - 0.62 0.19 0.81 3.81
7 DE 0.23 15 1.30 29.55 6.56 -0.65 5.91 0.65 - 0.19 0.06 0.25 5.66
8 CI 0.25 20 0.80 8.50 6.75 -0.65 6.10 2.15 - 0.18 0.05 0.24 5.86
9 BJ 0.41 20 1.31 21.23 3.44 0 3.44 1.5 - 0.32 0.10 0.41 3.02
10 JK 0.38 20 1.21 18.45 3.02 0 3.02 0.5 - 0.09 0.03 0.12 2.90
11 KL 0.13 15 0.74 10.27 2.90 -0.4 2.50 1.15 - 0.12 0.04 0.15 2.35
12 KM 0.4 20 1.27 20.28 2.90 -0.8 2.10 0.8 - 0.16 0.05 0.21 1.89
13 JN 0.13 15 0.74 10.27 3.02 -0.65 2.37 0.65 - 0.07 0.02 0.09 2.29
14 BO 0.2 20 0.64 5.62 3.44 0 3.44 4 - 0.22 0.07 0.29 3.14
15 OP 0.13 15 0.74 10.27 3.14 -0.4 2.74 1.4 - 0.14 0.04 0.19 2.56
16 OQ 0.13 15 0.74 10.27 3.14 -0.65 2.49 0.65 - 0.07 0.02 0.09 2.41

Note: Residual head preferably 2 m in all appliances, but not less than 0.8m
for Bath tub and 0.5m for W.B.,W.C. and Sink.
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

PLUMBER’S CHART
• used to assess the approximate estimation of sizes of water
supply pipes in buildings.
• With sufficient capacity of water stored in roof tank, it can be
safely be used for single and double story buildings
S.No. Sanitary fixtures Number of fixtures
Pipe sizes in mm 1 2 4 8 12 16 24
1 Water closets 15 20 25 32 40 40 50
2 Urinals 15 20 25 32 32 32 40
3 Wash Basins 15 15 20 25 25 32 32
4 Bath Tub 20 25 32 40 50 50 65
5 Shower(tap) 15 20 32 40 50 50 65
6 Sink 20 25 32 40 40 50 50

Size of pipe in mm 15 20 25 32 40 50 60
No. of equivalent 15 mm 1 1.8 3.7 5.9 12 23 42
diameter pipe
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Example: Using plumber’s chart, calculate the diameter of cold water pipes
as shown in the Fig below.
 3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

Example.
pipe AB is feeding all fixtures. So the diameter of that pipe
shall be sufficiently big
3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING
3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING
3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING
3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING
3. PIPE SIZING IN WATER DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING
ASSIGNMENT: II Semester project
With in your group, Prepare the pipe work diagram for the G+4 residential
project you have selected and then come up with preliminary size of pipes
using both Hazen-william’s formula calculation and plumber’s chart.

Expected results:
•a combined pdf document consisting of:
• a cover page, clearly stating number of students in a group, their
names and ID. No.
• pipe work diagrams labeled properly and dimensioned
• pipe sizing showing clearly all the steps and procedures for each
method(using both Hazen William’s calculation and plumbers
chart)
• Every group must submit a softcopy on a CD labeled with a
permanent marker, name and ID. No. of each member(one
group-one CD)

Submission Date: Dec. 16, 2014 at 2:00 am and please note that late
submission is unacceptable