(eBook PDF) Fundamental Concepts in

Modern Analysis:An Introduction to

Nonlinear Analysis 2nd Edition
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/ebook-pdf-fundamental-concepts-in-modern-analy
sisan-introduction-to-nonlinear-analysis-2nd-edition/
 Preface to the Second Edition

The second edition opens with a new chapter (Chapter 1)

describing a geometrical approach to the system of real numbers.
The focus is on the limit operations of quantities measured by
numbers, which are crucial in mathematical analysis. In the
following three chapters (Chapters 2-4), the basic material on
topology in the first edition, has been reorganized and revised with
Poul G. Hjorth.
The fundamental concept of compactness in metric and
topological spaces is treated in Chapter 3, and in more detail than
in the first edition. In the theory of metric spaces, the notion of a
sequentially compact space is defined by a convergence property
of sequences in the space. In the theory of topological spaces, the
more general notion of a compact space is defined through a
refinement property of coverings of the space with open sets. In
the second edition, the two notions of compactness are developed
with independent proofs of the main results. Thereby the material
on compactness is apt for applications also in functional analysis,
where the notion of sequentially compactness prevails.
The material on differentiability in normed vector spaces in the
first edition, has also been reorganized. Chapter 5 concentrates
on the first derivative of a differentiable mapping, and a new
section on partial derivatives has been added. Higher order
derivatives are treated in Chapter 6, where new material has been
added to make a more complete account. The additions include
proofs of symmetry of higher order derivatives and of Taylor’s
formula.
In Chapter 7, the theory developed in the preceding chapters
is applied to the foundations of differentiable manifolds with a view
towards global analysis and differential geometry and topology. In
Chapter 8 we offer an elementary introduction to singularity theory
in finite dimensions, and in Chapter 9 to Morse theory in infinite
dimension. The material in Chapters 7-9 is, except for minor

7
revisions, identical to the material in the last three chapters of the
first edition.
Most of the figures in the book have been redrawn and more
descriptive captions have been added to the figures.
The exercise material has been reorganized from a collection
of problem sets at the end of the book to a section at the end of
each chapter with exercises and further results. Several new
exercises have been added.
In the layout of the book, the text has been marked with
various symbols to clarify the structure. The completion of a Proof
has been marked with a , the end of an Example with a , and
the end of a Remark with a .
I am grateful to my colleagues Jens Gravesen, Steen
Markvorsen, Michael Pedersen, Morten Brøns, Andreas Aabrandt
and Kristoffer Jon Albers for constructive remarks, technical
assistance and helpful comments over the years.
In a recent class based on material from the first edition of the
book and conducted by Hjorth, a number of students have
supplied valuable comments and minor corrections to the text. In
particular Hjorth and I would like to thank Tobias Boklund, Lukas
Kluge, Lasse Mohr Mikkelsen, Asger Limkilde and Aksel Kaastrup
Rasmussen.

Technical University of Denmark, August 2019

Vagn Lundsgaard Hansen

8
9
 Preface to the First Edition

Many advanced mathematical disciplines, such as global

differential geometry, the calculus of variations, dynamical
systems and the theory of Lie groups, have a common foundation
in general topology and analysis in normed vector spaces. The
purpose of this book is to introduce students to basic parts of this
foundation and to give them a firm basis for further studies of
mathematics.
This book derives from a course at the advanced
undergraduate or beginning graduate level offered to engineering
students at the Technical University of Denmark. The intention of
the course is to give the mathematically inclined and interested
engineering students an opportunity to go into some depth with
fundamental mathematical notions from analysis that are
important not only from a mathematical point of view but also
occur frequently in theoretical parts of the engineering sciences,
and to introduce them to proofs in mathematics and to
mathematical reasoning. It is my hope that the book will also
appeal to university students in mathematics and in the physical
sciences.
The book opens with a study of fundamental concepts from
general topology: metric spaces, topological spaces,
compactness, connectedness, function spaces. Then follows a
study of fundamental concepts in analysis: normed vector spaces,
differentiability in normed vector spaces, and the Inverse Function
Theorem in Banach spaces. The theory developed is applied to
lay the foundations of differentiable manifolds with a view towards
global analysis and differential geometry. In the last two chapters
we offer elementary introductions to singularity theory in finite
dimensions, respectively Morse theory in infinite dimension.
Major parts of the book are a translation and revision of the
lecture notes “Grundbegreber i den Moderne Analyse” for the
above-mentioned course, published in 1986 by the Department of

10
Mathematics, Technical University of Denmark. The English
translation of the first three chapters has been prepared with the
very efficient help of Dan Erik Krarup Sørensen. The figures were
drawn by Beth Beyerholm.
I am grateful to several people for valuable comments on the
material in the book. In particular, I am indebted to the students
who tested the material in practice. Among them, Jonas Bjerg,
Peter Gross, Lars Gæde, Christian Henriksen, Jan Kristensen,
Jens Christian Larsen, Anders Høst-Madsen, Thomas Randrup,
Henrik Obbekær Rasmussen, Peter Røgen and Dan Erik Krarup
Sørensen deserve particular mentioning for detailed comments.
Jennifer Brockbank suggested many improvements in the
translation of the first chapters.
My late colleague Niels Vigand Pedersen was a most valued
discussion partner at the early stages of the Danish book.
It is a particular joy to thank my good colleague Poul Hjorth
who has lectured on the material in the book and has contributed
many valuable remarks. As a special favour, he has read most of
the text and has suggested several improvements in the
language. In this connection, I am also very grateful to Robert
Sinclair.

Lyngby, February 1999 Vagn Lundsgaard Hansen

11
12
 Preliminary Notions

There are certain standard notations and terminologies used

throughout mathematics. In this explanatory note we list some of
these.

Logical symbols

∀ for all
∃ there exists
: such that
⇒ implies
⇔ if and only if
∧ and
∨ or
⊆ subset
⊇ proper subset
∈ belongs to
∉ does not belong to

Sets of numbers

the natural numbers

the integers
the rational numbers
the irrational numbers
the real numbers
+ positive numbers
non-negative numbers
the complex numbers

13
Notions from set theory

A set S can be declared by listing the elements. For example,

S = {x | x has property }
denotes a set S of elements x characterized by a given property
. The property will often be expressed in terms of logical
symbols.
Below we list some basic sets and constructions with sets.
the empty set
A⋃B the union of sets A and B, i.e. {x | x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B}
A⋂B the intersection of sets A and B, i.e. {x | x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B}
A⊔B the union of disjoint sets A and B, i.e. A ∩ B =
union of sets Aα indexed by α in an index set I
intersection of sets Aα indexed by α in an index set I
A×B the product set of A and B, i.e. {(x, y) | x ∈ A, y ∈ B}
S\A the set difference, i.e. {x ∈ S | x ∉ A}

Notions related to mappings

f:A a mapping of A into B
→B
f(A) the image of f, i.e. f (A) = {b ∈ B | ∃a ∈ A : f(a) = b}
f−1(C) the preimage of subset C ⊆ B under the mapping f : A
→ B, i.e. f−1(C) = {a ∈ A | f(a) ∈ C}

Relations and equivalence classes

A relation ~ in a set S is a subset R ⊆ S × S, i.e. a distinguished
set of ordered pairs of points x, y ∈ S. We write x ~ y if (x, y) ∈ R.
The relation ~ is called an equivalence relation if
(i) x ~ x (~ is reflexive)
(ii) x ~ y ⇒ y ~ x (~ is symmetric)
(iii) (x ~ y) ∧ (y ~ z) ⇒ x ~ z (~ is transitive).

14
 If ~ is an equivalence relation in S, then S can be partitioned
into a corresponding system of disjoint subsets, so-called
equivalence classes Sα, indexed by α ∈ I, and defined by

If on the other hand,

then we can define a relation ~ in S by

Clearly ~ is an equivalence relation in S.

An equivalence relation in a set S and a partition of S into a
disjoint union of equivalence classes amounts in other words to
the same thing.
If ~ is an equivalence relation in S, the set of equivalence
classes is denoted by and denotes the mapping
which to an element x ∈ S associates its equivalence class
.

15
16
 Contents

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition
Preliminary Notions

Chapter 1: It Began with the Numbers

1.1 A geometric approach to the real numbers
1.1.1 Marking the rational numbers
1.1.2 Catching the real numbers
1.1.3 Digesting the real numbers
1.2 Supremum and infimum
1.2.1 Ordering relations
1.2.2 Existence of supremum and infimum
1.3 On the nature of proof in mathematics
1.3.1 Division with remainder
1.3.2 The isoperimetric problem
1.3.3 A surprising limit process
1.4 Aesthetics and the search for simplicity
1.4.1 An appealing proof
1.4.2 The importance of simplicity
1.5 Cardinality of sets of real numbers
Exercises and Further Results

Chapter 2: Basic Concepts in Topology

2.1 The classical setting for continuity
2.2 Continuity of mappings in metric spaces
2.3 The topology of a metric space
2.4 Topological spaces
2.5 Local theory in topological spaces
2.5.1 Neighbourhoods
2.5.2 Continuity at a point
2.5.3 Basis for a topology

17
 2.6 Points in relation to a subset
2.7 Closed sets
2.8 The closure of a set
2.9 Limit points. Hausdorff spaces
Exercises and Further Results

Chapter 3: Advanced Concepts in Topology

3.1 Compact sets
3.2 Compact sets in Euclidean spaces
3.3 Infinite subsets of compact sets
3.4 Sequentially compact sets in Euclidean spaces
3.5 Completeness of metric spaces
3.6 Continuous mappings of compact sets
3.7 Homeomorphisms
3.8 Connected sets
Exercises and Further Results

Chapter 4: Metric Structures in Vector Spaces

4.1 Normed vector spaces and their metric properties
4.2 Linearity and continuity
4.3 The operator norm for a bounded linear operator
4.4 Completeness of normed vector spaces
4.5 Integration of functions with values in a Banach space
Exercises and Further Results

Chapter 5: Differentiation in Normed Vector Spaces

5.1 Differentiability in the classical setting
5.2 Differentiability in normed vector spaces
5.3 Interpretation of differentiability in special cases
5.3.1 Functions of one real variable
5.3.2 Real-valued functions of several variables
5.3.3 Vector-valued functions of several variables
5.4 Some important rules from calculus
5.5 The first derivative of a differentiable mapping
5.6 Mean value theorems
5.7 Partial differentials
5.8 Toplinear isomorphisms
5.9 The Inverse Function Theorem (C1 mappings)
Exercises and Further Results

18
Chapter 6: Higher Order Derivatives
6.1 Multilinear mappings
6.2 Banach spaces of multilinear mappings
6.3 Higher order derivatives
6.4 Higher order derivatives in finite dimensions
6.5 Higher order derivatives of multilinear mappings
6.6 Symmetry of higher order derivatives
6.7 Taylor’s formula
6.8 The Inverse Function Theorem
Exercises and Further Results

Chapter 7: Differentiable Manifolds

7.1 Solution sets for nonlinear equations
7.2 Manifolds
7.3 Differentiable mappings
7.4 Tangent spaces
7.5 The tangent bundle
7.6 Vector fields
7.7 Induced mappings
7.8 Immersions, submersions, embeddings, submanifolds
7.9 Transversality
Exercises and Further Results

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Singularity Theory

8.1 Equivalence of germs
8.2 Regular germs
8.3 Germs ( , 0) → ( , 0) of finite order
8.4 Morse germs
8.5 Whitney Ck-topology on function spaces
8.6 How to prove results about genericity?
8.6.1 The space of smooth mappings of into
8.6.2 Spaces of immersions
8.6.3 A space of Morse functions
Exercises and Further Results

Chapter 9: An Introduction to Geometric Variational Problems

9.1 Fermat’s principle for light propagation
9.2 Triangles as optimal figures
9.3 The isoperimetric problem for closed polygons

19
 9.4 The general isoperimetric problem
9.5 Elements of the history of calculus of variations
9.6 Minima for rubber bands on rigid cylinders
9.6.1 The problem
9.6.2 Energy and degree of a circle map
9.6.3 Estimate of the energy of maps
9.6.4 Manifolds of maps
9.6.5 Final comments
Exercises and Further Results
Bibliography
List of Symbols
Index

20
21
 Chapter 1

It Began with the Numbers

The development of mathematical analysis is intimately related to

developing a system of numbers where in harmony with
arithmetical operations like addition, multiplication and division
you can also perform appropriate limit operations of quantities
measured by the numbers.
Numbers originated in the early needs of mankind for counting
and for measuring in relation to both quantities and spatial
objects. A particularly interesting early mathematical artefact is the
Ishango bone found in 1960 on the shores of Lake Edward on the
border of Uganda and Zaire. The bone is named after a small
settlement living at this location in prehistoric times and it is
generally supposed to be about 11,000 years old. There is
evidence that the Ishango man has carved the bone according to
some kind of pattern. The carvings could indicate that some
arithmetic was done. Other observations suggest that the bone
could have been a lunar calendar, but it all remains speculations.
There is evidence of mathematical activities in Africa more than
30,000 years ago, and after the Ishango bone was found in 1960,
it has generally been accepted that mathematics in ancient Egypt
in relation to the pyramids and surveying have an African
background. From Egypt mathematics found its way to
Mesopotamia, where the mathematical source material is known
from about 1800 BC.
Neither in the above-mentioned early cultures nor in ancient
China, with known mathematical sources from about 300 BC, is
there any evidence of systematic formal mathematical theories or
proofs of mathematical results. Such activities began with the
Greeks around 600 BC.
The Greeks discovered to their dismay the existence of
irrational quantities, which could not be measured by fractions of

22
whole numbers, and hence turned to develop a geometric theory
of proportions. With this theory they could measure irrational
quantities such as the area of a circle by approximating it with
regular polygons - the beginnings to limiting processes. But there
was still a long way to go to develop an abstract number system in
which such limiting processes could be formalized.
It took humankind more than 2,000 years after the Greek
contributions before the real number system as we know it today
was finally developed shortly before 1900. We begin this chapter
by sketching a geometric approach to the real number system.

1.1 A geometric approach to the real numbers

The real number system is a highly abstract structure, the
understanding of which can be eased by linking the numbers to
points on an oriented line -a number axis. It has to be admitted at
once that one of the deep basic difficulties in the foundations of
mathematics, consists in formally linking the real numbers to
points on a (mathematical) line, which in itself is a highly abstract
construct. A geometric approach offers a good intuitive feeling,
however, and provides a path to more rapid progress in the early
stages without being stuck with deep philosophical and set
theoretical questions. And a geometric approach can even help to
illuminate the profound nature of the philosophical problems in the
foundations of mathematics.
Choose an oriented axis: a line with a preferred sense of
direction; cf. Figure 1.1. The choice of the axis is arbitrary but
once chosen, it is kept fixed. Furthermore, we choose a fixed
subdivision of the oriented axis into intervals of equal lengths.

1.1.1 Marking the rational numbers

We can mark the integers (whole numbers) ,

along the division points, by choosing one of the division points as

0 and marking the positive integers in the positive direction
according to the chosen orientation of the axis, and the negative
integers in the opposite direction from 0. The positive integers,

23
called the natural numbers , have been employed by humans in
an intuitive and non-conceptual manner, even in the oldest
cultures; some cultures did not go beyond 2, though. Much later,
the negative integers were introduced by Hindu mathematicians to
represent ‘deficits’; the first use of negative numbers is often
ascribed to Brahmagupta about 628, but it goes back to about 400
AD. It was also around that time the Hindus began to use the
number ‘zero’ as a usual number; earlier the Egyptians and the
Greeks (sources from about 300 BC) had used ‘zero’ only as a
‘place-holder’ to indicate the absence of a number.
If we subdivide each of the intervals of equal length on the
oriented axis marked by the integers, in q subintervals of equal
length, we get a set of division points along which we can mark all
fractions with a denominator q and an arbitrary integer p as
numerator, the numbers p/q. By letting q run through all the
natural numbers we can thereby mark all fractions, representing
the so-called rational numbers , along the oriented axis.

Fig. 1.1 On the real number axis, the number can clearly be located by a
simple geometrical construction. The number is, however, not a rational
number.

1.1.2 Catching the real numbers

We now realize that there are points on the axis that have not yet
been included: there are ‘holes’ in the axis. For example, the
Greeks discovered that the diagonal of the unit square is a
quantity that cannot be represented by a rational number. If we lay
down this length from 0 we arrive at a new point, ; cf. Figure 1.1.
Before long we realize that there are many more ‘holes’ in the axis
than points corresponding to rational numbers: examples include
and π.
We now introduce the real numbers as the magnitudes
represented by the lengths of intervals with one of the endpoints
at 0 and the other endpoint at an arbitrary point on the given

24
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other
medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -

Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU
AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE,
STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER
THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If

you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or
entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by
the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal
tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.
back
back
back
back
back
back